×

Używamy ciasteczek, aby ulepszyć LingQ. Odwiedzając stronę wyrażasz zgodę na nasze polityka Cookie.

image

Steve's Cafe, Referendums and Opinion Polls

Referendums and Opinion Polls

Hi, there, Steve Kaufmann, here, with another one of these call them political videos. If you want to hear about language learning, go to my Lingo Steve channel here at YouTube. We are going to produce transcripts and we're going to put them all into LingQ (LingQ.com) where, for those of you who are working on your English, you'll see the video, you'll have the audio and you can download. You'll have the text and you can work with our LingQ tools to develop your vocabulary using these texts, if you're interested in them. There's nothing like learning languages from stuff we're interested in.

Today, I want to talk briefly about referendums or referenda, specific reference to the referendum in the Netherlands about the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine and about polls. Today, of course, with a 32% turnout in the Netherlands, roughly two to one people voted against the Association with Ukraine. The way the European Union is set up if even one country is not in favor of the Association, then there won't be an Association Agreement. So, roughly, 20% of the population of the Netherlands was effectively able to prevent the European Union from having an Association Agreement with Ukraine.

I don't think that's very fair, not to mention the fact that there were so many factors at play in this referendum, the anti-EU sort of Euro-skeptic feeling in the Netherlands, anti-government feeling in the Netherlands, massive false propaganda by Russia again putting up videos of supposedly Ukrainian nationalists burning the Dutch flag and all kinds of other things that were at play. To me, if you're an elected government you decide these things. If you want to go to opinion polls, you can have those opinion polls as often as you want.

One of the problems with a referendum is people vote yes or no, so it's sort of a black and white situation. So many situations in life and in politics are not black and white, they're kind of gray. If you're in a condominium committee, you still want to make sure that everybody is kind of happy. So it's not just a matter of we won five to four and we're doing it this way, you still are influenced by the minority opinion.

In these referendums, basically, there's no room for accommodating some of the other interests and I think that's unfortunate. I feel sorry for the Ukrainians. Although, in reality I don't think it changes much. The tasks the Ukrainians have in front of them is to reform their country and make it a successful, modern country with full democracy without this control that the oligarchs seem to have certainly on the resource sector there, the judicial system is corrupt.

I mean these are the tasks in front of the Ukrainians and what the Europeans choose to do, the Dutch and so forth, really shouldn't have that much influence on them. Their bigger thing is to be a successful country and therefore prevent Russia from continuing to destabilize it. Basically, the Russians would like to see it as a failed state. Russian propaganda describes it as a fascist state, convinces their own citizens that it's a fascist state, but in fact it's not. Russia is a far more fascist state than Ukraine, but it's a corrupt state. It's a state without the normal trappings of call it Western democracy. So if we're talking about referendum, I say I prefer opinion polls and let the governments make their decisions themselves.

It was interesting. In Russia I saw a news item that 44% of Russians feel that Russian civilization is different from Western civilization. I find that very strange, what is the definition of civilization? Yes, Russia has had a different history, first of all, in terms of religion. They are predominately Russian orthodox, but then the Greeks are orthodox, the Rumanians are orthodox, the Georgians are orthodox. What is meant by the West, in other words?

The Russians, sure, they are different from the Portuguese, different from the Germans, but maybe the Russians, certainly insofar as language is concerned, are closer to other Slavic people in Eastern Europe, Poles, Czechs and so forth, than they are to Italians. So who's right? Is Poland part of Western Civilization, is the Czech Republic? It seems to be very arbitrary in so many ways today. If you go to Shanghai it's part of call it modern-influenced civilization, but in a Chinese way and similarly in Japan and in Spain. So every country is unique in its own way. Having learnt Russian, having learnt a majority of the European languages, I don't find that the Russians, in terms of a civilization, are uniquely unique compared to others. It's interesting.

I'll get on to these subjects, as well, but you hear a lot about Islam and the incompatibility of Islam and terrorism, so forth and so on. It is interesting to note that the problem in my mind, at least insofar as radical Islamism, aside from all of the sort of geopolitical resentment colonialism aspects and we look at the purely religious aspects, it's not so much that Islam is a religion of violence, it's that many of the Islamists are from the Middle Ages.

I'm reading a very interesting book which is entitled Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach Meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment. When you read about Europe in the Middle Ages, in the time of Martin Luther, in the time of the Thirty Years' War, the beliefs that people had, their belief in religion, their belief in the afterlife, their willingness to kill people of different religions, that was the time and so, to some extent, when we talk about differences in civilization these are moving targets. Things change. Today, we have different religions, different languages, different political systems, to some extent, we're living, many of us, in a modern civilization.

Thanks for listening, bye for now.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Referendums and Opinion Polls استفتاءات||| 투표소견조사||| Volksabstimmungen und Meinungsumfragen Referendos y sondeos de opinión Référendums et sondages d'opinion Referendum e sondaggi d'opinione 国民投票と世論調査 국민 투표 및 여론 조사 Referenda i badania opinii publicznej Referendos e sondagens de opinião Референдумы и опросы общественного мнения Референдуми та опитування громадської думки 公民投票和民意调查 公民投票和民意調查

Hi, there, Steve Kaufmann, here, with another one of these call them political videos. |||||||um|||chamadas||| 안녕하세요, 스티브 카우프만입니다. 정치 동영상이라고 부르는 또 다른 동영상을 소개합니다. Cześć, tu Steve Kaufmann, z kolejnym z tych, nazwijmy je, politycznych filmów wideo. If you want to hear about language learning, go to my Lingo Steve channel here at YouTube. 언어 학습에 대해 더 자세히 알고 싶으시다면 유튜브의 Lingo Steve 채널을 방문하세요. Jeśli chcesz posłuchać o nauce języków, odwiedź mój kanał Lingo Steve na YouTube. We are going to produce transcripts and we’re going to put them all into LingQ (LingQ.com) where, for those of you who are working on your English, you’ll see the video, you’ll have the audio and you can download. |||||||||||||||LingQ|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||전사|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 녹취록을 제작하여 LingQ(LingQ.com)에 모두 올려 영어를 공부하는 분들을 위해 동영상과 오디오를 볼 수 있고 다운로드할 수 있도록 할 예정입니다. Zamierzamy przygotować transkrypcje i umieścić je wszystkie w LingQ (LingQ.com), gdzie ci z was, którzy pracują nad swoim angielskim, zobaczą wideo, będą mieli dźwięk i będą mogli go pobrać. You’ll have the text and you can work with our LingQ tools to develop your vocabulary using these texts, if you’re interested in them. |||||||||||||||||these|||||| 텍스트가 제공되며, 관심 있는 경우 이 텍스트를 사용하여 LingQ 도구를 사용하여 어휘력을 키울 수 있습니다. Otrzymasz tekst i będziesz mógł pracować z naszymi narzędziami LingQ, aby rozwinąć swoje słownictwo przy użyciu tych tekstów, jeśli jesteś nimi zainteresowany. There’s nothing like learning languages from stuff we’re interested in. 관심 있는 주제를 통해 언어를 배우는 것만큼 좋은 것은 없습니다. Nie ma to jak uczyć się języków z rzeczy, które nas interesują.

Today, I want to talk briefly about referendums or referenda, specific reference to the referendum in the Netherlands about the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine and about polls. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sondages ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||public opinion surveys |||||간단히||||국민투표|||||국민투표|||네덜란드|||협정 협회|협정||||유럽 연합||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sondaże opinii publicznej |||||brevemente|||||||||||||||||||||||||os referendos 오늘은 국민투표 또는 국민투표에 대해 간단히 말씀드리고자 하며, 특히 유럽연합과 우크라이나 간의 연합 협정에 관한 네덜란드의 국민투표와 여론조사에 대해 말씀드리고자 합니다. Dzisiaj chcę krótko powiedzieć o referendach, konkretnie o referendum w Holandii w sprawie umowy stowarzyszeniowej między Unią Europejską a Ukrainą oraz o sondażach. Today, of course, with a 32% turnout in the Netherlands, roughly two to one people voted against the Association with Ukraine. |||||participation|||||||||||||| |||||voter participation rate||||approximately|||||||||| |||||투표율|||||||||||||| |||||||||aproximadamente|||||||||| 물론 오늘 네덜란드의 투표율은 32%로, 약 2대 1의 투표율로 우크라이나와의 연합에 반대표를 던졌습니다. Dziś, oczywiście, przy 32% frekwencji w Holandii, mniej więcej dwa do jednego osób głosowało przeciwko stowarzyszeniu z Ukrainą. The way the European Union is set up if even one country is not in favor of the Association, then there won’t be an Association Agreement. |||||||||||||||||||||없을|||| |||||||||||||||a favor|||||||||| |||||||||||||||za|||Stowarzyszenie||||||| 유럽연합의 설립 방식에 따라 한 국가라도 협회에 찬성하지 않으면 협회 협정은 체결되지 않습니다. Sposób, w jaki Unia Europejska jest zorganizowana, jeśli nawet jeden kraj nie jest za stowarzyszeniem, to nie będzie umowy stowarzyszeniowej. So, roughly, 20% of the population of the Netherlands was effectively able to prevent the European Union from having an Association Agreement with Ukraine. |||||||||||||||||||||alongside| ||||||||||||막다|||||||||| |mniej więcej||||||||skutecznie|||zapobiec|||||||||| 따라서 대략 네덜란드 인구의 20%가 유럽연합이 우크라이나와 협회 협정을 맺는 것을 효과적으로 막을 수 있었습니다. Tak więc, w przybliżeniu, 20% populacji Holandii było w stanie skutecznie uniemożliwić Unii Europejskiej zawarcie umowy stowarzyszeniowej z Ukrainą.

I don’t think that’s very fair, not to mention the fact that there were so many factors at play in this referendum, the anti-EU sort of Euro-skeptic feeling in the Netherlands, anti-government feeling in the Netherlands, massive false propaganda by Russia again putting up videos of supposedly Ukrainian nationalists burning the Dutch flag and all kinds of other things that were at play. |||||just or equitable|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||EU|||유럽연합|유로 회의론자|||||||||||||선전||||||||아마||우크라이나 민족주의자들|||네덜란드의||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||holandesa||||||||||| |||||sprawiedliwe||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ogromna||||||||||rzekomo|||palących||Holandii||||||||||| 이번 국민투표에 많은 요인이 작용했다는 사실은 말할 것도 없고, 네덜란드의 반유럽연합 정서, 네덜란드의 반정부 정서, 우크라이나 민족주의자들이 네덜란드 국기를 불태우는 동영상을 다시 올린 러시아의 대규모 거짓 선전 등 여러 가지가 작용했다는 사실은 말할 것도 없습니다. Nie sądzę, by było to sprawiedliwe, nie wspominając o tym, że w tym referendum grało tak wiele czynników, antyunijne nastroje eurosceptyczne w Holandii, antyrządowe nastroje w Holandii, masowa fałszywa propaganda Rosji ponownie umieszczająca filmy rzekomo ukraińskich nacjonalistów palących holenderską flagę i wszelkiego rodzaju inne rzeczy, które wchodziły w grę. To me, if you’re an elected government you decide these things. 제 생각에는 선출직 정부라면 이런 것들을 결정할 수 있습니다. Dla mnie, jeśli jesteś wybranym rządem, to ty decydujesz o tych sprawach. If you want to go to opinion polls, you can have those opinion polls as often as you want. |||||||pesquisas||||||||||| |||||||sondaże opinii publicznej||||||||||| 여론 조사에 참여하고 싶다면 원하는 만큼 자주 여론 조사에 참여할 수 있습니다. Jeśli chcesz przeprowadzać sondaże opinii publicznej, możesz je przeprowadzać tak często, jak chcesz.

One of the problems with a referendum is people vote yes or no, so it’s sort of a black and white situation. |||||||||투표하다|||||||||||| |||problemy|||||||||||||||||| 국민투표의 문제점 중 하나는 사람들이 찬반 투표를 하기 때문에 일종의 흑백 상황이라는 점입니다. Jednym z problemów związanych z referendum jest to, że ludzie głosują na tak lub na nie, więc jest to rodzaj czarno-białej sytuacji. So many situations in life and in politics are not black and white, they’re kind of gray. ||||||||||||||||unclear or ambiguous 삶과 정치의 많은 상황은 흑백이 아니라 회색에 가깝습니다. Tak wiele sytuacji w życiu i w polityce nie jest czarno-białych, są raczej szare. If you’re in a condominium committee, you still want to make sure that everybody is kind of happy. ||||copropriété||||||||||||| ||||콘도미니엄|위원회|||||||||||| |||||comissão|||||||||||| ||||wspólnota mieszkaniowa||||||||||||| 콘도미니엄 위원회에 속해 있다면 모두가 행복할 수 있도록 해야 합니다. Jeśli jesteś w komitecie kondominium, nadal chcesz mieć pewność, że wszyscy są zadowoleni. So it’s not just a matter of we won five to four and we’re doing it this way, you still are influenced by the minority opinion. |||||questão|||||||||||||||||||| 따라서 5대 4로 우리가 이겼기 때문에 이런 식으로 하는 것이 아니라 여전히 소수의 의견에 영향을 받습니다. Tak więc nie jest to tylko kwestia tego, że wygraliśmy pięć do czterech i robimy to w ten sposób, nadal jesteś pod wpływem opinii mniejszości.

In these referendums, basically, there’s no room for accommodating some of the other interests and I think that’s unfortunate. ||||||||||||||||||malheureux ||||||||||||||||||불행한 일 이러한 국민투표에서는 기본적으로 다른 이해관계를 수용할 수 있는 여지가 없기 때문에 안타까운 일이라고 생각합니다. W tych referendach zasadniczo nie ma miejsca na uwzględnienie niektórych innych interesów i myślę, że to niefortunne. I feel sorry for the Ukrainians. |||||우크라이나인들 우크라이나 사람들에게 미안한 마음이 듭니다. Współczuję Ukraińcom. Although, in reality I don’t think it changes much. Even though|||||||| 하지만 실제로는 크게 달라지지 않는다고 생각합니다. Chociaż w rzeczywistości nie sądzę, by wiele to zmieniło. The tasks the Ukrainians have in front of them is to reform their country and make it a successful, modern country with full democracy without this control that the oligarchs seem to have certainly on the resource sector there, the judicial system is corrupt. |||||||||||개혁||||||||||||||||||재벌들|하는 것처럼 보인다|가지고|가지고||||자원 부문||||사법 시스템|||부패한 우크라이나 사람들이 직면 한 과제는 국가를 개혁하고 과두 정치가 자원 부문에 대해 확실히 가지고있는 것처럼 보이는 이러한 통제없이 완전한 민주주의를 갖춘 성공적인 현대 국가로 만드는 것입니다 사법 시스템이 부패한 것으로 보입니다. Zadaniem Ukraińców jest zreformowanie swojego kraju i uczynienie go odnoszącym sukcesy, nowoczesnym krajem z pełną demokracją bez tej kontroli, którą oligarchowie wydają się mieć nad sektorem zasobów, a system sądowniczy jest skorumpowany.

I mean these are the tasks in front of the Ukrainians and what the Europeans choose to do, the Dutch and so forth, really shouldn’t have that much influence on them. ||||||||||||||유럽인들|||||||||||||||| 제 말은 이것이 우크라이나 사람들 앞에 놓인 과제이며 네덜란드 등 유럽인들이 무엇을 선택하든 그들에게 그다지 큰 영향을 미치지 않아야 한다는 것입니다. Chodzi mi o to, że są to zadania stojące przed Ukraińcami i to, co zdecydują się zrobić Europejczycy, Holendrzy i tak dalej, naprawdę nie powinno mieć na nie większego wpływu. Their bigger thing is to be a successful country and therefore prevent Russia from continuing to destabilize it. ||||||||||||||계속해서||불안정하게 하다| ||||||||||portanto|impedir|||||| 그들의 더 큰 목표는 성공적인 국가가 되어 러시아가 계속 불안정해지는 것을 막는 것입니다. Ważniejsze jest dla nich bycie krajem odnoszącym sukcesy, a tym samym uniemożliwienie Rosji dalszej destabilizacji. Basically, the Russians would like to see it as a failed state. ||러시아인들|||||||||국가 기본적으로 러시아는 러시아를 실패한 국가로 보고 싶어 합니다. Zasadniczo Rosjanie chcieliby widzieć ją jako państwo upadłe. Russian propaganda describes it as a fascist state, convinces their own citizens that it’s a fascist state, but in fact it’s not. ||||||파시스트||납득시킨다||||||||||||| 러시아의 선전은 러시아를 파시스트 국가로 묘사하고 자국민에게 파시스트 국가라고 설득하지만 실제로는 그렇지 않습니다. Rosyjska propaganda opisuje ją jako państwo faszystowskie, przekonuje własnych obywateli, że jest państwem faszystowskim, ale w rzeczywistości tak nie jest. Russia is a far more fascist state than Ukraine, but it’s a corrupt state. 러시아는 우크라이나보다 훨씬 더 파시스트 국가이지만 부패한 국가입니다. Rosja jest państwem o wiele bardziej faszystowskim niż Ukraina, ale jest państwem skorumpowanym. It’s a state without the normal trappings of call it Western democracy. ||||||attributs||||| ||||||usual features||||| ||||||장치들, 장식들||||| ||||||ozdoby||||| 서구 민주주의라고 부르는 일반적인 함정이 없는 국가입니다. Jest to państwo bez normalnych atrybutów zachodniej demokracji. So if we’re talking about referendum, I say I prefer opinion polls and let the governments make their decisions themselves. |||||||||||||||정부들|||| |||||||||||sondagens||||||||elas 그래서 국민투표에 대해 이야기한다면 저는 여론조사를 선호하고 정부가 스스로 결정하도록 하는 것이 좋다고 생각합니다. Jeśli więc mówimy o referendum, to wolę badania opinii publicznej i pozwolenie rządom na samodzielne podejmowanie decyzji.

It was interesting. 흥미로웠습니다. To było interesujące. In Russia I saw a news item that 44% of Russians feel that Russian civilization is different from Western civilization. 러시아에서 러시아인의 44%가 러시아 문명이 서구 문명과 다르다고 생각한다는 뉴스를 본 적이 있습니다. W Rosji widziałem wiadomość, że 44% Rosjan uważa, że rosyjska cywilizacja różni się od zachodniej. I find that very strange, what is the definition of civilization? 문명의 정의는 무엇일까요? Uważam to za bardzo dziwne, jaka jest definicja cywilizacji? Yes, Russia has had a different history, first of all, in terms of religion. 예, 러시아는 우선 종교적인 측면에서 다른 역사를 가지고 있습니다. Tak, Rosja miała inną historię, przede wszystkim pod względem religii. They are predominately Russian orthodox, but then the Greeks are orthodox, the Rumanians are orthodox, the Georgians are orthodox. ||주로||정교회 신자||||||||루마니아인||||조지아인들|| 주로 러시아 정교회이지만 그리스인들도 정교회, 루마니아인들도 정교회, 그루지야인들도 정교회입니다. Są w większości rosyjskimi prawosławnymi, ale Grecy są prawosławni, Rumuni są prawosławni, Gruzini są prawosławni. What is meant by the West, in other words? ||significa|||||| 다시 말해, 서쪽은 무엇을 의미하나요? Innymi słowy, co należy rozumieć przez Zachód?

The Russians, sure, they are different from the Portuguese, different from the Germans, but maybe the Russians, certainly insofar as language is concerned, are closer to other Slavic people in Eastern Europe, Poles, Czechs and so forth, than they are to Italians. ||||||||||||||||||~에 관해서는|||||||||슬라브|||동유럽||폴란드인|체코인들||||||||이탈리아인 물론 러시아인은 포르투갈인과도 다르고 독일인과도 다르지만, 언어에 관한 한 러시아인은 이탈리아 사람보다는 동유럽의 다른 슬라브족, 폴란드인, 체코인 등과 더 가깝다고 할 수 있습니다. Rosjanie, oczywiście, różnią się od Portugalczyków, różnią się od Niemców, ale być może Rosjanie, z pewnością jeśli chodzi o język, są bliżsi innym słowiańskim ludziom w Europie Wschodniej, Polakom, Czechom i tak dalej, niż Włochom. So who’s right? 그렇다면 누가 옳을까요? Więc kto ma rację? Is Poland part of Western Civilization, is the Czech Republic? |폴란드|||||||체코|체코 공화국 폴란드는 서구 문명의 일부인 체코에 속해 있나요? Czy Polska jest częścią zachodniej cywilizacji, czy Czechy? It seems to be very arbitrary in so many ways today. |||||임의의||||| 오늘날에는 여러 가지 면에서 매우 자의적인 것 같습니다. Wydaje się, że jest to bardzo arbitralne pod wieloma względami. If you go to Shanghai it’s part of call it modern-influenced civilization, but in a Chinese way and similarly in Japan and in Spain. 상하이에 가면 현대의 영향을 받은 문명이라고 할 수 있지만, 중국적인 방식으로 일본과 스페인에서도 비슷하게 볼 수 있습니다. Jeśli pojedziesz do Szanghaju, jest to część, nazwijmy to, nowoczesnej cywilizacji, ale w chińskim stylu, podobnie jak w Japonii i Hiszpanii. So every country is unique in its own way. 따라서 모든 국가는 고유한 방식으로 독특합니다. Każdy kraj jest więc na swój sposób wyjątkowy. Having learnt Russian, having learnt a majority of the European languages, I don’t find that the Russians, in terms of a civilization, are uniquely unique compared to others. |||||||||||||||||||||||독특하게|||| 러시아어를 배웠고, 대부분의 유럽 언어를 배웠지만 문명이라는 측면에서 러시아인이 다른 나라에 비해 독특하다고 생각하지 않습니다. Nauczywszy się rosyjskiego, nauczywszy się większości języków europejskich, nie uważam, że Rosjanie, jeśli chodzi o cywilizację, są wyjątkowo wyjątkowi w porównaniu z innymi. It’s interesting. 흥미롭습니다. To interesujące.

I’ll get on to these subjects, as well, but you hear a lot about Islam and the incompatibility of Islam and terrorism, so forth and so on. ||||||||||||||이슬람|||비호환성||||||||| ||||||||||||||o Islã|||||||||||| 이 주제에 대해서도 다루겠지만, 이슬람과 이슬람과 테러리즘의 양립 불가능성 등에 대해 많이 들으셨을 겁니다. Przejdę również do tych tematów, ale wiele słyszy się o islamie i niezgodności islamu z terroryzmem, i tak dalej. It is interesting to note that the problem in my mind, at least insofar as radical Islamism, aside from all of the sort of geopolitical resentment colonialism aspects and we look at the purely religious aspects, it’s not so much that Islam is a religion of violence, it’s that many of the Islamists are from the Middle Ages. |||||||||||||정도||급진적인|이슬람주의|제외하고|||||||지정학적|원한|식민지주의|||||||순수하게|||||||||||||||||||이슬람주의자||||| |||||||||||||||||à parte|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 적어도 급진적 이슬람주의에 관한 한, 지정학적 원한 식민주의 측면을 제외하고 순수한 종교적 측면을 살펴보면, 이슬람이 폭력의 종교라는 것이 아니라 많은 이슬람주의자들이 중세 시대 출신이라는 것이 문제라는 점이 흥미롭습니다. Interesujące jest to, że moim zdaniem problemem, przynajmniej jeśli chodzi o radykalny islamizm, poza wszystkimi aspektami geopolitycznej niechęci do kolonializmu i aspektami czysto religijnymi, nie jest to, że islam jest religią przemocy, ale to, że wielu islamistów pochodzi ze średniowiecza.

I’m reading a very interesting book which is entitled Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach Meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment. ||||||||||||||||||||||||Lumière ||||||||제목이 붙은|||||||바흐|만난|프리드리히|||||||계몽주의 저는 '이성의 궁전에서의 저녁: 계몽주의 시대, 바흐와 프레드릭 대왕의 만남'이라는 제목의 매우 흥미로운 책을 읽고 있습니다. Czytam bardzo interesującą książkę zatytułowaną Wieczór w Pałacu Rozumu: Bach spotyka Fryderyka Wielkiego w epoce oświecenia. When you read about Europe in the Middle Ages, in the time of Martin Luther, in the time of the Thirty Years' War, the beliefs that people had, their belief in religion, their belief in the afterlife, their willingness to kill people of different religions, that was the time and so, to some extent, when we talk about differences in civilization these are moving targets. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||life after death|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||루터||||||||||신념||||||||||||사후 세계||||||||종교들||||||||||||||||||||변화하는 목표 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||disposição|||||||||||||||||||||||||movendo| 중세 유럽, 마틴 루터 시대, 30년 전쟁 당시 사람들이 가졌던 믿음, 종교에 대한 믿음, 사후 세계에 대한 믿음, 다른 종교를 가진 사람들을 기꺼이 죽이려 했던 그 시대는 문명의 차이를 이야기할 때 어느 정도는 움직이는 대상입니다. Kiedy czytamy o Europie w średniowieczu, w czasach Marcina Lutra, w czasach wojny trzydziestoletniej, przekonania, jakie ludzie mieli, ich wiara w religię, ich wiara w życie pozagrobowe, ich gotowość do zabijania ludzi różnych religii, to był czas, więc do pewnego stopnia, kiedy mówimy o różnicach cywilizacyjnych, są to ruchome cele. Things change. 상황은 변합니다. Wszystko się zmienia. Today, we have different religions, different languages, different political systems, to some extent, we’re living, many of us, in a modern civilization. 오늘날 우리는 서로 다른 종교, 서로 다른 언어, 서로 다른 정치 체제를 가지고 있으며, 어느 정도는 현대 문명 속에서 살아가고 있습니다. Dziś mamy różne religie, różne języki, różne systemy polityczne, do pewnego stopnia żyjemy, wielu z nas, w nowoczesnej cywilizacji.

Thanks for listening, bye for now. 들어주셔서 감사합니다, 그럼 이만 끊겠습니다.