English Civil War: Crash Course European History #14 (2) Englischer Bürgerkrieg: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #14 (2) Guerra Civil Inglesa: Curso acelerado de Historia Europea nº 14 (2) Guerre civile anglaise : Cours accéléré d'histoire européenne #14 (2) Guerra civile inglese: corso accelerato di storia europea #14 (2) イギリス内戦：クラッシュコース ヨーロッパ史 #14 (2) Guerra Civil Inglesa: Curso Rápido de História Europeia #14 (2) Гражданская война в Англии: Краткий курс европейской истории #14 (2) İngiliz İç Savaşı: Crash Course Avrupa Tarihi #14 (2) Громадянська війна в Англії: експрес-курс Європейська історія #14 (2) 英国内战：欧洲历史速成班#14 (2) 英國內戰：歐洲歷史速成班#14 (2)

Thomas Hobbes took a very pessimistic view of human nature and argued for an absolutist |||||negative|||||||||

form of political organization in his book Leviathan.

It argued that a lack of political regulation created lives that were “solitary, poor, ||||||||||||isolated and lonely|

nasty, brutish, and short.” unpleasant|savage||

In Hobbes' worldview with absolute rule, one surrendered any claim to personal liberty في نظرة هوبز للعالم مع الحكم المطلق كأنها أحد الإستسلامات بالمطالبة بالحقوق الشخصية

but received in exchange a measure of personal well-being and protection from that absolutist و لكن في المقابل قياس الرفاه الشخصي و الحماية من الحكومة المطلقة

government. ولكن هنالك معادلة إننجليزية آخرى للحكومة و المجتمع البشرى

But there was another famous English theorist of government and human society, John Locke, ||||||thinker|||||||

who presented a rosier view in his Two Treatises of Government. |||more optimistic|||||Treatises on Government||

Locke argued that in a natural world, individuals were born free and equal, but that they rationally ||||||||||||||||think logically

banded together to create a government that would uphold laws and protect their rights. joined||||||||maintain and enforce||||| ||||||||mantuviera leyes|||||

So Locke is seen as articulating a theory of government similar to the one put forth |||||expressing||||||||||

by the Glorious Revolution--and also similar to the one outlined in the preamble to the |||||||||||||introduction|| و شبيهة أيضا لتلك التي وضعها دستور الولايات المتحدة

U.S. Constitution. هنالك عدة طرق,لذلك فقد رأوا أن طريقة لوك هو الطريق اليبرالي القديم

And in many ways, Locke's political thought has been seen as the foundation of traditional ||||Locke's|||||||||| And in many ways, Locke's political thought has been seen as the foundation of traditional

or classical liberalism—that is, the belief in rights and freedom as intrinsic to the ||||||||||||essential to the|| وهي الإيمان بالحقوق و الحرية التي بداخل روح الإنسان البشري

human self. وقد الآن أن نظرية لوك هي التي نحتتذي بها هذه الأيام

And we see this theory amplified from Locke's time down to the present day. |||||expanded upon||||||||

Like, today, many of us take it for granted that humans have certain natural rights--including مثل اليوم الكثير من البشر اعتبروا أن حقوقهم الطبيعية أمرا مفروغا منه

the rights to life, liberty, and property, language taken directly from Two Treatises. ||||||||||||Two Treatises منها حقوقهم في الحياه والحرية والملكية واللغة تؤخذ مباشرة عن طريق المعاهدتين

But human rights are an invented concept--albeit a very useful one. ||||||idea|although it is|||| |||||||aunque útil|||| و لكن الحقوق الإنسانية عبارة عن مبادىء مفهومة ومفيدة كثيرا

King Henry VIII, for instance did not agree with the notion that those who claim to own ||||||||||idea|||||| ||||||||||noción|||||| الملك هنري الثامن لم يوافق على الذين يدعون ملكية أراض هم بالفعل يمتلكونها

land actually owned it, as evidenced by his extensive reclamation of Catholic land for |||||||||restoration|||| كما أتضح أن استصلاحه الواسع للأراضى الكاثالوكية كان لنفسه

himself. اختراع المبادىء لحقوق الإنسانتجعلنا ننظر لكيفية تخيلنا للعالم

The creation of concepts of human rights reminds us again that how we imagine the world--and |||ideas|||||||||||||

indeed how we imagine ourselves and each other--deeply impacts the world in which we end up living.

Whether we believe in human rights--and how we act on that belief--has profound consequences ||||||||||||||significant|

today, just as it did in The Glorious Revolution.

Next week we're gonna cross back to the continent to see the Dutch variant on constitutional |||||||||||||version||

government, including all its twists and turns AND CANNIBALISM. وسوف نعرف ما تحتويها من نزاعات و أدوار و آكلى لحوم البشر

Thanks for watching, Ill see you then. شكرا للمشاهدة أراكم لاحقا

________________ [1] Quoted in Susan K. Kent, Gender and Power ترجمة: عبد الرحمن حسين عبدالسلام

in Britain, 1640-1990, (New York: Routledge, 1999) 22.