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English LingQ Podcast 1.0, #247 Mark & Steve – Energy

#247 Mark & Steve – Energy

Mark: Hi everyone, Mark here for another installment of EnglishLingQ.

Steve: And Steve.

Mark: Hi Steve.

Steve: Hi Mark.

Mark: Oh, yeah, you're here, too. Steve: I am.

Mark: I thought today was going to be a monologue.

Steve: Well, we can both do a monologue.

Mark: Okay. Now I know today we thought we'd… Steve: Let's talk about energy. Mark: …talk about energy, yeah. It's obviously a very topical subject between oil and oil supply and the demands for oil and then, of course, the whole global warming climate change, green energy side, so it's probably quite a interesting thing to talk about. Steve: Yeah. I have a vested interest because I'm involved in a sawmill and we have a lot of forest industry waste. We use a very small part of it, just for our own dry kilns where we dry our lumber. We also heat the mill, I mean the sawmill itself. I mean it's very cold up there in the winter. It's minus 30 degrees or whatever. But, we use a…

Mark: Yeah. To be clear, you use the chips…

Steve: Not so much the chips. I mean if you picture a log…

Mark: …or the sawdust. Yeah?

Steve: Yeah. Again, the sawdust goes into it, it's what's known as hog fuel. It includes bark, it includes broken branches or sometimes the logs come in and there are bits and pieces of dirty wood and stuff that all goes into this general category of what we call hog fuel. So this is biomass when they talk about different sources of energy, biomass. Now we leave a lot in the bush because when they bring in the logs they only bring in clean logs, so branches and the very small tops known as the rattails. Because a tree, you know, starts, you know, three feet in diameter at the trunk, at the butt, and it's tapered so that it ends up as a very small piece, which is the last shoot of the tree trying to go up to the sky kind of thing, right? And the branches grow sideways. You've seen a tree. Mark: I understand how a tree works.

Steve: You've seen a tree. So, anyway, all of the branches and the tops and all of this stuff is not used for anything. Now we do ship our hog fuel to the pulp mill.

Mark: The stuff in the bush, though, that's just left there? Steve: It's just left there. Mark: Do you burn it or do you leave it?

Steve: In some cases they might burn it. Because they burn and scarify and this tends to improve the performance of the forest land when we plant.

Mark: Right.

Steve: And I guess, to some extent, these are nutrients that are required in the forest.

Mark: Right.

Steve: We can't strip it clean, but if you look at places like Sweden they pull a lot more out of the forest and biomass there is a huge part. Like 25% of their energy comes from forest industry waste, so we could do more with our forest industry waste.

Mark: Right.

Steve: What is required is that the cost of energy increase so that we can justify making the investment because it's not cheap and we have looked into it. We went to Italy to see a very good bit of technology there where they use hot oil to drive the turbines, which means we don't need a Steam Engineer. For a small scale power station, as we would be look at building, we want to reduce our costs and a Power Engineer is an expensive person that has to be there 24 hours a day that we'd rather not have to have. So we've looked into all of this, but the cost of doing it is much higher than the value of the energy. Mark: Right.

Steve: So…but…

Mark: As in most things the market forces tend to provide incentives of disincentives to provide for green energy, I guess.

Steve: Well, that's true. Mark: Unless the government steps in with incentives.

Steve: Well, if they have these green, you know, carbon credits. In Europe, a lot of places, a lot of the coal-fired stations are mixing in wood, whether in pellet form or some other form. So that if 15% of their energy source is biomass then they've reduced their CO2 emissions by that amount because wood is CO2 neutral. This is all carbon dioxide that's above the surface of the earth, so the tree grows absorbing CO2 and when it dies it decomposes or it burns and it gives off CO2. Mark: Right.

Steve: But it's all CO2 neutral, so therefore you're reducing the amount of CO2 that, in effect, you're pulling up out of the ground and basically belching out into the air, right? So if the government says or either they legislate you must have 30% wood, we'd love that. Mark: Right.

Steve: You know if they said you must have 30% wood then we could get rid of our wood and get paid for it.

Mark: Right.

Steve: Because it costs us money to bring it in, right?

Mark: The wood waste you mean.

Steve: The wood waste, yeah. So, anyway, I'm interested in this. And, of course, we see the price of oil, which crashed to, whatever it was, $40 some odd and I think it's up to $70 now. Mark: Right.

Steve: But, on the other hand, I was reading a book about China. The growth of their economy and across the scale of that country, 1.3 billion people is growing at 7-8-10%, the increase in the number of cars, their appetite for oil. And they're out now all over the world competing with the big multinationals, the Shell and the BP and the Total out of France and now the Chinese are out there competing, so there's this tremendous competition for oil. They are finding new sources off the coast of Africa or they're looking at the Antarctica, but by the same token if a country like China and India increase then there's going to be tremendously increased demand. What's also happening is China, in order to get at the oil and as a newcomer, they're going into places like Africa and they have made a major contribution to improving the economic situation in Africa building roads and infrastructure and railways and dams. And, of course, Africa now finds that they have a lot of oil, so they're starting to do better so they have more cars. I can't see that the price is oil is going to stay low. Mark: Well, I mean I guess this argument or hypothesis and I guess you're angling toward the peak oil hypothesis or that we're going to run out or the price is going to go through the roof. Steve: So we can get paid for our wood waste. You understand my…

Mark: Well I guess that's your angle, but… I mean people have been talking about this for a long time, I mean since, I don't know, the ‘70s at least. We're going to hit peak oil, which is the most oil we'll ever have before our reserves start to be depleted forever… Steve: Right.

Mark: …or just the fact that we're running out, the price is going to be $150 a barrel. But, in fact, the more the demand increases the more supply we seem to be finding, like there's more oil today than ever before. Steve: Right.

Mark: So there is that certain amount of scare mongering in that. I mean people believe that, yes, we're running out, but in fact that hasn't proven to be the case, yet. Steve: Right.

But…

Mark: And…

Steve: Yeah?

Mark: …what's more, if, in fact, we did start to run out, which would then drive the price up, then your wood waste energy source starts to make sense. Steve: Or other high-cost oil…

Mark: Or high-cost oil, right.

Steve: …or natural gas, shale gas, all these other things.

Mark: Or this, whatever, undersea methane or whatever it is.

Steve: Yeah, there are lots of different options out there. However, I still believe that…someone said we all have a tendency to overestimate short-term change and underestimate long-term change, so that people would overestimate how quickly this peak oil is going to be achieved.

But it's like the story, you know if you have a pond, a lily pond, and the lilies double every day and they're covering the pond, right, these lilies… Mark: Right.

Steve: …on what day is the pond half full of lilies? If it takes 30 days to fill the pond with lilies on which day is the pond half full of lilies? It's the 29th day. Mark: Yes.

Steve: You understand my point.

Mark: Yes.

Steve: So it gets back to this idea that we tend to get all excited, oh, it's going to change, it's going to change. It doesn't quite change as quickly and then we, basically, let our guard down. But, in the long run, there is no question that the demand is going to outstrip the supply, but there are fixes, you know, energy conservation, better utilization and stuff. But the big change, in terms of the need for oil, is that up until I would say the ‘80s, economic growth really only took place in Europe and North America and Japan.

I've had a long involvement with China when I was learning Chinese and read a lot about their history and stuff. If you look at China since 1949, from 1949 to 1979, if you take those 30 years, nothing happened in China in terms of economic growth, nothing. In the last 20 years there has been phenomenal economic growth.

Mark: Right.

Steve: And they are now taking that capability where they, as a low-wage call it third world country, found the secret to rapid economic development. They are very good at construction. They build things fast, they're good at production and stuff like that and they're now fanning out and taking these lessons to other countries. And I don't know as much about India, but India is also developing. So if we see development now starting to happen outside of North America, Western Europe, Japan, across 5/6th of the population of the world, then I think we're going to start to see some very dramatic increases in demand for oil. That's my point, I rest my case, now move on to another subject. I think I've squashed you pretty thoroughly on that subject. Mark: You know I think to suggest that demand for oil is going to increase doesn't take a Ph.D., but I'm not sure what your point is. Okay, demand for oil is going to increase.

Steve: Right.

Mark: Are you worried that we're going to run out of oil? Are you worried that prices are going to become too high and that there will be riots because people can't afford to drive their cars anymore? I mean what's your point, basically? Steve: My point is, simply, that the price of oil is going to go up very high so that we can get paid for our wood waste. I think that my truly altruistic and ecological…

Mark: Well, you made a statement earlier about supply or demand outstripping supply. But I guess once the prices become…if that, of course, demand exceeds supply prices will go up and people will find alternative energy sources.

Steve: I agree with you there.

Mark: I mean I don't think it's anything we need to worry about, things will happen. Steve: I agree with you there as well.

Mark: We need that, actually, to encourage development of alternatives.

Steve: Well, I mean I couldn't agree with you more. And I think, to some extent, one of the contributing factors to the economic crisis we're in right now is the $150 oil. However, we will get used to $150 a barrel oil because we used to have $5 a barrel oil.

Mark: Right.

Steve: And if someone had suggested when we had $5 a barrel oil that the economy of the world would continue to function at $50 a barrel people wouldn't have believed them. They'd say that would be a catastrophe and like half the people would be out of work, so I agree with you. And if we have $1,000 a barrel oil people will find different ways and get by with less energy, so I firmly believe, I agree with you, that people will adapt. Either they'll find different sources or they'll find ways of living that manage to do with less energy. Mark: What bothers me are the artificial types of stimulus like carbon trading and carbon taxes…

Steve: Well, this depends on…

Mark: …and those kinds of things. I just don't think there's a way to apply them evenly. They're artificial and so they provide artificial stimulus and encourage economic activity in areas that maybe there shouldn't be economic activity. Steve: Okay.

But society is allowed to set certain…have certain values and if a majority of people…. For example, I've mentioned this before, in our forestry operation we have to invest $7 to $14 a cubic meter to renew the forest. We plant, we scarify, we do a whole bunch of stuff. There is no economic return on that stuff because our trees take 90 to 100 years to grow. First of all, I'm not going to be here and, second of all, if I took that $7 a cubic meter and put it in the bank I'd be better off than trying to guess what those trees are going to be worth 90 years from now. Mark: Right.

Steve: No economic case for it, except that the government says thou shalt reforest.

Mark: Right.

Steve: Because we like to see trees and, therefore, we look upon it not as an investment that's going to be coming to maturity in 100 years, we look at it as a cost. Mark: Right.

Steve: And so if the government says we think, the majority of people decide and, yes, there are scientists on one side and on the other side of the argument. But if the government says we think that global warming is, you know, human-activity induced, global warming is a problem, (B) we are in a position to mitigate it and, therefore, we are going to force people to reduce their carbon emissions or encourage them to do so and one way is through these carbon credits. I mean that's a societal decision and then they can apply. They can say, alright, you are a coal-fired or a gas-fired generating station, you have to use X amount of biomass or renewables that's a law. Yeah, they just put that in there.

Mark: A law I prefer more than some kind of a trading system. Some kind of trading system is…

Steve: Well it depends what's more effective, I have no idea. I don't understand this cap and trade, lots of stuff I don't understand. Mark: Yeah. I mean I don't thoroughly understand it either. But they have some deal in the States now where they were going to auction off licenses -- I can't even remember -- to major polluters. And now they're giving them away free and it's all going to be based on which state you're in, I'm sure. Pretty soon any kind of a system like that is no longer going to be fair.

Steve: Is this brought to us by the same people who came up with all the derivatives and fancy financial instruments…

Mark: Maybe, maybe.

Steve: …clever people?

Mark: I mean I think initially they were hoping to raise money from auctioning off these pollution licenses or whatever they are.

Steve: And as with any other distortion of free trade it's going to be used for other purposes. And the Americans are already saying that they were going to discriminate against products that come from countries where they don't feel that those countries are doing as much as the U.S. in terms of reducing their carbon emissions or whatever, so there's a whole protectionist thing that's going to come into the picture, too. M; Well there's that and then, of course, this whole “Buy American” thing that's been in the news here lately. Steve: Well that's a whole other issue, yeah. Mark: They've said any money that's targeted for infrastructure from their stimulus package has to source all their contracts through American businesses. Steve: But, but, there was an article in the National Post, the Canadian newspaper, pointing out that the Americans…there's several levels of public procurement, right? There's the federal, there's the state and there's the municipal. Mark: Right.

Steve: And I think the federal level is open, it's more the state and municipal level where they have this “Buy American.” Any country that has signed an agreement with the United States to open up the sort of secondary levels of public, you know, procurement to international competition, those countries are exempt from this provision. Because Canada for all of our chest thumping and criticizing the U.S., the provinces and the municipalities, especially the provinces, have refused. We have to have free trade agreements between the provinces because there are restrictions on trade between the provinces…

Mark: Right, right.

Steve: …and we don't have free competition. In other words, provincial procurement in Canada favors buy Canadian. And because we wouldn't sign those agreements we are now behind the eight ball vis-à-vis the Americans. And we're not the only ones; I mean all these different countries. Everybody points to the other country as a bad actor and, yet, if you look around in the European market, Canada or any of these places, Japan, you name it, China, Korea, I can only imagine, is full of all kinds of these obstacles. So the Americans aren't the only ones. Mark: No, I'm sure, I'm sure. Well, I think we…

Steve: …solved a few problems.

Mark: …solved a few problems there. Hopefully that made things a little less clear for everybody.

Steve: We should have arguments on these things, Mark. We end up agreeing too much, it's not so much fun for people. Mark: I know.

Steve: Okay.

Mark: Anyway, we'll talk to you again next time. Steve: Thank you.

Mark: Bye.

Steve: Bye.

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#247 Mark & Steve – Energy #247 Mark & Steve – Energy #247 Mark & Steve - Energía #247マーク&スティーブ・エネルギー #247 마크 & 스티브 - 에너지 #247 Mark & Steve - Energia #247 Mark & Steve - Enerji #247 马克与史蒂夫 – 能源

Mark:    Hi everyone, Mark here for another installment of EnglishLingQ. Mark: Hallo zusammen, Mark hier für eine weitere Ausgabe von EnglishLingQ.

Steve:    And Steve.

Mark:    Hi Steve.

Steve:    Hi Mark.

Mark:    Oh, yeah, you're here, too. Steve:    I am.

Mark:    I thought today was going to be a monologue. Mark: Ich dachte, heute wäre ein Monolog.

Steve:    Well, we can both do a monologue. Steve: Nun, wir können beide einen Monolog führen.

Mark:    Okay. Now I know today we thought we'd… Jetzt weiß ich, dass wir heute dachten, wir würden… Steve:    Let's talk about energy. 史蒂夫:让我们谈谈能源。 Mark:    …talk about energy, yeah. 马克:……谈论能源,是的。 It's obviously a very topical subject between oil and oil supply and the demands for oil and then, of course, the whole global warming climate change, green energy side, so it's probably quite a interesting thing to talk about. ||||de actualidad||||||suministro de petróleo|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Es ist offensichtlich ein sehr aktuelles Thema zwischen Öl und Ölversorgung und der Nachfrage nach Öl und dann natürlich der ganzen globalen Erwärmung, dem Klimawandel und der Seite der grünen Energie, also ist es wahrscheinlich eine ziemlich interessante Sache, darüber zu sprechen. Obviamente, es un tema muy actual entre el petróleo y su suministro y la demanda de petróleo y, por supuesto, el calentamiento global, el cambio climático y la energía verde. Steve:    Yeah. I have a vested interest because I'm involved in a sawmill and we have a lot of forest industry waste. |||vested|||||||sawmill||||||||| |||tahsis edilmiş|||||||kereste fabrikası||||||||| Ich habe ein begründetes Interesse, weil ich in einem Sägewerk tätig bin und wir viel Abfall aus der Forstindustrie haben. 我有既得利益,因为我在一家锯木厂工作,而且我们有很多林业废弃物。 We use a very small part of it, just for our own dry kilns where we dry our lumber. |||||||||||||drying ovens||||| |||||||||||||fırınlar|||||kereste |||||||||||propios||hornos de secado||||| Wir verwenden einen sehr kleinen Teil davon, nur für unsere eigenen Trockenöfen, in denen wir unser Schnittholz trocknen. Utilizamos una parte muy pequeña, sólo para nuestros propios secaderos donde secamos nuestra madera. 我们使用其中的一小部分,仅用于我们自己的干燥窑,用于干燥木材。 We also heat the mill, I mean the sawmill itself. ||||değirmeni||||| ||||aserradero||||| Wir heizen auch die Mühle, ich meine das Sägewerk selbst. Riscaldiamo anche il mulino, cioè la segheria stessa. 我们还加热磨坊,我指的是锯木厂本身。 I mean it's very cold up there in the winter. Ich meine, im Winter ist es dort oben sehr kalt. 我的意思是冬天那里很冷。 It's minus 30 degrees or whatever. Minus 30 Grad oder was auch immer. 零下30度之类的。 But, we use a… 但是,我们使用...

Mark:    Yeah. To be clear, you use the chips… ||||||patates kızartması Um es klar zu sagen, Sie verwenden die Chips ... Per essere chiari, si usano i chip... 需要明确的是,您使用的是筹码……

Steve:    Not so much the chips. |||||patates kızartması |||||papas fritas Steve: Nicht so sehr die Chips. 史蒂夫:没有那么多筹码。 I mean if you picture a log… ||||hayal edersen||log(1) Ich meine, wenn Sie sich ein Protokoll vorstellen … Quiero decir que si te imaginas un tronco... Cioè, se si immagina un tronco... 我的意思是,如果你想象一个日志......

Mark:    …or the sawdust. |||tahta tozu |||aserrín Mark: … oder das Sägemehl. 马克:……或者锯末。 Yeah?

Steve:    Yeah. Again, the sawdust goes into it, it's what's known as hog fuel. ||||||||||hog| ||||||||||combustible de madera| Wieder geht das Sägemehl hinein, es ist das, was als Schweinebrennstoff bekannt ist. Опять же, в него входят опилки, это то, что известно как топливо для свиней. Yine, talaş içine gider, buna domuz yakıtı denir. 再一次,锯末进入它,这就是所谓的生猪燃料。 It includes bark, it includes broken branches or sometimes the logs come in and there are bits and pieces of dirty wood and stuff that all goes into this general category of what we call hog fuel. ||kabuk||||||||kütükler||||||parçalar|||||||||||||||||||odun| ||corteza de árbol||||||||troncos de madera|||||||||||||||||||||||||| Es enthält Rinde, es enthält abgebrochene Äste oder manchmal kommen die Baumstämme herein und es gibt Stücke und Stücke von schmutzigem Holz und Zeug, das alles in diese allgemeine Kategorie von dem gehört, was wir Schweinebrennstoff nennen. Kabuğu içerir, kırık dalları içerir veya bazen kütükler gelir ve içinde kirli odun parçaları ve diğer şeyler olan bazı parçalar vardır, bunların hepsi domuz yakıtı olarak adlandırdığımız genel kategoriye girer. 它包括树皮,包括折断的树枝,或者有时进来的原木,还有一些脏木头和东西,这些都属于我们所谓的生猪燃料的一般类别。 So this is biomass when they talk about different sources of energy, biomass. |||biyokütle||||||||| Das ist also Biomasse, wenn sie über verschiedene Energiequellen sprechen, Biomasse. Bu, farklı enerji kaynaklarından bahsettiklerinde biyokütledir, biyokütle. Now we leave a lot in the bush because when they bring in the logs they only bring in clean logs, so branches and the very small tops known as the rattails. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||small branches |||||||ormanlık||||||||||||||||||||uçlar||||rat kuyruğu |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||colas de rata Jetzt lassen wir viel im Busch, denn wenn sie das Holz einbringen, bringen sie nur sauberes Holz ein, also Äste und die sehr kleinen Spitzen, die als Rattails bekannt sind. Artık ormanda çok şey bırakıyoruz çünkü ağaç kütüklerini getirdiklerinde sadece temiz kütükler getiriyorlar, bu yüzden dalları ve 'rattails' olarak bilinen çok küçük uçları bırakıyoruz. 现在我们在灌木丛中留下了很多,因为当他们带来原木时,他们只带来干净的原木,所以树枝和非常小的顶部被称为鼠尾草。 Because a tree, you know, starts, you know, three feet in diameter at the trunk, at the butt, and it's tapered so that it ends up as a very small piece, which is the last shoot of the tree trying to go up to the sky kind of thing, right? |||||||||||diameter||||||butt|||tapered||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||ağaç|||||||||çapı|||gövde||||||inceleşmiş|||||||||||||||dal|||||||||||||| |||||||||||diámetro del tronco|||tronco del árbol|||base del tronco|||disminuye gradualmente|||||||||||||||brote del árbol|||||||||||||| Denn ein Baum, wissen Sie, beginnt mit einem Durchmesser von drei Fuß am Stamm, am Stamm, und er verjüngt sich, so dass er als ein sehr kleines Stück endet, das der letzte Trieb des Baumes ist, der nach oben zu streben versucht in den Himmel, oder? Porque un árbol, ya sabes, comienza, ya sabes, tres pies de diámetro en el tronco, en la culata, y se estrecha de manera que termina como una pieza muy pequeña, que es el último brote del árbol tratando de subir al cielo tipo de cosa, ¿verdad? Çünkü bir ağaç, bildiğiniz gibi, gövdede, tabanda üç fit çapında başlıyor ve o kadar daralıyor ki, ağaç gökyüzüne doğru yükselmeye çalışan çok küçük bir parçaya dönüşüyor, değil mi? 因为一棵树,你知道,从树干开始,直径三英尺,在臀部,它是锥形的,所以它最终会变成一个很小的部分,这是树试图向上生长的最后一根枝条上天之类的东西,对吧? And the branches grow sideways. ||||yana ||||de lado Ve dallar yana doğru büyüyor. 树枝横着生长。 You've seen a tree. 你见过一棵树。 Mark:    I understand how a tree works.

Steve:    You've seen a tree. So, anyway, all of the branches and the tops and all of this stuff is not used for anything. Now we do ship our hog fuel to the pulp mill. |||||||||pulp| |||||||||hamur|fabriği |||||||||fábrica de pulpa| Ahora enviamos nuestro combustible de cerdo a la fábrica de celulosa. Теперь мы отправляем свиное топливо на целлюлозный завод. Artık domuz yakıtımızı kağıt fabrikasına gönderiyoruz. 现在我们将生猪燃料运送到纸浆厂。

Mark:    The stuff in the bush, though, that's just left there? Mark: Ama çalılardaki malzeme orada mı bırakıldı? 马克:灌木丛里的那些东西,只是留在那儿吗? Steve:    It's just left there. Steve: Sadece orada bırakıldı. 史蒂夫:它就在那儿。 Mark:    Do you burn it or do you leave it? 马克:是烧掉还是留下?

Steve:    In some cases they might burn it. 史蒂夫:在某些情况下,他们可能会烧掉它。 Because they burn and scarify and this tends to improve the performance of the forest land when we plant. ||||aşındırmak||||||||orman arazisinin|||||| ||||cicatrizan|||||||||||||| Çünkü yakarlar ve yaralarlar ve bu, ağaç diktiğimizde orman arazisinin performansını artırma eğilimindedir. 因为它们燃烧和划伤,这往往会在我们种植时改善林地的性能。

Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    And I guess, to some extent, these are nutrients that are required in the forest. |||||||||besin maddeleri|||||| Steve: Ve sanırım, bir dereceye kadar, bunlar ormanda gerekli olan besin maddeleridir. 史蒂夫:我想,在某种程度上,这些是森林所需的营养物质。

Mark:    Right.

Steve:    We can't strip it clean, but if you look at places like Sweden they pull a lot more out of the forest and biomass there is a huge part. |||temizlemek|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||despojar completamente|||||||||||||||||||||||||| Steve: No podemos limpiarlo, pero si nos fijamos en lugares como Suecia, extraen mucho más de los bosques y la biomasa allí es una parte enorme. Steve: Bunu tamamen temizleyemeyiz, ama İsveç gibi yerlere baktığınızda oradan daha fazla şey çıkardıklarını görüyorsunuz ve biyokütle büyük bir kısmı oluşturuyor. 史蒂夫:我们不能把它剥离干净,但如果你看看像瑞典这样的地方,他们从森林和生物质中提取了更多的东西,其中很大一部分。 Like 25% of their energy comes from forest industry waste, so we could do more with our forest industry waste. Enerjilerinin yaklaşık %25'i orman endüstrisi atıklarından geliyor, bu nedenle orman endüstrisi atıklarımızla daha fazlasını yapabiliriz.

Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    What is required is that the cost of energy increase so that we can justify making the investment because it's not cheap and we have looked into it. |||||||||||||||haklı çıkarmak||||||||||||| Steve: Gerekli olan, enerji maliyetinin artmasıdır, böylece yatırımı yapmayı haklı çıkarabiliriz çünkü bu ucuz değil ve üzerinde düşünüp araştırdık. 史蒂夫:需要的是能源成本增加,这样我们才能证明投资是合理的,因为它并不便宜,我们已经研究过了。 We went to Italy to see a very good bit of technology there where they use hot oil to drive the turbines, which means we don't need a Steam Engineer. |||||||||||||||||||||türbinleri|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||turbinas|||||||vapor de agua| İtalya'ya gidip, türbinleri çalıştırmak için sıcak yağ kullanan çok iyi bir teknolojiye baktık, bu da buhar mühendisine ihtiyacımız olmadığı anlamına geliyor. 我们去了意大利,在那里看到了一些非常好的技术,他们使用热油来驱动涡轮机,这意味着我们不需要蒸汽工程师。 For a small scale power station, as we would be look at building, we want to reduce our costs and a Power Engineer is an expensive person that has to be there 24 hours a day that we'd rather not have to have. Küçük ölçekli bir enerji santrali inşa etmeyi düşündüğümüz için maliyetlerimizi düşürmek istiyoruz ve orada 24 saat bulunması gereken pahalı bir kişi olan bir enerji mühendisine sahip olmayı tercih etmiyoruz. 对于小型发电站,就像我们在建造时一样,我们希望降低成本,而电力工程师是一个昂贵的人,必须每天 24 小时都在,而我们宁愿不必拥有。 So we've looked into all of this, but the cost of doing it is much higher than the value of the energy. 所以我们已经研究了所有这些,但这样做的成本远高于能源的价值。 Mark:    Right.

Steve:    So…but…

Mark:    As in most things the market forces tend to provide incentives of disincentives to provide for green energy, I guess. |||||||||||incentives||||||||| |||||||||||teşvikler||disincentifler||||||| |||||||||||||desincentivos||||||| Mark: Como en la mayoría de las cosas, las fuerzas del mercado tienden a incentivar o desincentivar la energía verde, supongo. Марк: Как и в большинстве случаев, рыночные силы, как я полагаю, имеют тенденцию обеспечивать стимулы или препятствия для обеспечения зеленой энергии. Mark: Çoğu şeyde olduğu gibi, piyasa güçleri yeşil enerji sağlamak için teşvikler ya da engeller sunma eğilimindedir, sanırım. 马克:我猜,在大多数情况下,市场力量往往会提供激励措施来提供绿色能源。

Steve:    Well, that's true. Steve: Evet, bu doğru. Mark:    Unless the government steps in with incentives. Mark: Hükümet teşviklerle devreye girmediği sürece. 马克:除非政府采取激励措施。

Steve:    Well, if they have these green, you know, carbon credits. Steve: Bueno, si tienen estos verdes, ya sabes, créditos de carbono. Steve: Şey, eğer bu yeşil karbon kredilerine sahiplerse. 史蒂夫:嗯,如果他们有这些绿色的,你知道的,碳信用额。 In Europe, a lot of places, a lot of the coal-fired stations are mixing in wood, whether in pellet form or some other form. |||||||||||||||||||pelet||||| ||||||||||carbón|||||||||pelletizado||||| Avrupa'da, birçok yerde, kömürle çalışan istasyonların çoğu, ister pelet şeklinde ister başka bir biçimde olsun, odunu karıştırıyor. 在欧洲,很多地方,很多燃煤站都在混合木材,无论是颗粒形式还是其他形式。 So that if 15% of their energy source is biomass then they've reduced their CO2 emissions by that amount because wood is CO2 neutral. ||||||||||||||emisyonlarını||||||||nötr Yani, eğer enerji kaynaklarının %15'i biyokütle ise, bu, odun CO2 nötr olduğu için, CO2 emisyonlarını bu kadar azaltmış olurlar. This is all carbon dioxide that's above the surface of the earth, so the tree grows absorbing CO2 and when it dies it decomposes or it burns and it gives off CO2. |||||||||||||||||||||||decomposes|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||çürür|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||se descompone||||||emite|| Bu, dünyanın yüzeyinin üstündeki tüm karbondioksit, bu yüzden ağaç CO2 emerek büyüyor ve öldüğünde çürüyüyor veya yanıyor ve CO2 salıyor. Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    But it's all CO2 neutral, so therefore you're reducing the amount of CO2 that, in effect, you're pulling up out of the ground and basically belching out into the air, right? ||||||||||||||||||||||||||burping||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||sindirme||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||eructando||||| Steve: Ama bu tamamen CO2 nötr, dolayısıyla, aslında yerden çektiğin ve temelde havaya püskürttüğün CO2 miktarını azaltıyorsun, değil mi? So if the government says or either they legislate you must have 30% wood, we'd love that. ||||||||enact||||||| ||||||||yasalarlar||||||| ||||||||legislar||||||| Mark:    Right.

Steve:    You know if they said you must have 30% wood then we could get rid of our wood and get paid for it.

Mark:    Right.

Steve:    Because it costs us money to bring it in, right? Steve: Çünkü bunu getirmek bize para mal oluyor, değil mi?

Mark:    The wood waste you mean. Mark: Ahşap atıklarından bahsediyorsun.

Steve:    The wood waste, yeah. Steve: Ahşap atıklarından, evet. So, anyway, I'm interested in this. And, of course, we see the price of oil, which crashed to, whatever it was, $40 some odd and I think it's up to $70 now. Y, por supuesto, vemos el precio del petróleo, que se desplomó a, lo que fuera, 40 dólares algo raro y creo que ahora ha subido a 70 dólares. И, конечно же, мы видим цену на нефть, которая рухнула, как бы там ни было, до 40 долларов с лишним, а сейчас, я думаю, до 70 долларов. Ve tabii ki, petrol fiyatını görüyoruz, ki bu da, neyse, 40 dolara düştü ve sanırım şimdi 70 dolara çıktı. Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    But, on the other hand, I was reading a book about China. Steve: Ama diğer taraftan, Çin hakkında bir kitap okuyordum. The growth of their economy and across the scale of that country, 1.3 billion people is growing at 7-8-10%, the increase in the number of cars, their appetite for oil. |||||||||||||||||||||||||talepleri|| Bu ülkenin ekonomisinin büyümesi ve 1,3 milyar insanın 7-8-10% oranında büyümesi, araba sayısındaki artış ve petrol talepleri. And they're out now all over the world competing with the big multinationals, the Shell and the BP and the Total out of France and now the Chinese are out there competing, so there's this tremendous competition for oil. ||||||||||||||Shell|||British Petroleum||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||çok uluslu şirketler|||||BP||||||||||||||||||||| Artık dünya genelinde Shell, BP ve Fransa'dan Total gibi büyük çok uluslu şirketlerle rekabet ediyorlar, şimdi de Çinliler rekabette yer alıyor, bu yüzden petrol için büyük bir rekabet var. They are finding new sources off the coast of Africa or they're looking at the Antarctica, but by the same token if a country like China and India increase then there's going to be tremendously increased demand. Afrika open denizlerinin yakınlarında yeni kaynaklar buluyorlar veya Antarktika'ya bakıyorlar, ancak aynı zamanda Çin ve Hindistan gibi ülkeler artarsa, talep muazzam şekilde artacak. What's also happening is China, in order to get at the oil and as a newcomer, they're going into places like Africa and they have made a major contribution to improving the economic situation in Africa building roads and infrastructure and railways and dams. |||||||||||||||newcomer|||||||||||||contribution||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||yeni gelen||||||||||||||||||||||||altyapı||||barajlar |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ferrocarriles||presas Çin'in petrol elde etmek için ve yeni bir oyuncu olarak Afrika gibi yerlere girmesi de oluyor ve kara yolları, altyapı, demiryolları ve barajlar inşa ederek Afrika'daki ekonomik durumu iyileştirmeye büyük katkıda bulundular. And, of course, Africa now finds that they have a lot of oil, so they're starting to do better so they have more cars. Elbette, Afrika şimdi çok fazla petrole sahip olduğunu keşfediyor, bu yüzden daha iyi duruma gelmeye başlıyorlar ve daha fazla arabaları oluyor. I can't see that the price is oil is going to stay low. Petrol fiyatının düşük kalacağına inanmak zor. Mark:    Well, I mean I guess this argument or hypothesis and I guess you're angling toward the peak oil hypothesis or that we're going to run out or the price is going to go through the roof. |||||||||hipotez|||||yöneliyorsun|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||inclinándote hacia|||||||||||||||||||||| Марк: Ну, я имею в виду, что я догадываюсь об этом аргументе или гипотезе, и я предполагаю, что вы склоняетесь к гипотезе пика нефти или к тому, что она закончится, или цена взлетит до небес. Mark: Yani, bu argüman veya hipotez hakkında düşündüğümü sanıyorum ve sanırım sen zirve petrol hipotezine veya tükeneceğimize ya da fiyatların tavan yapacağına yöneliyorsun. Steve:    So we can get paid for our wood waste. Steve: Böylece odun atıklarımız için ödeme alabiliriz. You understand my… Anladın mı benim...

Mark:    Well I guess that's your angle, but…  I mean people have been talking about this for a long time, I mean since, I don't know, the ‘70s at least. We're going to hit peak oil, which is the most oil we'll ever have before our reserves start to be depleted forever… ||||||||||||||||||||tükenmesi| |||alcanzar|||||||||||||||||agotarse| En zirve petrol dönemine ulaşacağız, bu da rezervlerimiz sonsuza dek azalmakta olmadan önce sahip olacağımız en fazla petrol olacak... Steve:    Right. Steve: Doğru.

Mark:    …or just the fact that we're running out, the price is going to be $150 a barrel. ||||||||||||||||varil ||||||||||||||||barril Mark: ...ya da sadece bitmekte olduğumuz gerçeği, fiyatın varil başına 150 dolar olacağı. But, in fact, the more the demand increases the more supply we seem to be finding, like there's more oil today than ever before. Steve:    Right.

Mark:    So there is that certain amount of scare mongering in that. |||||||||spreading fear|| ||||||||korku|yayma|| ||||||||alarmismo|alarmismo|| Mark: Así que hay cierta dosis de alarmismo en ello. Марк: Так что в этом есть определенная доля паники. I mean people believe that, yes, we're running out, but in fact that hasn't proven to be the case, yet. Steve:    Right.

But…

Mark:    And…

Steve:    Yeah?

Mark:    …what's more, if, in fact, we did start to run out, which would then drive the price up, then your wood waste energy source starts to make sense. Steve:    Or other high-cost oil…

Mark:    Or high-cost oil, right.

Steve:    …or natural gas, shale gas, all these other things. ||||shale gas||||| ||||şist||||| ||||gas de esquisto|||||

Mark:    Or this, whatever, undersea methane or whatever it is. ||||denizaltı||||| ||||submarino|metano submarino|||| Mark: Ya da bu, her neyse, denizaltı metanı ya da neyse.

Steve:    Yeah, there are lots of different options out there. Steve: Evet, dışarıda birçok farklı seçenek var. However, I still believe that…someone said we all have a tendency to overestimate short-term change and underestimate long-term change, so that people would overestimate how quickly this peak oil is going to be achieved. |||||||||||inclination|||||||||||||||overestimate|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||küçümsemek||||||||abartmak|||||||||| |||||||||||||sobreestimar|||||subestimar|||||||||||||||||| Тем не менее, я по-прежнему считаю, что… кто-то сказал, что у всех нас есть склонность переоценивать краткосрочные изменения и недооценивать долгосрочные, чтобы люди переоценивали, насколько быстро будет достигнут этот пик добычи нефти. Ancak, hâlâ inanıyorum ki... biri bizim kısa vadeli değişimleri abartma ve uzun vadeli değişimleri hafife alma eğilimimiz olduğunu söyledi, bu yüzden insanların bu zirve petrolün ne kadar hızlı bir şekilde elde edileceğini abartacaklarını düşünüyorum.

But it's like the story, you know if you have a pond, a lily pond, and the lilies double every day and they're covering the pond, right, these lilies… |||||||||||göl||su lalesi|||||||||||||||sular |||||||||||estanque de lirios||nenúfares||||lirios||||||||||| Ama hikaye gibi, biliyorsun eğer bir göletin varsa, bir nilüfer göleti ve nilüferler her gün iki katına çıkıyorsa ve göleti kaplıyorsa, değil mi, bu nilüferler... Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    …on what day is the pond half full of lilies? ||||||||||lilies ||||||||||sulardan Steve: ...göletin hangi günü nilüferlerle yarı dolu? If it takes 30 days to fill the pond with lilies on which day is the pond half full of lilies? |||||||||||||||||||lilies |||||||||sularıyla||||||||||zambaklar Havuzu nilüferlerle doldurmak 30 gün alıyorsa, havuz hangi günde nilüferlerle yarısı dolu? It's the 29th day. 29. gün. Mark:    Yes. Mark: Evet.

Steve:    You understand my point.

Mark:    Yes.

Steve:    So it gets back to this idea that we tend to get all excited, oh, it's going to change, it's going to change. Steve: Yani bu, heyecanlandığımız, oh, değişecek, değişecek diye düşündüğümüz bu fikre geri dönüyor. It doesn't quite change as quickly and then we, basically, let our guard down. No cambia tan rápido y entonces, básicamente, bajamos la guardia. Tam olarak bu kadar hızlı değişmiyor ve sonra, esasen, dikkatimiz dağılıyor. But, in the long run, there is no question that the demand is going to outstrip the supply, but there are fixes, you know, energy conservation, better utilization and stuff. |||||||||||||||exceed supply||supply||||||||conservation||use|| |||||||||||||||aşmak||||||||||||verimlilik|| |||||||||||||||superar|||||||||||||| Ama uzun vadede, talebin arzı aşacağından şüphe yok, ama çözümler var, biliyorsunuz, enerji tasarrufu, daha iyi kullanım ve benzeri şeyler. But the big change, in terms of the need for oil, is that up until I would say the ‘80s, economic growth really only took place in Europe and North America and Japan. Ama büyük değişim, petrol ihtiyacı açısından, bence 80'lere kadar ekonomik büyüme gerçekten sadece Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve Japonya'da gerçekleşti.

I've had a long involvement with China when I was learning Chinese and read a lot about their history and stuff. ||||ilişki|||||||||||||||| Çince öğrenirken ve tarihleri hakkında çok şey okurken Çin ile uzun bir bağlantım oldu. If you look at China since 1949, from 1949 to 1979, if you take those 30 years, nothing happened in China in terms of economic growth, nothing. 1949'dan bu yana Çin'e bakarsanız, 1949'dan 1979'a kadar, eğer o 30 yıla bakarsanız, ekonomik büyüme açısından Çin'de hiçbir şey olmadı, hiçbir şey. In the last 20 years there has been phenomenal economic growth.

Mark:    Right.

Steve:    And they are now taking that capability where they, as a low-wage call it third world country, found the secret to rapid economic development. ||||||||||||bajo salario|salario bajo|||||||||||| Стив: И теперь они используют эту возможность там, где они, как низкооплачиваемая страна третьего мира, нашли секрет быстрого экономического развития. Steve: Ve şimdi, düşük ücretli, üçüncü dünya ülkesi olarak adlandırdıkları yeteneklerini hızlı ekonomik kalkınmanın sırrını buldukları yere taşıyorlar. They are very good at construction. |||||inşaatta İnşaatta çok iyiler. They build things fast, they're good at production and stuff like that and they're now fanning out and taking these lessons to other countries. |||||||||||||||spreading|||||||| |||||||||||||||yayılmak|||||||| |||||||||||||||expandiéndose|||||||| Şeyleri hızlı inşa ediyorlar, üretimde ve benzeri şeylerde iyiler ve şimdi bu dersleri diğer ülkelere yayıyorlar. And I don't know as much about India, but India is also developing. So if we see development now starting to happen outside of North America, Western Europe, Japan, across 5/6th of the population of the world, then I think we're going to start to see some very dramatic increases in demand for oil. Yani eğer geliştirmenin şimdi Kuzey Amerika, Batı Avrupa, Japonya dışında dünya nüfusunun 5/6'sında başlamaya başladığını görürsek, o zaman petrol talebinde çok dramatik artışlar görmeye başlayacağımızı düşünüyorum. That's my point, I rest my case, now move on to another subject. ||||descanso mi caso|||||||| Это моя точка зрения, я заканчиваю свое дело, теперь перейдем к другой теме. Benim noktama geldik, davama noktayı koydum, şimdi başka bir konuya geçelim. I think I've squashed you pretty thoroughly on that subject. ||||||completamente||| Я думаю, что я довольно тщательно раздавил вас на эту тему. Bence bu konuda seni oldukça fazla ezdim. Mark:    You know I think to suggest that demand for oil is going to increase doesn't take a Ph.D., but I'm not sure what your point is. Mark: Biliyor musun, petrol talebinin artacağını önermenin bir doktora derecesi gerektirmediğini düşünüyorum, ama senin ne demek istediğinden emin değilim. Okay, demand for oil is going to increase. Tamam, petrol talebi artacak.

Steve:    Right. Steve: Doğru.

Mark:    Are you worried that we're going to run out of oil? Марк: Вы беспокоитесь, что у нас закончится нефть? Are you worried that prices are going to become too high and that there will be riots because people can't afford to drive their cars anymore? ||||||||||||||||isyankarlar||||||||| ||||||||||||||||disturbios||||||||| I mean what's your point, basically? Steve:    My point is, simply, that the price of oil is going to go up very high so that we can get paid for our wood waste. I think that my truly altruistic and ecological… |||||selfless|| |||||altruist||ekolojik |||||||ecológica Gerçekten altruistik ve ekolojik olduğumu düşünüyorum...

Mark:    Well, you made a statement earlier about supply or demand outstripping supply. |||||||||||aşmak| ||||||||||demanda|superando| Марк: Ну, ранее вы сделали заявление о том, что предложение или спрос превышает предложение. Mark: Daha önce arzın veya talebin arzı aştığına dair bir açıklama yaptınız. But I guess once the prices become…if that, of course, demand exceeds supply prices will go up and people will find alternative energy sources. ||||||||||||exceeds|||||||||||| ||||||||||||aşarsa|||||||||||| Но я думаю, как только цены станут… если, конечно, спрос превысит предложение, цены вырастут, и люди найдут альтернативные источники энергии. Ama sanırım fiyatlar yükselmeye başladığında... eğer bu durumda talep arzı aşarsa fiyatlar yükselecek ve insanlar alternatif enerji kaynakları bulacaklar.

Steve:    I agree with you there.

Mark:    I mean I don't think it's anything we need to worry about, things will happen. Steve:    I agree with you there as well.

Mark:    We need that, actually, to encourage development of alternatives.

Steve:    Well, I mean I couldn't agree with you more. And I think, to some extent, one of the contributing factors to the economic crisis we're in right now is the $150 oil. Ve bence, şu anda içinde bulunduğumuz ekonomik krizin katkıda bulunan faktörlerinden biri 150 dolarlık petrol. However, we will get used to $150 a barrel oil because we used to have $5 a barrel oil. Ancak, 150 dolar olan petrol fiyatına alışacağız çünkü bir zamanlar 5 dolar olan petrol fiyatımız vardı.

Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    And if someone had suggested when we had $5 a barrel oil that the economy of the world would continue to function at $50 a barrel people wouldn't have believed them. ||||||||||barril||||||||||||||||||| Steve: Ve eğer $5 varil petrolü olduğumuzda birisi dünya ekonomisinin $50 varil petrol fiyatında çalışmaya devam edeceğini söyleseydi, insanlar buna inanmazdı. They'd say that would be a catastrophe and like half the people would be out of work, so I agree with you. ||||||catastrophe||||||||||||||| ||||||felaket||||||||||||||| Bunun bir felaket olacağını ve insanların yarısından fazlasının işsiz kalacağını söylerlerdi, bu yüzden seninle aynı fikirdeyim. And if we have $1,000 a barrel oil people will find different ways and get by with less energy, so I firmly believe, I agree with you, that people will adapt. Ve eğer $1,000 varil petrolümüz olursa, insanlar farklı yollar bulacak ve daha az enerjiyle idare edecekler, bu yüzden ben kesinlikle inanıyorum, seninle aynı fikirdeyim, insanların uyum sağlayacağına. Either they'll find different sources or they'll find ways of living that manage to do with less energy. Mark:    What bothers me are the artificial types of stimulus like carbon trading and carbon taxes… |||||||||uyarıcı|||||| Mark: Beni rahatsız eden, karbon ticareti ve karbon vergileri gibi yapay uyarıcı türleri…

Steve:    Well, this depends on… Steve: Bu, … bağlıdır.

Mark:    …and those kinds of things. Mark: …ve bu tür şeyler. I just don't think there's a way to apply them evenly. ||||||||||eşit şekilde ||||||||||uniformemente No creo que haya forma de aplicarlos uniformemente. Onları eşit bir şekilde uygulamanın bir yolunu düşünmüyorum. They're artificial and so they provide artificial stimulus and encourage economic activity in areas that maybe there shouldn't be economic activity. Onlar yapay ve bu nedenle yapay bir uyarı sağlarlar ve belki de ekonomik aktivite olmaması gereken alanlarda ekonomik aktiviteyi teşvik ederler. Steve:    Okay. Steve: Tamam.

But society is allowed to set certain…have certain values and if a majority of people…. For example, I've mentioned this before, in our forestry operation we have to invest $7 to $14 a cubic meter to renew the forest. |||||||our|||||||||||||| Örneğin, bunu daha önce de belirttim, ormancılık operasyonumuzda ormanı yenilemek için metreküp başına 7 ile 14 dolar yatırım yapmamız gerekiyor. We plant, we scarify, we do a whole bunch of stuff. |||escarificamos||||||| Biz ağaç dikiyoruz, toprak havalandırıyoruz, pek çok şey yapıyoruz. There is no economic return on that stuff because our trees take 90 to 100 years to grow. O işler için ekonomik bir geri dönüş yok çünkü ağaçlarımızın büyümesi 90 ile 100 yıl alıyor. First of all, I'm not going to be here and, second of all, if I took that $7 a cubic meter and put it in the bank I'd be better off than trying to guess what those trees are going to be worth 90 years from now. Öncelikle burada olmayacağım, ikinci olarak, o $7'yi bir metreküp olarak alıp bankaya koyarsam, 90 yıl sonra o ağaçların ne kadar edeceğini tahmin etmeye çalışmaktan daha iyi bir durumda olurum. Mark:    Right. Mark: Doğru.

Steve:    No economic case for it, except that the government says thou shalt reforest. ||||||||||||you shall|plant trees |||||||||||||ağaçlandırmak Стив: Экономического обоснования для этого нет, за исключением того, что правительство говорит, что ты должен восстановить леса. Steve: Bunun için ekonomik bir gerekçe yok, tek sebep hükümetin ormanları yeniden ağaçlandırmalısınız demesi.

Mark:    Right.

Steve:    Because we like to see trees and, therefore, we look upon it not as an investment that's going to be coming to maturity in 100 years, we look at it as a cost. ||||||||bu nedenle|||||||||||||||||||||||| Mark:    Right.

Steve:    And so if the government says we think, the majority of people decide and, yes, there are scientists on one side and on the other side of the argument. But if the government says we think that global warming is, you know, human-activity induced, global warming is a problem, (B) we are in a position to mitigate it and, therefore, we are going to force people to reduce their carbon emissions or encourage them to do so and one way is through these carbon credits. |||||||||||||||caused by humans|||||||||||||mitigate|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||indüklenmiş||||||||||||||||bu nedenle||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ama eğer hükümet derse ki biz global ısınmanın, biliyorsunuz, insan faaliyetleri ile kaynaklandığını düşünüyoruz, global ısınma bir problem, (B) biz bunu hafifletme pozisyonundayız ve bu yüzden insanları karbon emisyonlarını azaltmaya zorlayacağız ya da bunu yapmaları için teşvik edeceğiz ve bunun bir yolu bu karbon kredileri aracılığıyla. I mean that's a societal decision and then they can apply. ||||toplumsal|||||| Yani bu toplumsal bir karar ve sonra başvuruda bulunabilirler. They can say, alright, you are a coal-fired or a gas-fired generating station, you have to use X amount of biomass or renewables that's a law. ||||||||powered||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||yenilenebilir enerji||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||energías renovables||| Diyebilirler ki, tamam, siz bir kömürle çalışan ya da gazla çalışan bir enerji santralisiniz, X miktarında biyokütle ya da yenilenebilir enerji kullanmak zorundasınız, bu da bir yasadır. Yeah, they just put that in there.

Mark:    A law I prefer more than some kind of a trading system. Mark: Bir ticaret sisteminden daha çok tercih ettiğim bir yasa. Some kind of trading system is… |||trading|| Bir tür ticaret sistemi…

Steve:    Well it depends what's more effective, I have no idea. Steve: Eh, neyin daha etkili olduğuna bağlı, hiçbir fikrim yok. I don't understand this cap and trade, lots of stuff I don't understand. ||||cap|||||||| ||||şapka|||||||| Mark:    Yeah. I mean I don't thoroughly understand it either. But they have some deal in the States now where they were going to auction off licenses -- I can't even remember -- to major polluters. ||||||||||||||||lisansları|||||||kirleticilere ||||||||||||||subastar||licencias||||||| Pero ahora tienen un acuerdo en Estados Unidos por el que iban a subastar licencias -ni siquiera me acuerdo- a los grandes contaminadores. Ama şimdi Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde lisansları açık artırmaya çıkaracakları bir anlaşmaları var - bunu bile hatırlayamıyorum - büyük kirleticilere. And now they're giving them away free and it's all going to be based on which state you're in, I'm sure. Y ahora los dan gratis y todo dependerá del estado en el que te encuentres, seguro. Ve şimdi bunları bedava veriyorlar ve bunun tamamen hangi eyalette bulunduğunuza bağlı olacağını eminim. Pretty soon any kind of a system like that is no longer going to be fair. Pretty soon any kind of a system like that is no longer going to be fair.

Steve:    Is this brought to us by the same people who came up with all the derivatives and fancy financial instruments… ||||||||||||||||derivatives|||| ||||||||||||||||türevler||şık||

Mark:    Maybe, maybe.

Steve:    …clever people?

Mark:    I mean I think initially they were hoping to raise money from auctioning off these pollution licenses or whatever they are. |||||başlangıçta||||||||ihaleye çıkarma||||lisansları|||| |||||||||||||subastar||||||||

Steve:    And as with any other distortion of free trade it's going to be used for other purposes. |||||||||||||||||uses Steve: Ve serbest ticaretin diğer herhangi bir bozulmasında olduğu gibi, bu da başka amaçlar için kullanılacak. And the Americans are already saying that they were going to discriminate against products that come from countries where they don't feel that those countries are doing as much as the U.S. |||||||||||ayrımcılık yapmak||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||discriminar contra||||||||||||||||||||| Ve Amerikalılar zaten, ABD'nin yaptığı kadar fazla şey yapmadıklarını düşündükleri ülkelerden gelen ürünlere ayrımcılık yapacaklarını söylüyorlar. in terms of reducing their carbon emissions or whatever, so there's a whole protectionist thing that's going to come into the picture, too. ||||||||||||||||going|||||| |||||||||||||korumacı||||||||| |||||||||||||proteccionista||||||||| Karbon emisyonlarını azaltma veya başka bir konuda, dolayısıyla korumacı bir mesele de gündeme gelecek. M;    Well there's that and then, of course, this whole “Buy American” thing that's been in the news here lately. Steve:    Well that's a whole other issue, yeah. Mark:    They've said any money that's targeted for infrastructure from their stimulus package has to source all their contracts through American businesses. ||||||||altyapı|||teşvik||||temin etmek|||ihaleleri||| ||||||destinado|||||paquete de estímulo||||provenir de|||||| Марк: Они сказали, что любые деньги, предназначенные для инфраструктуры из их пакета мер стимулирования, должны поступать по всем их контрактам через американские предприятия. Mark: Altyapı için hedeflenen herhangi bir paranın, teşvik paketlerinden, tüm sözleşmelerini Amerikan işletmeleri aracılığıyla sağlaması gerektiğini söylediler. Steve:    But, but, there was an article in the National Post, the Canadian newspaper, pointing out that the Americans…there's several levels of public procurement, right? ||||||||||||||||||||||||ihale| ||||||||||||||||||||||||adquisición pública| Steve: Pero, pero, había un artículo en el National Post, el periódico canadiense, señalando que los estadounidenses... hay varios niveles de contratación pública, ¿verdad? Steve: Ama, ama, Kanada gazetesi National Post'ta Amerikalıların... kamu alımının birkaç seviyesinin olduğunu belirten bir makale vardı, değil mi? There's the federal, there's the state and there's the municipal. |||||||||belediye Federal var, eyalet var ve belediye var. Mark:    Right.

Steve:    And I think the federal level is open, it's more the state and municipal level where they have this “Buy American.”  Any country that has signed an agreement with the United States to open up the sort of secondary levels of public, you know, procurement to international competition, those countries are exempt from this provision. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||muaf|||provision ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||exentos de esto|||disposición normativa Because Canada for all of our chest thumping and criticizing the U.S., the provinces and the municipalities, especially the provinces, have refused. |||||||boasting||||||||||local governments||||| |||||||göğüs kabartma|||||||eyaletler|||belediyeler|||||reddetti |||||||golpe de pecho||||||||||municipios||||| We have to have free trade agreements between the provinces because there are restrictions on trade between the provinces… |||||||||||||kısıtlamalar|||||

Mark:    Right, right.

Steve:    …and we don't have free competition. In other words, provincial procurement in Canada favors buy Canadian. |||provincial|purchasing||||| |||eyalet||||tercih eder|| And because we wouldn't sign those agreements we are now behind the eight ball vis-à-vis the Americans. ||||||||||||||in relation to|to||| И поскольку мы не подписали эти соглашения, мы сейчас отстаем от американцев. And we're not the only ones; I mean all these different countries. Everybody points to the other country as a bad actor and, yet, if you look around in the European market, Canada or any of these places, Japan, you name it, China, Korea, I can only imagine, is full of all kinds of these obstacles. So the Americans aren't the only ones. Mark:    No, I'm sure, I'm sure. Well, I think we…

Steve:    …solved a few problems.

Mark:    …solved a few problems there. Hopefully that made things a little less clear for everybody.

Steve:    We should have arguments on these things, Mark. We end up agreeing too much, it's not so much fun for people. Mark:    I know.

Steve:    Okay.

Mark:    Anyway, we'll talk to you again next time. Steve:    Thank you.

Mark:    Bye.

Steve:    Bye.