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Learning English Broadcast, January 25, 2023

January 25, 2023

U.S. health officials are proposing that most American adults and children should receive a single yearly COVID-19 vaccine shot. The plan, put forward by the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, would remove the need for people to get a series of injections and boosters throughout the year to stay protected. The proposal was announced as vaccine rates in the U.S. have dropped sharply. About 80 percent of Americans have had at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose. And only 16 percent of vaccine candidates have received the latest boosters that were approved in August. The FDA will ask an outside group of vaccine experts to consider its proposal during a meeting on Thursday. In documents published online, FDA scientists say many Americans now have pre-existing immunity against COVID-19. This immunity came either from being vaccinated or infected, or a combination of the two. The FDA says that level of immunity should provide enough protection for most Americans to move to a yearly booster shot against the latest virus versions. A similar yearly vaccination system is already in place in the U.S. for influenza or flu. The highly spreadable viral infection often affects people during the cold season. The FDA noted that for adults with weakened immune systems and very small children, a two-dose combination may be needed for protection against COVID-19. Scientists and vaccine companies plan to study vaccination and infection rates and other data to decide who should receive a single or two-dose shot. The FDA will also ask its experts to vote on whether all vaccines should target the same virus versions, called strains. That step would be needed to take away the booster shot system. The first shots launched by Pfizer and Moderna targeted the strain of the virus that began spreading in 2020 and quickly traveled across the world. The latest boosters launched last autumn were changed to target later strains that appeared. The FDA's proposal calls for the agency, independent experts, and manufacturers to decide which strains to target by early summer each year. This would leave several months for vaccine makers to produce and launch new shots before the autumn. That is about the same system long used to administer the yearly flu shot. FDA officials say moving to a yearly COVID-19 vaccine plan would make it easier to publicize future vaccination campaigns. This could help increase vaccination rates nationwide. The first two-dose COVID shots have offered strong protection against severe disease and death no matter what strain people were infected with. But the vaccines have proven to be less effective against mild infection cases. Experts continue to debate whether the latest boosters have effectively improved protection, especially for younger and generally healthy Americans. I'm Brian Lynn. Many colleges in the United States offer unusual learning programs for their students. Some teach students how to use robots in medical operations. Others let them use million-dollar supercomputers to study data. A small college in Kansas offers its students the chance to work with old cars that might one day sell for nearly $1 million. It is McPherson College, and it has a study program or major in automotive restoration. Restoration means returning something to its original condition. The restoration major teaches students who are interested in repairing cars a little bit of engineering, history, business, communication, and art. The school believes it is the only one in the country with a four-year bachelor's degree in automotive restoration. The McPherson study program started in 1976, when a local businessman gave the school part of his classic car collection. At the time, he could not find people who could work on old cars. In 1988, the college considered dropping the program, but American comedian Jay Leno, who owns many classic cars, changed their mind when he gave some money to the program. And last November, McPherson received a monetary gift that could reach $500 million, the biggest donation in the college's history. For the last six years, McPherson students have been restoring a 1953 Mercedes 300S. They are hoping to enter the car next summer in the famous Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance car show. One student at McPherson is Jeremy Porter. He was thinking about studying chemical engineering, including at some of the Ivy League schools. But there was nothing inherently unique about them, he said. Visiting the school convinced him that he wanted to work with his hands in the automotive restoration program. Victoria Bruno is graduating this year. She already has a job waiting in Los Angeles. She will be rebuilding Ferrari engines, she said. The students at McPherson are doing something we love. Michael Schneider, the president of McPherson, is also a graduate of the college. He said there's an entire culture around the classic car. And at the center of that world is McPherson College. He said McPherson gets students who want to work on cars, in the same way a school like Massachusetts Institute of Technology brings in students who want to study science. At a time when other colleges and universities in the U.S. are struggling for students, McPherson College now has 18 percent more students today than five years ago. They build their network and get jobs. At a time when other colleges and universities in the U.S. are struggling for students, McPherson College now has 18 percent more students today than five years ago. Each year, the school, which has 851 students, could only accept half of those who want to get into the automotive restoration program. Schneider said the money from the large gift will help the school expand. Some students who would not have been able to pay for school will get financial aid. He noted the restoration program brings students to the college, but sometimes they decide to do something else when they get there. Colin Kaprosky is a lead researcher at EAB, a company that studies higher education. He said more schools are getting similar instead of trying to be different. For example, there are now more than 400 study programs in cybersecurity at American colleges. McPherson's interest in growing its automotive restoration program is similar to some colleges around the U.S. Others include writing at the University of Iowa, journalism at the University of Missouri, music at Oberlin College, and songwriting at Middle Tennessee State University. "'The songwriting program at Middle Tennessee State University has in past years attracted more out-of-state students than any other department,' said Beverly Keel, dean of the College of Media and Entertainment. "'People come here just for that.' "'It's not enough to be different,' she added. "'You have to be very good at what you do. You have to be the best at it.'" Kaprosky said the attention can be helpful. "'I don't know if they're making money off these things,' Kaprosky said of the majors. But man, are they on the map because of them. I'm Dan Friedel." And I'm Faith Perlow. You just heard this week's education report, presented by Dan Friedel and Faith Perlow. Dan joins me now to talk more about the story. Hi, Dan. Welcome. Thanks, Ashley. Glad to be here. You wrote a story a while back about some high school students who work on cars. How is McPherson College's program different from something like that? Well, Ashley, the main difference is that McPherson offers a four-year college degree, a bachelor's degree. And the students there take a number of classes and get extra experience doing things like sewing the material that covers car seats and rebuilding expensive engines. The high school students do not always do that in the short time they have. That makes sense that the college students are getting more hands-on experience. The program at McPherson seems great. Students get to work on cars made by famous companies and go to car events around the country. Are there any problems you might envision with the college program? So the problem I see for the program at the moment is that it does not address EVs or battery-powered vehicles. We've recently had some stories on the Learning English broadcast about workers putting batteries in old cars and getting them back on the road. However, I do not yet see that as part of the McPherson study program, so maybe that is coming in the future. Well, thanks for answering my questions today, Dan, and thanks again for being here. You're welcome, Ashley. I'm always happy to help. Thank you. Welcome to The Making of a Nation, American History in VOA Special English. Louise Grant was elected President of the United States in 1868. Grant was a military hero. He led Union troops of the North to victory over Confederate troops of the South in the Civil War. Grant was extremely popular, but he was a much better general than he was a politician. As President, it was not long before he got into trouble in the battles of politics and government. Larry West and Frank Oliver talk about the first term of President Ulysses Grant. Grant resigned from the Army to run for President. However, he ran on his record as a winning general. "'Let us have peace,' he often said, and the people believed he would guarantee peace. In fact, Grant guaranteed nothing. As a Presidential candidate, he offered no new national programs, so as President he had no new policies to carry out. He had few struggles with Congress, because he rarely asked Congress to do anything. Many events took place during Grant's two administrations, but he usually was not involved directly. He had problems only because he was linked indirectly to the men who were responsible." One of President Grant's first problems was caused by two of his friends. They tried to take control of the gold market. The men were Jay Gould and James Fisk. Both were extremely rich. Gould and Fisk developed a plan to buy a large part of the nation's gold supply when the price was low. They would hold the gold until demand greatly increased the price. Then they would sell it and make a lot of money. To be successful, they had to prevent the government from selling gold on the market. Government sales of gold would keep the price down. So Gould and Fisk urged President Grant to stop the Treasury Department from selling gold. Grant refused to give them a firm promise. The two men brought one of Grant's relatives into their plan. They paid him to write a letter to the President. It asked the President to halt government sales of gold. A messenger took the letter to the White House. He then sent a telegram to James Fisk, saying the letter had been delivered. The telegram said, LETTER DELIVERED ALL RIGHT Fisk thought this meant that President Grant had agreed to halt government sales of gold. So he began buying gold in huge amounts. Fisk was wrong. The words, All right, meant only that the letter had been delivered. They did not mean that Grant had agreed to the plan. In fact, Grant did not agree. He ordered the Treasury Department to sell gold to block the attempt by Gould and Fisk to control the gold market. The result was that James Fisk and Jay Gould lost a great amount of money. So did other businessmen and bankers. Many Americans blamed President Grant for not acting quickly enough to stop the activity of his two friends. Concern about Grant grew after another incident was reported at the New York Customs Office. Two of Grant's friends there became involved in a plan to get money from importers. They used their official positions to earn huge amounts of money. Grant also was criticized for one of his few independent actions as President. He tried to buy the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. The island nation was ruled by a dictator, Buenaventura Baez. Baez was so dishonest that the people of the Dominican Republic were ready to overthrow him. Before this could happen, he offered to sell his country to the United States. When Grant received the offer, he sent a White House official to negotiate with Baez. The official returned with a treaty giving the Dominican Republic to the United States for one and one-half million dollars. Grant immediately sent American warships to the Dominican Republic. He wanted to keep Baez in power until the treaty was completed. Grant asked the Senate to approve the treaty. Many Senators opposed it. They said taking control of the Dominican Republic would cost too much money. They also said it was a bad idea for the United States to take control of any nation in the Caribbean. President Grant went to the Capitol building himself to urge Senators to approve the treaty. His efforts failed. The treaty was defeated. Grant's biggest national problem was the political situation in the former rebel states of the South. After the Civil War, most Southern states were governed by radical members of the Republican Party. Radicals supported citizenship rights and voting rights for blacks. In the late 1860s, the radicals began to lose power. Many failed to be re-elected to state office. They were being defeated by candidates of the Democratic Party. Democrats did not want blacks to have any rights at all. The first radical Republicans to lose power were those in Virginia. The change there was made peacefully. Not so in other Southern states. In Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina, Democrats used threats and violence to win elections. Their campaigns often were led by members of the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was a secret organization of white men. Members believed white people were greater than black people. Wearing cloths over their faces, Klansmen broke up radical Republican political meetings. They threatened, beat, and killed blacks to keep them out of politics. They did the same thing to whites who tried to organize or help blacks. Before long, Ku Klux Klan groups were formed in every Southern state. By 1871, radical Republican congressmen were demanding a new law to destroy the Ku Klux Klan. A committee headed by radicals was named to investigate Klan activities in the South. The committee heard reports of the Klan's brutal acts. It helped prepare a bill to control the Klan. After much debate, Congress passed the bill. The new law gave the President power to declare military rule in the South. Democrats charged that the real purpose of the law was to keep radical Republican state governments in power. President Grant did not wait long to use his powers under the new law. He declared military rule in a large area of South Carolina. Thousands of people there were arrested. They were tried in federal courts. Juries were made up mainly of blacks and radical whites. This kind of justice made Southerners feel even more bitterness toward the North. It also angered a number of moderate members of the Republican Party. They said the federal government should not help radical Republicans stay in power in the South. Some of these moderate Republicans broke away from President Grant and the radicals. They called themselves liberal Republicans and formed a new political party. They held their own presidential nominating convention for the election of 1872. They nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate. Greeley published the New York Tribune newspaper. Democrats believed their only chance to win the election was to support the new liberal Republicans. So they, too, chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. As expected, the radicals who controlled the main Republican Party nominated Grant for a second term. The campaign between Grant and Greeley was very strange. Grant made no speeches. He spent the summer at a holiday town on the Atlantic Ocean coast. His supporters, however, were not silent. They called Greeley a fool and a traitor. They refused to treat him as a serious candidate. Unlike Grant, Greeley did campaign hard, but he had little financial help. He also was hurt by a poorly organized campaign. On election day in 1872, Ulysses Grant won a big victory. He got the votes of thirty-one of the thirty-seven states. Horace Greeley died three weeks after the election. The new liberal Republican Party died with him. Ulysses Grant and the radical Republicans would govern for another four years.

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U.S. health officials are proposing that most American adults and children should receive a single yearly COVID-19 vaccine shot. |||المسؤولون||يقترحون|||||||||||||لقاح كوفيد-19|جرعة لقاح |||||提案している|||||||||||||| يقترح مسؤولو الصحة في الولايات المتحدة أن يتلقى معظم البالغين والأطفال الأميركيين جرعة واحدة سنوية من لقاح كوفيد-19. The plan, put forward by the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, would remove the need for people to get a series of injections and boosters throughout the year to stay protected. |||||||||إدارة الغذاء|إدارة الغذاء والدواء||||||||||||حقنات||الجرعات المعززة|||||| ||||||||||食品医薬品局|||||||||||||||||||| وتقضي الخطة، التي طرحتها إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية، بإلغاء حاجة الأشخاص إلى الحصول على سلسلة من الحقن والمعززات على مدار العام للحفاظ على الحماية. O plano, apresentado pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA), eliminaria a necessidade de as pessoas receberem uma série de injecções e reforços ao longo do ano para se manterem protegidas. The proposal was announced as vaccine rates in the U.S. have dropped sharply. |الاقتراح||أُعلِنَت|||||||||انخفضت بشدة|بشكل حاد تم الإعلان عن هذا الاقتراح في الوقت الذي انخفضت فيه معدلات اللقاحات في الولايات المتحدة بشكل حاد. About 80 percent of Americans have had at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose. |||||||||||جرعة لقاح حصل حوالي 80 بالمائة من الأميركيين على جرعة واحدة على الأقل من لقاح كوفيد-19. And only 16 percent of vaccine candidates have received the latest boosters that were approved in August. |||||المرشحين للقاح||||الأحدث||||المعتمدة|| ولم يتلق سوى 16 في المائة من لقاحات المرشحين الجرعات المعززة الأحدث التي تمت الموافقة عليها في أغسطس/آب. The FDA will ask an outside group of vaccine experts to consider its proposal during a meeting on Thursday. |||||||||||النظر في||||||| وستطلب إدارة الغذاء والدواء من مجموعة خارجية من خبراء اللقاحات النظر في اقتراحها خلال اجتماع يوم الخميس. In documents published online, FDA scientists say many Americans now have pre-existing immunity against COVID-19. |الوثائق||||||||||||المناعة المسبقة|| وفي وثائق نشرت على الإنترنت، يقول علماء إدارة الغذاء والدواء إن العديد من الأميركيين لديهم الآن مناعة مسبقة ضد كوفيد-19. This immunity came either from being vaccinated or infected, or a combination of the two. ||||||||مصاب بالعدوى|||مزيج من الاثنين||| وقد جاءت هذه المناعة إما من خلال التطعيم أو الإصابة بالعدوى، أو مزيج من الاثنين. The FDA says that level of immunity should provide enough protection for most Americans to move to a yearly booster shot against the latest virus versions. |||||||||||||||||||جرعة تعزيزية سنوية|||||| وتقول إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية إن هذا المستوى من المناعة يجب أن يوفر حماية كافية لمعظم الأميركيين للانتقال إلى جرعة معززة سنوية ضد أحدث إصدارات الفيروس. A similar yearly vaccination system is already in place in the U.S. for influenza or flu. ||سنوي|التطعيم السنوي|||||||||||الإنفلونزا|| ويوجد بالفعل نظام تطعيم سنوي مماثل في الولايات المتحدة ضد الأنفلونزا أو الزكام. The highly spreadable viral infection often affects people during the cold season. ||قابل للانتشار|الفيروسية|العدوى الفيروسية||||||| غالبًا ما تؤثر العدوى الفيروسية القابلة للانتشار على الأشخاص خلال موسم البرد. Esta infección vírica altamente contagiosa suele afectar a las personas durante la estación fría. The FDA noted that for adults with weakened immune systems and very small children, a two-dose combination may be needed for protection against COVID-19. ||أشارت||||||المناعة|||||الأطفال الصغار||جرعتين||||||||| وأشارت إدارة الغذاء والدواء إلى أنه بالنسبة للبالغين الذين يعانون من ضعف في جهاز المناعة والأطفال الصغار جدًا، قد تكون هناك حاجة إلى تركيبة من جرعتين للحماية من كوفيد-19. FDA je ugotovila, da bo za zaščito pred COVID-19 za odrasle z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom in zelo majhne otroke morda potrebna kombinacija dveh odmerkov. Scientists and vaccine companies plan to study vaccination and infection rates and other data to decide who should receive a single or two-dose shot. |||||||||||||||يقرروا|||||جرعة واحدة||جرعة واحدة أو جرعتين|| ويخطط العلماء وشركات اللقاحات لدراسة معدلات التطعيم والإصابة وغيرها من البيانات لتحديد من يجب أن يتلقى جرعة واحدة أو جرعتين. The FDA will also ask its experts to vote on whether all vaccines should target the same virus versions, called strains. ||||||الخبراء||||||||||||||السلالات وستطلب إدارة الغذاء والدواء أيضًا من خبرائها التصويت على ما إذا كان يجب على جميع اللقاحات استهداف نفس إصدارات الفيروس، والتي تسمى السلالات. That step would be needed to take away the booster shot system. ستكون هذه الخطوة ضرورية لإزالة نظام اللقطة المعززة. The first shots launched by Pfizer and Moderna targeted the strain of the virus that began spreading in 2020 and quickly traveled across the world. |||||فايزر|||||السلالة||||||الانتشار في ||||||| |||||ファイザー|||||||||||||||||| واستهدفت اللقاحات الأولى التي أطلقتها شركتا فايزر وموديرنا سلالة الفيروس التي بدأت في الانتشار في عام 2020 وانتشرت بسرعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. The latest boosters launched last autumn were changed to target later strains that appeared. |||||||||||السلالات الأحدث||ظهرت وتم تعديل أحدث اللقاحات التي أطلقت في الخريف الماضي لاستهداف السلالات الأحدث التي ظهرت. The FDA's proposal calls for the agency, independent experts, and manufacturers to decide which strains to target by early summer each year. ||||||الوكالة||||المصنعين||||||||||| وتدعو اقتراحات إدارة الغذاء والدواء الوكالة والخبراء المستقلين والشركات المصنعة إلى اتخاذ قرار بشأن السلالات التي يجب استهدافها بحلول أوائل الصيف من كل عام. This would leave several months for vaccine makers to produce and launch new shots before the autumn. |||||||||||إطلاق||||| وهذا من شأنه أن يترك لصانعي اللقاحات عدة أشهر لإنتاج وإطلاق لقاحات جديدة قبل الخريف. That is about the same system long used to administer the yearly flu shot. |||||||||إعطاء|||| |||||||||||毎年|| وهذا هو نفس النظام الذي تم استخدامه منذ فترة طويلة لإعطاء لقاح الإنفلونزا السنوي. FDA officials say moving to a yearly COVID-19 vaccine plan would make it easier to publicize future vaccination campaigns. ||||||||||||ذلك|||نشر||التطعيمات المستقبلية|حملات التطعيم ||||||||ワクチン|||||||||| يقول مسؤولون في إدارة الغذاء والدواء إن الانتقال إلى خطة سنوية للقاح COVID-19 من شأنه أن يسهل الدعاية لحملات التطعيم المستقبلية. This could help increase vaccination rates nationwide. ||يساعد في زيادة||||على مستوى البلاد وقد يساعد هذا في زيادة معدلات التطعيم على مستوى البلاد. The first two-dose COVID shots have offered strong protection against severe disease and death no matter what strain people were infected with. ||جرعتين||لقاح كوفيد|||قدمت|||||المرض الشديد||||||سلالة|||| لقد وفرت الجرعتان الأوليتان من لقاح كوفيد حماية قوية ضد المرض الشديد والوفاة بغض النظر عن سلالة الفيروس التي أصيب بها الأشخاص. But the vaccines have proven to be less effective against mild infection cases. ||||ثبتت||||||حالات خفيفة|| ولكن أثبتت اللقاحات أنها أقل فعالية ضد حالات العدوى الخفيفة. Experts continue to debate whether the latest boosters have effectively improved protection, especially for younger and generally healthy Americans. |||يناقش|||||||||||||بشكل عام|| ويواصل الخبراء الجدل حول ما إذا كانت أحدث المعززات قد حسنت الحماية بشكل فعال، وخاصة بالنسبة للأمريكيين الأصغر سنا والأصحاء بشكل عام. I'm Brian Lynn. أنا بريان لين. Many colleges in the United States offer unusual learning programs for their students. توفر العديد من الكليات في الولايات المتحدة برامج تعليمية غير عادية لطلابها. Some teach students how to use robots in medical operations. |||||||||العمليات الطبية Others let them use million-dollar supercomputers to study data. ||||||الحواسيب الفائقة||| ويسمح آخرون لهم باستخدام أجهزة كمبيوتر عملاقة تصل قيمتها إلى ملايين الدولارات لدراسة البيانات. A small college in Kansas offers its students the chance to work with old cars that might one day sell for nearly $1 million. ||||كانساس|||||||||||||||||| تقدم كلية صغيرة في كانساس لطلابها فرصة العمل بالسيارات القديمة التي قد تباع في يوم من الأيام بما يقرب من مليون دولار. It is McPherson College, and it has a study program or major in automotive restoration. إنها كلية ماكفرسون، ولديها برنامج دراسي أو تخصص في ترميم السيارات. Restoration means returning something to its original condition. الترميم يعني إرجاع شيء إلى حالته الأصلية. The restoration major teaches students who are interested in repairing cars a little bit of engineering, history, business, communication, and art. يعلم تخصص الترميم الطلاب المهتمين بإصلاح السيارات القليل من الهندسة والتاريخ والأعمال والاتصالات والفن. The school believes it is the only one in the country with a four-year bachelor's degree in automotive restoration. وتعتقد المدرسة أنها الوحيدة في البلاد التي تمنح درجة البكالوريوس في ترميم السيارات لمدة أربع سنوات. The McPherson study program started in 1976, when a local businessman gave the school part of his classic car collection. بدأ برنامج دراسة ماكفرسون في عام 1976، عندما أعطى رجل أعمال محلي للمدرسة جزءًا من مجموعته من السيارات الكلاسيكية. At the time, he could not find people who could work on old cars. في ذلك الوقت، لم يتمكن من العثور على أشخاص قادرين على العمل على السيارات القديمة. In 1988, the college considered dropping the program, but American comedian Jay Leno, who owns many classic cars, changed their mind when he gave some money to the program. في عام 1988، فكرت الكلية في إلغاء البرنامج، لكن الممثل الكوميدي الأمريكي جاي لينو، الذي يمتلك العديد من السيارات الكلاسيكية، غير رأيه عندما تبرع ببعض المال للبرنامج. Em 1988, a faculdade pensou em abandonar o programa, mas o comediante americano Jay Leno, que possui muitos carros clássicos, fê-los mudar de ideias quando deu algum dinheiro para o programa. And last November, McPherson received a monetary gift that could reach $500 million, the biggest donation in the college's history. وفي نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني الماضي، تلقى ماكفيرسون هبة مالية قد تصل قيمتها إلى 500 مليون دولار، وهي أكبر تبرع في تاريخ الكلية. For the last six years, McPherson students have been restoring a 1953 Mercedes 300S. على مدى السنوات الست الماضية، عمل طلاب ماكفرسون على ترميم سيارة مرسيدس 300S موديل 1953. They are hoping to enter the car next summer in the famous Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance car show. One student at McPherson is Jeremy Porter. جيريمي بورتر هو أحد الطلاب في جامعة ماكفيرسون. He was thinking about studying chemical engineering, including at some of the Ivy League schools. كان يفكر في دراسة الهندسة الكيميائية، بما في ذلك في بعض مدارس آيفي ليج. But there was nothing inherently unique about them, he said. ولكن لم يكن هناك شيء فريد من نوعه فيهم، على حد قوله. Visiting the school convinced him that he wanted to work with his hands in the automotive restoration program. زيارته للمدرسة أقنعته برغبته في العمل بيديه في برنامج ترميم السيارات. Victoria Bruno is graduating this year. فيكتوريا برونو تتخرج هذا العام. She already has a job waiting in Los Angeles. لديها بالفعل وظيفة تنتظرها في لوس أنجلوس. She will be rebuilding Ferrari engines, she said. وقالت إنها ستقوم بإعادة بناء محركات فيراري. The students at McPherson are doing something we love. يقوم الطلاب في ماكفيرسون بشيء نحبه. Michael Schneider, the president of McPherson, is also a graduate of the college. مايكل شنايدر، رئيس جامعة ماكفيرسون، هو أيضًا أحد خريجي الكلية. He said there's an entire culture around the classic car. وقال إن هناك ثقافة كاملة حول السيارة الكلاسيكية. And at the center of that world is McPherson College. He said McPherson gets students who want to work on cars, in the same way a school like Massachusetts Institute of Technology brings in students who want to study science. وقال إن ماكفيرسون يستقطب الطلاب الذين يرغبون في العمل على السيارات، بنفس الطريقة التي تستقطب بها مدرسة مثل معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا الطلاب الذين يرغبون في دراسة العلوم. At a time when other colleges and universities in the U.S. are struggling for students, McPherson College now has 18 percent more students today than five years ago. في الوقت الذي تكافح فيه الكليات والجامعات الأخرى في الولايات المتحدة لاستقطاب الطلاب، أصبح لدى كلية ماكفرسون اليوم عدد طلاب أكبر بنسبة 18% مقارنة بما كانت عليه قبل خمس سنوات. They build their network and get jobs. إنهم يبنيون شبكاتهم ويحصلون على وظائف. At a time when other colleges and universities in the U.S. are struggling for students, McPherson College now has 18 percent more students today than five years ago. ||||||||||||||||マクファーソン大学||||||||||| Each year, the school, which has 851 students, could only accept half of those who want to get into the automotive restoration program. Schneider said the money from the large gift will help the school expand. シュナイダー|||||||||||| Some students who would not have been able to pay for school will get financial aid. He noted the restoration program brings students to the college, but sometimes they decide to do something else when they get there. وأشار إلى أن برنامج الترميم يجلب الطلاب إلى الكلية، ولكن في بعض الأحيان يقررون القيام بشيء آخر عندما يصلون إلى هناك. Colin Kaprosky is a lead researcher at EAB, a company that studies higher education. コリン|カプロスキー|||||||||||| كولن كابروسكي هو باحث رئيسي في EAB، وهي شركة تدرس التعليم العالي. He said more schools are getting similar instead of trying to be different. وقال إن المزيد من المدارس أصبحت تتشابه بدلاً من محاولة أن تكون مختلفة. For example, there are now more than 400 study programs in cybersecurity at American colleges. على سبيل المثال، يوجد الآن أكثر من 400 برنامج دراسي في مجال الأمن السيبراني في الكليات الأمريكية. McPherson's interest in growing its automotive restoration program is similar to some colleges around the U.S. マクファーソンの|||||||||||||||| إن اهتمام ماكفرسون بتنمية برنامج ترميم السيارات الخاص بها يشبه اهتمام بعض الكليات في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة Others include writing at the University of Iowa, journalism at the University of Missouri, music at Oberlin College, and songwriting at Middle Tennessee State University. |||||||アイオワ大学||||||||||||||||| وتشمل مجالات أخرى الكتابة في جامعة أيوا، والصحافة في جامعة ميسوري، والموسيقى في كلية أوبرلين، وكتابة الأغاني في جامعة ولاية تينيسي الوسطى. "'The songwriting program at Middle Tennessee State University has in past years attracted more out-of-state students than any other department,' said Beverly Keel, dean of the College of Media and Entertainment. |||||||||||||||||||||||ビバリー|キール|||||||| قالت بيفرلي كيل، عميدة كلية الإعلام والترفيه، "إن برنامج كتابة الأغاني في جامعة ولاية تينيسي الوسطى نجح في السنوات الماضية في جذب المزيد من الطلاب من خارج الولاية مقارنة بأي قسم آخر". "'People come here just for that.' "الناس يأتون إلى هنا فقط من أجل ذلك." "'It's not enough to be different,' she added. وأضافت "ليس كافيا أن تكون مختلفا". "'You have to be very good at what you do. "يجب أن تكون جيدًا جدًا في ما تفعله. You have to be the best at it.'" "عليك أن تكون الأفضل في ذلك." Kaprosky said the attention can be helpful. وقال كابروسكي إن الاهتمام يمكن أن يكون مفيدا. "'I don't know if they're making money off these things,' Kaprosky said of the majors. وقال كابروسكي عن الفرق الكبرى: "لا أعلم إذا كانوا يكسبون المال من هذه الأشياء". But man, are they on the map because of them. لكن يا رجل، هم موجودون على الخريطة بفضلهم. I'm Dan Friedel." "أنا دان فريدل." And I'm Faith Perlow. وأنا فيث بيرلو. You just heard this week's education report, presented by Dan Friedel and Faith Perlow. لقد استمعتم للتو إلى تقرير التعليم لهذا الأسبوع، الذي قدمه دان فريدل وفيث بيرلو. Dan joins me now to talk more about the story. ينضم إلي دان الآن للحديث أكثر عن القصة. Hi, Dan. مرحباً، دان. Welcome. مرحباً. Thanks, Ashley. شكرا اشلي. Glad to be here. يسعدني أن أكون هنا. You wrote a story a while back about some high school students who work on cars. لقد كتبت قصة منذ فترة عن بعض طلاب المدارس الثانوية الذين يعملون في مجال السيارات. How is McPherson College's program different from something like that? كيف يختلف برنامج كلية ماكفرسون عن شيء من هذا القبيل؟ Well, Ashley, the main difference is that McPherson offers a four-year college degree, a bachelor's degree. حسنًا، آشلي، الفرق الرئيسي هو أن جامعة ماكفيرسون تقدم درجة جامعية مدتها أربع سنوات، وهي درجة البكالوريوس. And the students there take a number of classes and get extra experience doing things like sewing the material that covers car seats and rebuilding expensive engines. ويقوم الطلاب هناك بتلقي عدد من الدروس ويكتسبون خبرة إضافية في القيام بأشياء مثل خياطة المواد التي تغطي مقاعد السيارة وإعادة بناء المحركات باهظة الثمن. The high school students do not always do that in the short time they have. لا يتمكن طلاب المدارس الثانوية دائمًا من القيام بذلك في الوقت القصير المتاح لهم. That makes sense that the college students are getting more hands-on experience. ومن المنطقي أن يحصل طلاب الكليات على المزيد من الخبرة العملية. The program at McPherson seems great. يبدو أن البرنامج في ماكفيرسون رائعًا. Students get to work on cars made by famous companies and go to car events around the country. يحصل الطلاب على فرصة العمل على السيارات التي تصنعها شركات مشهورة والذهاب إلى فعاليات السيارات في جميع أنحاء البلاد. Are there any problems you might envision with the college program? هل هناك أي مشاكل قد تتخيلها مع برنامج الكلية؟ So the problem I see for the program at the moment is that it does not address EVs or battery-powered vehicles. لذا فإن المشكلة التي أراها في البرنامج في الوقت الحالي هي أنه لا يتناول المركبات الكهربائية أو المركبات التي تعمل بالبطاريات. We've recently had some stories on the Learning English broadcast about workers putting batteries in old cars and getting them back on the road. لقد سمعنا مؤخرًا بعض القصص على برنامج تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية حول العمال الذين يقومون بتركيب البطاريات في السيارات القديمة وإعادتها إلى الطريق. However, I do not yet see that as part of the McPherson study program, so maybe that is coming in the future. ومع ذلك، لا أرى ذلك بعد كجزء من برنامج دراسة ماكفيرسون، لذا ربما يأتي ذلك في المستقبل. Well, thanks for answering my questions today, Dan, and thanks again for being here. حسنًا، شكرًا لك على الإجابة على أسئلتي اليوم، دان، وشكراً مرة أخرى لوجودك هنا. You're welcome, Ashley. مرحباً بك، اشلي. I'm always happy to help. أنا سعيد دائمًا بالمساعدة. Thank you. شكرًا لك. Welcome to The Making of a Nation, American History in VOA Special English. مرحباً بكم في برنامج "صنع أمة"، التاريخ الأمريكي في النسخة الإنجليزية الخاصة لإذاعة صوت أميركا. Louise Grant was elected President of the United States in 1868. انتخبت لويز جرانت رئيسة للولايات المتحدة في عام 1868. Grant was a military hero. كان غرانت بطلاً عسكرياً. He led Union troops of the North to victory over Confederate troops of the South in the Civil War. قاد قوات الاتحاد في الشمال إلى النصر على قوات الكونفدرالية في الجنوب في الحرب الأهلية. Grant was extremely popular, but he was a much better general than he was a politician. كان جرانت يتمتع بشعبية كبيرة، لكنه كان جنرالًا أفضل بكثير من كونه سياسيًا. As President, it was not long before he got into trouble in the battles of politics and government. وباعتباره رئيسًا، لم يمض وقت طويل قبل أن يقع في مشاكل في معارك السياسة والحكومة. Larry West and Frank Oliver talk about the first term of President Ulysses Grant. يتحدث لاري ويست وفرانك أوليفر عن الفترة الأولى للرئيس يوليسيس جرانت. Grant resigned from the Army to run for President. استقال غرانت من الجيش للترشح للرئاسة. However, he ran on his record as a winning general. ومع ذلك، فقد خاض الانتخابات استناداً إلى سجله كجنرال فائز. "'Let us have peace,' he often said, and the people believed he would guarantee peace. "كان يقول في كثير من الأحيان: دعونا نحصل على السلام، وكان الناس يعتقدون أنه سيضمن السلام. In fact, Grant guaranteed nothing. في الواقع، لم يضمن غرانت أي شيء. As a Presidential candidate, he offered no new national programs, so as President he had no new policies to carry out. وباعتباره مرشحًا رئاسيًا، لم يقدم أي برامج وطنية جديدة، وبالتالي لم يكن لديه كرئيس سياسات جديدة لتنفيذها. He had few struggles with Congress, because he rarely asked Congress to do anything. لم تكن لديه صراعات كثيرة مع الكونجرس، لأنه نادرا ما طلب من الكونجرس أن يفعل أي شيء. Many events took place during Grant's two administrations, but he usually was not involved directly. لقد وقعت أحداث كثيرة خلال إدارتي غرانت، لكنه لم يكن متورطًا بشكل مباشر عادةً. He had problems only because he was linked indirectly to the men who were responsible." "لقد واجه مشاكل فقط بسبب ارتباطه بشكل غير مباشر بالرجال المسؤولين". One of President Grant's first problems was caused by two of his friends. كانت إحدى المشاكل الأولى التي واجهها الرئيس جرانت بسبب اثنين من أصدقائه. They tried to take control of the gold market. حاولوا السيطرة على سوق الذهب. The men were Jay Gould and James Fisk. |||||||フィスク وكان الرجال هم جاي جولد وجيمس فيسك. Both were extremely rich. كان كلاهما ثريين للغاية. Gould and Fisk developed a plan to buy a large part of the nation's gold supply when the price was low. |||||||||||||国の||||||| قام جولد وفيسك بوضع خطة لشراء جزء كبير من إمدادات الذهب في البلاد عندما كان السعر منخفضًا. They would hold the gold until demand greatly increased the price. سيحتفظون بالذهب حتى يرتفع الطلب عليه بشكل كبير مما يؤدي إلى زيادة السعر. Then they would sell it and make a lot of money. To be successful, they had to prevent the government from selling gold on the market. ولكي ينجحوا، كان عليهم منع الحكومة من بيع الذهب في السوق. Government sales of gold would keep the price down. إن مبيعات الحكومة من الذهب من شأنها أن تبقي الأسعار منخفضة. So Gould and Fisk urged President Grant to stop the Treasury Department from selling gold. ولذلك حث جولد وفيسك الرئيس جرانت على منع وزارة الخزانة من بيع الذهب. Grant refused to give them a firm promise. رفض غرانت أن يقدم لهم وعدًا قاطعًا. The two men brought one of Grant's relatives into their plan. أدخل الرجلان أحد أقارب غرانت في خطتهما. They paid him to write a letter to the President. لقد دفعوا له مقابل كتابة رسالة إلى الرئيس. It asked the President to halt government sales of gold. وطالبت الرئيس بوقف مبيعات الحكومة من الذهب. A messenger took the letter to the White House. |使者||||||| أخذ الرسول الرسالة إلى البيت الأبيض. He then sent a telegram to James Fisk, saying the letter had been delivered. ||||電報を送った||||||||| ثم أرسل برقية إلى جيمس فيسك، قائلاً إن الرسالة قد تم تسليمها. The telegram said, LETTER DELIVERED ALL RIGHT Fisk thought this meant that President Grant had agreed to halt government sales of gold. وجاء في البرقية: "تم تسليم الرسالة بشكل صحيح". واعتقد فيسك أن هذا يعني أن الرئيس جرانت وافق على وقف مبيعات الحكومة من الذهب. So he began buying gold in huge amounts. فبدأ بشراء الذهب بكميات كبيرة. Fisk was wrong. لقد كان فيسك مخطئا. The words, All right, meant only that the letter had been delivered. إن الكلمات "حسنًا" تعني فقط أن الرسالة قد تم تسليمها. They did not mean that Grant had agreed to the plan. ولم يكن ذلك يعني أن غرانت قد وافق على الخطة. In fact, Grant did not agree. في الواقع، لم يوافق غرانت على ذلك. He ordered the Treasury Department to sell gold to block the attempt by Gould and Fisk to control the gold market. وأمر وزارة الخزانة ببيع الذهب لمنع محاولة جولد وفيسك السيطرة على سوق الذهب. The result was that James Fisk and Jay Gould lost a great amount of money. وكانت النتيجة أن جيمس فيسك وجاي جولد خسروا مبلغًا كبيرًا من المال. So did other businessmen and bankers. |||||銀行家たち وقد فعل ذلك رجال الأعمال والمصرفيون الآخرون. Many Americans blamed President Grant for not acting quickly enough to stop the activity of his two friends. ||非難した||||||||||||||| Concern about Grant grew after another incident was reported at the New York Customs Office. وتزايدت المخاوف بشأن غرانت بعد الإبلاغ عن حادثة أخرى في مكتب الجمارك في نيويورك. Two of Grant's friends there became involved in a plan to get money from importers. ||||||||||||||輸入業者から انخرط اثنان من أصدقاء غرانت هناك في خطة للحصول على أموال من المستوردين. They used their official positions to earn huge amounts of money. لقد استغلوا مناصبهم الرسمية لكسب مبالغ ضخمة من المال. Grant also was criticized for one of his few independent actions as President. |||批判された||||||||| وتعرض غرانت أيضًا لانتقادات بسبب أحد أفعاله المستقلة القليلة كرئيس. He tried to buy the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. حاول شراء جمهورية الدومينيكان في منطقة البحر الكاريبي. The island nation was ruled by a dictator, Buenaventura Baez. كانت الدولة الجزيرة يحكمها ديكتاتور يدعى بوينافينتورا بايز. Baez was so dishonest that the people of the Dominican Republic were ready to overthrow him. وكان بايز غير أمين إلى درجة أن شعب جمهورية الدومينيكان كان مستعدًا للإطاحة به. Before this could happen, he offered to sell his country to the United States. قبل أن يحدث هذا، عرض بيع بلاده للولايات المتحدة. When Grant received the offer, he sent a White House official to negotiate with Baez. وعندما تلقى جرانت العرض، أرسل مسؤولاً من البيت الأبيض للتفاوض مع بايز. The official returned with a treaty giving the Dominican Republic to the United States for one and one-half million dollars. وعاد المسؤول بمعاهدة تمنح بموجبها جمهورية الدومينيكان للولايات المتحدة مقابل مليون ونصف المليون دولار. Grant immediately sent American warships to the Dominican Republic. أرسل جرانت على الفور السفن الحربية الأمريكية إلى جمهورية الدومينيكان. He wanted to keep Baez in power until the treaty was completed. كان يريد إبقاء بايز في السلطة حتى إتمام المعاهدة. Grant asked the Senate to approve the treaty. وطلب غرانت من مجلس الشيوخ الموافقة على المعاهدة. Many Senators opposed it. وقد عارضها العديد من أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ. They said taking control of the Dominican Republic would cost too much money. قالوا إن السيطرة على جمهورية الدومينيكان ستكلف الكثير من المال. They also said it was a bad idea for the United States to take control of any nation in the Caribbean. وقالوا أيضا إن سيطرة الولايات المتحدة على أي دولة في منطقة البحر الكاريبي كانت فكرة سيئة. President Grant went to the Capitol building himself to urge Senators to approve the treaty. ||||||||||上院議員||承認する||条約 ذهب الرئيس جرانت بنفسه إلى مبنى الكابيتول لحث أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ على الموافقة على المعاهدة. His efforts failed. جهوده باءت بالفشل. The treaty was defeated. لقد تم رفض المعاهدة. Grant's biggest national problem was the political situation in the former rebel states of the South. كانت المشكلة الوطنية الأكبر التي واجهها غرانت هي الوضع السياسي في الولايات المتمردة السابقة في الجنوب. After the Civil War, most Southern states were governed by radical members of the Republican Party. بعد الحرب الأهلية، أصبحت أغلب الولايات الجنوبية خاضعة لحكم أعضاء متطرفين من الحزب الجمهوري. Radicals supported citizenship rights and voting rights for blacks. دعم المتطرفون حقوق المواطنة وحقوق التصويت للسود. In the late 1860s, the radicals began to lose power. وفي أواخر ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، بدأ المتطرفون يفقدون سلطتهم. Many failed to be re-elected to state office. لقد فشل العديد منهم في إعادة انتخابهم لمناصب الدولة. They were being defeated by candidates of the Democratic Party. لقد هزمهم مرشحو الحزب الديمقراطي. Democrats did not want blacks to have any rights at all. The first radical Republicans to lose power were those in Virginia. ||||||||||バージニア州 وكان أول الجمهوريين المتطرفين الذين خسروا السلطة هم أولئك الموجودون في فرجينيا. The change there was made peacefully. لقد تم التغيير هناك بشكل سلمي. Not so in other Southern states. ولكن الأمر ليس كذلك في الولايات الجنوبية الأخرى. In Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina, Democrats used threats and violence to win elections. ||||||||脅迫||||| وفي ولايات تينيسي وجورجيا وكارولاينا الشمالية، استخدم الديمقراطيون التهديدات والعنف للفوز بالانتخابات. Their campaigns often were led by members of the Ku Klux Klan. |||||||||クー・クラックス・クラン|クー・クラックス・クラン| وكانت حملاتهم في كثير من الأحيان بقيادة أعضاء من جماعة كو كلوكس كلان. The Klan was a secret organization of white men. |クラン||||||| كان الكلان منظمة سرية للرجال البيض. Members believed white people were greater than black people. كان الأعضاء يعتقدون أن البيض أعظم من السود. Wearing cloths over their faces, Klansmen broke up radical Republican political meetings. |布地|||||||||| كان أعضاء الكوكلوكس كلان يرتدون الملابس على وجوههم، وكانوا يفرقون الاجتماعات السياسية الجمهورية المتطرفة. They threatened, beat, and killed blacks to keep them out of politics. They did the same thing to whites who tried to organize or help blacks. لقد فعلوا الشيء نفسه مع البيض الذين حاولوا تنظيم السود أو مساعدتهم. Before long, Ku Klux Klan groups were formed in every Southern state. وبعد فترة قصيرة، تم تشكيل مجموعات كو كلوكس كلان في كل ولاية جنوبية. By 1871, radical Republican congressmen were demanding a new law to destroy the Ku Klux Klan. A committee headed by radicals was named to investigate Klan activities in the South. تم تعيين لجنة برئاسة المتطرفين للتحقيق في أنشطة كو كلوكس كلان في الجنوب. The committee heard reports of the Klan's brutal acts. واستمعت اللجنة إلى تقارير عن الأعمال الوحشية التي ارتكبها كو كلوكس كلان. It helped prepare a bill to control the Klan. After much debate, Congress passed the bill. بعد نقاش طويل، أقرّ الكونجرس مشروع القانون. The new law gave the President power to declare military rule in the South. وقد أعطى القانون الجديد للرئيس سلطة إعلان الحكم العسكري في الجنوب. Democrats charged that the real purpose of the law was to keep radical Republican state governments in power. وزعم الديمقراطيون أن الغرض الحقيقي من القانون هو إبقاء حكومات الولايات الجمهورية المتطرفة في السلطة. President Grant did not wait long to use his powers under the new law. ولم ينتظر الرئيس جرانت طويلاً لاستخدام صلاحياته بموجب القانون الجديد. He declared military rule in a large area of South Carolina. أعلن الحكم العسكري في منطقة واسعة من ولاية كارولينا الجنوبية. Thousands of people there were arrested. They were tried in federal courts. تمت محاكمتهم في المحاكم الفيدرالية. Juries were made up mainly of blacks and radical whites. كانت هيئات المحلفين تتكون في معظمها من السود والبيض المتطرفين. This kind of justice made Southerners feel even more bitterness toward the North. إن هذا النوع من العدالة جعل الجنوبيين يشعرون بمزيد من المرارة تجاه الشمال. It also angered a number of moderate members of the Republican Party. وأثار هذا أيضًا غضب عدد من الأعضاء المعتدلين في الحزب الجمهوري. They said the federal government should not help radical Republicans stay in power in the South. وقالوا إن الحكومة الفيدرالية لا ينبغي أن تساعد الجمهوريين المتطرفين على البقاء في السلطة في الجنوب. Some of these moderate Republicans broke away from President Grant and the radicals. وقد انفصل بعض هؤلاء الجمهوريين المعتدلين عن الرئيس جرانت والراديكاليين. They called themselves liberal Republicans and formed a new political party. أطلقوا على أنفسهم اسم الجمهوريين الليبراليين وشكلوا حزبًا سياسيًا جديدًا. They held their own presidential nominating convention for the election of 1872. وقد عقدوا مؤتمرهم الخاص لترشيح الرئيس في الانتخابات التي جرت عام 1872. They nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate. لقد رشحوا هوراس جريلي كمرشح لهم. Greeley published the New York Tribune newspaper. نشر جريلي صحيفة نيويورك تريبيون. Democrats believed their only chance to win the election was to support the new liberal Republicans. اعتقد الديمقراطيون أن فرصتهم الوحيدة للفوز بالانتخابات هي دعم الجمهوريين الليبراليين الجدد. So they, too, chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. لذلك اختاروا هم أيضًا هوراس جريلي كمرشح رئاسي. As expected, the radicals who controlled the main Republican Party nominated Grant for a second term. وكما كان متوقعا، قام المتطرفون الذين سيطروا على الحزب الجمهوري الرئيسي بترشيح غرانت لولاية ثانية. The campaign between Grant and Greeley was very strange. كانت الحملة بين جرانت وجريلي غريبة جدًا. Grant made no speeches. ولم يلقي غرانت أي خطاب. He spent the summer at a holiday town on the Atlantic Ocean coast. أمضى الصيف في بلدة سياحية على ساحل المحيط الأطلسي. His supporters, however, were not silent. لكن أنصاره لم يصمتوا. They called Greeley a fool and a traitor. لقد أطلقوا على جريلي لقب الأحمق والخائن. They refused to treat him as a serious candidate. رفضوا التعامل معه كمرشح جدي. Unlike Grant, Greeley did campaign hard, but he had little financial help. على عكس جرانت، خاض جريلي حملة انتخابية قوية، لكنه لم يحصل على سوى القليل من المساعدة المالية. He also was hurt by a poorly organized campaign. كما تضرر أيضًا من الحملة سيئة التنظيم. On election day in 1872, Ulysses Grant won a big victory. وفي يوم الانتخابات عام 1872، حقق يوليسيس جرانت فوزًا كبيرًا. He got the votes of thirty-one of the thirty-seven states. حصل على أصوات واحد وثلاثين ولاية من أصل سبعة وثلاثين ولاية. Horace Greeley died three weeks after the election. توفي هوراس جريلي بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من الانتخابات. The new liberal Republican Party died with him. لقد مات الحزب الجمهوري الليبرالي الجديد معه. Ulysses Grant and the radical Republicans would govern for another four years. واستمر يوليسيس جرانت والجمهوريون المتطرفون في الحكم لمدة أربع سنوات أخرى.