Building a Marsbase is a Horrible Idea: Let’s do it! ||Marsbase||||||| ||火星基地||||||| Der Bau einer Marsbasis ist eine schreckliche Idee: Los geht's! Construir una Marsbase es una idea horrible: ¡Hagámoslo! Construire une base martienne est une idée horrible : faisons-le ! マーズベースを作るなんて、とんでもない：やってみよう！ 화성 기지 건설은 끔찍한 아이디어입니다: 해봅시다! Statyti marsaeigių bazę - siaubinga idėja: Padarykime tai! Budowa bazy marsjańskiej to okropny pomysł: Zróbmy to! Construir uma base de Marte é uma ideia horrível: Vamos a isso! Строительство марсобазы - ужасная идея: Давайте сделаем это! Bir Mars Üssü İnşa Etmek Korkunç Bir Fikir: Hadi yapalım! Будівництво Марсової бази - жахлива ідея: Давайте зробимо це! 建造火星基地是一个可怕的想法：让我们开始吧！ 建造火星基地是一個可怕的想法：讓我們開始吧！

From hostile deserts, to lonely islands and the highest mountains, ||deserti = deserts|||||||

wherever there is space to expand into humans do so. |||||||humans|| Partout où il y a de la place pour se développer, les humains le font.

So, it's hardly surprising that we're already making preparations |||surprising|||||preparations |||驚くべき||||| Il n'est donc pas surprenant que nous soyons déjà en train de nous préparer

to set foot on Mars, ||||Mars

and to create the first permanent colony outside of Earth --

maybe even terraform another planet and turn it into a second blue home. maybe||to transform (a planet) to make it habitable|||||||||| ||地球化|||||||||| Peut-être même terraformer une autre planète et en faire une seconde maison bleue.

But wait,

before we can get to the nice future stuff,

we first have to complete the second phase of colonization; nous devons d'abord achever la deuxième phase de la colonisation ;

creating a semi-permanent outpost ||||outpost ||||前哨基地

to prepare the ground for a larger human presence. ||||||||presence

But doing so will be gruesome. Aber das wird grausam sein. Mais cela sera horrible.

Even for an expansionist species like us, Mars is extreme. |||expansionist|||||| ||||種||||| Même pour une espèce expansionniste comme la nôtre, Mars est un cas extrême.

At first glance, Mars seems familiar -- ||glance||| ||一見|||

polar ice caps, large valleys, polar||caps|| ||氷冠||

liquid water under its surface,

and a day barely longer than Earth's.

The ideal place for us to go.

Unfortunately, Mars is actually a cold, radioactive desert

where the ground is poisonous and breathing is impossible. ||||poisonous|||| où le sol est empoisonné et où il est impossible de respirer.

Mars is awful.

You almost certainly don't want to go there. |almost||||||

The pioneers doing the hard work on Mars will have an intensely stressful life, |pionieri|||||||||||stressful = causing stress| |開拓者||||||||||||

filled with incredibly challenging problems |||difficili|

never encountered before.

But there are plenty of people willing to do that work

and we have the technology to enable them to do it.

For this video, we will assume there have been prior missions to Mars

to scout out a good place for an outpost, |偵察する||||||| pour repérer un endroit propice à l'installation d'un avant-poste,

store resources and equipment,

and that there's already a moon base

that serves as a hub for Mars missions. qui sert de plaque tournante pour les missions martiennes.

The first major challenge for our outpost,

is the fact that Mars is very energy poor.

Because of its distance from the Sun,

solar power is only 40% as effective as on Earth.

But even this weakened sunlight is often obscured for days |||||||遮られた||

by enormous dust storms.

Solar power alone will probably not be enough.

Alternatives, such as wind power, and geothermal energy are also unfeasible ||||||地熱エネルギー|||| Les autres solutions, telles que l'énergie éolienne et l'énergie géothermique, sont également irréalisables.

as there's hardly any atmosphere and Mars' interior is much too cold. |||||||内部|||| car il n'y a pratiquement pas d'atmosphère et l'intérieur de Mars est beaucoup trop froid.

Initially, nuclear technology might be the only option.

Since Mars doesn't have easily accessible radioactive elements, |||||利用可能|| Mars n'a pas d'éléments radioactifs facilement accessibles,

the nuclear fuel needs to come from Earth along with the reactor. |||||||||||原子炉

If we do set it up, it could power our small outpost for the first few years. Si nous l'installons, elle pourrait alimenter notre petit avant-poste pendant les premières années.

Unfortunately, all that energy won't be very useful if we can't breathe.

Mars' atmosphere is only 1% as dense as Earth's,

and mostly made up of CO2.

So, now habitats need to be pressurized and filled with an artificial atmosphere ||生息地||||||||||

made of nitrogen and oxygen --

Which comes with more problems.

Corners and flat walls are weak points コーナー|||||| Les angles et les murs plats sont des points faibles

so the habitats will have rounded and smooth shapes |||||丸い||| les habitats auront donc des formes arrondies et lisses

to handle the stress of great pressure differences between the interior and exterior. ||||||||||||外部

The airlocks need to be very airtight and work perfectly every time. |エアロック|||||||||| Les sas doivent être très étanches et fonctionner parfaitement à chaque fois.

Without an extensive magnetosphere, or a dense atmosphere, Sans magnétosphère étendue, ni atmosphère dense,

half of all radiation coming from space reaches the ground.

A person on the surface would be subjected to 50 times the radiation that they would be on Earth. |||||||さらされる||||||||||

Three years on the surface of Mars exceeds the radiation dose limits ||||||||||量|

imposed on NASA astronauts for their entire career.

This increases cancer risks significantly.

To prevent that, we could shield our habitats with a thick layer of frozen CO2, |||||遮蔽する||||||||| Pour éviter cela, nous pourrions protéger nos habitats avec une épaisse couche de CO2 gelé,

that can be harvested directly from the atmosphere. |||収穫された|||| qui peuvent être récoltés directement dans l'atmosphère.

Covering the dry ice with a meter of dirt, would further increase the level of protection. Recouvrir la glace sèche d'un mètre de terre augmenterait encore le niveau de protection.

Sadly, this means almost no windows.

From the inside, most living spaces will be windowless tunnels.

From the outside, they'll look like burial mounds. ||||||埋葬| De l'extérieur, ils ressembleront à des tumulus.

All of this would still not hold back all the radiation,

but reduce it just enough to be survivable for long periods of time. |||||||生存可能な|||||

It won't, however, protect anyone who ventures outside. ||||||冒険する|

So, remote-controlled robots will be used for routine work on the surface,

while our crew stays inside.

Staying inside is a good idea for another reason: Rester à l'intérieur est une bonne idée pour une autre raison :

Mars dust.

It's much finer than dust on Earth,

so it could find its way into the gears or electronics of our machines.

Because it's also very dry, it's electro-statically charged; ||||||静電気的に|| Comme il est également très sec, il est chargé d'électricité statique ;

sticking to everything, like spacesuits. collent à tout, comme les combinaisons spatiales.

It will be impossible to avoid carrying lots of Mars dust into our habitat, |||||||||||||生息地

and into the lungs of our crew.

To make this even worse, Mars' soil is filled with very toxic perchlorate salts. ||||||||||||過塩素酸塩| Pour ne rien arranger, le sol de Mars est rempli de sels de perchlorate très toxiques.

Constant exposure could be deadly.

This problem can still be overcome though. Ce problème peut néanmoins être surmonté.

Space suits, for example, could be made in a way that they never truly enter the base, Les combinaisons spatiales, par exemple, pourraient être fabriquées de telle sorte qu'elles n'entrent jamais vraiment dans la base,

but stay attached to the outside of the habitats.

Okay, great.

Now we've safely isolated humans in terms of energy and air,

and protected them from cancer, we just need to feed them.

Water is easy to come by if a settlement is positioned near the Martian poles |||||||||||||火星の| L'eau est facile à trouver si une colonie est positionnée près des pôles martiens.

with their thick layers of ice.

Growing food is a different kind of challenge though.

Mars' soils are alkaline |土壌||

and lack the vital nitrogen compounds that plants need to grow. |||||化合物|||||

Before we can grow anything, we will have to decontaminate the soil |||||||||除染する||

which is difficult and expensive.

Then, the soil can be fertilized using recycled biological waste. |||||肥料を施された|||| Le sol peut ensuite être fertilisé à l'aide de déchets biologiques recyclés. 然后，可以利用回收的生物废物来给土壤施肥。

All of this will take a lot of time, and is very energy-intensive.

So, we might use aquaponics to raise fish and plants together -- ||||アクアポニクス|||||| Dus we kunnen aquaponics gebruiken om samen vissen en planten te kweken -

Making the astronauts' diets more varied and tasty at the same time.

This will be an important psychological boost for our overworked crew. |||||||||過労の| Il s'agira d'un soutien psychologique important pour notre équipe surchargée de travail. 这对我们超负荷工作的工作人员来说将是一个重要的心理鼓励。

All of these things don't solve one fundamental problem though:

Mars has only 38 percent of Earth's surface gravity,

which could cause muscle-wasting, bone loss, and cardiovascular problems.

While this might be solved in the future by setting up rotating living spaces, |||||||||||回転する|| 虽然这个问题将来可能会通过建立旋转居住空间来解决，

for now, our crew has to live with low gravity

and exercise a lot to slow the degradation down. |||||||劣化| 并多做运动来减缓退化。

The crews will probably have to rotate every few years, |クルー|||||||| 机组人员可能每隔几年就得轮换一次，

after being stuck indoors in tight spaces without windows. |||屋内|||||

With the same people, performing the same routines day-in day-out

with little contact from the outside world,

and a lot to worry about.

Like Antarctic scientists or submarine staff, ||||潜水艦|

they will undergo intense psychological screening ||受ける||| ils seront soumis à un examen psychologique approfondi

to make sure they're mentally resilient enough to handle this lifestyle for several years.

Establishing the first real infrastructure on Mars will be extremely taxing work La mise en place de la première véritable infrastructure sur Mars sera un travail extrêmement exigeant Het opzetten van de eerste echte infrastructuur op Mars zal zeer belastend werk zijn

that only a group of very determined, and competent, people can do. ||||||||有能な|||

Luckily, we have enough of these on Earth.

And there you have it!

A small Mars base that will survive for at least a few decades --

as long as it's getting a constant supply of resources,

parts, nuclear fuel, and crews from Earth.

Unfortunately, Mars and Earth are separated by millions of kilometers

and orbital periods that leave only a narrow travel window every two years. et des périodes orbitales qui ne laissent qu'une étroite fenêtre de voyage tous les deux ans.

If there's an emergency in the colony,

Earth wouldn't be able to help until the next travel window opens.

Helpers may arrive on a planet filled with corpses. ||||||||死体 Les aides peuvent arriver sur une planète remplie de cadavres. 救援者可能会抵达一个充满尸体的星球。

Settling Mars will be the toughest challenge we have ever faced. |||||最も困難な|||||

It will be gruesome work to establish the infrastructure we need.

But we're stubborn, and we like extreme challenges.

If we push through Phase Two of colonization, anything is possible. Si nous passons la phase 2 de la colonisation, tout est possible.

Cities illuminating the dark Martian night, |照らす||||

a hub for travel between the planets,

industries setting foot in orbit

terraforming a true multi-planetary future. テラフォーミング|||||

Going to Mars is hard but worth it.

And if we're lucky, we might be around long enough to see it happening

and cheer on the people who take on these challenges

for the benefit of us all.

Figuring out complex stuff is one of the best feelings ever. Komplexe Dinge zu verstehen ist eines der besten Gefühle überhaupt. Comprendre des choses complexes est l'une des meilleures sensations qui soient. 複雑なことを理解するのは、最高の気持ちの一つです。

Especially if you don't have to do it all by yourself. Surtout si vous n'avez pas à le faire tout seul. 特に、自分一人で全てをやらなくて済むなら。

Our friends from Brilliant can help you out with that part! Nos amis de Brilliant peuvent vous aider à cet égard ! Brilliantの友達がその部分を手伝ってくれます！

Brilliant is a problem-solving website with a hands-on approach. Brilliant est un site web de résolution de problèmes avec une approche pratique.

Instead of just dropping tricky concepts in front of you, ||||難解な||||| Anstatt Ihnen einfach knifflige Konzepte vorzulegen, Au lieu de se contenter de vous présenter des concepts délicats,

they help you unravel them bit-by-bit and build up to an interesting conclusion. |||解明する|||||||||||

This way, science becomes something you actually do actively, and not only hear about. De cette manière, la science devient quelque chose que l'on fait activement, et pas seulement dont on entend parler.

With Brilliant, you can bear down Mit Brilliant können Sie sich durchsetzen Brilliantを使えば、

on dozens of interesting courses and puzzles about topics, auf Dutzenden von interessanten Kursen und Rätseln über Themen, 太陽エネルギーや重力、天文学などのトピックに関する

like solar energy, gravity, and astronomy. 興味深いコースやパズルを数多く楽しむことができます。

If you visit brilliant.org/nutshell, or click the link in the description,

you can sign up for free and learn all kinds of things. vous pouvez vous inscrire gratuitement et apprendre toutes sortes de choses.

And, as a bonus for Kurzgesagt viewers,

the first 688 people will also get 20% off their annual membership!

With Brilliant, you finish your day a little bit smarter.

And, no Mars dust to deal with. De plus, il n'y a pas de poussière de Mars à traiter. そして、火星のほこりを扱う必要がない。

We promise! 私たちは約束します！ 我们保证！

Can't get enough of Mars? Vous ne vous lassez pas de Mars ? 火星がたまらないですか？

We've also made a poster about it.

You can learn some more about the hardships of Mars colonization, |||||||困難|||

or just look at the pretty colors.

Go get it here!