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Steve's Language Learning Tips, Chinese Vs Japanese Vs Korean: Learning Experience

Chinese Vs Japanese Vs Korean: Learning Experience

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. Today. I want to talk about learning Chinese or Mandarin Chinese versus, uh, Japanese and Korean. Remember if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe, click on the bell to get notifications. So, uh, I have learned to varying degrees of fluency, uh, Mandarin Chinese, which is the first one I learned back in 1968.

Full-time at school, but living in an environment which was not Mandarin speaking, in other words, Hong Kong. Uh, then I learned Japanese basically on my own, uh, helped by the fact that I could read Chinese characters. And of course, living in Japan for nine years, my Japanese got progressively better.

And then I said, at some point, I think in the early eighties, I should learn Korean because I have invested so much time into learning, uh, Chinese and Japanese, but I never had much time for it. And at different sort of points I have given it a go. Three months here, six months there. And I'm really not very satisfied with the level that I have achieved in Korean, but let's compare these three languages.

So they're East Asian languages from a geographic point of view because these three countries are located in East Asia. However, they are not of the same language family. Chinese is Sino-Tibetan. So related to languages in Tibet, Burma, uh, I don't know all of them. I'm not a linguist in the sense of being, you know, someone who studies linguistics.

Of course Japanese, according to some is related to the sort of, uh, Ural-Altaic languages, Korean, Turkish, Mongolian. There are other people who challenged that, but it's a completely different language family, both of them, Korean and Japanese. Um, but the underpinning of Japanese and Chinese in terms of vocabulary is Chinese.

Uh, in the case of Japanese, even their writing system, their phonetic writing system derives from Chinese characters. So China had a major influence on them. Of course, learning these languages has become easier than ever. I learned Chinese and Japanese at a time when there was no internet, there were no MP3 files.

There is no way, no online dictionaries. You certainly couldn't do the things we do at LingQ, import stuff from newspapers, from YouTube, from Netflix, or, um, you know, basically save words to a database for later review and all of these things weren't available. You had a book, you looked things up in a dictionary, and if you had the money, you got yourself a teacher.

And if you are lucky enough to live where the language was spoken, as I did for Japanese, then of course you took advantage. I learn languages because I'm interested in history. And so it's important to understand that what we talk about today as China, Korea, Japan, and in the case of China, at one point, whatever, four or five billion people, uh, Japan, maybe 125/127 million people.

Uh, Korea would be 50 plus 25, I don't know the exact number for North Korea, 75 million people. Those are large language groups. And as I said, Chinese, insofar as vocabulary is concerned, is the base. More than half of all of the words used in Chinese and Japanese, especially in more serious content, much as is the case in English where much of our more sort of serious...

okay, academic vocabulary comes from French in the case of Japanese and Korean comes from Chinese. So geographically, we consider East Asia as an area where you look at China, but it's important to remember that, you know, homo sapiens came out of Africa, spread all over the world, moved eastward towards, uh, Asia.

Maybe to some extent and increasingly people feel there were some, you know, intermingling with, uh, previous, um, call it homo sapiens. Like we are homo sapien sapiens. So, you know, Neanderthal or the equivalent in Asia might have had its contribution. I just don't know, but it's possible. Because things they said were not the case before it turns out they do more research and they discover for example, that, uh, many human or homo sapian sapians did mix with Neanderthals, um, at any rate...

so if you look at a map of, of human movements 50,000 years ago, you see people moving through China, moving from the North, down to the South. Uh, even the Ainu supposedly, sort of indigenous to the, to Japan. They came over from the mainland. Uh, there's no one indigenous to Japan. They didn't spring out of the ground like mushrooms.

They came from somewhere. They might've come via a sea route. And there are theories that people went to Japan via Shanghai and originated in Southern China, or that they came across their Korean peninsula. This is 2000 odd years ago. So at some point things sort of solidified. And there is the sense that at least in terms of, uh, you know, genetics, not that that matters, but, uh, Japanese with their, Ainu sort of mixture and the Koreans and the Mongolians and the Manchurians, uh, there... and the Northern Chinese there sort of one group, Tibetans, even though the Chinese and the buttons are closer, linguistically.

And then the Southern Chinese, Southeast Asians, that's sort of like somewhat different groups with a lot of scrambling going on. And of course, historically a lot of those peoples in central or in, in inner Asia call it, Mongolians and the Khitans and the Tanguts and the Manchus and the Jurchens , they were quite powerful in their own

right. And at various times conquered their neighbours. And so lots went on before we ended up with what we got today. So that's just a little, I like that kind of stuff. And so then of course, uh, over the last few thousand years, these countries have developed distinctive, you know, histories of their own.

And they developed a language of their own each one of them and a writing system of their own. And in the case of Chinese, the writing system is exclusively pictograms, each character represents meaning. Not always identifiable in terms of sort of pictorial or image wise, although you can with explanations, see how it's derived from something that we could visualize, but mostly it's, it's an idea.

So it's an ideogram. Yeah, I guess that's the way to describe it. And most of those ideograms have a phonetic component, uh, and that's where the kanna that's used Japanese... in Japanese they have these ideograms, but they also have two parallel phonetic scripts, which derive from certain Chinese characters, which were used to represent sounds in Japanese and then eventually evolved into kanna. And this happened about, you know, 980 or so, uh, part of that whole range of influence that came over from China, uh, artistic, religious, literary, and so forth. Uh, in the case of Korea, somewhere around the 15th century, supposedly their King created Hangul,

which is, um, a phonetic writing system that started from scratch and has no influence from Chinese characters. So that's in so far as the writing system is concerned. Um, as far as, you know, the, the, uh, Romanization or the phonetic writing system that we can use to get a sense of how these words are pronounced when we don't yet know Hangul or we don't yet know Hiragana,

uh, the Chinese use Pinyin, which was developed, uh, you know, after 1949 and replaced previous systems that had been created by, by foreigners. Uh, personally I thought that Yale Romanization system was better because in Pinyin they use letters like Q and X in ways that we are used to. So Q has a "ch" sound.

Because theoretically, the "ch" in Chinese is a little different from "ch". So they've got a different symbol. The similarly, the X is a "shi" Xi, which is different from S kind of between "Sh" and S, so use an X. So if you get a name card from a Chinese person and they've got Qs and Xs in there, you'll be quite confused until you get used to it.

But once you get used to it, it's actually quite a practical system. The Japanese use a Romanization system. There's two, there's the one that is the most helpful is one where, you know, if you have a word like hatchimitsu, which is, um, honey, uh, then the hatchi , chi is CH, and Mitsu "tsu" is TSU. However, in the Japanese writing system, in Hiragana or Katakana, uh, because you have sort of.

Sets of these...these are syllables. So you have sets of ka, ki, ku, ke, ko. Ha, hi, hu, he, ho. And then it goes, uh, Ta that uses the T sound TA, ta, chi, tsu, te, to. So in the Japanese system, the T becomes a "chi" and a "tsu". So they, they decide that therefore for the poor foreigner, trying to pronounce the word hatchimitsu

we should write it to be pure H A T I M I T U, Hatimitu, which might be, you know, close to the Japanese system but it's useless for a non-Japanese speaker trying to figure out how to pronounce a Japanese word. Fortunately, that's not used too much except by the purists. Now in Korean, they have a Romanization system, which I find the least useful

because it uses the letter E in all kinds of different ways. And I'm never clear whether this is a, some kind of a diphthong or an attempt to, to, uh, represent, you know, uh, this, "uh", sound, eh, I never know quite what it's trying to do. And sometimes it seems to have a Y, uh, role whenever I see the, the, uh, Korean, uh, Romanization, I'd just ignore it.

I, if I'm reading on the internet, I'll use text to speech, uh, or I'll use the Hangul. So it's really not very helpful, but again, developed by, you know, the ministry of education. So a whole bunch of very serious people came up with this thing as somehow being, uh, I dunno, close to the original Korean. So that's so far as the writing system and the, uh, call it transliteration or Romanization systems used.

In any case, I think you have to listen, you can't rely on the, uh, Romanization. You have to get yourself used to seeing something written with their phonetic script, which doesn't exist in Chinese and then how it's pronounced. And if you do enough listening, you gradually get used to it in the case of all three.

So that's... we've covered the writing systems, the differences, the romanticization differences, um, Pronunciation. Obviously the biggest problem in Chinese is the tones. And there are no tones in Japanese or Korean because remember Japanese and Korean belong to a different language family. So tonal language is Thai,

you know, Vietnamese, Tibetan, I guess I'm assuming. Cause Sino-Tibetan, whatever. But Japanese and Korean are not tonal. So to get the tones, I found it very difficult to try to remember the individual tones, um, with your reading. If you're reading on LingQ, the tones are marked, a lot of places they will give you marks, you know.

So they'll show you what tone it is. And by the end of reading a lot, in Pinyin, with the tone marks, you gradually start to get used to it. But the bigger thing is do a lot of listening. Focus on phrases so that these natural phrases come out with the natural tones and, and recognize that you're going to start out at 30% accuracy moved to 40, 50, 60, 70.

You'll never be a hundred, but you'll get closer and closer. Uh, so tone is not a problem in Japanese. However, there are people who claim that there is this, uh, pitch tone issue in Japanese. I have, I wasn't even aware of it when I lived in Japan. Nobody has trouble understanding me. I don't think it's an important issue unless you are some kind of a purist that you want to, you know, be a hundred percent like a native, but then, then the issue becomes which pitch tone are you going to copy?

Because the pitch seems to me quite different in Osaka than it is in Sendai or in Tokyo. So I think it's more important to pick up on, and this is true for all languages, pick up on the natural intonation, the natural rhythm, uh, of the language. Try not to introduce, for example, English intonation into Japanese or Korean: "watashi wa".

They don't say that. It's a little more monotonous, more like French, and you have to catch, you know, you get ahold of that intonation by, by dint of doing a lot of listening without trying to worry about is this sound, which pitch and stuff, at least for me, not something I spend any time on.

I would far rather increase my vocabulary, increase my comprehension. And in doing so I will increase my ability to communicate effectively. Uh, Korean I found that the pronunciation actually is quite similar to, uh, to Japanese. Of course, the words are different. In fact, some words sound the same and are completely different from Japanese, but I find this, the pronunciation is if you can pronounce the one, you can pronounce the other.

And in terms of European languages, You know, Greek, Spanish, any of these languages where you have few diphthongs, basically pure vowels, it's going to be similar to those two languages. Okay. Grammar, generally speaking, having studied Slavic languages, Romance languages, German. Um, I find the Asian language is more forgiving when it comes to grammar.

Uh, it's harder to make a mistake. They're more flexible. I go today. I go tomorrow. I go yesterday. Um, not quite, but almost. In Japanese, there is a clearer sort of indication and in Korean, uh, of tense, not so much in Chinese, uh, no gender, no number. Um, yeah, it's, it's, it's easier. Uh, this is somewhat compensated or at least the, the, the counterpart to that is

the different levels of politeness. Uh, what the linguistic students call register, you know, it's, it's quite a bit more differentiated than say in English or in European languages. So you have to be a little careful. Uh, I therefore try to keep it neutral in Japanese and Korean. Don't wander too far down the sort of casual side of things.

And I don't go too far into the very formal, polite kind of thing. Stay neutral until you get very good at it. And then you'll have a sense of, of what, what form of a word verb or whatever is appropriate. Less of a problem in Chinese. Normally they're not as polite or as formalized as the Japanese and the, uh, Koreans.

Um, now another issue when learning a language is the availability of content. And, uh, to that extent, I was very lucky when I studied Mandarin Chinese because the Yale in China series had had such a broad range of material: beginner material, um, you know, books on geography, history with 500 characters, 1000 characters. A range of, of, uh, reading material with glossaries behind every chapter or every page, uh, on literature history, you name it.

Uh, communist propaganda, whatever it might be. It, it was complete. I did not find that to be the case with Japanese. I had to regularly scour the bookstores to find any kind of reading material with, with the glossary. Uh, of course easier today because you can, you can find content, uh, Uh, you can go to these automatic transcription sites, get it transcribed, bring it into LingQ, for example, study it.

So it has become a lot easier in that regard. The same is... even worse with Korean. One of the reasons why I would sort of go out Korean for a while and then stop, is that there, there is an abundance of beginner to intermediate material in Korean: uninteresting, uninspired narrators, very difficult to listen to.

Uh, a lot of emphasis on, you know, older sister, younger sister, second cousin, uncle, third aunt, all the sort of details of, of different words used for relatives. I don't have any Korean relatives. To me, that's just... and it's part of this general trend in all three languages, those people who create texts, the native speakers of those languages,

put a lot of effort into, you know, festivals and traditional foods and things of that nature, which are therefore less familiar to us and less difficult, less, more difficult to get into, at least as far as I'm concerned. I like to hear about how people lead their everyday lives. And of course the, the voice is important.

It has to have resonance. You have to connect with that voice. People, natural conversations, uh, about things in our daily lives often, you know, natural conversations subsequently transcribed, this kind of thing is, is, is much better. But so in so far as the accessibility and availability of, of learning material, uh, better now than before, because of our ability to connect to

Netflix and YouTube, people who like Korean drama or Japanese or Chinese drama can find those things to learn from. So just trying to touch on some of the main areas, uh, that influence people who are studying these three languages. They are all worth it. Those are important centers of a history, of culture, of people that we want to get to know.

They're all a little different. They're all well worth learning for their own reasons. Okay. There you have it. And I'm going to leave a couple of suggested videos, one in Japanese, one in Korean that are these one in Chinese and one, and, uh, in, in Japanese that might want to listen to, to get a sense, uh, of those languages.

Okay. Bye. For now.

Chinese Vs Japanese Vs Korean: Learning Experience |versus||||| ||Japonés|||| Chinesisch vs. Japanisch vs. Koreanisch: Lernerfahrung Chino vs Japonés vs Coreano: Experiencia de aprendizaje Chinois vs Japonais vs Coréen : Expérience d'apprentissage Cinese Vs. giapponese Vs. coreano: Esperienza di apprendimento 中国語対日本語対韓国語: 学習体験 중국어 대 일본어 대 한국어: 학습 경험 Ķīniešu pret japāņu pret korejiešu: mācīšanās pieredze Chiński kontra japoński kontra koreański: Doświadczenie edukacyjne Chinês Vs Japonês Vs Coreano: Experiência de aprendizagem Китайский язык vs японский язык vs корейский язык: Опыт изучения Çince vs Japonca vs Korece: Öğrenme Deneyimi Китайська проти японської та корейської: Досвід навчання 中国人、日本人、韩国人:学习经验 中國人、日本人、韓國人:學習經驗

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. Sveiki, šeit ir Stīvs Kaufmans. Today. Šodien. I want to talk about learning Chinese or Mandarin Chinese versus, uh, Japanese and Korean. ||||||||||||||coreano 中国語や北京語の学習と、日本語と韓国語の学習について話したいと思います。 Remember if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe, click on the bell to get notifications. ||||||||||||||уведомления So, uh, I have learned to varying degrees of fluency, uh, Mandarin Chinese, which is the first one I learned back in 1968. ||Я||||разной степени||||||||||||||| ||||||verschiedenen||||||||||||||| ||||||different||||||||||||||| ||||||різних||||||||||||||| Ich habe also mehr oder weniger fließend Mandarin-Chinesisch gelernt, das erste, das ich 1968 gelernt habe. それで、ええと、私はさまざまな程度の流暢さを学びました、ええと、北京語、それは私が1968年に学んだ最初のものです。 所以,呃,我已经学会了不同程度的流利普通话,这是我在 1968 年学到的第一门普通话。

Full-time at school, but living in an environment which was not Mandarin speaking, in other words, Hong Kong. |||||||||||||||||هنگ کنگ|هنگ کنگ Full-time student||||||||setting|||||||||| 学校ではフルタイムですが、北京語ではない環境、つまり香港に住んでいます。 Uh, then I learned Japanese basically on my own, uh, helped by the fact that I could read Chinese characters. |||||||||||||||||||kanji ええと、それから私は基本的に自分で日本語を学びました、ええと、私は漢字を読むことができたという事実に助けられました。 And of course, living in Japan for nine years, my Japanese got progressively better. ||||||||||||постепенно лучше| ||||||||||||fortschreitend| |||||||nine|||||increasingly| そしてもちろん、日本に9年間住んでいるうちに、私の日本語はだんだん上手になりました。

And then I said, at some point, I think in the early eighties, I should learn Korean because I have invested so much time into learning, uh, Chinese and Japanese, but I never had much time for it. ||||||||||||اوایل دهه هشتاد||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||eighties||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||начало восьмидесятых||||||||||||||||||||||||| そして、ある時点で、私は中国語と日本語の学習に多くの時間を費やしてきたので、韓国語を学ぶべきだと思いますが、それを学ぶ時間はあまりありませんでした。 And at different sort of points I have given it a go. |||||моменты|||||| ||||||||provided||a| ||||||||provato||| ||||||||intentado||| そして、さまざまな種類のポイントで、私はそれを試してみました。 我在不同的场合尝试过这种方法。 Three months here, six months there. ここで3か月、そこに6か月。 And I'm really not very satisfied with the level that I have achieved in Korean, but let's compare these three languages. ||||||||||||||||بیا|||| そして、私が韓国語で達成したレベルにはあまり満足していませんが、これらの3つの言語を比較してみましょう。

So they're East Asian languages from a geographic point of view because these three countries are located in East Asia. |||||||جغرافیایی|||||||||||| |||||||geographical perspective|perspective||||||||||| つまり、これら3つの国は東アジアにあるため、地理的な観点からは東アジアの言語です。 However, they are not of the same language family. Chinese is Sino-Tibetan. ||چینی|تبتی ||Chinese| ||Китайский|Тибетский So related to languages in Tibet, Burma, uh, I don't know all of them. |||||تبت|برمه||||||| ||||||Myanmar||||||| ||||||М'янма||||||| |relacionados con|||||||||||| |||||Тибет, Бирма|Бирма||||||| I'm not a linguist in the sense of being, you know, someone who studies linguistics. |||زبان‌شناس||||||||||| ||||||||siendo|||||| 私は言語学を勉強しているという意味では言語学者ではありません。 我并不是一个研究语言学的语言学家。

Of course Japanese, according to some is related to the sort of, uh,  Ural-Altaic languages, Korean, Turkish, Mongolian. |||||||||||||اورال|آلتایی||||مغولی |||||||||||||Ural|Altaic|||| |||||||relacionado con||||||||||| |||||||||||||Уральские|Алтайские языки|||| もちろん、日本語は一部の人によれば、ウラル・アルタイ語族、韓国語、トルコ語、モンゴル語のようなものに関連している。 There are other people who challenged that, but it's a completely different language family, both of them, Korean and Japanese. |||||messo in discussione|||||||||||||| |||||cuestionaron|||||||||||||| それに異議を唱える人もいるが、韓国語と日本語は全く異なる言語ファミリーである。 Um, but the underpinning of Japanese and Chinese in terms of vocabulary is Chinese. |||основа|||||||||| |||foundation|||||||||| |||Grundlage|||||||||| |||fondamento|||||||||| |||基础|||||||||| |||основа|||||||||| |||基盤|||||||||| |||base subyacente|||||||||| うーん、しかし日本語と中国語の語彙に関しては、中国語が基盤になっている。 嗯,但是日语和中文在词汇方面的基础是中文。

Uh, in the case of Japanese, even their writing system, their phonetic writing system derives from Chinese characters. |||||||||||آوایی|||مشتق شده است||| ||||||||||||||leitet sich ab||| ||||||||writing system||||||derives||| ||||||||||||||происходит от||| So China had a major influence on them. Of course, learning these languages has become easier than ever. |||||||simpler||ever もちろん、これらの言語の学習はこれまでになく簡単になりました。 I learned Chinese and Japanese at a time when there was no internet, there were no MP3 files. ||||||||||||||||ام‌پی‌تری| インターネットもMP3ファイルもなかった時代に中国語と日本語を学びました。

There is no way, no online dictionaries. 方法はありません、オンライン辞書はありません。 没有办法,没有在线词典。 You certainly couldn't do the things we do at LingQ, import stuff from newspapers, from YouTube, from Netflix, or, um, you know, basically save words to a database for later review and all of these things weren't available. ||نمی‌توانستی||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||در دسترس نبودند| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||базу даних|||||||||| 確かに、LingQで行っていること、新聞、YouTube、Netflixからのインポート、または基本的に後で確認するために単語をデータベースに保存することはできませんでしたが、これらすべてを利用することはできませんでした。 You had a book, you looked things up in a dictionary, and if you had the money, you got yourself a teacher. ||||ты||||||||||||||||| あなたは本を持っていて、辞書で物事を調べました、そしてあなたがお金を持っていれば、あなたはあなた自身に教師を手に入れました。 你有一本书,你查字典,如果你有钱,你还可以找一位老师。

And if you are lucky enough to live where the language was spoken, as I did for Japanese, then of course you took advantage. ||||повезло||||||||||||||||||| そして、私が日本語でしたように、あなたがその言語が話されている場所に住むのに十分幸運であるなら、もちろんあなたはそれを利用しました。 I learn languages because I'm interested in history. And so it's important to understand that what we talk about today as China, Korea, Japan, and in the case of China, at one point, whatever, four or five billion people, uh, Japan, maybe 125/127 million people. ||||||||||||||کره جنوبی||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||miliardi di persone|||||| したがって、今日私たちが中国、韓国、日本、そして中国の場合は、40億から50億人、つまり日本、おそらく1億2500万人に1億2700万人ということを理解することが重要です。 因此,重要的是要了解我们今天谈论的中国、韩国、日本,就中国而言,一度有四五十亿人口,而日本可能有 1.25 亿到 1.27 亿人口。

Uh, Korea would be 50 plus 25, I don't know the exact number for North Korea, 75 million people. Those are large language groups. And as I said, Chinese, insofar as vocabulary is concerned, is the base. |||||تا جایی که||||||| |||||as far as||||regarding vocabulary||the| |||||per quanto riguarda|||è|per quanto riguarda||| |||||en lo que||||se refiere a||| |||||наскільки||||||| そして、私が言ったように、語彙に関する限り、中国語がベースです。 More than half of all of the words used in Chinese and Japanese, especially in more serious content, much as is the case in English where much of our more sort of serious... ||||||||||||||||||||||||English language|||||||| 中国語と日本語で使用されるすべての単語の半分以上、特により深刻なコンテンツでは、英語の場合と同様に、私たちのより深刻な種類の多くが... 中文和日语中使用的所有词汇中有超过一半是中文和日语,尤其是在较为严肃的内容中,就像英语中的情况一样,其中很多我们的较为严肃的...

okay, academic vocabulary comes from French in the case of Japanese and Korean comes from Chinese. |academic vocabulary|||||||||||||| さて、日本語の場合、学術用語はフランス語から来ており、韓国語は中国語から来ています。 So geographically, we consider East Asia as an area where you look at China, but it's important to remember that, you know, homo sapiens came out of Africa, spread all over the world, moved eastward towards, uh, Asia. |از نظر جغرافیایی|||||||||||||||||||||انسان هوشمند|انسان خردمند|||||||||||به سمت شرق||| |||||||||||look|||||||||||human species||||||moved out|||||migrated|towards the east||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||向东移动||| ||||||||||||||||||||||человек разумный|человек разумный|||||||||||восточным||| 地理的には、私たちは東アジアを中国を見渡す地域と考えていますが、ホモサピエンスはアフリカから出発し、世界中に広がり、東へ向かってアジアに移動したことを覚えておくことが重要です。 因此从地理上讲,我们将东亚视为中国所在的地区,但重要的是要记住,智人走出非洲,传播到世界各地,向东迁移到亚洲。

Maybe to some extent and increasingly people feel there were some, you know, intermingling with, uh, previous, um, call it homo sapiens. |||||||||||||переплетение|||||||| |||degree||more and more||||||||mixing with humans|||||||human beings| |||certo grado||||||||||commistione|||||||| |||||||||||||درهم‌آمیختگی|||||||انسان هوشمند|انسان خردمند |||||||||||||переплетення|||||||| |||||||||||||mezcla con|||||||| ある程度、そしてますます多くの人々が、以前のホモサピエンスとの交わりがあったと感じているかもしれません。 Like we are homo sapien sapiens. ||||человек разумный разумный| 私たちはホモサピエンス・サピエンスです。 就像我们是智人一样。 So, you know, Neanderthal or the equivalent in Asia might have had its contribution. |||نئاندرتال‌ها|||||||||| |||Neandertaler|||||||||| |||prehistoric human||||||||||role or impact |||Неандерталец||||||||||вклад ですから、ご存知のように、アジアのネアンデルタール人または同等の人がその貢献をした可能性があります。 I just don't know, but it's possible. わかりませんが、可能です。 Because things they said were not the case before it turns out they do more research and they discover for example, that, uh, many human or homo sapian sapians did mix with Neanderthals, um, at any rate... |||||||||||||||||||||||||||ساپیان ساپیان هوشمند|||||نئاندرتال‌ها|||| ||||||the||previously||happens that||||||and|||||||||||sapien|humans||||Neanderthals||in any case|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||сапиенсами|сапиенс сапиенс||||Неандертальцы|||| 彼らが言ったことは、それが判明する前はそうではなかったので、彼らはより多くの研究を行い、例えば、ええと、多くの人間またはホモサピアンのサピアンがネアンデルタール人と混ざっていたことを発見しました... 因为在他们进行更多研究并发现事实之前,他们所说的事情并非如此,例如,呃,许多人类或智人确实与尼安德特人混合,嗯,无论如何......

so if you look at a map of, of human movements 50,000 years ago, you see people moving through China, moving from the North, down to the South. |||||||||||||||||||||||hacia el sur||| したがって、5万年前の人間の動きの地図を見ると、人々が中国を通り、北から南に移動しているのがわかります。 Uh, even the Ainu supposedly, sort of indigenous to the, to Japan. |||Айны|предположительно|||коренные народы|||| |||Ainu people||||native to Japan|||| ||||ظاهراً|||بومی|||| |||||||土著的|||| |||Айну||||корінний|||| ||||supuestamente||||||| ええと、おそらくアイヌでさえ、日本に固有のようなものです。 They came over from the mainland. |||||سرزمین اصلی |||||mainland |||||материк |||||материк 彼らは本土からやって来ました。 Uh, there's no one indigenous to Japan. Äh, in Japan ist niemand einheimisch. ええと、日本に固有の人は誰もいません。 They didn't spring out of the ground like mushrooms. ||||||||قارچ‌ها ||spring||||||mushrooms ||spuntare|||||| ||||||||hongos ||||||地面|| きのこのように地面から飛び出すことはありませんでした。 它们并不是像蘑菇一样从地里冒出来的。

They came from somewhere. |||da qualche parte |||algún lugar 彼らはどこかから来ました。 They might've come via a sea route. |ممکن است||||| ||||||path over water 彼らは海路を経由して来たのかもしれません。 And there are theories that people went to Japan via Shanghai and originated in Southern China, or that they came across their Korean peninsula. ||||||||||شانگهای|||||||||||||شبه‌جزیره کره |||theories|||||||||emerged|||||||||||Korean Peninsula ||||||||||||起源した||||||||||| ||||||||||||произошли|||||||||||полуостров そして、人々が上海を経由して日本に行き、中国南部で生まれたという説や、朝鮮半島に出くわしたという説があります。 This is 2000 odd years ago. ||approximately|| Das ist 2000 ungerade Jahre her. これは2000奇数年前です。 So at some point things sort of solidified. |||||||окончательно определились |||||||verfestigten sich |||||||became more stable |||||||si sono stabilizzate |||||||утвердилися ですから、ある時点で物事は固まりました。 And there is the sense that at least in terms of, uh, you know, genetics, not that that matters, but, uh, Japanese with their, Ainu sort of mixture and the Koreans and the Mongolians and the Manchurians, uh, there... and the Northern Chinese there sort of one group, Tibetans, even though the Chinese and the buttons are closer, linguistically. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||тибетцы|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Tibetan people|||||||ethnic groups|||language-wise |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||bottoni||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||آینوها||||||||||||مانچوری‌ها||||||||||||تبتی‌ها|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||кнопки||| ||||||||||||||||||重要である|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||botones||| そして、少なくとも遺伝学に関しては、それは重要ではありませんが、アイヌ語のような混合物を持った日本人と、韓国人とモンゴル人と満州人がいるという感覚があります。 ..そして、中国語とボタンが言語的に近いにもかかわらず、チベット人という1つのグループがあります。 从某种意义上说,至少就遗传而言,这并不重要,而是日本人与阿伊努人的混合物,以及朝鲜人,蒙古人和满洲人,在那里。 ..和北方华人在某种程度上是藏人,即使中国人和纽扣在语言上更接近。

And then the Southern Chinese, Southeast Asians, that's sort of like somewhat different groups with a lot of scrambling going on. ||||||||||||||||||перемешивание|| ||||||||||||||||||mixing together|| ||||||||||||||||||混杂现象|| ||||||||||||||||||Durcheinander|| ||||||||||||diversi||||||mescolamento in corso|| ||||||آسیایی‌ها||||||||||||درهم‌آمیختگی زیادی|| ||||||||||||||||||перемішуванням|| そして、中国南部、東南アジア人、それは、多くのスクランブルが行われている、いくぶん異なるグループのようなものです。 And of course, historically a lot of those peoples in central or in, in inner Asia call it, Mongolians and the Khitans and the Tanguts and the Manchus and the Jurchens , they were quite powerful in their own |||||||||||||||||||||Кидани|||Тангуты|||Маньчжуры|||чжурчжэни||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Khitans|||Tangut people|||Manchus|||Jurchen people||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||تانگوت‌ها||||||||||||| そしてもちろん、歴史的に中央またはインナーアジアの多くの人々はそれをモンゴル人とキタイ人とタングート人と満州人と女真人と呼んでいます、彼らは彼ら自身で非常に強力でした

right. 正しい。 And at various times conquered their neighbours. ||||завоевывали|| ||||defeated|| ||||||همسایگان خود را そして、さまざまな時に彼らの隣人を征服しました。 And so lots went on before we ended up with what we got today. そして、私たちが今日得たものにたどり着く前に、たくさんのことが続きました。 在我们获得今天的结果之前,发生了很多事情。 So that's just a little, I like that kind of stuff. And so then of course, uh, over the last few thousand years, these countries have developed distinctive, you know, histories of their own. ||||||||||||||||متمایز|||||| ||||||||||||||||unique|||||| ||||||||||||||||отличительные|||||| そしてもちろん、過去数千年の間に、これらの国々は独自の歴史を発展させてきました。 Oczywiście w ciągu ostatnich kilku tysięcy lat kraje te rozwinęły własne, charakterystyczne historie.

And they developed a language of their own each one of them and a writing system of their own. そして、彼らはそれぞれ独自の言語と独自の書記体系を開発しました。 And in the case of Chinese, the writing system is exclusively pictograms, each character represents meaning. |||||||||||пиктограммы|||| ||||||||||solely|characters|||| |||||||||||象形文字|||| |||||||||||pittogrammi cinesi|||| |||||||||||تصاویر نگارشی|||| |||||||||||||||significado また、中国語の場合、書記体系はピクトグラムのみであり、各文字は意味を表します。 Not always identifiable in terms of sort of pictorial or image wise, although you can with explanations, see how it's derived from something that we could visualize, but mostly it's, it's an idea. ||||||||изобразительный|||в плане изображения|||||||||выведенный|||||||||||| ||Recognizable||||||visual representation||concept|in terms of|||||||||Originated from|||||||||||| ||||||||图像的|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||bildlich|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||identificabile||||||pittorico o visivo|||in termini di||||||||||||||||||||| ||قابل شناسایی|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||ідентифіковане|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 絵や画像の観点から常に識別できるとは限りませんが、説明はできますが、視覚化できるものからどのように派生しているかを確認できますが、ほとんどの場合、それはアイデアです。 尽管可以通过说明进行解释,但并非总是可以从图片或图像方面识别出来,请查看它是如何从我们可以可视化的内容中派生出来的,但主要是,这是一个主意。

So it's an ideogram. |||идеограмма |||symbolic character |||Ideogram |||象形文字 |||象形文字 |||ideograma Yeah, I guess that's the way to describe it. And most of those ideograms have a phonetic component, uh, and that's where the kanna that's used Japanese... in Japanese they have these ideograms, but they also have two parallel phonetic scripts, which derive from certain Chinese characters, which were used to represent sounds in Japanese and then eventually evolved into kanna. ||||Иероглифы||||||||||канна (kanna)|||||||||||||||||фонетические алфавиты||происходят от|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||kana or syllabary|||||||||Chinese characters||||||||scripts||originate from||||||||||||||||||kana script ||||表意文字||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||Ideogramme||||||||||Kana||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||kana|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||kana ||||||||||||||کانا|||||||||||||||||||مشتق شدن از|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||паралельні|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||escrituras fonéticas|||||||||||||||||||| そして、それらの表意文字のほとんどには音声コンポーネントがあります、ええと、それは日本語を使用したカンナです...日本語ではこれらの表意文字がありますが、特定の漢字から派生した2つの並列音声スクリプトもあります。日本語で音を表現し、やがてかんなに進化しました。 And this happened about, you know, 980 or so, uh, part of that whole range of influence that came over from China, uh, artistic, religious, literary, and so forth. ||||||||||||||||||||||||written works||| ||||||||||||||||||de China||||||||| そして、これは、あなたが知っているように、980かそこら、ええと、中国からもたらされた影響の全範囲の一部、ええと、芸術的、宗教的、文学などで起こりました。 Uh, in the case of Korea, somewhere around the 15th century, supposedly their King created Hangul, |||||||||||allegedly|||| |||||||||||supuestamente|||| ええと、韓国の場合、15世紀頃、おそらく彼らの王がハングルを作成しました、

which is, um, a phonetic writing system that started from scratch and has no influence from Chinese characters. ||||||||||from the beginning||||||| ||||||||||da zero||||||| ||||||||||з нуля||||||| つまり、最初から始まり、漢字の影響を受けない音声書記体系です。 So that's in so far as the writing system is concerned. ||||||||||se refiere a これは、書記体系に関する限りです。 Um, as far as, you know, the, the, uh, Romanization or the phonetic writing system that we can use to get a sense of how these words are pronounced when we don't yet know Hangul or we don't yet know Hiragana, |||||||||Романизация||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||transliteration system||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ええと、あなたが知っている限りでは、私たちがまだハングルを知らないか、私たちがまだ知らないときにこれらの単語がどのように発音されるかを理解するために使用できるローマ字表記または音声表記システムひらがな、

uh, the Chinese use Pinyin, which was developed, uh, you know, after 1949 and replaced previous systems that had been created by, by foreigners. ||||Пиньинь||||||||||||||||||иностранцами |||||||||||||took the place||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||stranieri ||||Pinyin|||||||||||||||||| ええと、中国人は1949年以降に開発され、外国人によって作成された以前のシステムに取って代わった拼音を使用しています。 Uh, personally I thought that Yale Romanization system was better because in Pinyin they use letters like Q and X in ways that we are used to. |||pensamento||||||||||||||||||||||| ええと、個人的には、拼音ではQやXのような文字を私たちが慣れている方法で使用しているので、エールのローマ字表記システムの方が優れていると思いました。 So Q has a "ch" sound. したがって、Qには「ch」の音があります。

Because theoretically, the "ch" in Chinese is a little different from "ch". |نظریه‌ای|||||||||| 理論的には、中国語の「ch」は「ch」とは少し違うからです。 So they've got a different symbol. |آنها دارند|||| The similarly, the X is a "shi" Xi, which is different from S kind of between "Sh" and S, so use an X. So if you get a name card from a Chinese person and they've got Qs and Xs in there, you'll be quite confused until you get used to it. ||||||ши|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Кью и Икс||"Ш" и "С"|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Qs||Xs|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||کیوها و ایکس‌ها||ایکس‌ها|||گیج خواهید شد|||||||||

But once you get used to it, it's actually quite a practical system. しかし、慣れれば、実際にはかなり実用的なシステムになります。 The Japanese use a Romanization system. 日本人はローマ字表記を使用しています。 There's two, there's the one that is the most helpful is one where, you know, if you have a word like hatchimitsu, which is, um, honey, uh, then the hatchi , chi is CH, and Mitsu "tsu" is TSU. وجود دارد||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Honig||||||||Honig|||||Honig|tsu|| |||||||||||||||||||||мёд (hatchimitsu)||||||||хати, чи|чи||||Мицу (мёд)|цу||цу |||||||||||||||||||||miel (hatchimitsu)||||miel|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||蜂蜜|||||||||||||||| 2つあります。最も役立つのは、ハッチミツのような単語がある場合、つまり、ハッチ、チはCH、ミツ「ツ」はTSUです。 。 However, in the Japanese writing system, in Hiragana or Katakana, uh, because you have sort of. しかし、日本語の書記体系では、ひらがなやカタカナでは、ええと、ある種の種類があるからです。

Sets of these...these are syllables. |||||هجاها |||||syllable units |||||sílabas Conjuntos||||| |||||音节 これらのセット...これらは音節です。 So you have sets of ka, ki, ku, ke, ko. つまり、ka、ki、ku、ke、koのセットがあります。 Ha, hi, hu, he, ho. ||ху|| ||Hello (informal greeting)|| Ha|em|hu|| And then it goes, uh, Ta that uses the T sound TA, ta, chi, tsu, te, to. |||||Та||||||||||те| |||||||||||TA|ta|||te| So in the Japanese system, the T becomes a "chi" and a "tsu". So they, they decide that therefore for the poor foreigner, trying to pronounce the word hatchimitsu |||||||||خارجی بیچاره|||||| |||||por lo tanto||||extranjero pobre|||||| それで彼らは、貧しい外国人のために、ハチミツという言葉を発音しようと決心しました

we should write it to be pure H A T I M I T U, Hatimitu, which might be, you know, close to the Japanese system but it's useless for a non-Japanese speaker trying to figure out how to pronounce a Japanese word. |||||||||||||||Хатимицу|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||Hatimitu|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||Pure honeycomb.|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||inútil para otros||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||Hatimitu|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 純粋なHATIMITU、Hatimituと書く必要があります。これは、ご存知のように、日本語のシステムに近いかもしれませんが、日本語を話さない人が日本語の単語の発音を理解しようとしても役に立ちません。 Fortunately, that's not used too much except by the purists. |||||||||пуристы |||||||||strict traditionalists |||||||||puristas |||||||||Puristen |||||||||пуристи |||||||||純粋主義者 |||||||||puristas 幸いなことに、それは純粋主義者以外にはあまり使われていません。 Now in Korean, they have a Romanization system, which I find the least useful ||||||||||||menos| 今韓国語で、彼らはローマ字表記システムを持っています、それは私が最も役に立たないと思います

because it uses the letter E in all kinds of different ways. 文字Eをさまざまな方法で使用しているためです。 And I'm never clear whether this is a, some kind of a diphthong or an attempt to, to, uh, represent, you know, uh, this, "uh", sound, eh, I never know quite what it's trying to do. ||||||||||||дифтонг|||попытка|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||two vowel sounds||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||tentativa||||||sabe|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||Diphthong||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||dittongo|||tentativo di|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||双元音||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||二重母音||||||||||||||||||||||| そして、これが、ある種の二重母音なのか、それとも表現しようとしているのか、はっきりしていません。行う。 And sometimes it seems to have a Y, uh, role whenever I see the, the, uh, Korean, uh, Romanization, I'd just ignore it. そして時々、私がそれを見るときはいつでも、それはY、ええと、役割を持っているように見えます、ええと、韓国語、ええと、ローマ字化、私はそれを無視します。

I, if I'm reading on the internet, I'll use text to speech, uh, or I'll use the Hangul. |||||||||||||||||Hangul 私は、インターネットで読んでいる場合は、テキスト読み上げを使用するか、ハングルを使用します。 我,如果我在互联网上阅读,我会使用文字进行语音交流,嗯,或者我会使用韩文。 So it's really not very helpful, but again, developed by, you know, the ministry of education. |||||||||||||وزارت آموزش و پرورش|| |||||||||||||department|| |||||役に立たない|||||||||| ですから、それはあまり役に立ちませんが、繰り返しになりますが、教育省によって開発されました。 So a whole bunch of very serious people came up with this thing as somehow being, uh, I dunno, close to the original Korean. ||||||||||||||someway||||||||| ||todo|monte||||||||||como|de alguma forma||||não sei||||| それで、非常に真面目な人々の多くが、どういうわけか、元の韓国人に近いので、このことを思いついた。 所以一群非常认真的人想出了这个东西,因为它在某种程度上,呃,我不知道,接近原始的韩国语。 So that's so far as the writing system and the, uh, call it transliteration or Romanization systems used. |||||||||||||транслитерация||романизация|| ||thus|||||||||||Romanization systems|||| |||||||||||||transliteración|||| |||||||||||chamada|||||| |||||||||||||||ローマ字化|| これは、書記体系と、ええと、それを音訳またはローマ字表記システムと呼んでいる限りです。 这就是迄今为止所使用的书写系统和呃音译或罗马化系统。

In any case, I think you have to listen, you can't rely on the, uh, Romanization. |||||||||||||||Romanizasiun |||||||||||confiar em|||| 无论如何,我认为你必须听,你不能依赖罗马化。 You have to get yourself used to seeing something written with their phonetic script, which doesn't exist in Chinese and then how it's pronounced. |||||||||||||скрипт|||||||||| |||||||||||||escrita fonética|||||||||| |||||||||||||guion fonético|||||||||| 中国語には存在しない音声スクリプトで書かれたものを見て、それがどのように発音されるかを理解する必要があります。 Musisz przyzwyczaić się do tego, że coś jest napisane ich pismem fonetycznym, które nie istnieje w języku chińskim, a następnie do tego, jak się to wymawia. 你必须让自己习惯于看到用他们的拼音书写的东西(这在中文中是不存在的),然后习惯于如何发音。 And if you do enough listening, you gradually get used to it in the case of all three. そして、十分に聞くと、3つすべての場合に徐々に慣れてきます。 如果你听得足够多,你就会逐渐习惯这三种情况。

So that's... we've covered the writing systems, the differences, the romanticization differences, um, Pronunciation. ||ما پوشش داده‌ایم||||||||||| ||||||||||Romantisierung||| ||||||||||romanticization||| ||||||||||романтизация||| これで...書記体系、違い、ロマンティック化の違い、ええと、発音について説明しました。 所以...我们已经介绍了书写系统、差异、浪漫化差异、嗯、发音。 Obviously the biggest problem in Chinese is the tones. ||||||||لحن‌ها 显然中文的最大问题是声调。 And there are no tones in Japanese or Korean because remember Japanese and Korean belong to a different language family. ||||||||||erinnern||||||||| ||||||||||||||pertencem a||||| ||||||||||||||pertenecen a||||| 日语和韩语中没有声调,因为请记住日语和韩语属于不同的语系。 So tonal language is Thai, |тональный язык||| |related to tone||| |linguagem tonal||| 所以声调语言是泰语,

you know, Vietnamese, Tibetan, I guess I'm assuming. |||||||taking for granted ||vietnamita|tibetano|||| ベトナム人、チベット人、私が推測していると思います。 你知道,越南语、藏语,我猜是的。 Cause Sino-Tibetan, whatever. シナチベット語を引き起こしなさい、何でも。 因为汉藏,无论如何。 But Japanese and Korean are not tonal. しかし、日本語と韓国語は音色ではありません。 但日语和韩语没有声调。 So to get the tones, I found it very difficult to try to remember the individual tones, um, with your reading. だから、音色を取得するために、私はあなたの読書で個々の音色を覚えようとするのは非常に難しいことに気づきました。 因此,为了获得声调,我发现很难通过阅读来记住各个声调。 If you're reading on LingQ, the tones are marked, a lot of places they will give you marks, you know. ||||||тонов||||||||||||| あなたがLingQで読んでいるなら、トーンはマークされています、あなたが知っているように、それらがあなたにマークを与える多くの場所。 如果你在 LingQ 上阅读,音调都会被标记,很多地方他们都会给你标记,你知道。

So they'll show you what tone it is. |آنها خواهند|||||| だから彼らはそれがどんなトーンかをあなたに見せます。 And by the end of reading a lot, in Pinyin, with the tone marks, you gradually start to get used to it. そして、たくさん読んだ後、拼音で声調マークを付けて、徐々に慣れ始めます。 But the bigger thing is do a lot of listening. |lo|||||||| Focus on phrases so that these natural phrases come out with the natural tones and, and recognize that you're going to start out at 30% accuracy moved to 40, 50, 60, 70. ||||||||emerge||||||||||||||||Precision|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||precisión|| これらの自然なフレーズが自然なトーンで出てくるようにフレーズに焦点を合わせ、40、50、60、70に移動して30%の精度で開始することを認識します。 专注于短语,使这些自然的短语以自然的语气出现,并认识到您将从 30% 的准确度开始移动到 40、50、60、70。

You'll never be a hundred, but you'll get closer and closer. あなたは百になることは決してないでしょう、しかしあなたはますます近づくでしょう。 你永远不会活到 100 岁,但你会越来越接近。 Uh, so tone is not a problem in Japanese. However, there are people who claim that there is this, uh, pitch tone issue in Japanese. |||||||||||pitch tone|||| |||||sostengono||||||tono di voce|||| no entanto|||||||||||tom do|tom de voz||| Однак есть люди, которые утверждают, что в японском языке есть проблема с тональностью. I have, I wasn't even aware of it when I lived in Japan. |||||ciente||||||| 日本に住んでいたときは気づいていませんでした。 Когда я жил в Японии, мне это даже не было известно. Nobody has trouble understanding me. ||dificuldade|| 誰も私を理解するのに苦労していません。 Никто не испытывает проблем с пониманием меня. I don't think it's an important issue unless you are some kind of a purist that you want to, you know, be a hundred percent like a native, but then, then the issue becomes which pitch tone are you going to copy? ||||||||||||||чистоплюй||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||purist||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||purista||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||questione importante|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||intonazione|||||| ||||||||||||||пурист||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||cuestión importante|a menos que|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| あなたがネイティブのように100パーセントになりたいと思うある種の純粋主義者でない限り、それは重要な問題ではないと思いますが、それでは、問題はどのピッチトーンをコピーするのかということになりますか?

Because the pitch seems to me quite different in Osaka than it is in Sendai or in Tokyo. ||||||||||||||Сэндай||| ||||||||||||||Sendai||| 大阪と仙台や東京ではピッチがかなり違うように思えるからです。 So I think it's more important to pick up on, and this is true for all languages, pick up on the natural intonation, the natural rhythm, uh, of the language. ||||||||||||||||||||||لحن طبیعی||||||| |||||||pick|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||perceber|||||||||||||||||||||| ですから、理解することがより重要だと思います。これはすべての言語に当てはまり、言語の自然なイントネーション、自然なリズムを理解します。 Try not to introduce, for example, English intonation into Japanese or Korean: "watashi wa". たとえば、英語のイントネーションを日本語や韓国語に導入しないようにしてください:「ワタシは」。

They don't say that. It's a little more monotonous, more like French, and you have to catch, you know, you get ahold of that intonation by, by dint of doing a lot of listening without trying to worry about is this sound, which pitch and stuff, at least for me, not something I spend any time on. |||||||||||||||||ухватиться за||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||grasp||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||pega|pegar a||||||por meio de||||||||||preocupar-se com||||||altura tonal||||||||||||| ||||یکنواخت|||||||||||||گرفتن||||||به‌واسطهٔ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||монотонний|||||||||||||взяти||||||внаслідок||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||単調な|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||音の高さ||||||||||||| ||||||||||||captar|||||||||||a fuerza de||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| それはもう少し単調で、フランス語のようで、あなたはそのイントネーションを捕まえる必要があります、あなたが知っている、あなたは心配することなくたくさんのリスニングをすることによってそのイントネーションを手に入れる必要があります少なくとも私にとっては、私が時間を費やすものではありません。

I would far rather increase my vocabulary, increase my comprehension. |would prefer to|||||||| |gostaria|de longe|preferiria mais|||||| Ich würde viel lieber meinen Wortschatz erweitern, mein Verständnis verbessern. 語彙を増やし、理解力を高めたいと思います。 And in doing so I will increase my ability to communicate effectively. そうすることで、効果的にコミュニケーションする能力を高めます。 Uh, Korean I found that the pronunciation actually is quite similar to, uh, to Japanese. ||||||pronunciation|||||||| |||||||na verdade||||||| Of course, the words are different. In fact, some words sound the same and are completely different from Japanese, but I find this, the pronunciation is if you can pronounce the one, you can pronounce the other. |||||||||||||||||||||||発音||||||| 実は、同じように聞こえて日本語とは全然違う単語もありますが、これは、一方を発音できればもう一方を発音できるということです。

And in terms of European languages, You know, Greek, Spanish, any of these languages where you have few diphthongs, basically pure vowels, it's going to be similar to those two languages. |||||||||||||||||||||حروف صدادار||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||diphthong sounds|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||二重母音|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||as vogais|||||||aquelas duas|| |||||||||||||||||||||vocales puras||||||||| そして、ヨーロッパの言語に関しては、ギリシャ語、スペイン語、二重母音がほとんどないこれらの言語、基本的には純粋な母音のいずれかで、これらの2つの言語に似ています。 Okay. Grammar, generally speaking, having studied Slavic languages, Romance languages, German. القواعد ، بشكل عام ، بعد أن درست اللغات السلافية ، واللغات الرومانسية ، والألمانية. 文法、一般的に言えば、スラブ語、ロマンス諸語、ドイツ語を勉強しました。 Um, I find the Asian language is more forgiving when it comes to grammar. ||||||||lenient||||| ||||||||寛容な||||| ||||||||mais permissiva||||| أممم ، أجد أن اللغة الآسيوية أكثر تسامحًا عندما يتعلق الأمر بالقواعد. ええと、文法に関しては、アジアの言語の方が寛容だと思います。 Эмм, на мой взгляд, азиатский язык более терпим к грамматике.

Uh, it's harder to make a mistake. أه ، من الصعب أن نخطئ. ええと、間違いを犯すのは難しいです。 Ээ, сложнее допустить ошибку. They're more flexible. إنها أكثر مرونة. Они более гибкие. I go today. I go tomorrow. I go yesterday. Um, not quite, but almost. ||||nearly ええと、完全ではありませんが、ほとんどです。 In Japanese, there is a clearer sort of indication and in Korean, uh, of tense, not so much in Chinese, uh, no gender, no number. ||||||||||||||||||||||性別|| ||||||||||||||tempo verbal|||||||||| في اليابانية هناك نوع أوضح من الدلالة وفي الكورية أه متوترة ليس كثيرًا بالصينية أه لا جنس ولا رقم. 日本語では、より明確な種類の兆候があり、韓国語では、ええと、緊張していますが、中国語ではそれほど多くありません、ええと、性別、数はありません。 Um, yeah, it's, it's, it's easier. Uh, this is somewhat compensated or at least the, the, the counterpart to that is |||||||||||эквивалент||| ||||balanced out|||||||equivalent||| |||um tanto|compensado|||||||contraparte||| |||||||||||controparte||| |||||||||||همتای آن||| |||||||||||аналог||| أه هذا تعويض إلى حد ما أو على الأقل هو المقابل له ええと、これはいくらか補償されているか、少なくとも、それに対応するものは

the different levels of politeness. ||||уровни вежливости ||||سطوح مختلف ادب ||||Livelli di cortesia ||||a cortesia ||||Niveles de cortesía 礼儀正しさのさまざまなレベル。 不同程度的礼貌。 Uh, what the linguistic students call register, you know, it's, it's quite a bit more differentiated than say in English or in European languages. ||||||регистр речи||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||more varied|||||||| |||||||||||||||differenziert|||||||| |||||||||||||||differenziato|||||||| ||||||реєстр||||||||||||||||| |||言語学的|||||||||||||||||||| ||||estudiantes de lingüística||||||||||||||||||| أه ، ما يسميه الطلاب اللغويون بالتسجيل ، كما تعلمون ، إنه أكثر تميزًا قليلاً من قوله في اللغة الإنجليزية أو في اللغات الأوروبية. ええと、言語学の学生がレジスターと呼んでいるものは、あなたが知っている、それは、英語やヨーロッパの言語で言うよりもかなり差別化されているということです。 呃,语言学生所说的注册是什么,它比英语或欧洲语言的区别要大得多。 So you have to be a little careful. だからあなたは少し注意する必要があります。 Uh, I therefore try to keep it neutral in Japanese and Korean. ||portanto||||||||| ||pertanto||||||||| ||por lo tanto||||||||| أه ، لذلك أحاول أن أجعلها محايدة باللغتين اليابانية والكورية. ですから、日本語と韓国語では中立を保つようにしています。 Don't wander too far down the sort of casual side of things. |abschweifen|||||||||| |stray|||||||||| |vagueie|||muito longe||||||| |divagues demasiado|||||||||| لا تتجول كثيرًا في الجانب غير الرسمي للأشياء. Wandern Sie nicht zu weit die lässige Seite der Dinge hinunter. 物事のカジュアルな側面をあまりにも遠くまでさまよってはいけません。 Не уходите слишком далеко в сторону небрежного подхода.

And I don't go too far into the very formal, polite kind of thing. ||||||nel|il|||||| そして、私は非常にフォーマルで丁寧なことにはあまり踏み込みません。 И не углубляйтесь слишком сильно в очень формальное, вежливое поведение. Stay neutral until you get very good at it. |保持中立||||||| あなたがそれで非常に上手になるまで中立を保ちなさい。 Оставайтесь нейтральным, пока вы не станете в этом очень хороши. And then you'll have a sense of, of what, what form of a word verb or whatever is appropriate. そして、あなたは、何を、どのような形の単語の動詞、または何が適切であるかについての感覚を持つでしょう。 Wtedy będziesz miał poczucie, jaka forma słowa, czasownika czy czegokolwiek innego jest odpowiednia. Less of a problem in Chinese. menos||||| 中国語ではそれほど問題はありません。 Normally they're not as polite or as formalized as the Japanese and the, uh, Koreans. |||||||رسمی شده||||||| ||||courteous|||formal||||||| |||||||formalizados||||||| |||||||формализованные||||||| 通常、彼らは日本人や韓国人ほど礼儀正しく、形式化されていません。

Um, now another issue when learning a language is the availability of content. ||||||||||disponibilità di contenuti|| ||||||||||disponibilidade de conteúdo|| ええと、言語を学ぶときのもう一つの問題は、コンテンツの入手可能性です。 And, uh, to that extent, I was very lucky when I studied Mandarin Chinese because the Yale in China series had had such a broad range of material: beginner material, um, you know, books on geography, history with 500 characters, 1000 characters. ||||||||||||||||ییل چین||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||geography|||characters| ||||||||||||||||||||||||ampla variedade||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||география|||| そして、ええと、その程度まで、私が北京語を勉強したとき、私は非常に幸運でした。なぜなら、雅礼協会シリーズには、初心者向けの資料、ええと、地理に関する本、500文字の歴史、1000などの幅広い資料があったからです。文字。 A range of, of, uh, reading material with glossaries behind every chapter or every page, uh, on literature history, you name it. ||||||||واژه‌نامه‌ها||||||||||||| ||||||||Wörterverzeichnisse||||||||||||| ||||||||word lists|||||||||literature|||| |uma variedade|||||||||||||||||||| Eine Reihe von Lesematerialien mit Glossaren hinter jedem Kapitel oder jeder Seite, ähm, zur Literaturgeschichte, wie Sie es nennen. さまざまな、ええと、すべての章またはすべてのページの後ろに用語集が付いた読み物、ええと、文学史について、あなたはそれに名前を付けます。

Uh, communist propaganda, whatever it might be. |تبلیغات کمونیستی||||| ||political messaging|||| |||||potrebbe essere| It, it was complete. それで、完成しました。 I did not find that to be the case with Japanese. 私はそれが日本人の場合であるとは思いませんでした。 I had to regularly scour the bookstores to find any kind of reading material with, with the glossary. ||||search thoroughly||||||||||||| ||||vasculhar||as livrarias||||||||||| ||||perlustrare||||||||||||| ||||جستجو کردن|||||||||||||واژه‌نامه ||||переглядати||||||||||||| ||||探し回る|||||||||||||用語集 Ich musste regelmäßig die Buchhandlungen durchsuchen, um Lesematerial mit dem Glossar zu finden. 用語集を使って、あらゆる種類の読み物を見つけるために、定期的に書店を調べなければなりませんでした。 Uh, of course easier today because you can, you can find content, uh, Uh, you can go to these automatic transcription sites, get it transcribed, bring it into LingQ, for example, study it. ||||||||||||||||||||رونویسی خودکار|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||transcription||||converted to text|||||||| ええと、もちろん今日はもっと簡単です。コンテンツを見つけることができます。ええと、ええと、これらの自動文字起こしサイトにアクセスして、文字起こしを取得し、LingQに取り込むことができます。たとえば、調査することができます。

So it has become a lot easier in that regard. |||||||||nesse aspecto その点で、はるかに簡単になりました。 The same is... even worse with Korean. 同じことは...韓国語ではさらに悪いことです。 One of the reasons why I would sort of go out Korean for a while and then stop, is that there, there is an abundance of beginner to intermediate material in Korean: uninteresting, uninspired narrators, very difficult to listen to. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||без вдохновения|рассказчики без вдохновения||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||plenty of||||||||boring|lacking creativity|dull storytellers||||| ||||||veria|||||||||||||||||||||||||||sem inspiração|narratori||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||叙述者||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||uninspiriert|Erzähler||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||غیر جالب||راویان بی‌روح||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||豊富さ||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||aburridos||||||| أحد الأسباب التي تجعلني أخرج من اللغة الكورية لفترة ثم أتوقف ، هو أن هناك وفرة من المواد المبتدئة إلى المتوسطة باللغة الكورية: رواة غير مهتمين ، غير ملهمين ، يصعب الاستماع إليهم. 私が韓国語をしばらく出てからやめる理由の1つは、韓国語の初級から中級の資料が豊富にあることです。興味がなく、刺激を受けていないナレーターで、聞くのが非常に難しいです。

Uh, a lot of emphasis on, you know, older sister, younger sister, second cousin, uncle, third aunt, all the sort of details of, of different words used for relatives. |||||||||||خواهر بزرگتر||پسر/دختر عمو||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||second cousin|relative||||||||||||||| ||||強調|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||primo||||||||||||||| أه ، الكثير من التركيز ، كما تعلم ، على الأخت الكبرى ، الأخت الصغرى ، ابن العم الثاني ، العم ، العمة الثالثة ، كل أنواع الكلمات المختلفة المستخدمة للأقارب. ええと、あなたが知っている、姉、妹、従兄弟、叔父、第三叔母、親戚に使用されるさまざまな言葉のあらゆる種類の詳細に多くの重点が置かれています。 I don't have any Korean relatives. |持っていない||どんな|韓国の|親戚 ليس لدي أي أقارب كوريين. 私には韓国人の親戚がいません。 To me, that's just... and it's part of this general trend in all three languages, those people who create texts, the native speakers of those languages, ||||||||||pattern||||||||||||||| ||||||||||tendenza|||||quelli|||||||||| بالنسبة لي ، هذا فقط ... وهو جزء من هذا الاتجاه العام في جميع اللغات الثلاث ، هؤلاء الأشخاص الذين ينشئون نصوصًا ، والمتحدثون الأصليون لتلك اللغات ، 私にとって、それはただ...そしてそれは3つの言語すべてにおけるこの一般的な傾向の一部であり、テキストを作成する人々、それらの言語のネイティブスピーカー、

put a lot of effort into, you know, festivals and traditional foods and things of that nature, which are therefore less familiar to us and less difficult, less, more difficult to get into, at least as far as I'm concerned. ||||||||جشن‌ها و غذاهای سنتی||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||celebrations|||||||||||as a result|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||longe||| |||||||||||||||||||por lo tanto||||||||||||||||||||en lo que a mí respecta |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||per quanto mi riguarda بذل الكثير من الجهد في ، كما تعلمون ، المهرجانات والأطعمة التقليدية والأشياء من هذا القبيل ، والتي تكون بالتالي أقل دراية لنا وأقل صعوبة ، وأقل ، وأصعب ، على الأقل بالنسبة لي. ご存知のように、お祭りや伝統的な食べ物、そしてその性質のものに多大な努力を払ってください。したがって、少なくとも私に関する限り、私たちにはあまり馴染みがなく、入りにくく、難しくありません。 wkładają wiele wysiłku w, no wiesz, festiwale, tradycyjne potrawy i tego typu rzeczy, które są nam mniej znane i mniej trudne, mniej, trudniejsze do zdobycia, przynajmniej jeśli chodzi o mnie. I like to hear about how people lead their everyday lives. 人々がどのように日常生活を送っているのか聞いてみたいです。 And of course the, the voice is important.

It has to have resonance. ||||risonanza ||||ressonância يجب أن يكون لها صدى. Es muss Resonanz haben. それは共鳴を持たなければなりません。 You have to connect with that voice. você|||||| あなたはその声に接続する必要があります。 People, natural conversations, uh, about things in our daily lives often, you know, natural conversations subsequently transcribed, this kind of thing is, is, is much better. |||||||||||||||later on|||||||||| |||||||||||||||その後|||||||||| |||||||||||||||posteriormente|||||||||| 人々、自然な会話、ええと、私たちの日常生活の中で物事についてよく、あなたが知っている、自然な会話はその後転写されます、この種のことは、そうです、はるかに優れています。 But so in so far as the accessibility and availability of, of learning material, uh, better now than before, because of our ability to connect to ||в отношении||||||||||||||||||||||| ||in this context|||||ease of access|||||||||||||||||| |||||||accessibilità e disponibilità||disponibilità|||||||||||||||| |||||||دسترسی به مطالب|||||||||||||||||| しかし、これまでのところ、学習教材のアクセシビリティと可用性に関しては、接続する能力があるため、以前よりも優れています

Netflix and YouTube, people who like Korean drama or Japanese or Chinese drama can find those things to learn from. NetflixやYouTube、韓国ドラマや日本や中国のドラマが好きな人は、それらから学ぶことができます。 So just trying to touch on some of the main areas, uh, that influence people who are studying these three languages. ||||||||||領域|||||||||| ですから、これら3つの言語を勉強している人々に影響を与える主要な分野のいくつかに触れようとしているだけです。 They are all worth it. それらはすべてそれだけの価値があります。 Those are important centers of a history, of culture, of people that we want to get to know. |||центры|||||||||||||| |||中心|||||||||||||| ||||||||||persone||||||| これらは、私たちが知りたい人々の歴史、文化、人々の重要な中心地です。

They're all a little different. それらはすべて少し異なります。 They're all well worth learning for their own reasons. |||vale la pena||||| |||valem a pena||||| それらはすべて、独自の理由で学ぶ価値があります。 Okay. There you have it. ||tens| Hier hast du es. そこにあります。 And I'm going to leave a couple of suggested videos, one in Japanese, one in Korean that are these one in Chinese and one, and, uh, in, in Japanese that might want to listen to, to get a sense, uh, of those languages. ||||||пару предложенных видео|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||recommended|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||um par|||vídeos||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وسأترك اثنين من مقاطع الفيديو المقترحة ، أحدهما باللغة اليابانية ، والآخر باللغة الكورية ، وهما الفيديوان بالصينية والآخر باللغة اليابانية التي قد ترغب في الاستماع إليها ، للحصول على فكرة ، أه من تلك اللغات. そして、私はいくつかの提案されたビデオを残します。1つは日本語、もう1つは韓国語で、これらは中国語ともう1つです。そして、ええと、日本語で、聞きたいと思うかもしれません。 、それらの言語の。

Okay. Bye. For now.