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It`s Okay To Be Smart, A Brief (Scientific) History of Butts

A Brief (Scientific) History of Butts

Thank you to Morning Brew for supporting PBS

Hey smart people, Joe here.

Here's a word that no one would be embarrassed to say.

However, there are other words that are a bit more taboo.

Words that no one likes to talk about.

Like BUTT OR ANUS.

Which is too bad.

Because the end point of your digestive tract is a lot more than just a doody door, excrement

exit, or poo-poo portal.

It might be the most important hole in your body.

Okay Joe, what about my eyes, or nose or ears or mouth?

Well those are fine I guess?

But the bum has gotten a bum rap!

It is a hole so important that it's the first body part you grew.

The story of the anus is actually the story of how every complex animal on Earth from

mole rats to the mantis shrimp came to be.

An orifice to which we owe our very existence?

Maybe.

It's time we shine a little light where the sun don't shine.

[MUSIC]

"This video contains language such as butt, poop, and anus used in a mostly scientific

context.

For our younger viewers and other viewers who still live with their parents, discretion

may be advised, even though literally everyone poops so it shouldn't be that big of a deal,

I'm just not trying to get you grounded or anything so don't say I didn't warn

you…

Inside, you are enormous.

The lazy river of digestion, nutrient extraction, and waste excretion connecting your mouth

to your rear stretches something like 12 meters.

And laid open, the accordion-like surface area of that alimentary canal would cover

a small apartment.

In grammar class, we're taught never to end a sentence with a conjunction.

Though, apparently no one told evolution, because all of this ends in a but… t.

So what is a butt?

You know one when you see it, but can you define it?

This is a butt, and this, and this.

You can even be the butt of a joke.

“Butt” as we use it today, to refer to the fleshy junk at the base of our collective

trunks, likely derives from the Middle English “bott”, the hindquarters of an animal,

and didn't become a slang word for people's posteriors until the 1800s.

But the butt is really defined by its most important feature.

In Latin, the word anus means ring, or circle.

The same root that gives us words like annular eclipse, named for the halo of light visible

during some solar eclipses.

Life comes in all shapes and sizes, but pretty much every animal shares the same few basic

needs.

We have to eat, absorb nutrients, and get rid of waste.

Some things do it like this.

No mouth, no anus.

Imagine living life like a coffee filter, digesting whatever happens to pass by.

Or you can level up, and get yourself a mouth.

Now that you've turned your body into a sac, you can store a bit of food inside, secrete

some digestive enzymes, absorb as many nutrients as you can, and eject what's left out the

same hole that it went in.

You take a mouth poo.

Imagine pouring some cheetos in your mouth, letting them sit there for a few hours, and

bleh.

This is what you'd do if you were a jellyfish.

Or an anememnomeneme.

Or a jellyfish.

That's all fine if your ultimate position in life is to sit on the ocean floor or drift

along like a squishy blob of stingy spaghetti.

Plenty of creatures like that exist, so it's obviously good enough in the eyes of evolution.

But if you add an anus, things get really interesting.

Don't meme that.

The origin of the anus was a monumental upgrade to the animal body plan, and how they could

eat, digest, and get rid of waste.

There's a reason most animals alive today are built basically like a tube surrounded

by meat and skeleton.

Having a through gut, the anatomical term for a digestive tube with both a front and

back door, means you can eat again before your last meal exits, letting you extract

more energy and nutrients from more food, allowing you to grow a larger and more complex

body.

Animals that poo out of their mouth sac?

They can't do that.

And many animals took their through gut and added accessories!

Like different chambers to allow digestion of a wider array of stuff.

And many, from termites to wildebeest to humans, added mobile homes for billions of microbes.

These microscopic digestive deputies do the hard work of breaking down wood or grass,

or synthesizing critical vitamins and micronutrients.

The through gut even allows you to store up your waste until you have a nice, quiet place

to drop it off.

And the longer your digestive tube, the more nutrients you can potentially pull out of

your food.

Some animals have built longer guts by making longer bodies.

Others have kept their bodies small and circled their guts back, yes, that means pooping right

next to your mouth.

Sounds messy, but whatever floats your digestive boat.

Or you could solve the problem like us, by winding up a long, multi-chambered gut, and

tossing it in our tummies like last year's Christmas lights.

None of these specialized animal forms would be possible without the anus.

Because it takes two holes to make a tunnel.

Otherwise it's just a cave.

Thankfully, unlike a tunnel, the anus isn't open all the time.

It's one of many sphincters on your body.

These rings of muscle have important jobs, keeping our digestive chambers separated and

guarding them from the outside.

While there are six sphincters in your digestive system, the anus is the shining star.

Most muscles in your body spend the majority of their time relaxed.

But your anal sphincter is rare among muscles, spending basically every moment of your life

fully flexed.

Thankfully for that.

The anus is also among the most densely nerve-packed parts of your body.

And for good reason.

It needs to be able to tell the difference, by feel, between solid, liquid and gas, and

be able to selectively release one, two, or maybe all of those.

That's not a decision you want to mess up.

You're totally unaware of this, but six to eight times a day, a muscle contraction

occurs in your body called a mass movement, squeezing the contents of the colon along,

just like a half-used tube of toothpaste.

This contraction can be triggered by eating.

And the more you eat, the bigger the squeeze.

And eventually, some of that stuff gets pushed into the rectum, your body's exit hatch.

Here, special nerve receptors measure pressure, and when enough waste pushes against the rectum

walls, it triggers the defecation reflex.

When you poop, you technically don't “push” it out.

You increase the pressure in your rectum, the walls squeeze in, the sphincter muscles

relax, and…

Across the animal kingdom, butts come in many different shapes, sizes, and even numbers.

So what's the BEST butt?

Some anuses do double duty.

When they're not defecating, sea cucumbers use their butts to absorb oxygen.

One species also uses its anus as a second mouth.

True bottom feeders.

Reptiles, amphibians, most birds, and monotremes like the platypus have a cloaca, a multipurpose

swiss army knife of holes, linking the urinary, waste, and reproductive systems…

I guess you could say: one ring to rule them all.

But nature's full of exceptions, and strangely, some animals have lost their anuses.

Brittle stars and many parasites had ancestors with anuses, but no longer have them.

Even the microscopic mites that live on our faces, burrowed within pores and eyelashes,

they don't have an anus either.

When they die, all of the poop they've accumulated throughout their life bursts out, and this

microscopic fecal facial has even been linked to skin inflammation.

[NARRATOR VOICE]

Everybody poops?

I don't think so.

Lies.

I'm fine, I'll calm down.

Lies!

Some animals even lose their anus within their lifetimes.

A rare group of scorpions will sometimes break off their tails to escape predators.

They get to make a quick getaway, but they say adios to their anus in the process, and

never poop again.

There are even anuses that come and go.

The warty comb jelly, looks like a jellyfish but isn't a jellyfish, has an anus that

only shows up when it's time to poop, only to disappear, like some ghost butt.

This ocean-dwelling flatworm went anus-crazy, sprouting multiple anuses across its entire

back.

And although they don't use toilets, I can't help but wonder what theirs would look like.

As varied as the animal kingdom's anuses are, none of them have bones.

So they don't fossilize well.

That makes it hard to trace the beginning of the end.

And scientists still aren't sure when and how the anus originated.

But the origin of your anus is a bit more certain.

It was the first body part you built.

We belong to a class of organisms called deuterostomes.

That's Greek for “second mouth” (or really “mouth second.”)

When you were really young.

No, younger.

Basically just a little ball of cells, you looked more like a hollow raspberry than a

person.

Then your cells started to fold in on themselves, from right here.

That fold burrowed through until it reached the other side, creating your donut like through-gut

in the process.

And the end of the tunnel that formed first?

That became your anus, while the second opening became your mouth.

Now ya know why they call us “mouth second.”

In other classes of animals, this process is flipped, and the part that folds in first

becomes the mouth.

They're called protostomes–Greek for “first mouth”.

But you and me, we came into the world rear-end first baby.

During life's three billion-plus year journey on Earth, anal evolution happened independently

many times in different branches of life.

They're so old, that butts are more than the holes they hold, and they do a lot more

than get rid of waste these days.

Wombats have buns of steel that they use for defense, capable of crushing the skulls of

their attackers.

Manatees fart to maintain the right buoyancy in water.

And dragonfly larvae use their butts like aquatic jetpacks.

But our butts are pretty special too.

The human buttock is the most voluminous in the animal kingdom.

Your built-in tush-cushion is made of fat on top of some pretty hefty gluteal muscles.

And that's thanks to our unique (and very useful) habit of walking on two legs.

Compared to our chimp cousins and prehistoric human relatives, we have a shorter, wider

pelvis, with muscles oriented and enlarged to handle the weight of our entire upper body

when walking and running.

Your supersized glutes are the reason you can get up from a chair or stand on one leg.

Seriously, ask a chimp to do that sometime.

I bet they won't even listen to you.

The fat stores that bulk up our booties are a little more mysterious.

They may have helped our ancestors store energy when food was scarce.

But many researchers think it's pretty obvious that they serve as a sexual signal too, with

larger, fuller buns unconsciously indicating to potential mates that you're healthy and

have plenty of… assets.

One look at our culture's musical, artistic, and fashion tastes makes it clear that bottoms

are something everyone thinks about, but considering how many euphemisms we've invented to avoid

actually talking about butts and anuses, we're pretty uncomfortable discussing them.

Which is too bad.

Because now, I hope you realize, from black holes to back holes, the universe is full

of wonder.

Finally, remember to subscribe and don't forget to click the butfor.

“What's a butfor” You ask?

For pooping, silly.

Stay curious.

Hey guys, I want to say a quick thank you to Morning Brew for supporting PBS.

From Wall Street to Silicon Valley, and everywhere in between, Morning Brew is a news source

aggregated and curated from major outlets so you can get up to speed in just a few minutes.

Morning Brew news covers topics like the environment, public health, and tech.

Like just this morning I was reading a story about how China is cracking down on Bitcoin

mining operations, because of all the environmental and energy implications.

I learned a ton, and it didn't take me very long.

Morning Brew only takes a few minutes to read, snd less than 15 seconds to sign up.

So click the link down in the description to sign up and start your mornings with Morning

Brew.

A Brief (Scientific) History of Butts Eine kurze (wissenschaftliche) Geschichte der Kippen Breve historia (científica) de las colillas Breve storia (scientifica) dei mozziconi Een korte (wetenschappelijke) geschiedenis van peuken Uma breve história (científica) das beatas Краткая (научная) история окурков İzmaritlerin Kısa (Bilimsel) Tarihi Коротка (наукова) історія недопалків

Thank you to Morning Brew for supporting PBS ||||Ранковий Брю|||

Hey smart people, Joe here.

Here's a word that no one would be embarrassed to say. İşte kimsenin söylemekten utanmayacağı bir kelime.

However, there are other words that are a bit more taboo.

Words that no one likes to talk about.

Like BUTT OR ANUS. Як задниця|||анус або задниця BUTT OR ANUS gibi.

Which is too bad.

Because the end point of your digestive tract is a lot more than just a doody door, excrement |||||||||||||||||waste |||||||травний тракт||||||||какашки||екскременти Omdat het eindpunt van je spijsverteringskanaal veel meer is dan alleen een doodse deur, uitwerpselen Ведь конечный пункт вашего пищеварительного тракта - это не просто дверь, за которой стоит мусор, экскременты Çünkü sindirim sisteminizin son noktası sadece bir kaka kapısından çok daha fazlasıdır, dışkı

exit, or poo-poo portal. ||||вихідний портал выход, или портал "Пу-пу". çıkış ya da kaka portalı.

It might be the most important hole in your body.

Okay Joe, what about my eyes, or nose or ears or mouth?

Well those are fine I guess? Bunlar iyi sanırım?

But the bum has gotten a bum rap! Але||ледар||||ледар|несправедливе звинувачення Maar de zwerver heeft een zwerver gekregen! Но бездельник получил по заслугам! Ama serserinin başına gelmeyen kalmadı! Але бомж отримав бомж-реп!

It is a hole so important that it's the first body part you grew. Это отверстие настолько важно, что это первая часть тела, которую вы отрастили. O kadar önemli bir deliktir ki, vücudunuzun ilk büyüyen parçasıdır.

The story of the anus is actually the story of how every complex animal on Earth from

mole rats to the mantis shrimp came to be. От кротовых крыс до креветок-богомолов появились кроты. Köstebek farelerinden mantis karidesine kadar.

An orifice to which we owe our very existence? |отвір|||||||

Maybe.

It's time we shine a little light where the sun don't shine. Güneşin parlamadığı yerlere biraz ışık tutmanın zamanı geldi.

[MUSIC]

"This video contains language such as butt, poop, and anus used in a mostly scientific

context.

For our younger viewers and other viewers who still live with their parents, discretion |||||||||||||розсудливість

may be advised, even though literally everyone poops so it shouldn't be that big of a deal, ||рекомендується|||||какає||||||||| tavsiye edilebilir, her ne kadar kelimenin tam anlamıyla herkes kaka yapsa da, bu o kadar da büyük bir sorun olmamalıdır, можна порадити, хоча буквально всі какають, тому це не повинно бути такою вже великою проблемою,

I'm just not trying to get you grounded or anything so don't say I didn't warn |||||||покарали|||||||| Seni cezalandırmaya falan çalışmıyorum, o yüzden uyarmadığımı söyleme.

you…

Inside, you are enormous. İçeride, muazzamsın.

The lazy river of digestion, nutrient extraction, and waste excretion connecting your mouth ||||травлення||виведення поживних речовин|||виділення відходів||| Ağzınızı birbirine bağlayan tembel sindirim, besin çıkarma ve atık atma nehri

to your rear stretches something like 12 meters. arkanızda 12 metre kadar uzanıyor.

And laid open, the accordion-like surface area of that alimentary canal would cover ||||||||||digestive||| ||||гармошкоподібний||||||травний канал||| En opengelegd, zou het accordeonachtige oppervlak van dat spijsverteringskanaal dekken Ve açıldığında, bu sindirim kanalının akordeon benzeri yüzey alanı

a small apartment. küçük bir daire.

In grammar class, we're taught never to end a sentence with a conjunction. ||||||||||||сполучник In de grammaticales wordt ons geleerd om een zin nooit met een voegwoord te eindigen.

Though, apparently no one told evolution, because all of this ends in a but… t. Gerçi, görünüşe göre kimse evrime söylememiş, çünkü tüm bunlar bir ama... t ile bitiyor.

So what is a butt?

You know one when you see it, but can you define it? Birini gördüğünüzde tanırsınız ama onu tanımlayabilir misiniz?

This is a butt, and this, and this.

You can even be the butt of a joke. Je kunt zelfs het mikpunt van een grap zijn. Şaka konusu bile olabilirsiniz.

“Butt” as we use it today, to refer to the fleshy junk at the base of our collective |||||||||||сідниці||||||колективний

trunks, likely derives from the Middle English “bott”, the hindquarters of an animal, задня частина тіла||походить від|||||задня частина||задня частина тіла||| gövdeler, muhtemelen Orta İngilizce "bott" kelimesinden türemiştir, bir hayvanın arka ayakları,

and didn't become a slang word for people's posteriors until the 1800s. ||||сленгове слово||||сідниці||| en werd pas in de 19e eeuw een slangwoord voor het achterwerk van mensen.

But the butt is really defined by its most important feature. Ancak popo gerçekten en önemli özelliği ile tanımlanır.

In Latin, the word anus means ring, or circle. Latince'de anüs kelimesi halka veya daire anlamına gelir.

The same root that gives us words like annular eclipse, named for the halo of light visible ||||||||кільцеподібний|||||ореол світла||| Aynı kök bize halkalı tutulma gibi sözcükleri de verir, adını görünür ışık halesinden alır

during some solar eclipses.

Life comes in all shapes and sizes, but pretty much every animal shares the same few basic Yaşam her şekil ve boyutta olabilir, ancak hemen hemen her hayvan aynı birkaç temel özelliği paylaşır

needs.

We have to eat, absorb nutrients, and get rid of waste.

Some things do it like this. Bazı şeyler böyle yapar.

No mouth, no anus.

Imagine living life like a coffee filter, digesting whatever happens to pass by. Hayatı bir kahve filtresi gibi yaşadığınızı, önünüzden geçen her şeyi sindirdiğinizi hayal edin.

Or you can level up, and get yourself a mouth. Ya da seviyeni yükseltip kendine bir ağız alabilirsin. Або ви можете вирівнятися і зробити собі рот.

Now that you've turned your body into a sac, you can store a bit of food inside, secrete ||||||||мішок|||||||||

some digestive enzymes, absorb as many nutrients as you can, and eject what's left out the ||ферменти травлення|||||||||виводити||||

same hole that it went in.

You take a mouth poo.

Imagine pouring some cheetos in your mouth, letting them sit there for a few hours, and Уявіть собі|||чіпси Cheetos||||||||||||

bleh. Бе.

This is what you'd do if you were a jellyfish. Denizanası olsaydın böyle yapardın.

Or an anememnomeneme. ||або анемемноменеме Of een anememnomeneem.

Or a jellyfish.

That's all fine if your ultimate position in life is to sit on the ocean floor or drift Hayattaki nihai konumunuz okyanus tabanında oturmak ya da sürüklenmekse sorun yok.

along like a squishy blob of stingy spaghetti. ||||||скупих спагеті|спагеті cimri bir spagetti gibi.

Plenty of creatures like that exist, so it's obviously good enough in the eyes of evolution.

But if you add an anus, things get really interesting.

Don't meme that. |Не жартуй про це.| Snap dat niet.

The origin of the anus was a monumental upgrade to the animal body plan, and how they could

eat, digest, and get rid of waste.

There's a reason most animals alive today are built basically like a tube surrounded

by meat and skeleton.

Having a through gut, the anatomical term for a digestive tube with both a front and Een doorgaande darm hebben, de anatomische term voor een spijsverteringskanaal met zowel een voor- als

back door, means you can eat again before your last meal exits, letting you extract |||||||||||виходить з організму|||

more energy and nutrients from more food, allowing you to grow a larger and more complex

body.

Animals that poo out of their mouth sac?

They can't do that.

And many animals took their through gut and added accessories! |||||||||аксесуари

Like different chambers to allow digestion of a wider array of stuff.

And many, from termites to wildebeest to humans, added mobile homes for billions of microbes. En velen, van termieten tot gnoes tot mensen, voegden stacaravans toe voor miljarden microben.

These microscopic digestive deputies do the hard work of breaking down wood or grass, |||deputies|||||||||| |||помічники травлення||||||||||

or synthesizing critical vitamins and micronutrients.

The through gut even allows you to store up your waste until you have a nice, quiet place

to drop it off.

And the longer your digestive tube, the more nutrients you can potentially pull out of

your food.

Some animals have built longer guts by making longer bodies. |||||кишечник|||| Sommige dieren hebben langere ingewanden opgebouwd door langere lichamen te maken.

Others have kept their bodies small and circled their guts back, yes, that means pooping right |||||||окреслили||||||||

next to your mouth.

Sounds messy, but whatever floats your digestive boat. Звучить брудно, але як скажеш, так і буде.

Or you could solve the problem like us, by winding up a long, multi-chambered gut, and |||||||||звиваючи|||||багатокамерний||

tossing it in our tummies like last year's Christmas lights. закидаючи||||животики||||| кидаємо його собі в живіт, як торішні різдвяні гірлянди.

None of these specialized animal forms would be possible without the anus.

Because it takes two holes to make a tunnel.

Otherwise it's just a cave.

Thankfully, unlike a tunnel, the anus isn't open all the time. ||||анус||||||часу

It's one of many sphincters on your body. ||||сфінктери|||тіло

These rings of muscle have important jobs, keeping our digestive chambers separated and

guarding them from the outside. охороняючи їх ззовні||||

While there are six sphincters in your digestive system, the anus is the shining star.

Most muscles in your body spend the majority of their time relaxed.

But your anal sphincter is rare among muscles, spending basically every moment of your life ||анальний сфінктер|анальний сфінктер||||||||||| Але ваш анальний сфінктер - рідкісний серед м'язів, який проводить практично кожну мить вашого життя

fully flexed. |повністю зігнутий

Thankfully for that.

The anus is also among the most densely nerve-packed parts of your body. анус||||||найбільш densely nerve-packed|||||||тіло

And for good reason.

It needs to be able to tell the difference, by feel, between solid, liquid and gas, and

be able to selectively release one, two, or maybe all of those. |||вибірково||||||||

That's not a decision you want to mess up.

You're totally unaware of this, but six to eight times a day, a muscle contraction ||||||||||||||скорочення м'язів

occurs in your body called a mass movement, squeezing the contents of the colon along,

just like a half-used tube of toothpaste. |||||||як напіввикористаний тюбик зубної пасти

This contraction can be triggered by eating.

And the more you eat, the bigger the squeeze.

And eventually, some of that stuff gets pushed into the rectum, your body's exit hatch.

Here, special nerve receptors measure pressure, and when enough waste pushes against the rectum

walls, it triggers the defecation reflex. ||||дефекаційний рефлекс|

When you poop, you technically don't “push” it out. Коли ви какаєте, ви технічно не "виштовхуєте" його назовні.

You increase the pressure in your rectum, the walls squeeze in, the sphincter muscles ||||||пряма кишка|||||||

relax, and…

Across the animal kingdom, butts come in many different shapes, sizes, and even numbers.

So what's the BEST butt?

Some anuses do double duty. |Деякі ануси виконують подвійну функцію.||| Sommige anussen doen dubbel werk. Деякі ануси виконують подвійну функцію.

When they're not defecating, sea cucumbers use their butts to absorb oxygen. |||випорожнюються|морські огірки|огірці||||||

One species also uses its anus as a second mouth.

True bottom feeders. ||справжні донні риби

Reptiles, amphibians, most birds, and monotremes like the platypus have a cloaca, a multipurpose |||||однопрохідні тварини|||качкодзьоб|||клоака||багатофункціональний орган Reptielen, amfibieën, de meeste vogels en monotremes zoals het vogelbekdier hebben een cloaca, een multifunctionele

swiss army knife of holes, linking the urinary, waste, and reproductive systems… швейцарський ніж|||||з'єднання||сечовидільної||||

I guess you could say: one ring to rule them all.

But nature's full of exceptions, and strangely, some animals have lost their anuses. ||||винятки||||||||

Brittle stars and many parasites had ancestors with anuses, but no longer have them. |||||мали||||але|||| Slangsterren en veel parasieten hadden voorouders met anus, maar hebben die niet meer.

Even the microscopic mites that live on our faces, burrowed within pores and eyelashes, |||||||||зарилися в||пори||вії

they don't have an anus either. |||||також

When they die, all of the poop they've accumulated throughout their life bursts out, and this Коли|||весь|||||накопичили||||виходить||і це|

microscopic fecal facial has even been linked to skin inflammation. мікроскопічні фекалії|фекальні частинки||||||||запалення шкіри

[NARRATOR VOICE]

Everybody poops? Усі|

I don't think so. ||не думаю|

Lies. Брехня.

I'm fine, I'll calm down. ||||заспокоюся

Lies!

Some animals even lose their anus within their lifetimes. Деякі||||||||життєвий цикл

A rare group of scorpions will sometimes break off their tails to escape predators. ||||скорпіони|||||||||хижаки

They get to make a quick getaway, but they say adios to their anus in the process, and Вони||||||швидка втеча|але||кажуть||||||||

never poop again.

There are even anuses that come and go.

The warty comb jelly, looks like a jellyfish but isn't a jellyfish, has an anus that |бородавчастий||гребневик|||||||||||| De wratachtige kamgelei, ziet eruit als een kwal maar is geen kwal, heeft een anus die

only shows up when it's time to poop, only to disappear, like some ghost butt. |||||||||||||привид сідниць|

This ocean-dwelling flatworm went anus-crazy, sprouting multiple anuses across its entire |||плоский черв'як||||проростаючи|||||

back.

And although they don't use toilets, I can't help but wonder what theirs would look like. |||||туалети||||||||||

As varied as the animal kingdom's anuses are, none of them have bones. |||||королівства|||||||

So they don't fossilize well.

That makes it hard to trace the beginning of the end.

And scientists still aren't sure when and how the anus originated.

But the origin of your anus is a bit more certain.

It was the first body part you built.

We belong to a class of organisms called deuterostomes. ||||||||ми належимо до класу організмів, що називаються вториннороті We behoren tot een klasse van organismen die deuterostomen worden genoemd.

That's Greek for “second mouth” (or really “mouth second.”) |||другий|||||

When you were really young.

No, younger.

Basically just a little ball of cells, you looked more like a hollow raspberry than a |||||||||||||порожню малину|| По суті, просто маленька кулька клітин, ви були схожі більше на порожнисту малину, ніж на

person.

Then your cells started to fold in on themselves, from right here. |||||складатися||||||

That fold burrowed through until it reached the other side, creating your donut like through-gut

in the process.

And the end of the tunnel that formed first?

That became your anus, while the second opening became your mouth.

Now ya know why they call us “mouth second.”

In other classes of animals, this process is flipped, and the part that folds in first

becomes the mouth.

They're called protostomes–Greek for “first mouth”. ||протостоми|||| Ze worden protostomes genoemd, Grieks voor "eerste mond".

But you and me, we came into the world rear-end first baby.

During life's three billion-plus year journey on Earth, anal evolution happened independently

many times in different branches of life.

They're so old, that butts are more than the holes they hold, and they do a lot more

than get rid of waste these days.

Wombats have buns of steel that they use for defense, capable of crushing the skulls of Вомбати||сильні сідниці||||||||||||| Wombats hebben stalen bolletjes die ze gebruiken voor verdediging, die de schedels kunnen verpletteren van Для захисту вомбати використовують сталеві кулі, які здатні розтрощити черепи

their attackers.

Manatees fart to maintain the right buoyancy in water. Ламантинів|пердять||||||| Zeekoeien laten een scheet om het juiste drijfvermogen in het water te behouden.

And dragonfly larvae use their butts like aquatic jetpacks. |І личинки бабок|||||||реактивні ранці En libellenlarven gebruiken hun peuken als aquatische jetpacks.

But our butts are pretty special too.

The human buttock is the most voluminous in the animal kingdom. ||сідниця||||об'ємний|||| De menselijke bil is de meest volumineuze in het dierenrijk.

Your built-in tush-cushion is made of fat on top of some pretty hefty gluteal muscles. |||сідниці|подушка для сідниць||||||||||значні|сідничні м'язи| Je ingebouwde zitkussen is gemaakt van vet bovenop een paar behoorlijk forse bilspieren. Ваша вбудована подушка для сідниць зроблена з жиру, який знаходиться на досить потужних сідничних м'язах.

And that's thanks to our unique (and very useful) habit of walking on two legs.

Compared to our chimp cousins and prehistoric human relatives, we have a shorter, wider

pelvis, with muscles oriented and enlarged to handle the weight of our entire upper body |||||збільшений|||||||||

when walking and running.

Your supersized glutes are the reason you can get up from a chair or stand on one leg. |велетенські|сідничні м'язи|||||||||||||||

Seriously, ask a chimp to do that sometime.

I bet they won't even listen to you.

The fat stores that bulk up our booties are a little more mysterious. |||||||сідниці||||| De vetreserves die onze slofjes ophopen, zijn een beetje mysterieuzer.

They may have helped our ancestors store energy when food was scarce.

But many researchers think it's pretty obvious that they serve as a sexual signal too, with

larger, fuller buns unconsciously indicating to potential mates that you're healthy and |пишніший||||||||||

have plenty of… assets.

One look at our culture's musical, artistic, and fashion tastes makes it clear that bottoms ||||культури||||||||||

are something everyone thinks about, but considering how many euphemisms we've invented to avoid |||||||||евфемізми||||

actually talking about butts and anuses, we're pretty uncomfortable discussing them.

Which is too bad.

Because now, I hope you realize, from black holes to back holes, the universe is full ||||||від||||назад|||||

of wonder.

Finally, remember to subscribe and don't forget to click the butfor. ||||||забудьте||||кнопку "підписатися" Vergeet tot slot niet te abonneren en vergeet niet op de butfor te klikken.

“What's a butfor” You ask?

For pooping, silly.

Stay curious.

Hey guys, I want to say a quick thank you to Morning Brew for supporting PBS.

From Wall Street to Silicon Valley, and everywhere in between, Morning Brew is a news source ||||||||||Morning|||||

aggregated and curated from major outlets so you can get up to speed in just a few minutes. агреговані|||||||||||||||||

Morning Brew news covers topics like the environment, public health, and tech.

Like just this morning I was reading a story about how China is cracking down on Bitcoin

mining operations, because of all the environmental and energy implications. |||||||||impacts mijnbouwactiviteiten, vanwege alle milieu- en energie-implicaties.

I learned a ton, and it didn't take me very long. Ik heb veel geleerd en het duurde niet lang.

Morning Brew only takes a few minutes to read, snd less than 15 seconds to sign up. |||||||||і менше ніж||||||

So click the link down in the description to sign up and start your mornings with Morning ||||||||||||||ранки||

Brew.