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Crash Course Philisophy 17-46, Family Obligations: Crash Course Philosophy #43

Family Obligations: Crash Course Philosophy #43

For most of you, your parents brought you into this world.

They also fed you, and changed your diapers, and wiped your tears.

They raised you.

Yet, according to contemporary American philosopher Jane English, once you're grown, you don't owe your parents anything.

Not a single thing.

Now, this might sound a little selfish. A little ungrateful. A little mean.

But let's hear her out.

Because, you've learned by now that many of your default attitudes – the attitudes that you think you have about other beings, and your relationships to them – have a hard time standing up to philosophical scrutiny.

So let's scrutinize one of the most important relationships you have in your life –

the one that you've had the longest, and probably the most intimate one you'll ever have.

Let's talk about your folks.

[Theme Music]

There are three basic views about the obligations you have to your parents.

One is the unconditional view.

This is the view that, simply by virtue of being your parent, that person is entitled to certain things from you – at a bare minimum, your presence and attention in their lives – until one of you dies.

By contrast, the conditional view says that you owe your parents based on what they gave you.

So, really terrible parents might not deserve anything from their grown children, but good parents deserve quite a lot.

So your level of obligation is based on the amount of benefit that you received growing up.

And finally there's English's view, known as the friendship view.

This says that you don't actually owe your parents anything once you've grown, regardless of how much you benefited from their parenting.

Many of us take it as basic that we owe our parents a lot – what with all of the feeding and nurturing and driving to soccer games and acting like they enjoyed our macaroni art.

But English makes a couple of observations about this assumption.

First, she says, if anything it's the parents who owe their kids.

After all, if you choose to have a child, you incur a huge responsibility to raise that child, or to give it away to someone who will.

So it's basically a contractarian relationship.

If you agree to do something, then you have a duty to see it through, or to extract yourself from the contract.

And that is the line of reasoning that leads English to conclude that grown kids don't owe their parents back.

Because none of us chose to be born.

And you can't have an obligation if you didn't do something to incur that obligation.

Now, you might be thinking, fine, if you want to think of family relationships in terms of contracts, then isn't there still an implicit contract between child and parent?

If you've reaped the benefits of being raised by good, loving parents, doesn't it mean that you've implicitly accepted the contract, and have therefore incurred obligations?

The problem with that is, children can't really enter into moral contracts.

If, as an adult, you enter into an agreement with your parents – like, you can live at home for free as long as you maintain your grades in college – then you've got yourself a contract.

But any benefits incurred while growing up don't count, because, back when the relationship started, you were just a baby, and you didn't have the rational capacity to be held to a moral contract.

And what's more, your parents didn't provide for you with the expectation of a payout.

They had you – or they kept you or adopted you – because they wanted you, and they gave to you because they wanted to.

Good parents give unconditionally.

So no matter how much you receive from them, you simply don't incur debt, because that's not how family works.

Now, to be clear, English isn't giving us a pass to freeload off our parents.

She thinks that, if you have a good relationship with your parents, you'll probably want to help them out when you can, but that's not an obligation.

Instead, she says, the appropriate model is friendship.

Friends don't keep score – they help each other out of love.

And in loving relationships, no one's keeping a hidden tally of who helped last and who's due to help next.

You don't have to keep score; you give simply because you want to, out of love.

So English argues that, once you're an adult, your relationship with your parents should model that of friendship.

And the thing about friends is, if the love isn't there, the friendship dissolves.

You have no underlying obligation to remain friends with someone.

And likewise, if you had bad parents, or if you simply don't care about them once you're an adult, you have no obligation to give them anything – including your time.

You didn't incur a debt by being raised, she says, so just like with friendship, you can choose not to maintain a relationship with your parents.

It's up to you.

Now, this attitude might seem scandalous to some people.

I mean, isn't blood thicker than water?

Well, many philosophers challenge the idea that you have special obligations to someone just because you share some genetic material with them.

By that logic, a person who was adopted at birth would have obligations to biological relatives that they've never met – and they wouldn't have any obligations to the family that raised them.

And I think most of us can agree that that doesn't make any sense.

We tend to think of adopted families as being no less familial than biological families.

So if you think families are built through love and not blood, then it follows that families lacking in love can't make moral demands on its members, because they simply don't have the standing.

While we're talking about parents here, let's stop by the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.

Before you're trusted to do something that has the potential to cause harm, you have to demonstrate that you can handle it.

In most societies, this is done through licensing.

Driver's licenses, hunting licenses, wedding licenses – heck, barbers even need to be certified before they can cut your hair!

So, contemporary American philosopher Hugh LaFollette thinks that there's another group of people who should be licensed – parents.

That's right, LaFollette thinks potential parents should be required to apply for and obtain a license before being permitted to reproduce.

This sounds kind of ridiculous, right?

But think about it.

Most activities that require competence to do well, and that can cause harm if done badly, are regulated by society.

There's no question that parenting isn't easy, and you can really mess up a kid if you do it badly.

But right now, we wait until a parent has abused or neglected a child before the state intervenes.

So, LaFollette asks, wouldn't it be better if we took preventative measures instead?

After all, adoptive parents undergo heavy scrutiny before they get to have kids.

So, just like driving a car, in LaFollette's plan, you'd have to pass a test before you could get a parenting license.

There'd be classes for those who need it, and you can always reapply.

But if you can't demonstrate a basic ability to raise a child, then you just don't get to have one.

What do you think?

Would society be better or worse if you needed a license to raise children?

Does everyone have the right to be a parent?

Or should you have to demonstrate that you're up to the task before you're allowed to bring a new human being into the world?

Thanks, Thought Bubble!

Now, here's yet another perspective on the philosophy of family obligations.

Contemporary American philosopher Claudia Mills argues that there's something truly special about what you have with your family.

Your family members are the only people in your life that are permanent and unchosen, she says, and because of that, there's value in maintaining a connection with them.

Mills points out that we live in a world where we're constantly changing.

Most of us will have many different jobs, and live in lots of different places, and go through a great many friends, maybe even a couple of spouses.

But there will come a time when there are very few people left in your life who have known you since the beginning.

Mills thinks that your family allows you to stay connected to the person you once were, before all those changes happened.

And, even if you aren't really that person anymore, that connection can be grounding, and valuable.

So go ahead, call your brother on his birthday!

Remind him of the time he tried to dry his socks in a frying pan!

In addition to getting a good laugh out of it, your brother might appreciate re-connecting with his roots.

Now, you might have noticed that this is the first time our discussion of ethics has focused on personal, individual connections – on feelings of love, rather than on impartiality.

This is characteristic of a school of moral thought known as the ethics of care.

Contrary to most of the theories we've studied, this view says that morality demands that we pay attention to the special relationships we have in our lives.

The ethics of care says that morality goes wrong when we emphasize impartiality, because it's our most caring relationships that make our lives worthwhile.

And we want our friends and family to care more for us than they do for strangers, right?

So ethicists of care often reason that, even though we might have a general love for humanity itself,

you just can't beat the unconditional, I-would-literally-die-for-you love that we only have for the people we know best, the ones with whom we share an intimacy that we simply can't feel with strangers.

What could the harm be in that?

Well, many ethicists worry that showing preference for the people you happen to like opens up the door for prejudice.

Because it's easy to be kind to people you like – you don't need morality to tell you that.

The hard part is being kind to people you don't like, or who are different from you, or who you simply don't know or understand very well.

It would be great if everyone had a support network of people who love them, so we'd just all take care of our own loved ones, and life would be perfect.

But the problem is, there are a lot of people who aren't lucky enough to have support networks of care.

And there are others who have people who care about them, but their loved ones lack the resources to actually provide for them.

If we rely on ethics of care, it looks like those people will get neglected.

So we're going to talk about this next time, when we discuss poverty, and the moral obligations we have to strangers in need.

But today we talked about moral obligations to family.

We considered the possibility of licensing parents, and we talked about the ethics of care, and some potential problems that type of approach to morality carries with it.

Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.

You can head over to their channel and check out a playlist of the latest episodes from shows like:

Coma Niddy, Deep Look, and Gross Science.

This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio

with the help of all of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe.

Family Obligations: Crash Course Philosophy #43 Obligaciones familiares: Curso acelerado de filosofía nº 43 Obowiązki rodzinne: Crash Course Philosophy #43 Obrigações familiares: Curso Rápido de Filosofia #43 Семейные обязанности: Краткий курс философии №43 Aile Yükümlülükleri: Crash Course Philosophy #43 家庭义务:速成课程哲学#43

For most of you, your parents brought you into this world. لأكثركم، أباؤكم هم الذين أحضروكم إلى هذا العالم Para a maioria de vocês, seus pais te trouxeram a este mundo. Большинство из вас появилось на свет благодаря родителям.

They also fed you, and changed your diapers, and wiped your tears. هم أيضًا أطعموكم ، غيرا حفائظكم ، و مسحوا دمعكم . Além disso, eles te alimentaram e trocaram suas fraudas, e limparam suas lágrimas. Они также кормили вас, меняли вам подгузники и вытирали вам слёзы.

They raised you. هم ربواكم . Eles te criaram. Они вырастили вас.

Yet, according to contemporary American philosopher Jane English, once you're grown, you don't owe your parents anything. و مع ذلك ، وفقا للفيلسوفة الأمريكية المعاصرة جِيْن إنغليش : ما إن تبلغوا ، فأنتم لا تدينون لهما بأي شيء . Ainda que eles tenham feito tudo isso, de acordo com a filósofa estadunidense Jane English, uma vez que você atinja a idade adulta, você não deve coisa alguma a seus pais. И всё же, согласно современному американскому философу Джейн Инглиш, как только вы выросли, вы ничего не должны своим родителям.

Not a single thing. ولا أي شئ . Nada mesmo. Вообще ничего.

Now, this might sound a little selfish. A little ungrateful. A little mean. الآن ، قد يبدو هذا قليل من الأنانية ، قليل من ال لا امتنان ، قليل من الشر . Isso pode soar um pouco egoísta. Um pouco ingrato. Um pouco "malvado". Так, это может звучать немного эгоистично. Немного неблагодарно. Немного подло.

But let's hear her out. لكن فلنصغ لكل ما ستقوله . Mas vamos ouvi-la (filósofa Jane English) Но давайте выслушаем её.

Because, you've learned by now that many of your default attitudes – the attitudes that you think you have about other beings, and your relationships to them – have a hard time standing up to philosophical scrutiny. لأنه ، كنتم قد تعلمتم إلى الآن أن كثيرا من المواقف الطبيعية - المواقف التي تظنون بها عن الاشخاص الأخرين و علاقتكم معهم - ستواجه وقتا عصيبا لتصمد للفحص الفلسفي . Porque você já deve ter aprendido a essa altura da sua vida que é difícil submeter muitas das suas atitudes - atitudes que você acha ter com outros seres, e nos relacionamentos com eles - a um enfoque filosófico. Поскольку вы выучили к этому времени, что многие из ваших первоначальных установок (что вы думаете по поводу других и о ваших отношениях с ними) трудно выстаивают перед философским разбором.

So let's scrutinize one of the most important relationships you have in your life – لذا ، لنفحص واحدة من أهم هذه العلاقات في حياتك Então vamos examinar uma das mais importantes relações que você tem na sua vida. Так давайте разберём одни из самых важных отношений в вашей жизни —

the one that you've had the longest, and probably the most intimate one you'll ever have. العلاقة الأطول و ربما الأكثر حميمية إطلاقا لك . aquela que você teve durante mais tempo, e provavelmente a mais íntima que você terá na vida. самые долгие и, возможно, самые близкие, которые у вас когда-либо будут.

Let's talk about your folks. فلنتحدث عن عائلتك . Vamos falar sobre seus pais. Давайте поговорим о ваших предках.

[Theme Music] [ اللحن الرئيسي ]

There are three basic views about the obligations you have to your parents. هنا ثلاثة نظرات رئيسية عن الإلتزامات عليك لوالديك . Existem três pontos de vista básicos sobre as obrigações que você tem para com seus pais. Существуют три основных взгляда на ваши обязательства перед родителями.

One is the unconditional view. إحداها النظرة اللا شرطية . O primeiro é o da obrigação "incondicional" Первый — это необусловленный взгляд.

This is the view that, simply by virtue of being your parent, that person is entitled to certain things from you – at a bare minimum, your presence and attention in their lives – until one of you dies. هذه النظرة التي هي ، ببساطة بفضيلة كونهما والديك ( ذلك الشخص مُخوَّل لأشياء محددة منك ) - على أقل حد ، حضورك و انتباهك في حياتهما حتى إحداكما يموت . De acordo com esse ponto de vista, simplesmente pelo fato de ser seu pai ou mãe, aquela pessoa tem direito de receber certas coisas de você - no mínimo, sua presença e atenção na vida deles - até que algum de vocês morram. Согласно этому взгляду, просто в силу того, что он(а) ваш родитель, человек имеет право на определённые вещи с вашей стороны (по абсолютному минимуму, на ваше присутствие и внимание к их жизни), пока один из вас не умрёт.

By contrast, the conditional view says that you owe your parents based on what they gave you. في المقابل ، النظرة الشرطية تقول أنك تدين لوالديك بقدر ما أعطياك . Por outro lado, o ponto de vista da obrigação "condicional" define que o que você deve aos seus pais baseia-se no que eles te ofereceram. В противоположность этому, обусловленный взгляд говорит, что то, что вы должны вашим родителям, основано на том, что они вам дали.

So, really terrible parents might not deserve anything from their grown children, but good parents deserve quite a lot. إذًا ، والدان سيئان حقا قد لا يستحقا أي شيء من أولادهما البالغين ، لكن الوالدين الجيدين يستحقان الكثير . Então, pais realmente terríveis acabam não merecendo coisa alguma de seus filhos adultos, enquanto bons pais merecem bastante. Так, действительно ужасные родители могут не заслужить ничего от своих выросших детей, но хорошие родители заслуживают многого.

So your level of obligation is based on the amount of benefit that you received growing up. إذا مستوى إلتزامك يزيد بناء على مقدار المنفعة المتحصلة . Então o nível das suas obrigações para com seus pais é baseado no total de benefícios que eles te ofereceram durante seu crescimento. Итак, уровень обязательств основан на объёме того, что вы получали до того, как стали взрослым.

And finally there's English's view, known as the friendship view. و أخيرا نظرة السيدة إنغليش ، المعروفة بنظرة الصداقة . Finalmente, temos o ponto de vista da Jane English, também conhecido como o ponto de vista da "amizade". И наконец взгляд Инглиш, известный как взгляд дружбы.

This says that you don't actually owe your parents anything once you've grown, regardless of how much you benefited from their parenting. هذه النظرة تقول أنك لا تدين حقا لوالديك بأي شيء متى ما بلغت مهما كانت المنفعة من أُبُوَّتِهِمَا . Essa teoria afirma que na verdade você não deve nada a seus pais uma vez que você atinja a idade adulta, independentemente de quantos benefícios você obteve por ser filho deles. Он говорит, что вы на самом деле ничего не должны вашим родителям, когда выросли, вне зависимости от того, сколько вы получили от них.

Many of us take it as basic that we owe our parents a lot – what with all of the feeding and nurturing and driving to soccer games and acting like they enjoyed our macaroni art. الكثيرون منا يأخذونها كأساس أننا ندين لوالدينا الكثير - لكل الإطعام و التغذية و الإيصال إلى مباريات كرة القدم و التمثيل بانهما معجبان بفننا بالمعكرونة . Muitos de nós tomamos como natural o fato de que devemos bastante aos nossos pais - afinal, eles nos alimentaram, nutriram, levaram-nos aos nossos jogos de futebol e fingiram que gostavam das carinhas que fazíamos com a comida. Многие из нас принимают как данность, что мы много должны нашим родителям — за то, что кормили нас, воспитывали, возили на футбол и делали вид, что им нравятся наши поделки из макарон.

But English makes a couple of observations about this assumption. لكن إنغليش لديها العديد من الملاحظات حول هذه الافتراضات . Mas Jane English faz algumas observações sobre essa nossa "assunção natural". Но Инглиш делает несколько замечаний по поводу этого предположения.

First, she says, if anything it's the parents who owe their kids. أولها ، هي تقول : إذا كان يوجد شخص يدين فهما الوالدان الذان يدينان لاولادهما Primeiro, ela diz: se há qualquer dívida são os país que devem aos seus filhos. Во-первых, говорит она, это родители должны своим детям.

After all, if you choose to have a child, you incur a huge responsibility to raise that child, or to give it away to someone who will. فبعد كل شيء ، إذا قررت أن تحصل على ابن ، فقد استجلبت مسؤولية كبيرة لتنشئة هذا الولد أو ستتخلى عنها لأحدهم الذي سيؤديها . Até porque, se você escolhe ter uma criança, você assume uma grande responsabilidade de criá-la, ou de entregá-la para alguém que deseje criá-la. В конце концов, если вы решаете завести ребёнка, вы несёте огромную ответственность за воспитание этого ребёнка или за то, чтобы отдать его тому, кто воспитает.

So it's basically a contractarian relationship. لذا ببساطة إنها علاقة تعاقدية . Então, é basicamente uma relação contratual. Итак, по сути, это договорные отношения.

If you agree to do something, then you have a duty to see it through, or to extract yourself from the contract. فإذا وافقت لتفعل شيئا ما ، إذا واجبك أن تؤديه لنهايته أو أن تخرج نفسك من العقد . Se você concorda em fazer algo, então você tem o dever de ir até o fim, ou então desistir do contrato. Если вы соглашаетесь сделать что-то, то у вас есть обязанность довести это до конца или изъять себя из договора.

And that is the line of reasoning that leads English to conclude that grown kids don't owe their parents back. وهذا خط المنطق الذي قاد إنغليش لتستنتج أن الأولاد البالغين لا يدينون بالمقابل لأبويهم . E essa é a linha de pensamento que nos leva à conclusão de Jane English de que "filhos em idade adulta não devem nada de volta a seus pais". И эта цепь рассуждений приводит Инглиш к выводу, что выросшие дети не должны возвращать долг родителям.

Because none of us chose to be born. لأن لا أحد منا اختار أن يولد . Porque nenhum de nós optou por nascer. Потому что никто из нас не выбирал рождаться.

And you can't have an obligation if you didn't do something to incur that obligation. و أنت لا يمكن أن تملك التزاما إذا لم تستجلبه لنفسك . Assim, você não pode assumir uma obrigação se você não a assumiu. И вы не можете иметь обязательств, если вы не делали чего-то, что налагает на вас обязательства.

Now, you might be thinking, fine, if you want to think of family relationships in terms of contracts, then isn't there still an implicit contract between child and parent? الآن ، ربما ستفكر : حسنا ، إذا أردت أن تفكر في علاقات عائلية بشروط العقود ، إذن هل هناك عقد ضمني بين الابن و الوالدين ؟ Agora você deve estar pensando: - Tudo bem, se você quer pensar as relações familiares em termos contratuais, então não existe algum tipo de "contrato implícito" entre pais e filhos? Теперь вы можете подумать: хорошо, если вы хотите рассуждать о семейных отношениях понятиями договора, нет ли всё равно подразумеваемого договора между ребёнком и родителем?

If you've reaped the benefits of being raised by good, loving parents, doesn't it mean that you've implicitly accepted the contract, and have therefore incurred obligations? فإذا مزقت منفعة التربية بوالدين جيدين محبين ، ألا يعني هذا أنك قد قبلت ضمنيا العقد ، و بهذا استجلبت الالتزام ؟ Se você desfrutou dos benefícios de ser criado por pais bondosos e amorosos, não significa que você implicitamente aceitou o contrato, e portanto as obrigações dele decorrentes? Если вы пожали плоды от воспитания хорошими, любящими родителями, не значит ли что, что вы молчаливо приняли условия договора и, таким образом, несёте обязательств?

The problem with that is, children can't really enter into moral contracts. المشكلة مع هذا هو ، أن الأطفال لا يستطيعون حقا الدخول في أي عقود أخلاقية . O problema desse pensamento é que bebês e crianças realmente não podem firmar contratos morais. Проблема здесь в том, что дети на самом деле не могут заключать моральные договоры.

If, as an adult, you enter into an agreement with your parents – like, you can live at home for free as long as you maintain your grades in college – then you've got yourself a contract. إذَا ، كبالغ ، دخلت في جدال مع والديك - مثال أن تستطيع العيش في المنزل مجَّانًا طالما أنت تحافظ على معدلك الدراسي مرتفعا في الجامعة - إذًا بهذا تحصلت على عقد . Se, enquanto adulto, você entra em uma cordo com seus pais - do tipo, você pode viver na nossa casa enquanto você mantiver suas boas notas na faculdade - então você está diante de um contrato. Если, будучи взрослым, вы подписываете соглашение со своими родителями (например, вы можете жить дома бесплатно, пока у вас хорошие оценки в универе), то вы находитесь в договорных отношениях.

But any benefits incurred while growing up don't count, because, back when the relationship started, you were just a baby, and you didn't have the rational capacity to be held to a moral contract. لكن أي منفعة استُجْلِبت قبل البلوغ غير معتبرة ، لأنه ، سابقا عندما بدأت العلاقة كنت طفلًا ، و لا تملك القابلية المنطقية لتُحمَّل عقدا أخلاقيا . Mas qualquer benefício adquirido, durante o crescimento, por uma criança não pode ser considerado, porque, no início da relação familiar, você era apenas um bebê, e por isso não tinha a capacidade racional de assumir um contrato moral. Но выгоды, приобретённые до момента взросления, не считаются, потому что, когда отношения начались, вы ещё были ребёнком и у вас не было рациональной способности выполнять условия морального договора.

And what's more, your parents didn't provide for you with the expectation of a payout. و أكثر من ذلك ، أن والديك لم يشترطا عليك التوَقُّعَ أن ترد لهما الجميل . E ainda mais, seus pais não te ofereceram as coisas com a expectativa de que você quitasse essa dívida algum dia. И что более важно, ваши родители не снабдили вас ожиданием выплаты.

They had you – or they kept you or adopted you – because they wanted you, and they gave to you because they wanted to. أنجباك - أو أبقياك أو تبنياك - لأنهما أراداك ، و أعطياك لأنهما أرادا . Eles te trouxeram à vida - ou assumiram sua guarda ou te adotaram - porque eles desejaram, e eles te ofereceram coisas porque eles queriam (ou eram obrigados pela lei). Они завели вас (или оставили вас, или усыновили/удочерили вас), потому что они так захотели, и они заботились о вас, потому что они так хотели.

Good parents give unconditionally. فالوالدان الجيدان يعطيان بلا اشتراط . Bons pais oferecem tudo aos filhos de forma incondicional. Хорошие родители заботятся без условий.

So no matter how much you receive from them, you simply don't incur debt, because that's not how family works. لذا مهما كان المقدار الذي تتحصل عليه منهما ، أنت لست مستجلبٌ الدينَ لنفسك ، لأن ليس هكذا تكون العائلة . Então, não importa o quanto você recebeu deles, você simplesmente não gerou débito, porque não é assim que o relacionamento familiar funciona. Итак, неважно, сколько вы получили от родителей, вы просто не несёте долг, потому что семья так не работает.

Now, to be clear, English isn't giving us a pass to freeload off our parents. الآن ، لنكون واضحين ، إنغليش لم تعطِنا سماحًا لاستغلال والدينا . Agora, para ser claro, Jane English não nos está dando uma autorização para abusarmos da generosidade de nossos pais. Теперь, для ясности, Инглиш не даёт нам индульгенцию, чтобы нахлебничать на наших родителях.

She thinks that, if you have a good relationship with your parents, you'll probably want to help them out when you can, but that's not an obligation. هي تتوقع أنه ، إذا علاقتك جيدة مع والديك ، فعلى الأغلب ستريد معاونتهم بشكل مُرْضٍ متى استطعت ، لكن دون أن يكون هذا التزاما . Ela pensa que, se você tem uma boa relação com seus pais, você provavelmente desejará ajudá-los quando você puder, mas não por obrigação. Она полагает, что если у вас хорошие отношения с вашими родителями, вы, наверно, сами захотите помогать им, когда можете, но это не обязанность.

Instead, she says, the appropriate model is friendship. بدلًا من ذلك ، هي تقول : الصداقة هي الأنموذج الملائم . Ao invés de obrigação, Jane diz, o modelo apropriado é a amizade. Напротив, говорит она, подходящая модель поведения — это дружба.

Friends don't keep score – they help each other out of love. فالأصدقاء لا يرصدون المساعدات - بل يعاونون بعضهم بدافع الحب . Amigos não ficam tomando nota dos favores que fizeram uns aos outros - eles se ajudam por amor. Друзья не записывают очки — они помогают друг другу по любви.

And in loving relationships, no one's keeping a hidden tally of who helped last and who's due to help next. وفي علاقات محبة ، لا أحد يخفي عصا حساب بآخر من ساعد ، ومن عليه المساعدة تاليًا . E em relações desse tipo, ninguém mantém uma caderneta de quem ajudou ao outro da última vez, e de quem ajudará o outro da próxima. И в отношениях, где люди любят друг друга, никто не ведёт скрытый подсчёт, кто помог последний раз и чья очередь помочь следующим.

You don't have to keep score; you give simply because you want to, out of love. فأنت لا تحتاج أنت تحفظ الرصيد ؛ أنت ببساطة تعطي لأنك تريد ، بدافع المحبة . Você não precisa fazer isso, você faz simplesmente porque você quer, por amor. Вам не нужно вести счёт, вы отдаёте, просто потому что вы так хотите, по любви.

So English argues that, once you're an adult, your relationship with your parents should model that of friendship. إذًا إنغليش تجادل بهذا ، ما أن نكون راشدين ، علاقتنا بوالدينا يجب أن تحتذي بنموذج الصداقة . Então Jane English argumenta que, uma vez que você atinja a idade adulta, seu relacionamento com seus pais deve adotar o modelo da amizade. Итак, Инглиш утверждает, что когда вы стали взрослым, вашим отношения с родителями должны строиться на модели дружбы.

And the thing about friends is, if the love isn't there, the friendship dissolves. و الشيء عن الأصدقاء ، أنه بدون حب بينهم ، فهذه الصداقة ستنحل . E o ponto central da amizade é, se não há amor, a amizade se desfaz. И штука с дружбой в том, что если любовь отсутствует, дружба распадается.

You have no underlying obligation to remain friends with someone. أنت لا تملك التزام ضمني لتبقيَ صداقةً مع أحدهم . Você não tem qualquer obrigação de permanecer amigo de alguém. У вас нет подразумеваемой обязанности оставаться с кем-либо друзьями.

And likewise, if you had bad parents, or if you simply don't care about them once you're an adult, you have no obligation to give them anything – including your time. و بطريقة مماثلة ، إذا كان لديك والدين سيئين ، أو أنت لن تهتم لهما متى ما بلغت ، فلن تلتزم بإعطائهم أي شيء - ولو وقتك . E da mesma forma, se você teve maus pais, ou se você simplesmente não se importa com eles quando você atinge a idade adulta, você não tem nenhuma obrigação de dar algo a eles - nem mesmo o seu tempo. И поэтому, если у вас были плохие родители или вам просто наплевать на них, когда вы повзрослели, у вас нет обязательств тратить на них что-либо (включая ваше время).

You didn't incur a debt by being raised, she says, so just like with friendship, you can choose not to maintain a relationship with your parents. فأنت لم تستجلب ديْنًا بتربيتك ، إذا كما مع الصداقة ، فبإمكانك أن تختار عدم الاحتفاظ بعلاقتك مع والديك . Você não incorre em débito por ser criado por seus pais, então, assim como na relação de amizade, você pode escolher não manter o relacionamento com seus pais. Вы не приняли на себя долг, когда вас растили, говорит она, и, как с друзьями, вы можете выбрать не поддерживать отношения со своими родителями.

It's up to you. الأمر يعُود إليك . A escolha é sua. Решать вам.

Now, this attitude might seem scandalous to some people. الآن ، هذا الموقف قد يبدو مخزٍ لبعض الناس . Essa atitude pode parecer absurda para algumas pessoas. Так, такое отношение может показаться некоторым возмутительным.

I mean, isn't blood thicker than water? أعني ، أليس الدم أثخنُ من الماء ؟ [ حكمة باللغة الإنجليزية ] Afinal, o sangue não é mais denso que a água? (provérbio inglês que passa a ideia de que as relações familiares são mais importantes que as relações de amizade) В смысле, разве можно заглушить голос крови?

Well, many philosophers challenge the idea that you have special obligations to someone just because you share some genetic material with them. حسنًا ، كثير من الفلاسفة يتحدون فكرة أن لديك التزامات خاصة للبعض فقط لأنك تتشارك بعض الخامات الوراثية معهم . Bem, muitos filósofos discutem a ideia de que você tem obrigações especiais para com alguém APENAS porque você divide o mesmo material genético com essas pessoas. Ну, многие философы оспаривают мысль, что у вас есть особые обязательства перед теми, у кого просто такой же генетический материал.

By that logic, a person who was adopted at birth would have obligations to biological relatives that they've never met – and they wouldn't have any obligations to the family that raised them. بالمنطق السابق ، الشخص المُتَبنَّى عند الولادة عليه التزامات نحو الأقرباء البيولوجيَّين الذين لم يقابلهم قط - و ليس عليه أي التزامات للعائلة التي ربته . Por essa lógica, uma pessoa que foi adotada em seu nascimento teria obrigações para com seus pais biológicos, que aquela pessoa nunca conheceu, e não teria qualquer obrigação para com a família que a criou. По этой логике у человека, который был усыновлён или удочерён, были бы обязательства перед биологическими родственниками, которых он(а) никогда не видел(а), и у него/неё не было бы никаких обязательств перед семьёй, которая его/её воспитала.

And I think most of us can agree that that doesn't make any sense. و أظن أن معظمنا يستطيعون الاتفاق أن ذلك لا يصنع منطقا . E eu acho que a maioria de nós irá concordar que isso não faz o menor sentido. А я думаю, что большинство из нас согласятся, что в этом нет никакого смысла.

We tend to think of adopted families as being no less familial than biological families. نحن نميل للتفكير بأن العوائل المُتَبنِّية ليست بأقل من العوائل الطبيعية ( البيولوجية ) . Tendemos a acreditar que famílias adotivas não são menos "família" do que famílias biológicas. Мы привыкли думать о приёмных семьях точно так же, как и о биологических семьях.

So if you think families are built through love and not blood, then it follows that families lacking in love can't make moral demands on its members, because they simply don't have the standing. لذا إذا اعتقدت أن العائلات تبنى من خلال الحب لا الدماء ، إذًا هي تمضي أن العائلات المفتقدة للحب لا تستطيع بناء مطالب أخلاقية على أعضائها ، لأنها ببساطة تفتقد أساسية الحب . Então, se você acha que famílias são construídas por amor e não por sangue, então famílias que carecem de amor não podem exigir demandas morais entre seus membros, simplesmente porque não há base para esse tipo de demanda. Так если вы думаете, что семьи строятся на любви, а не на крови, то из этого следует, что семьи, где недостаёт любви, не могут предъявлять моральных требований к своим членам, просто потому что они не в том положении.

While we're talking about parents here, let's stop by the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy. بينما نحن نتكلم عن والدينا هنا ، فلنتوقف ب [ فقاعة الفكر ] لبعض من [ ومضة فلسفة ] . Já que estamos falando sobre pais, vamos dar uma passada pela "Bolha do Pensamento" para lembrar um pouco de Filosofia. Во время нашего разговора о родителях давайте прервёмся на Пузырь мысли для флеш-философии.

Before you're trusted to do something that has the potential to cause harm, you have to demonstrate that you can handle it. قبل أن تؤتمن على فعل شيء ما له احتمالية أن يُحدِث أذى ، يجب أن تُظهر أنه بإمكانك التحكم به . Antes de te confiarem algo que tenha o potencial de causar dano, você deve demonstrar que tem a capacidade de manusear tal instrumento. Перед тем, как вам доверили сделать что-то, что может причинить вред, вам нужно продемонстрировать, что вы сможете с этим справиться.

In most societies, this is done through licensing. في معظم المجتمعات ، هذا يحدث عن طريق الترخيص . Na maioria das sociedades, isso é feito através do "Licenciamento" В большинстве стран для этого существуют лицензии.

Driver's licenses, hunting licenses, wedding licenses – heck, barbers even need to be certified before they can cut your hair! رُخَصُ قِيادة ، رُخَص صيد ، رُخص زواج (عقد نِكاح ) - هه ، حتى الحلاقين يحتاجون ترخيصا قبل أن يقصوا شعرك ! Licença para dirigir, para caçar, para casar - enfim, em alguns países até mesmo cabeleireiros precisam ser certificados para que possam cortar seu cabelo! Водительские удостоверения, охотничьи лицензии, свидетельства о браке… блин, даже парикмахерам нужно получить лицензию прежде, чем они начнут вас стричь!

So, contemporary American philosopher Hugh LaFollette thinks that there's another group of people who should be licensed – parents. لذا ، الفيلسوف الأمريكي المعاصر هِيُوْ لافُوْلِتْ يعتقد أن هناك مجموعة إضافية من الناس يجب أن تُرَخَّصَ أيضًا - الوالدان . Então, o filósofo estadunidense Hugh LaFollette acha que outro grupo de pessoas deveriam ser licenciadas - pais. И современный американский философ Хью Лафоллетт считает, что есть ещё одна группа людей, которым нужно давать лицензии — родители.

That's right, LaFollette thinks potential parents should be required to apply for and obtain a license before being permitted to reproduce. هذا صحيح ، لافُوْلِتْ يظن أن الوالدين المحتملين يجب أن يطلب منهما التقدم للحصول على رخصة قبل السماح لهما بالإنجاب . É isso mesmo, LaFollette acredita que potenciais pais deveriam passar por um procedimento de licenciamento para que fossem autorizados a reproduzir. Да-да, Лафоллетт думает, что потенциальным родителям нужно подавать заявление на получение лицензии, чтобы им дали разрешение размножаться.

This sounds kind of ridiculous, right? يبدو هذا سخيفا ، صحيح ؟ Soa meio ridículo, né? Звучит как-то нелепо, правда?

But think about it. لكن فكِّر فيها . Mas pense um pouco. Но подумайте вот о чём.

Most activities that require competence to do well, and that can cause harm if done badly, are regulated by society. معظم الأنشطة التي تتطلب كفاءة لتؤدى بإتقان ، و التي قد تسبب أذى إذا أديت بسوء ، هي مقننة بالمجتمع . A maioria das atividades que requer competência para ser bem desenvolvida, e que pode causar danos se for feita inadequadamente são regulamentadas pela sociedade (lei). Большинство видов деятельности, требующих компетентности и которые могут причинить вред, если их плохо исполнять, регулируются обществом.

There's no question that parenting isn't easy, and you can really mess up a kid if you do it badly. و لا يوجد سؤال أن الأبوة ليست سهلة ، و قد تُخَرِّب الطفل بشدة إذا أُسِيئت . Não há dúvidas de que ser pai ou mãe não é tarefa fácil, e que realmente pode estragar uma criança se feita de forma inadequada. Без сомнения, быть родителем нелегко, и вы действительно можете испортить ребёнка, если вы плохой родитель.

But right now, we wait until a parent has abused or neglected a child before the state intervenes. لكن الآن ، ننتظر حتى يسيء أو يهمل أحد الوالدين طفلَهُ قبل أن تتدخل حكومة الوِلَاية . Mas hoje em dia, esperamos até o momento em que um pai abusa ou negligencia um filho para que o Estado intervir. Но сейчас мы ждём, пока родитель не обидит или не перестанет заботиться о ребёнке, и только потом государство вмешивается.

So, LaFollette asks, wouldn't it be better if we took preventative measures instead? لهذا لافُوْلِتْ يتسائل ، ألن يكون أفضل إذا اتخذنا إجرائات وقائية بدلا من ذلك . Então, LaFollette questiona: "não seria melhor prevenir ao invés de remediar?" И Лафоллетт спрашивает: разве не было бы лучше, если бы вместо этого мы не приняли превентивных мер?

After all, adoptive parents undergo heavy scrutiny before they get to have kids. ففي النهاية ، الوالدان المتبنيان يخضعان لفحص شديد قبل الحصول على أبناء . Até porque, pais adotivos passam por um difícil processo antes de serem legalmente considerados pais das crianças. В конце концов, приёмные родители подвергаются внимательному изучению, прежде чем им разрешат взять ребёнка.

So, just like driving a car, in LaFollette's plan, you'd have to pass a test before you could get a parenting license. إذا ، تماما كما قيادة السيارة ، في خطة لافُوْلِتْ ، ستحتاج تجاوز اختبار قبل أن تحصل على رخصة أبوة . Então, assim como dirigir um carro, na ideia de LaFollette, você teria que passar por um teste antes que você tivesse a autorização de ser pai ou mãe. Значит, как с вождением машины, по плану Лафоллетта вам нужно сдать экзамен, чтобы получить лицензию родителя.

There'd be classes for those who need it, and you can always reapply. ستكون هناك صفوف لأولئك الذين يحتاجونها ، و تستطيع دائما إعادة التقدم للاختبار . Haveria aulas para aqueles que precisassem, e as pessoas poderiam passar pelo teste por quantas vezes quisessem (até conseguir a licença para ser pai). Будет школа для тех, кому она нужна, и вы всегда сможете сдать экзамен снова.

But if you can't demonstrate a basic ability to raise a child, then you just don't get to have one. لكن إذا لم تستطع إظهار مهارات أساسية في تربية الأبناء ، إذًا لن تحتاج أن تحصل عل أبناء . Mas se as pessoas não demonstrarem possuir as habilidades necessárias para criarem uma criança, então elas não seriam autorizadas a ter uma. Но если вы не сможете показать элементарной способности воспитать ребёнка, то вам просто не дадут его завести.

What do you think? ما رأيكم ؟ O que você acha disso? Как думаете?

Would society be better or worse if you needed a license to raise children? أسيكون المجتمع أفضل أم أسوأ إذا احتجت رخصة لتربية أبناء ؟ A sociedade seria melhor ou pior se fosse necessária uma autorização para ter/criar filhos? Было бы общество лучше или хуже, если бы вам нужно было получать лицензию для воспитания ребёнка?

Does everyone have the right to be a parent? أيملك الجميع الحق أن يكونوا آباءً ؟ Todo mundo tem o direito de ser pai ou mãe? Есть ли у всех ПРАВО быть родителем?

Or should you have to demonstrate that you're up to the task before you're allowed to bring a new human being into the world? أو أعليك أن تظهر أنك عند المسؤولية قبل أن يُسمح لك بجلب إنسان جديد إلى هذا العالم ؟ Ou você deveria demonstrar que você é apto para essa tarefa antes que você fosse autorizado a trazer uma nova vida humana a esse mundo? Или вам нужно продемонстрировать, что вы справитесь с этой задачей, чтобы вам позволили привести в этот мир новое человеческое существо?

Thanks, Thought Bubble! شكرًا ، فُقاعة الفِكر Valeu "Bolha do Pensamento"! Спасибо, Пузырь мысли!

Now, here's yet another perspective on the philosophy of family obligations. الآن ، هذا منظور آخر على فلسفة الالتزامات العائلية . Voltando, apresento outra perspectiva sobre a filosofia das obrigações familiares. Итак, вот ещё одна точка зрения на философию семейных обязательств.

Contemporary American philosopher Claudia Mills argues that there's something truly special about what you have with your family. الفيلسوفة الأمريكية المعاصرة كلوْدِيا مِيْل تُجادل بأن هناك حقا شيءٌ ما خاصٌ حول ما لك مع عائلتك . A filósofa estadunidense Claudia Mills argumenta que existe algo verdadeiramente especial sobre a relação que você tem com sua família. Современный американский философ Клаудия Миллс считает, что есть что-то поистине особенное в том, что у вас есть в семье.

Your family members are the only people in your life that are permanent and unchosen, she says, and because of that, there's value in maintaining a connection with them. أعضاء عائلتك هم الناس الوحيدون في حياتك الذين هم دائمون و غير مختارين ، هي تقول ، و بسبب ذلك ، هناك قيمة في إبقاء الصلة معهم . Os membros da sua família são as únicas pessoas em sua vida que estarão lá de forma permanente e independentemente de você os ter escolhido ou não - diz Claudia Mills - e por causa disso, existe valor em manter uma conexão com eles. Члены вашей семьи — это единственные люди в вашей жизни, которые постоянно в ней присутствуют и которых нельзя выбрать, говорит она, и поэтому в поддержании связи с ними есть ценность.

Mills points out that we live in a world where we're constantly changing. مِيْل تُوجَّه إلا أننا نعيش في عالمٍ نحن دائما نتغير فيه . Mills aponta que nós vivemos em um mundo onde nós passamos por constantes mudanças. Миллс подчёркивает, что мы живём в мире, где мы постоянно меняемся.

Most of us will have many different jobs, and live in lots of different places, and go through a great many friends, maybe even a couple of spouses. فمعظمنا ستكون لديه عدة وظائف ، و سيعيشون في أماكن مختلفة ، و سيمضون بين العديد من الأصدقاء الرائعين ، و ربما حتى العديد من الزيجات . Muitos de nós terá vários empregos, e viverá em diversos lugares, e teremos diversos grandes amigos, talvez até mais de um cônjuge. Большинство из нас будет работать больше чем на одной работе, жить в более чем одном месте и сменит огромное множество друзей, возможно, даже несколько раз вступят в брак.

But there will come a time when there are very few people left in your life who have known you since the beginning. لكن سيكون هناك وقت عندما يكون هناك القليل من الناس الذين بِقوْ في حياتك و عرفوك منذ البداية . Mas chegará o tempo em que existirão poucas pessoas em nossa vida que nos conhecem desde o princípio. Но наступит время, когда очень останется очень мало людей в вашей жизни, которых вы будет знать с самого рождения.

Mills thinks that your family allows you to stay connected to the person you once were, before all those changes happened. مِيْل تظن أن عائلتك تسمح لك بالبقاء متصلا بالشخص الذي مرة كنت أنت هو ، قبل أنت تحصل كل هذه التغيرات . Mills acha que sua família te permite permanecer conectada com a pessoa que você um dia foi, antes de todas essas mudanças pelas quais você passou acontecerem. Миллс считает, что ваша семья позволяет вам держать связь с человеком, которым вы когда-то было, всё время, когда эти изменения происходят.

And, even if you aren't really that person anymore, that connection can be grounding, and valuable. و حتى إذا لم تكن حقا ذلك الشخص بأي شيء إضافي ، ذلك الرابط يمكن أن يكون أساسيا و قيما . E, ainda que você não seja mais aquela pessoa, essa conexão pode ser fundamental e valiosa. И даже если вы правда больше не тот человек, эта связь может быть вашей опорой и ценностью.

So go ahead, call your brother on his birthday! لذا تفضل ، و كلم أخاك في عيد ميلاده ! Então, vá em frente, ligue pro seu irmão no aniversário dele! Так давайте, позвоните брату на его день рожденья!

Remind him of the time he tried to dry his socks in a frying pan! ذكره بالمرة التي حاول فيها تجفيف جواربه على طاوة القلي ! Lembre-o daquela época em que ele tentou secar as meias em uma frigideira. Пусть он вспомнит время, когда он пытался сушить свои носки на сковородке!

In addition to getting a good laugh out of it, your brother might appreciate re-connecting with his roots. فبالإضافة إلى الضحكة العالية عليها ، ربما سيقدر أخوك إعادة الاتصال بجذوره . Além de poder dividir uma boa gargalhada nessa situação, seu irmão provavelmente apreciará o fato de se reconectar e relembrar de suas raízes. В дополнение к хорошему смеху из-за этой истории, ваш брат сможет оценить повторное обращение к его корням.

Now, you might have noticed that this is the first time our discussion of ethics has focused on personal, individual connections – on feelings of love, rather than on impartiality. الآن ، قد لاحظت أن هذه المرة الأولى في حديثنا عن الأخلاقيات قد ركزنا على الروابط الشخصية و الخاصة -على الشعور بالحب بدلا من اللا تحيز . Você pode ter percebido que essa é a primeira vez que nossa discussão sobre ética teve seu enfoque sobre conexões individuais e pessoais, sobre sentimento de amor, ao invés de ser sobre imparcialidade. Так, вы наверно заметили, что первый раз наше обсуждение этики обратилось к личным, индивидуальным связям — к чувствам любви, нежели к беспристрастности.

This is characteristic of a school of moral thought known as the ethics of care. هذه سمة مدرسة من التفكير الأخلاقي معروفة ب أخلاقيات الرعاية . Essa é a característica de uma escola de pensamento moral conhecida como "Ética do Cuidar" Эта характерно для этической школы, известной как этика заботы.

Contrary to most of the theories we've studied, this view says that morality demands that we pay attention to the special relationships we have in our lives. على النقيض من معظم النظريات التي درسناها ، هذه النظرة تقول أن الأخلاق تتطلب أن ننتبه للعلاقات الخاصة التي نملك في حيواتنا . Ao contrário da maioria das teorias que estudamos, esse ponto de vista afirma que a moralidade exige que nós demos atenção às relações especiais que temos em nossas vidas. В отличие от большинства теорий, которых мы изучали, этот взгляд говорит, что нравственность требует, чтобы мы уделяли внимание на особенные отношения, в которые мы вступаем в нашей жизни.

The ethics of care says that morality goes wrong when we emphasize impartiality, because it's our most caring relationships that make our lives worthwhile. أخلاقيات الرعاية تقول أن الأخلاق تكون خاطئة إذا أكدنا على اللاتحيز فيها ، لأن أكثر العلاقات اهتماما هي التي تجعل حياة ذات معنى . A "Ética do Cuidar" afirma que a moralidade pende para o lado errado quando enfatizamos a imparcialidade, porque são as relações que nós mais damos importância que fazem nossa vida valer a pena. Этика заботы говорит, что нравственность сбивается с пути, когда мы придаём значение беспристрастности, потому что только самые заботливые отношения делают нашу жизнь стоящей.

And we want our friends and family to care more for us than they do for strangers, right? ونريد أصدقائنا و عائلتنا أن يهتموا لنا أكثر من الأغراب ، أليس كذلك ؟ E nós queremos nossos amigos e família se importem mais conosco do que com estranhos, não é mesmo? И мы же хотим, чтобы наши друзья и члены нашей семьи заботились о нас больше, чем о незнакомых людях, да?

So ethicists of care often reason that, even though we might have a general love for humanity itself, لهذا أخلاقيات الرعاية عادة تضع السبب بأنه ، حتى لو كان لدينا حبا عاما للبشرية نفسها ، Então éticos do "Cuidar" frequentemente apontam que mesmo que nós tenhamos um amor genérico pela humanidade Итак, сторонники этики заботы часто рассуждают так: даже если мы могли любить всё человечество вообще,

you just can't beat the unconditional, I-would-literally-die-for-you love that we only have for the people we know best, the ones with whom we share an intimacy that we simply can't feel with strangers. أنت لا تستطيع هزم الحب اللامشروط [أنا-حرفيا-سأموت-من-أجلك] الذي فقط نملكه للناس الذين نعرفهم جيدا ، الذين نتشارك معهم حميمية لا نستطيع أن نشعر بها نحو الغرباء . esse nunca poderá ultrapassar o amor incondicional "eu-literalmente-morreria-por-você" que nós temos apenas para com as pessoas que melhor conhecemos, aqueles com quem dividimos uma intimidade que simplesmente não podemos sentir com estranhos. вы просто не сможете победить безусловную, я-буквально-за-тебя-умру любовь, которую мы испытываем к людям, которых мы знаем лучше всего, с которыми у нас устанавливается такая близость, которую мы просто не можем чувствовать с незнакомыми людьми.

What could the harm be in that? أين سيكون الضرر في ذلك O que poderia haver de ruim nisso? Разве это может причинить вред?

Well, many ethicists worry that showing preference for the people you happen to like opens up the door for prejudice. حسنا ، بعض الأخلاقيين يقلقون من أن إظهار أفضليات لأناس حدث أن تحبهم سيفتح الباب للتحيز . Bem, muitos éticos se preocupam com o fato de que mostrar preferência pelas pessoas que você gosta costuma abrir portas para o preconceito. Дело в том, что многие специалисты по этике беспокоятся, что выказывая предпочтение людям, которые вам нравятся, вы открываете дверь предрассудкам.

Because it's easy to be kind to people you like – you don't need morality to tell you that. لأنه من السهل أن تكون طيبا مع أناس تحبهم - فأنت لا تحتاج أخلاقيات لتُحَدِّثك بهذا . Porque é fácil ser bondoso para com as pessoas que você gosta - você não precisa da moralidade pra te dizer isso. Потому что легко быть добрым к людям, которые вам нравятся — вам не нужно быть нравственным человеком для этого.

The hard part is being kind to people you don't like, or who are different from you, or who you simply don't know or understand very well. الجزء الأصعب هو أن تكون طيبا مع أناس لا تحبهم ، أو مختلفون عنك ، أو لا تعرفهم أو تفهمهم . A parte mais difícil é ser bondoso para com as pessoas que você não gosta, ou que são diferentes de você, ou as quais você simplesmente não conhece ou não entende muito bem. Сложность в том, чтобы быть добрым с людьми, которые вам не нравятся, или которые отличаются от вас, или которых вы просто не знаете или не понимаете хорошо.

It would be great if everyone had a support network of people who love them, so we'd just all take care of our own loved ones, and life would be perfect. سيكون عظيما إذا الجميع كان لديه شبكة دعم من ناس يحبونهم ، لذا نحن سنهتم بأحبائنا ، و الحياة ستكون كاملة . Seria ótimo se todo mundo tivesse uma "rede de suporte" formada por pessoas que os amem, então todos nós cuidaríamos daqueles que amamos, e a vida seria perfeita. Было бы здорово, если бы у каждого была группа поддержки из любящих людей, и мы бы все просто заботились о любимых нами людях, и жизнь была бы прекрасной.

But the problem is, there are a lot of people who aren't lucky enough to have support networks of care. لكن المشكلة ، أن هناك الكثير من الناس الغير محظوظين ليحصلوا على شبكة دعم كتلك . Mas o problema é que existem muitas pessoas que não são sortudas o suficiente para possuir sua própria "rede de suporte". Но проблема в том, что есть множество людей, которым не повезло и у них нет групп поддержки и заботы.

And there are others who have people who care about them, but their loved ones lack the resources to actually provide for them. و هناك الآخرون الذين لديهم أناس يهتمون بهم لكن أحبائهم يفتقدون المصادر ليمدوهم بدعم حقيقي . E existem outros que têm pessoas que se importam com eles, mas essas pessoas não possuem os recursos necessários para proporcionar suporte. И есть другие, у которых есть заботящиеся о них люди, но их близким не хватает средств, чтобы действительно обеспечивать их.

If we rely on ethics of care, it looks like those people will get neglected. فإذا اعتمدنا على أخلاقيات الرعاية ، أولئك القوم سيُهْمَلُون . Se nós nos confiarmos apenas na "Ética do Cuidar", parece que essas pessoas acabarão sendo negligenciadas. Если вы полагаемся на этику заботы, похоже, что такими людьми станут пренебрегать.

So we're going to talk about this next time, when we discuss poverty, and the moral obligations we have to strangers in need. لهذا سنتحدث عن هذا في المرة القادمة ، عندما نتحدث عن الفقر ، و الالتزام الأخلاقي علينا نحو الغريب الفقير المحتاج . Então nós vamos falar sobre isso numa próxima oportunidade, quando discutiremos pobreza, e as obrigações morais que temos para com estranhos que passam por necessidades. Итак, мы поговорим об этом в следующий раз, когда будем обсуждать бедность и моральные обязательства, которые мы несём по отношению к бедным незнакомцам.

But today we talked about moral obligations to family. لكن اليوم تكلمنا عن [ الالتزام الأخلاقي نحو العائلة ] Mas hoje nós falamos sobre obrigações morais para com a família. А сегодня мы поговорили о моральных обязательствам в семье.

We considered the possibility of licensing parents, and we talked about the ethics of care, and some potential problems that type of approach to morality carries with it. و اهتممنا احتمالية ترخيص للأبوة ، و تحدثنا عن أخلاقيات العناية ، و بعض المشاكل الكامنة التي يحملها معه هذا التوجه نحو الأخلاقيات . Nós consideramos a possibilidade de licenciamento de pais, e nós falamos sobre a "Ética do Cuidar", e alguns potenciais problemas que esse tipo de abordagem moral carrega consigo. Мы рассмотрели возможность лицензирования родителей, мы поговорили об этике заботы и о некоторых возможных проблемах, которые несёт такой подход к нравственности.

Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. كراْشْ كُوْرْس فلسفة [ دورة مكثفة ] أُنْتجت بالتعاون مع استديوهات PBS الرقمية . Crash Course Философия представлен в содружестве с PBS Digital Studios.

You can head over to their channel and check out a playlist of the latest episodes from shows like: بإمكانك التوجه إلى قناتهم و افحص قائمة التشغيل بآخر الحلقات من عروض مثل : Вы можете отправиться на их канал и посмотреть плейлист последних эпизодов таких шоу, как:

Coma Niddy, Deep Look, and Gross Science. Coma Niddy , Deep Look ( نظرة عميقة ) , Gross Science ( علم مُقرِف ) Coma Niddy, Deep Look и Gross Science.

This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio هذه الحلقة من Crash Course صورت في استوديو الدكتورة Cheryl C. Kinney . Этот эпизод Crash Course был снят в студии Crash Course доктора Шерил Кинни

with the help of all of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe. بمساعدة كل هؤلاء الناس الرائعين و فريق الجرافيك المساوي في الروعة Thought Cafe . с помощью всех этих шикарных людей и нашей такой же фантастической графической команды — Thought Cafe.