Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (2) Klasse 8. Frühe Juden der modernen Ukraine (2) Classe 8. Les premiers Juifs de l'Ukraine moderne (2) クラス8近代ウクライナの初期ユダヤ人 (2) Klas 8. Vroege Joden in het moderne Oekraïne (2) Klasa 8. Wcześni Żydzi współczesnej Ukrainy (2) Aula 8. Judeus primitivos da Ucrânia moderna (2) Занятие 8. Ранние евреи современной Украины (2) Sınıf 8. Modern Ukrayna'nın Erken Dönem Yahudileri (2) 第八课 现代乌克兰的早期犹太人（2）

and then there are historians who completely deny it,

who think this whole thing was a myth

and that all these sources are forged. ||||||gefälscht ||||||counterfeit or fake

Your reading was Dan Shapiro's article. ||||Dan Shapiro's|

It's probably the best article we have on the origins of,

you know, Jewish presence in the Ukrainian lands.

He kind of, he contradicts himself. |||er|| ||||goes against| ||||矛盾している|

He kind of does both.

On the first page you'll notice he says,

"There was no Jewish elite that converted," you know,

"in the Khazar kingdom,"

and then, three three pages later, he's quoting it. |||||||zitiert|

He's citing it. |er zitiert| |Quoting it.|

He's mentioning it,

and if you look at the footnote, ||||||reference note

he says that Pritzak's book on this,

which goes through a lot of these sources,

is complete nonsense,

and I could write a whole book, you know,

that contains all the mistakes in this work, |includes||||||

and then, those three pages later, he's quoting Pritzak,

so, you know, we're all over the place with this, Wir sind also in dieser Sache völlig aufgeschmissen,

and I think part of the problem is it's been politicized ||||||||||politisiert

because if you are an anti-Zionist, ||||||シオニスト反対者

it becomes very interesting,

the possibility that actually Jews didn't originate in,

you know, ancient Israel.

They originated in Khazaria,

and this is something that the early Zionists

are actually having to contend with, ||||sich auseinanderset| ||||deal with| ||||対処しなければならない|

and so really, every anti-Zionist

gets very excited about this possibility,

and, of course, every Zionist historian

is very interested in refuting ||||widerlegen ||||disproving ||||反論することに興味がある

even the existence of a Jewish presence in this kingdom,

so Shaul Stampfer recently published an article

in which he went through all these sources

and showed they were all complete fabrications and nonsense, ||||||falsehoods|| ||||||でっち上げ||

and that's where we are,

so I can't say anything for sure about the Khazar kingdom

other than, I don't know,

maybe where there's smoke there's fire. vielleicht||||| |煙のある所||||

That may be the best that we can do.

There might have been some indication

of a Jewish presence there among certain elites,

but we're on more solid ground

when we get into Kyivan Rus,

and here's a map.

I watched a few of Professor Snyder's YouTube videos,

and I noticed he didn't use a lot of maps,

so here's a good opportunity to see what it looks like.

Anybody know what the Golden Horde is? |||||Mongol military group|

Yeah, what's the Golden,

well, not asking the grad students going- ||||graduate students||

- Mongols.

- What?

- The Mongols. - Mongols, right?

Do, you know, why it's called the Golden Horde?

Their battle tents were gold,

and so that's how they got this name,

and I don't think it's pejorative, |||||abwertend |||||derogatory term en ik denk niet dat het pejoratief is,

but I'm not 100% sure,

so that's the Mongols over there,

and we have Jewish presence is really on an axis,

kind of a diagonal axis running through Kyiv, |||slanted||||

and I looked at a map of trade routes,

and sure enough,

it's towns along a trade route leading into Hungary,

and that's how the Jewish presence is determined there. und so wird die jüdische Präsenz dort bestimmt.

It's an unstable existence, you know, ||precarious|||

and it's not very permanent,

and you find little tiny mentionings here and there.

It's not a sizeable Jewish presence there at all. |||significant|||||

Where it's gonna get much bigger

is when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania comes into the picture

and effectively colonizes these areas.

Now, the Jews are temporarily expelled. |||||ausgewiesen |||||removed from place

Some link it to the expulsion of Jews from Spain. |||||Vertreibung|||| |||||removal||||

I guess it was a copycat expulsion. |||||Nachahmung| |||||imitation-based| |||||模倣退学|

That's what you read sometimes,

but then, when he changes his mind a few years later,

it's revoked under the same monarch, |widerrufen||||Monarchen |canceled by||||

and now you have approximately 4,000 Jews

in 24 Ukrainian towns.

That doesn't sound like a whole lot. Das||||||

It's a frontier kind of existence ||pioneering||| Es ist eine Art von Existenz an der Grenze

where we find evidence of Jews

actually taking part in the defense of these towns,

which are under a lot of pressure from Tatars, especially.

They're learning to shoot. |||fire a gun

They're doing even military exercises.

It's not your typical image

of East European Jews,

so it's kind of interesting,

but they do manage to survive,

and it becomes safer and safer

as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

really sort of concretizes its presence there, |||veranschaulicht||| |||solidifies||| |||具体化する|||

and then you start to have more Jews moving in,

and that's where we are, really,

with our knowledge about these areas.

I mean, there's not a whole lot more,

and we're kind of just about up to the point і ми майже дійшли до того.

where you are in the...

I think we're past the point that you are chronologically, |||||||||時系列的に

so now we're gonna go beyond that a little bit

for the next 100 years or so,

and this is where Poland,

Crown Poland is gonna come into the picture, |ポーランド||||||登場する

and I really call this colonization full-fledged |ich|||||vollständig|vollständig |||||||fully developed

because it is kind of a big land grab. |||||eine|||Landnahme ||||||||seize control of

You know, you have Polish nobles, petty nobles, |||||Adelige|| ||||||minor|

magnates, these large landholders, Magnaten||| wealthy landowners|||landowners

coming in and just grabbing up as much territory ||||seizing||||

as they possibly can.

It's the result of the actual agreement

called the Union of Lublin ||||Lublin

whereby the threat of Russia is such wobei|||||| その結果||||||

that Lithuania kind of accedes to this agreement, ||||beitritt||| ||||agrees to||| ||||同意する||| dat Litouwen zich als het ware bij deze overeenkomst aansluit,

which seems to really benefit the Poles.

It's almost like a protection agreement, it seems like,

and you'll probably learn a lot more about it,

but for our purposes today,

those Polish nobles are going to bring Jews in

to settle their towns and to run their enterprises, |establish|||||||businesses

and this is what it looks like,

so the dark gold parts

are what the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is,

and these other parts are Poland,

and this comes to be known

as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,

and by 1648,

you go from 4,000 to 40,000 Jews

living in 115 Ukrainian towns,

and, you know, that colonizing activity

is very good for the Jews

because they have these economic possibilities.

They're still not allowed to own land,

but what they do is

they begin leasing the various enterprises. ||die Vermietung||| ||renting out|||

Now, I'm gonna put a question to you.

Why is leaseholding, ||賃貸契約

like, leasing a tavern or a mill, ||||||grinding facility ||||||製粉所

better, from the Jewish perspective, than owning it?

And I'll give you a big hint. ||||||clue

They're leasing it from the all-powerful nobility.

Any ideas why it's better to lease than to own?

Yeah.

- You have the protection of the nobles.

- You got it right away.

It's you have the protection the nobles.

Nobody is going to burn down a tavern

if it belongs to the noblemen,

but as, I mentioned before, you know,

Jews are in a very physically vulnerable situation,

so this leaseholding arrangement

is actually very beneficial to Jews

because they get noble protection,

at least from that standpoint. ||||Standpunkt

They're also being taxed pretty mercilessly, |||||gnadenlos |||imposed taxes||without compassion |||||容赦なく

and the nobles don't want their best taxpayers |||||||tax-paying citizens

to be, you know, physically assaulted either, |||||attacked physically|

so it's not the most stable situation,

but it's one of, it's good enough.

You know, they have Polish protection.

Now, what's in it for the nobility? Why Jews? Und was hat der Adel davon? Warum Juden?

And I'll give you another hint.

It's not because they like Jews.

In fact, it's very much the opposite,

so why would you invite Jews in

to lease your various enterprises?

Any ideas?

Yeah?

- Maybe so you can, like, keep your eye on them, - Можливо, для того, щоб ви могли стежити за ними,

make sure that they're not doing

anything you don't want them to be doing.

- For sure.

I mean, there's a lot of control involved as well,

but okay, yeah?

- Wasn't moneylending sort of like unbelief? |||||Unglauben |||||lack of faith - Чи не було лихварство чимось на кшталт невіри?

- Okay, good, so it's not quite true. - Okay, gut, das ist also nicht ganz richtig.

You know, you do have actual banks, at a certain point,

the nobles can borrow from,

but there are a lot of hoops to jump through, ||||||Hürden||| ||||||obstacles||| ||||||多くの障害|||

and Jews represent easy credit,

you know, and you're in a socially superior position

to your creditor, ||lender or creditor ||債権者に対して

so that becomes very tempting,

and Jews are involved very much in moneylending,

and it's funny because what I base a lot of this on

is an article, a series of articles by Shmuel Ettinger.

They're in Hebrew,

so most of you wouldn't have access to them,

but they're the most, I would say,

full information about this time period and this place,

and he spends a lot of pages trying to argue

that Jews really weren't that involved in moneylending,

but then he contradicts himself too.

I think moneylending has a bad image,

but the fact of the matter is

people needed credit, you know,

and this is where they could get it, for the most part,

so yes, moneylending's a big part of it.

Anything else about Jews

that makes them attractive as leaseholders? |||||Mietern

Yeah?

- Does it have something to do with the fact that

because they're just,

they can't enter other industries or they can't own land,

then there's guarantee that they'll serve that role or that-

- Very much so.

I would call it a captive service sector. |||||gefangener|| Ich würde es einen firmeneigenen Dienstleistungssektor nennen.

You know, they don't have a lot of options.

Yeah.

- Because they're not necessarily

paying a tithe to the church, ||Zehnt||| ||church donation||| ||教会への献金|||

maybe they're (indistinct) be a good source of tax revenue.

Is that- - Okay,

so that's a complicated question.

Yes, they're great source of tax revenue,

but believe me, they're paying more taxes than anybody.

They're paying taxes to the crown,

and we'll go into that a little bit.

They don't pay tithe to the church.

That's actually an interesting point

that I haven't thought about a lot, ||||||あまり多く

so that's a great point,

but they're paying so many other ways,

including to their own communities,

and I'm not, it probably offsets, but absolutely. |||それは||||

Now, one thing

nobody thought of yet is politics.

No matter how wealthy

your Jewish leaseholder is going to become, ||賃借人||||

and some of them really do quite well by this system,

they're never gonna be a political threat to you, okay?

And I can add other things, business acumen, |||||||Geschäftsverständnis |||||||business insight |||||||ビジネス感覚 Und ich kann noch andere Dinge hinzufügen, Geschäftssinn,

you know, historically involved in trade.

Where they came from was

Western and Central Europe,

especially the German- and Czech-speaking lands,

and in those areas,

they worked as merchants a lot of the time

until they were pushed out by the townspeople. |||||||Stadtbewohner |||||||町の住民によって

They're also being pushed out ||||追い出される

of parts of Poland proper, we could call it, Crown Poland,

by the same Christian townspeople, and they're moving. ||||local residents|||

They're being pushed into these areas, ||forced into|||

so it's actually,

it's a great boon to the Jews |||Segen||| |||Great benefit||| |||大きな恩恵|||

who are losing opportunities in one place

to be able to come to another place,

but, of course, this is all a colonial scheme, ||||||||colonial plan

so it's volatile. ||unstable

It's dangerous, you know.

Jews are running these leases, ||||rental agreements

but, you know, they're not very popular with the peasants ||||||||その|

who are now being enserfed, ||||unterjocht ||||being subjugated as 誰が||||農奴化されている die nu tot slaaf worden gemaakt,

and this is like a second serfdom, it's called, ||||||second-class status||

and so there we have

Augustine's rule being violated

because they're in a position of superiority

to the surrounding peasants

by running these taverns and mills and tolls and so on. |||||||Zölle||| |||||||fees for passage||| |||||||通行料|||

It becomes a real problem.

It becomes intolerable. ||unerträglich ||耐えられなくなる

Now, this is the reason they're not allowed to own land

because if they own land,

they're gonna be lording it directly over peasants

who are farmers, essentially, and that's intolerable.

It just, the optics are too bad, |||Öffentlichkeitswirkung||| ||その||||

but to run a tavern and a mill and so on,

that's seen as okay

except from the perspective of the peasants,

who really experience this in a negative way, obviously,

and, you know, we have a volatile system,

but it's held in place

as long as the Polish nobility is in power,

and here's the thing.

The nobility doesn't want the headache |||||Kopfschmerzen

of collecting taxes directly from these Jews.

Plus, they can't be trusted to, Additionally||||| |彼らは|||| Außerdem kann man ihnen das nicht zutrauen,

you know, pay their taxes,

and they all seem to have the same name,

like Yitzchak ben Moshe and so on.

You know, there's like 17 of them in one town,

and so what they do is they entrust the Jewish communities, |||||||vertrauen|||

first Jewish tax collectors, specifically,

and then the kahals, which is the Jewish self-government, |||Kahal||||||

to collect the taxes for them,

and in the process, they're giving the kahal...

I guess you'd compare it to a municipality. |||||||Gemeinde |||||||local government |||||||自治体

They're giving the kahals complete autonomy, almost,

to run daily affairs,

to manage the garbage collection and keep the streets clean

and try to make sure

people don't encroach on each other's leases, ||eindringen in|||| ||violate boundaries|||| ||侵害する||||

and they manage the educational system,