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TED, Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling? (1)

Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling? (1)

00:11Have you ever wondered what animals think and feel? Let's start with a question: Does my dog really love me, or does she just want a treat? Well, it's easy to see that our dog really loves us, easy to see, right, what's going on in that fuzzy little head. What is going on? Something's going on.

00:40But why is the question always do they love us? Why is it always about us? Why are we such narcissists?I found a different question to ask animals. Who are you?

01:00There are capacities of the human mind that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind. But is that true? What are other beings doing with those brains? What are they thinking and feeling? Is there a way to know? I think there is a way in. I think there are several ways in. We can look at evolution, we can look at their brains and we can watch what they do.

01:32The first thing to remember is: our brain is inherited. The first neurons came from jellyfish. Jellyfish gave rise to the first chordates The first chordates gave rise to the first vertebrates. The vertebrates came out of the sea, and here we are. But it's still true that a neuron, a nerve cell, looks the same in a crayfish, a bird or you. What does that say about the minds of crayfish? Can we tell anything about that? Well, it turns out that if you give a crayfish a lot of little tiny electric shocks every time it tries to come out of its burrow, it will develop anxiety. If you give the crayfish the same drug used to treat anxiety disorder in humans, it relaxes and comes out and explores. How do we show how much we care about crayfish anxiety? Mostly, we boil them.

02:38(Laughter)

02:41Octopuses use tools, as well as do most apes and they recognize human faces. How do we celebrate the ape-like intelligence of this invertebrate? Mostly boiled. If a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral, it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping and it will signal to the moray, "Follow me," and the moray will understand that signal. The moray may go into the crevice and get the fish, but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it This is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about. How do we celebrate that ancient partnership? Mostly fried. A pattern is emerging and it says a lot more about us than it does about them.

03:38Sea otters use tools and they take time away from what they're doing to show their babies what to do, which is called teaching. Chimpanzees don't teach. Killer whales teach and killer whales share food.

03:57When evolution makes something new, it uses the parts it has in stock, off the shelf, before it fabricates a new twist. And our brain has come to us through the enormity of the deep sweep of time. If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain, what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain. It's a good thing ours is bigger, because we're also really insecure

04:24(Laughter)

04:26But, uh oh, there's a dolphin, a bigger brain with more convolutions. OK, maybe you're saying, all right, well, we see brains, but what does that have to say about minds? Well, we can see the working of the mind in the logic of behaviors. So these elephants, you can see, obviously, they are resting. They have found a patch of shade under the palm trees under which to let their babies sleep, while they doze but remain vigilant. We make perfect sense of that image just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains, listening to the howls of the same dangers, they became who they are and we became who we are.

05:21We've been neighbors for a very long time. No one would mistake these elephants as being relaxed.They're obviously very concerned about something. What are they concerned about? It turns out that if you record the voices of tourists and you play that recording from a speaker hidden in bushes, elephants will ignore it, because tourists never bother elephants. But if you record the voices of herders who carry spears and often hurt elephants in confrontations at water holes, the elephants will bunch up and run away from the hidden speaker Not only do elephants know that there are humans, they know that there are different kinds of humans, and that some are OK and some are dangerous.

06:09They have been watching us for much longer than we have been watching them. They know us better than we know them. We have the same imperatives: take care of our babies, find food, try to stay alive.Whether we're outfitted for hiking in the hills of Africa or outfitted for diving under the sea, we are basically the same. We are kin under the skin. The elephant has the same skeleton, the killer whale has the same skeleton, as do we. We see helping where help is needed. We see curiosity in the young. We see the bonds of family connections We recognize affection. Courtship is courtship. And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"

07:06When you get general anesthesia, it makes you unconscious, which means you have no sensation of anything. Consciousness is simply the thing that feels like something. If you see, if you hear, if you feel, if you're aware of anything, you are conscious, and they are conscious.

07:26Some people say well, there are certain things that make humans humans, and one of those things is empathy. Empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions. It's a very useful thing. If your companions start to move quickly, you have to feel like you need to hurry up. We're all in a hurry now The oldest form of empathy is contagious fear. If your companions suddenly startle and fly away, it does not work very well for you to say, "Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."

07:57(Laughter)

08:02Empathy is old, but empathy, like everything else in life, comes on a sliding scale and has its elaboration.So there's basic empathy: you feel sad, it makes me sad. I see you happy, it makes me happy.

08:16Then there's something that I call sympathy, a little more removed: "I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother has just passed away. I don't feel that same grief, but I get it; I know what you feel and it concerns me."

08:29And then if we're motivated to act on sympathy, I call that compassion.

08:35Far from being the thing that makes us human, human empathy is far from perfect. We round up empathic creatures, we kill them and we eat them Now, maybe you say OK, well, those are different species. That's just predation, and humans are predators. But we don't treat our own kind too well either.People who seem to know only one thing about animal behavior know that you must never attribute human thoughts and emotions to other species. Well, I think that's silly, because attributing human thoughts and emotions to other species is the best first guess about what they're doing and how they're feeling, because their brains are basically the same as ours. They have the same structures. The same hormones that create mood and motivation in us are in those brains as well. It is not scientific to say that they are hungry when they're hunting and they're tired when their tongues are hanging out, and then say when they're playing with their children and acting joyful and happy, we have no idea if they can possibly be experiencing anything. That is not scientific.

09:54So OK, so a reporter said to me, "Maybe, but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel?" And I started to rifle through all the hundreds of scientific references that I put in my book and I realized that the answer was right in the room with me When my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me -- not to the couch, to me -- and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly, she has had the thought, "I would like my belly rubbed. I know that I can go over to Carl, he will understand what I'm asking. I know I can trust him because we're family. He'll get the job done, and it will feel good."

10:37(Laughter)

10:39She has thought and she has felt, and it's really not more complicated than that.

10:45But we see other animals and we say, "Oh look, killer whales, wolves, elephants: that's not how they see it."

10:54That tall-finned male is L41. He's 38 years old. The female right on his left side is L22. She's 44 They've known each other for decades. They know exactly who they are. They know who their friends are. They know who their rivals are. Their life follows the arc of a career. They know where they are all the time.

11:21This is an elephant named Philo. He was a young male. This is him four days later. Humans not only can feel grief, we create an awful lot of it We want to carve their teeth. Why can't we wait for them to die?Elephants once ranged from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope. In 1980, there were vast strongholds of elephant range in Central and Eastern Africa. And now their range is shattered into little shards. This is the geography of an animal that we are driving to extinction, a fellow being, the most magnificent creature on land.

12:12Of course, we take much better care of our wildlife in the United States. In Yellowstone National Park, we killed every single wolf. We killed every single wolf south of the Canadian border, actually. But in the park, park rangers did that in the 1920s, and then 60 years later they had to bring them back, because the elk numbers had gotten out of control. And then people came People came by the thousands to see the wolves, the most accessibly visible wolves in the world.

12:44And I went there and I watched this incredible family of wolves. A pack is a family. It has some breeding adults and the young of several generations. And I watched the most famous, most stable pack in Yellowstone National Park. And then, when they wandered just outside the border, two of their adults were killed, including the mother, which we sometimes call the alpha female. The rest of the family immediately descended into sibling rivalry. Sisters kicked out other sisters. That one on the left tried for days to rejoin her family. They wouldn't let her because they were jealous of her She was getting too much attention from two new males, and she was the precocious one. That was too much for them. She wound up wandering outside the park and getting shot. The alpha male wound up being ejected from his own family. As winter was coming in, he lost his territory, his hunting support, the members of his family and his mate.

13:49We cause so much pain to them. The mystery is, why don't they hurt us more than they do? This whale had just finished eating part of a grey whale with his companions who had killed that whale. Those people in the boat had nothing at all to fear. This whale is T20. He had just finished tearing a seal into three pieces with two companions The seal weighed about as much as the people in the boat. They had nothing to fear. They eat seals. Why don't they eat us? Why can we trust them around our toddlers? Why is it that killer whales have returned to researchers lost in thick fog and led them miles until the fog parted and the researchers' home was right there on the shoreline? And that's happened more than one time.

14:52In the Bahamas, there's a woman named Denise Herzing, and she studies spotted dolphins and they know her. She knows them very well. She knows who they all are. They know her. They recognize the research boat. When she shows up, it's a big happy reunion

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Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling? (1) |Сафина|||||| Carl Safina|Carl Safina||are verb|non-human beings||also| Carl Safina: Was denken und fühlen Tiere? (1) Carl Safina: ¿Qué piensan y sienten los animales? (1) Carl Safina : Les animaux pensent et ressentent (1) Carl Safina: Cosa pensano e sentono gli animali? (1) カール・サフィーナ:動物は何を考え、何を感じているのか (1) 칼 사피나: 동물은 무엇을 생각하고 느끼나요? (1) Carl Safina: Ką galvoja ir jaučia gyvūnai? (1) Carl Safina: Wat denken en voelen dieren? (1) Carl Safina: Co myślą i czują zwierzęta (1) Carl Safina: O que é que os animais pensam e sentem? (1) Карл Сафина: О чем думают и что чувствуют животные? (1) Carl Safina: Hayvanlar ne düşünüyor ve hissediyor? (1) Карл Сафіна: Що думають і відчувають тварини (1) 卡尔·萨芬娜:动物在思考和感受什么? (1) 卡爾‧薩芬娜:動物在思考和感受什麼? (1)

00:11Have you ever wondered what animals think and feel? ||когда-либо|||||| |||se perguntou||os animais||| |||задумувалися||||| 00:11 Já alguma vez se interrogou sobre o que os animais pensam e sentem? Let's start with a question: Does my dog really love me, or does she just want a treat? |||||||||||||||||Leckerli ||in||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||um petisco |||||||||||||||||лакомство Comencemos con una pregunta: ¿Mi perro realmente me ama, o solo quiere una golosina? Comecemos com uma pergunta: o meu cão gosta mesmo de mim ou só quer uma guloseima? Начнем с вопроса: действительно ли моя собака любит меня или просто хочет угощения? Well, it's easy to see that our dog really loves us, easy to see, right, what's going on in that fuzzy little head. ||||||||||||||||||||пухлой|| |||to||||||||||||||||||small| ||||||||||||||||||||puchatej|| |||||||||||||||||||в тій|пухнастій||голові ||||||||||||||||||||confusa|| Bueno, es fácil ver que nuestro perro realmente nos ama, fácil de ver, cierto, lo que está pasando en esa pequeña cabeza borrosa. Bem, é fácil ver que o nosso cão gosta mesmo de nós, é fácil ver, certo, o que se passa naquela cabecinha felpuda. Что ж, легко понять, что наша собака действительно любит нас, легко понять, что происходит в этой пушистой головке. Köpeğimizin bizi gerçekten sevdiğini görmek kolay, değil mi, o bulanık küçük kafanın içinde neler olup bittiğini görmek kolay. What is going on? ||acontecendo| O que é que se passa? Что происходит? Something's going on. |acontecendo| Algo está sucediendo. Algo se está a passar. Что-то происходит.

00:40But why is the question always do they love us? |||||||sie|lieben| 00:40Aber warum ist die Frage immer, lieben sie uns? 00:40Mas porque é que a pergunta é sempre se eles nos amam? 00:40 Но почему всегда вопрос любят ли они нас? Why is it always about us? Warum geht es immer um uns? Porque é que é sempre sobre nós? Почему всегда о нас? Why are we such narcissists?I found a different question to ask animals. ||||нарциссы|||||||| ||||narcisistas|||||||| ||||нарциси|||||||| Warum sind wir so narzisstisch? Ich habe eine andere Frage gefunden, die ich Tieren stellen kann. ¿Por qué somos tan narcisistas? Encontré una pregunta diferente para preguntar a los animales. Porque é que somos tão narcisistas? Encontrei uma pergunta diferente para fazer aos animais. Who are you? ||tu Wer bist du? Quem são vocês?

01:00There are capacities of the human mind that we tend to think are capacities only of the human mind. ||способности|||||||||||||||| ||Fähigkeiten|||menschlichen|Geist|||||||||||| ||abilities|||||||||||||||| |||||humana||||tendemos||||capacidades(2)||||| ||можливості|||||||||||||||| 01:00 Es gibt Kapazitäten des menschlichen Geistes, von denen wir dazu neigen zu denken, dass sie nur Kapazitäten des menschlichen Geistes sind. 01: 00Hay capacidades de la mente humana que tendemos a pensar que son capacidades solo de la mente humana. 01:00 Há capacidades da mente humana que tendemos a pensar que são apenas capacidades da mente humana. 01:00Есть способности человеческого разума, которые мы склонны считать способностями только человеческого разума. 01:00人类大脑拥有我们倾向于认为只有人类才具备的潜能。 But is that true? Aber ist das wahr? Mas será que isso é verdade? 但这是真的吗? What are other beings doing with those brains? |||Wesen|||diesen| |||істоти||||мозки |||os seres|fazendo algo||aqueles cérebros| ¿Qué hacen otros seres con esos cerebros? O que é que os outros seres fazem com esses cérebros? Что другие существа делают с этими мозгами? 其他生物如何利用这些大脑? What are they thinking and feeling? |||denken|| O que estão a pensar e a sentir? Is there a way to know? Gibt es eine Möglichkeit, es zu wissen? ¿Hay alguna forma de saber? Há alguma forma de o saber? I think there is a way in. ||||||de maneira Ich denke, es gibt einen Weg hinein. Creo que hay una forma de entrar. Acho que há uma maneira de entrar. Я думаю, что есть вход. I think there are several ways in. ||||кілька|| Ich denke, es gibt mehrere Wege hinein. We can look at evolution, we can look at their brains and we can watch what they do. |podemos|||||||||||||observar||| Wir können die Evolution betrachten, wir können ihre Gehirne betrachten und wir können beobachten, was sie tun. Podemos olhar para a evolução, podemos olhar para os seus cérebros e podemos observar o que fazem.

01:32The first thing to remember is: our brain is inherited. ||||||наш|||наследственный |||||||||geerbt |||||||mózg|| |a primeira||||||||herdado |||||||||спадковий 01:32 Die erste Sache, an die man sich erinnern sollte, ist: unser Gehirn ist vererbt. 01: 32 Lo primero que debemos recordar es: nuestro cerebro se hereda. 01:32 A primeira coisa a lembrar é: o nosso cérebro é hereditário. The first neurons came from jellyfish. |||||медузы |||||Qualle |||||água-viva ||нейрони|||медуз |||||meduzy Die ersten Neuronen kamen von Quallen. Las primeras neuronas procedían de medusas. Os primeiros neurónios vieram das medusas. Jellyfish gave rise to the first chordates The first chordates gave rise to the first vertebrates. ||||||хордовые|||хордовые||||||позвоночные Quallen||hervorbrachten||||Chordatiere|||||||||Wirbeltiere ||originou||||os cordados|||||||||os vertebrados медуза||виникнення||||хордові|||||||||хребетні ||||||strunowce||||||||| Las medusas dieron origen a los primeros cordados Los primeros cordados dieron origen a los primeros vertebrados. Sứa đã tạo ra những động vật có dây sống đầu tiên Những động vật có dây sống đầu tiên đã tạo ra những động vật có xương sống đầu tiên. The vertebrates came out of the sea, and here we are. |позвоночные||||||||| ||||||dem Meer|||| ||||||||ось ми|| |os vertebrados||||||||| Los vertebrados salieron del mar, y aquí estamos. Os vertebrados saíram do mar, e aqui estamos nós. But it's still true that a neuron, a nerve cell, looks the same in a crayfish, a bird or you. |||||||||||||||ракец|||| ||immer noch||||Neuron||Nervenzelle|Nervenzelle||||||Flusskrebs||Vogel|| |||||||||||||||rakowate|||| ||ainda||||||||parece|||||lagostim|||| |||||||||||||||рак||птиця|| Pero sigue siendo cierto que una neurona, una célula nerviosa, se ve igual en un cangrejo de río, un pájaro o usted. Mas continua a ser verdade que um neurónio, uma célula nervosa, tem o mesmo aspeto num lagostim, num pássaro ou em si. What does that say about the minds of crayfish? ||||||||раков ||||||Geist||Flusskrebse ||||||||os lagostins ||||||розумі||раків ¿Qué dice eso acerca de las mentes de los cangrejos de río? O que é que isso diz sobre as mentes dos lagostins? Can we tell anything about that? |||irgendetwas|| Können wir irgendetwas darüber sagen? Podemos dizer alguma coisa sobre isso? Можем ли мы что-нибудь рассказать об этом? Well, it turns out that if you give a crayfish a lot of little tiny electric shocks every time it tries to come out of its burrow, it will develop anxiety. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||норка|||| ||stellt sich heraus|||||gibst|||||||winzige|elektrischen|Stöße||||versucht||||||Höhle|||entwickelt|Angst ||||||||||||||||||||||wyjść||||nory|||| ||verifica-se|sai||||||||||pequenos|pequenos||choques elétricos|todas as vezes|||||||||toca|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||норка|||розвине|тривога Nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass wenn man einem Flusskrebs viele kleine elektrische Schläge gibt, jedes Mal wenn er versucht, aus seinem Bau herauszukommen, er Angst entwickeln wird. Bueno, resulta que si le das a un cangrejo un montón de pequeñas descargas eléctricas cada vez que intenta salir de su madriguera, se desarrollará la ansiedad. Bem, acontece que se dermos a um lagostim uma série de pequenos choques eléctricos sempre que ele tenta sair da sua toca, ele desenvolverá ansiedade. Что ж, оказывается, если давать раку много маленьких крошечных ударов током каждый раз, когда он пытается выбраться из своей норы, у него разовьется тревога. If you give the crayfish the same drug used to treat anxiety disorder in humans, it relaxes and comes out and explores. ||||||||||||||||расслабляется||выходит|||исследует ||||Flusskrebs|||Medikament|||behandeln von|Angststörung|Störung||Menschen||entspannt sich|||||erkundet ||||||||||||||||fica relaxado|||||explora ||||||||||||розладу трив|||||||||досліджує Wenn man dem Flusskrebs das gleiche Medikament gibt, das zur Behandlung von Angststörungen bei Menschen verwendet wird, entspannt er sich und kommt heraus, um zu erkunden. Se dermos ao lagostim a mesma droga usada para tratar distúrbios de ansiedade em humanos, ele relaxa e sai para explorar. Если вы дадите раку тот же препарат, который используется для лечения тревожного расстройства у людей, он расслабится, выйдет наружу и исследует. How do we show how much we care about crayfish anxiety? |||zeigen||||sich kümmern|über|Krebsen-Angst|Angst der Flusskrebse como|||||||||| ¿Cómo mostramos cuánto nos importa la ansiedad del cangrejo de río? Como é que mostramos o quanto nos preocupamos com a ansiedade dos lagostins? Как мы показываем, насколько нас волнует боязнь раков? Mostly, we boil them. meistens||kochen| ||cozemos| ||варимо| A maior parte das vezes, fervemo-las.

02:38(Laughter)

02:41Octopuses use tools, as well as do most apes and they recognize human faces. ||||||||обезьяны||||| Oktopusse||Werkzeuge||auch||||Affen|||erkennen|| ośmiornice||||||||||||| os polvos||ferramentas||||||os macacos|||reconhecem|| восьминоги||||||||мавпи|||впізнають|| 02:41Os polvos usam ferramentas, assim como a maioria dos macacos, e reconhecem rostos humanos. How do we celebrate the ape-like intelligence of this invertebrate? ||||||||||беспозвоночное |||feiern||affenähnlich||Intelligenz|||Wirbellosen ||||||||||invertebrado |||||мавпопод||інтелект|||безхребетна ||||||||||bezkręgowiec Wie feiern wir die affenähnliche Intelligenz dieses wirbellosen Tieres? Como é que celebramos a inteligência símia deste invertebrado? Mostly boiled. |gekocht |переважно вар Meistens gekocht. If a grouper chases a fish into a crevice in the coral, it will sometimes go to where it knows a moray eel is sleeping and it will signal to the moray, "Follow me," and the moray will understand that signal. Если||групер||||в щель||щель||||||||||||если||угорь|||||||||морская угорь||||определённый ар||||| ||fish predator||||||narrow opening|||||||||||||moray eel||||||||||||||||||| ||peixe-gato|persegue||peixe||||||coral|||||||||||enguia-morena|||||||||moreia|||||moreia|||| ||Zackenbarsch|verfolgt||Fisch|in||Spalte|||Korallenriff||||||||||Muräne|Muräne||||||signal||||||||Muräne|||| ||групер|переслідує|||||щілину|||||||||||||морська змія||||||||||||||||||| |||goni|||||szczelina|||||||||||||murena|||||||||||||||||zrozumie|| Wenn ein Zackenbarsch einen Fisch in eine Spalte im Korallenriff jagt, geht er manchmal dorthin, wo er weiß, dass eine Muräne schläft, und signalisiert der Muräne: "Folge mir," und die Muräne wird dieses Signal verstehen. Si un mero persigue a un pez en una grieta en el coral, a veces irá a donde sabe que está durmiendo una anguila e indicará al moray "Sígueme", y el moray entenderá esa señal. Se uma garoupa perseguir um peixe até uma fenda no coral, irá por vezes até ao local onde sabe que uma moreia está a dormir e fará um sinal à moreia: "Segue-me", e a moreia compreenderá esse sinal. Если морской окунь преследует рыбу в расщелине коралла, иногда он идет туда, где, как он знает, спит мурена, и подает ей сигнал: «Следуй за мной», и мурена понимает этот сигнал. The moray may go into the crevice and get the fish, but the fish may bolt and the grouper may get it This is an ancient partnership that we have just recently found out about. ||||||щель|||||но||||поплыть проч|||групер|||||||||||||||| ||||||Spalte|||||||||fliehen|||Zackenbarsch|||||||alte|Partnerschaft|||||vor kurzem||| |||||||||||||||dart away||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||втекти|||групер|||||||давнє||||||нещодавно||| |moreia|||||fenda||||||||pode escapar|fugir rapidamente|||o garoupa|pode||||||antiga|parceria antiga||||||||sobre Der Muräne kann in die Spalte gehen und den Fisch erwischen, aber der Fisch könnte fliehen und der Zackenbarsch könnte ihn bekommen. Dies ist eine alte Partnerschaft, von der wir erst kürzlich erfahren haben. El moreno puede ir a la grieta y obtener el pescado, pero el pez puede saltar y el mero puede obtenerlo. Esta es una antigua asociación de la cual nos hemos enterado recientemente. A moreia pode entrar na fenda e apanhar o peixe, mas o peixe pode fugir e a garoupa pode apanhá-lo. Esta é uma parceria antiga que só recentemente descobrimos. Мурена может пойти в расщелину и поймать рыбу, но рыба может удрать, и ее может поймать морской окунь. Это древнее партнерство, о котором мы узнали совсем недавно. How do we celebrate that ancient partnership? ||||||parceria antiga |||святкуємо||| Wie feiern wir diese alte Partnerschaft? Como é que celebramos esta antiga parceria? Mostly fried. |frittiert principalmente| Meistens frittiert. Principalmente fritos. В основном жареное. A pattern is emerging and it says a lot more about us than it does about them. |Muster||Ein Muster entsteht||||||||||||| |um padrão||emergente|||||||||||verbo auxiliar|| |модель||виникає||||||||||||| Ein Muster zeichnet sich ab und es sagt viel mehr über uns aus als über sie. Está surgiendo un patrón y dice mucho más sobre nosotros que sobre ellos. Está a surgir um padrão que diz muito mais sobre nós do que sobre eles. Нарисовывается шаблон, который говорит о нас гораздо больше, чем о них.

03:38Sea otters use tools and they take time away from what they're doing to show their babies what to do, which is called teaching. |выдры|||||берут||||||||||||||||| |Seeotter||||||||||sie|||||Babys|||||||Lehren |||ferramentas|||||longe de||||fazendo algo||||filhotes|||||||ensinar |виводкові||||||||||||||||||||||навчання 03:38 Seeotter benutzen Werkzeuge und sie nehmen sich Zeit von dem, was sie tun, um ihren Babys zu zeigen, was zu tun ist, was man Lehren nennt. 03:38 Las nutrias marinas usan herramientas y se toman tiempo de lo que están haciendo para mostrarles a sus bebés qué hacer, lo que se llama enseñar. 03:38 As lontras marinhas usam ferramentas e tiram tempo do que estão a fazer para mostrar aos seus bebés o que fazer, o que se chama ensinar. 03:38 Морские выдры используют инструменты и отвлекаются от своих дел, чтобы показать своим детям, что делать, что называется обучением. Chimpanzees don't teach. Schimpansen|| os chimpanzés|| Шимпанзе|| Schimpansen lehren nicht. Os chimpanzés não ensinam. Killer whales teach and killer whales share food. |киты|||||| Schwertwale|Schwertwale|||||teilen| |as orcas|||||| |кити|||||| As orcas ensinam e as orcas partilham a comida.

03:57When evolution makes something new, it uses the parts it has in stock, off the shelf, before it fabricates a new twist. ||||||||||||||||||создает||| ||||||||||||||||||creates||| |evolução||||||||||||||pronto a usar||||||novidade ||||||verwendet||Teile||||auf Lager|||von der Stange|||herstellt|||Drehung ||||||||||||в наявності|||з полиці|||створює|||варіація ||||||||||||||||||wytwarza|||nowy zwrot 03:57Wenn die Evolution etwas Neues schafft, verwendet sie die Teile, die sie vorrätig hat, von der Stange, bevor sie einen neuen Dreh fabriziert. 03: 57Cuando la evolución hace algo nuevo, utiliza las partes que tiene en inventario, listas para usar, antes de fabricar un nuevo giro. 03:57Quando a evolução faz algo novo, utiliza as peças que tem em stock, fora da prateleira, antes de fabricar uma nova torção. 03:57Когда эволюция создает что-то новое, она использует имеющиеся у нее части, с полки, прежде чем изготовить новый поворот. 03:57Khi quá trình tiến hóa tạo ra thứ gì đó mới, nó sử dụng những bộ phận có sẵn, sẵn có, trước khi tạo ra một khuynh hướng mới. And our brain has come to us through the enormity of the deep sweep of time. |||||||||огромности||определённый ар|||| |||||||||vastness||||span|| |||||||||Unermesslichkeit|||tiefen|Bogen|| |||||||||||||amplitud extensa|| ||мозок|||||через||величезності||||просторі часу|| |||||||||ogromie|||||| Und unser Gehirn ist durch die Unermesslichkeit der tiefen Zeitspanne zu uns gekommen. Y nuestro cerebro ha llegado a nosotros a través de la enormidad de lo profundo del tiempo. E o nosso cérebro chegou até nós através da enormidade da profunda extensão do tempo. И наш мозг пришел к нам через огромный охват времени. If you look at the human brain compared to a chimpanzee brain, what you see is we have basically a very big chimpanzee brain. ||||||||||мозг шимпан||||||||||||| |||||||im Vergleich zu|||Schimpansen-Gehirn||||sehen||||im Grunde||||| Wenn man das menschliche Gehirn mit dem Gehirn eines Schimpansen vergleicht, sieht man, dass wir im Grunde genommen ein sehr großes Schimpansengehirn haben. Se olharmos para o cérebro humano em comparação com o cérebro de um chimpanzé, o que vemos é que temos basicamente um cérebro de chimpanzé muito grande. Если вы посмотрите на человеческий мозг по сравнению с мозгом шимпанзе, то увидите, что у нас в основном очень большой мозг шимпанзе. It's a good thing ours is bigger, because we're also really insecure |||||||||||неуверенные ||||unsere||größer|||||unsicher |||||||||||невпевнені |||coisa||||porque|||| |||||||||||niepewni Ainda bem que o nosso é maior, porque também somos muito inseguros Хорошо, что наши больше, потому что мы тоже очень небезопасны.

04:24(Laughter)

04:26But, uh oh, there's a dolphin, a bigger brain with more convolutions. |||||дельфин||||||извивания |||||||||||folds or grooves |||||golfinho||||||convoluções cerebrais |äh||||der Delfin||||||Faltungen |||||||||||згини |||||delfin||||||zakręty mózgu 04:26Aber, oh oh, da ist ein Delfin, ein größeres Gehirn mit mehr Faltungen. 04:26Mas, uh oh, há um golfinho, um cérebro maior com mais convoluções. OK, maybe you're saying, all right, well, we see brains, but what does that have to say about minds? |vielleicht|||||||||||||||||Geistern OK, vielleicht sagst du, na gut, wir sehen Gehirne, aber was hat das mit dem Geist zu tun? Talvez estejam a dizer que vemos cérebros, mas o que é que isso tem a dizer sobre as mentes? Well, we can see the working of the mind in the logic of behaviors. |||||||||||Logik||Verhalten |||||||||||||поведінки |||||funcionamento||||||lógica dos comportamentos||comportamentos Nun, wir können die Funktionsweise des Geistes in der Logik des Verhaltens sehen. Bem, podemos ver o funcionamento da mente na lógica dos comportamentos. So these elephants, you can see, obviously, they are resting. ||слоны||||||| ||Elefanten||||offensichtlich||| ||||||очевидно|||відпочивають ||os elefantes||||||| Estes elefantes, como se pode ver, estão obviamente a descansar. They have found a patch of shade under the palm trees under which to let their babies sleep, while they doze but remain vigilant. ||||участок|||||||||||||||они|дремлют|||бдительные ||||||||||||||||||||nap|||alert and watchful |têm|encontrado||uma área|||||||||||||||||||atentos |||||||||||||||||||||||wachsam ||||ділянка||тінь||||||||||||||дремлять||залишаються|пильні ||||plama||cienia||||||||||||||drzemają||| Encontraram um pedaço de sombra debaixo das palmeiras para deixar os seus bebés dormir, enquanto eles dormem, mas permanecem vigilantes. We make perfect sense of that image just as they make perfect sense of what they're doing because under the arc of the same sun on the same plains, listening to the howls of the same dangers, they became who they are and we became who we are. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||вопли||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||arc of||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |fazemos|||||||||||||||||||||||||||planícies||||||||||tornaram-se||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Ebenen||||Heulen||||||||||||||| |||сенс|||||||||||||||||аркою||||||||||||вивигання||||небезпек||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||łuku (1)||||||||||||wyciem|||||||||||||||

05:21We've been neighbors for a very long time. ||vizinhos||||| 05:21 Somos vizinhos há muito tempo. No one would mistake these elephants as being relaxed.They're obviously very concerned about something. |||||||||они||||| ||||||||||||стурбовані|| |||||||||estão||||| Nadie confundiría a estos elefantes con estar relajados. Obviamente están muy preocupados por algo. Ninguém confundiria estes elefantes como estando relaxados, pois estão obviamente muito preocupados com alguma coisa. Никто не спутает этих слонов с расслабленными. Они явно чем-то очень обеспокоены. What are they concerned about? ||eles estão|preocupados com| O que é que os preocupa? Что их беспокоит? It turns out that if you record the voices of tourists and you play that recording from a speaker hidden in bushes, elephants will ignore it, because tourists never bother elephants. |||||||||||||||||||||кустах||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||krzakach||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||схованому в||кущах||||||||туристи не тур| |verifica-se||||||||||||||||||escondido entre||arbustos||||||||incomodam| Acontece que se gravarmos as vozes dos turistas e tocarmos essa gravação num altifalante escondido nos arbustos, os elefantes vão ignorá-la, porque os turistas nunca incomodam os elefantes. But if you record the voices of herders who carry spears and often hurt elephants in confrontations at water holes, the elephants will bunch up and run away from the hidden speaker Not only do elephants know that there are humans, they know that there are different kinds of humans, and that some are OK and some are dangerous. |||||||пастухи|||копья||||||столкновениях||водопоях|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||people who herd|||||||||encounters|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| mas||||||||que|carregam lanças|lanças dos pastores|||||||||beiras de água||||se agrupam|||||||oculto|falante oculto||apenas|||||||||||||diferentes tipos||||||||||||perigosos |||||||Hirten|||||||||Auseinandersetzungen|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||пастухи|||списи|||завдають шк|||конфлікти|||||||збираються||||||||||||||(в)||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||pasterze||||||||w trakcie||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Mas se gravarmos as vozes dos pastores que têm lanças e que muitas vezes ferem os elefantes em confrontos nos charcos, os elefantes juntam-se e fogem do orador oculto. Но если вы запишете голоса пастухов, которые носят копья и часто причиняют вред слонам в столкновениях у водоёмов, слоны соберутся в кучу и убегут от скрытого динамика. Слоны знают, что существуют люди, они знают, что есть разные виды людей, и что некоторые из них нормальные, а некоторые опасные.

06:09They have been watching us for much longer than we have been watching them. ||||||||||||наблюдают| eles||||||||||||| 06:09 Eles observam-nos há muito mais tempo do que nós os observamos a eles. Они наблюдают за нами гораздо дольше, чем мы за ними. They know us better than we know them. Eles conhecem-nos melhor do que nós a eles. Они знают нас лучше, чем мы знаем их. We have the same imperatives: take care of our babies, find food, try to stay alive.Whether we're outfitted for hiking in the hills of Africa or outfitted for diving under the sea, we are basically the same. ||||императивы|||||||еда|||||||оснащены|||||||||оснащены|||||||||| ||||commands||||||||||||||equipped||||||||||||||||||| ||||||cuida de|||||||||vivos|seja qual for||preparados para||caminhada nas colinas|||||||equipados para||mergulho|||||||| ||||Imperative||||||||||||||ausgerüstet||||||||||||||||||| ||||накази||||||||||||Чи||||||||||||||||||||| ||||imperatywy||||||||||||||przygotowani||||||||||||||||||| Temos os mesmos imperativos: cuidar dos nossos bebés, encontrar comida, tentar manter-nos vivos. Quer estejamos equipados para fazer caminhadas nas colinas de África ou para mergulhar no fundo do mar, somos basicamente os mesmos. We are kin under the skin. мы||родственные связи||| ||родичі||| nós||parentes||| Somos parentes por baixo da pele. The elephant has the same skeleton, the killer whale has the same skeleton, as do we. ||||||||косатка||||||| |||||Skelett|||||||Skelett||| ||||||||orca||||||| |||||esqueleto|||||||esqueleto||| We see helping where help is needed. Vemos ajuda onde ela é necessária. We see curiosity in the young. ||дослідження||| Vemos curiosidade nos jovens. We see the bonds of family connections We recognize affection. |||связи||||||привязанность ||||||laços familiares||reconhecemos|afeto |||зв'язки||||||прив'язаність Vemos os laços das ligações familiares Reconhecemos o afeto. Courtship is courtship. сватовство|| Courtship definition|| ||namoro Balz ist Balz.|| залицяння||залицяння Zaloty|| Namoro é namoro. Ухаживание есть ухаживание. And then we ask, "Are they conscious?" ||||||bewusst ||||||conscientes ||||||свідомі E depois perguntamos: "Estão conscientes?"

07:06When you get general anesthesia, it makes you unconscious, which means you have no sensation of anything. ||||анестезия|||||||||||| ||||znieczulenie ogólne|||||||||||| ||||anestesia geral||||inconsciente|||||||| ||||анестезія||||безсвідомим|||||||| 07:06 Quando se recebe anestesia geral, fica-se inconsciente, o que significa que não se tem sensação de nada. Consciousness is simply the thing that feels like something. Consciência(1)|||||||| La consciencia es simplemente lo que se siente como algo. A consciência é simplesmente a coisa que se sente como algo. Сознание — это просто то, что ощущается как что-то. If you see, if you hear, if you feel, if you're aware of anything, you are conscious, and they are conscious. ||||||||||||||||||oni|| |||||||||||ciente||||||||| |||||||||||усвідомлює||||||||| Se vês, se ouves, se sentes, se tens consciência de alguma coisa, estás consciente, e eles estão conscientes.

07:26Some people say well, there are certain things that make humans humans, and one of those things is empathy. ||||||certas|||||||||||| ||||||певні|||||||||||| 07:26 Algumas pessoas dizem bem, há certas coisas que fazem os humanos serem humanos, e uma dessas coisas é a empatia. Empathy is the mind's ability to match moods with your companions. |||||||настроения|||сопровожда |||||||Stimmungen||| ||||||||||towarzyszami Empatia emocional|||mente|capacidade|||humores|||companheiros A empatia é a capacidade da mente de fazer corresponder os estados de espírito aos dos seus companheiros. Эмпатия — это способность разума сопоставлять настроение с вашими собеседниками. It's a very useful thing. |||útil| É uma coisa muito útil. If your companions start to move quickly, you have to feel like you need to hurry up. |||||||||||||||apressar-se| Se os seus companheiros começarem a andar depressa, tem de sentir que precisa de se apressar. We're all in a hurry now The oldest form of empathy is contagious fear. ||||||||||||заразный| ||||||||||||ansteckend| ||||||||||||transmissible| ||||||||||||заразний|страх |||||||a mais antiga|||||| If your companions suddenly startle and fly away, it does not work very well for you to say, "Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left." ||спутники||испугались||||||||||||||Черт возьми|||||| ||||erschrecken und fliehen||||||||||||||Mannomann|||||| ||||assustam-se||||||||||||||Nossa||fico a pensar|||| |||раптом|злякаються|||||||||||||||||||| ||||zaskoczyć|||||||||||||||||||| Se os seus companheiros de repente se assustam e voam para longe, não funciona muito bem dizer: "Caramba, pergunto-me porque é que toda a gente se foi embora". Если ваши спутники вдруг вздрагивают и улетают, вам не очень хорошо будет сказать: «Боже, интересно, почему все только что ушли».

07:57(Laughter)

08:02Empathy is old, but empathy, like everything else in life, comes on a sliding scale and has its elaboration.So there's basic empathy: you feel sad, it makes me sad. ||||||||||||||||||развитие||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Ausarbeitung||||||||||| |||||||інше||||||поступовій шк|шкала||||розширення||||||||||| Empatia básica||||||tudo|como tudo mais|||||||||||desdobramento|||||tu|||||| ||||||||||||||||||rozbudowa||||||||||| 08:02A empatia é antiga, mas a empatia, como tudo na vida, vem numa escala móvel e tem a sua elaboração. 08:02 Эмпатия стара, но эмпатия, как и все в жизни, бывает разной степени и имеет свои нюансы. Есть базовая эмпатия: тебе грустно, и мне от этого грустно. I see you happy, it makes me happy. Я вижу, что ты счастлив, и мне от этого радостно.

08:16Then there's something that I call sympathy, a little more removed: "I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother has just passed away. ||щось||||||||||||||||||| |há|algo||||||||mais distante||sinto muito|||||avó|||faleceu|faleceu 08:16 Depois há uma coisa a que chamo simpatia, um pouco mais distante: "Lamento saber que a sua avó acabou de falecer. 08:16 Затем есть то, что я называю симпатией, немного более отстраненной: "Мне жаль слышать, что ваша бабушка только что скончалась." I don't feel that same grief, but I get it; I know what you feel and it concerns me." |||||горе||||||||||||| |||||Kummer||||||||||||| |||||tristeza||||||entendo||||||preocupa| |||||горе||||||||||||турбує мене| Não sinto a mesma dor, mas compreendo-a; sei o que sente e isso preocupa-me". Я не испытываю той же скорби, но я понимаю; я знаю, что вы чувствуете, и это меня беспокоит."

08:29And then if we're motivated to act on sympathy, I call that compassion. ||||||||||||співчуття |então|||motivados||||||||compaixão 08:29А если мы мотивированы действовать на основе симпатии, я называю это состраданием.

08:35Far from being the thing that makes us human, human empathy is far from perfect. longe de||ser||a coisa|||||||||| 08:35 Longe de ser o que nos torna humanos, a empatia humana está longe de ser perfeita. 08:35 Человеческое сочувствие далеко не то, что делает нас людьми, оно далеко от совершенства. We round up empathic creatures, we kill them and we eat them Now, maybe you say OK, well, those are different species. мы|||сочувствующие|||||||||||||||||| |consideramos||empáticas|criaturas empáticas||||||||||||||||| Redondeamos criaturas empáticas, las matamos y las comemos. Ahora, quizás digas OK, bueno, esas son especies diferentes. Agora, talvez digam que são espécies diferentes. Мы ловим чутких существ, убиваем их и едим. Теперь, может быть, вы скажете: «Хорошо, ну, это разные виды». That's just predation, and humans are predators. ||хищничество|||| ||hunting behavior|||| ||predação||||predadores ||Raubtierverhalten|||| ||хижацт|||| ||drapieżnictwo|||| Isso é apenas predação, e os humanos são predadores. But we don't treat our own kind too well either.People who seem to know only one thing about animal behavior know that you must never attribute human thoughts and emotions to other species. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||assign||||||| |||||||||також|||здаються||||||||поведінка т|||||||||||||види |||tratamos|||||muito bem|também não|||parecem saber||||||||||||||atribuir|||||||outras espécies Pero tampoco tratamos a nuestro propio tipo demasiado bien. Las personas que parecen saber solo una cosa sobre el comportamiento animal saben que nunca debes atribuir los pensamientos y emociones humanos a otras especies. Mas também não tratamos muito bem a nossa própria espécie. As pessoas que parecem saber apenas uma coisa sobre o comportamento animal sabem que nunca se deve atribuir pensamentos e emoções humanas a outras espécies. Но мы не слишком хорошо относимся и к себе подобным. Люди, которые, кажется, знают только одну вещь о поведении животных, знают, что вы никогда не должны приписывать человеческие мысли и эмоции другим видам. Well, I think that's silly, because attributing human thoughts and emotions to other species is the best first guess about what they're doing and how they're feeling, because their brains are basically the same as ours. ||||||приписывание||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||zuschreiben||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| bem||||ridículo||atribuir||pensamentos||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Bem, acho que isso é um disparate, porque atribuir pensamentos e emoções humanas a outras espécies é o melhor palpite sobre o que estão a fazer e como se sentem, porque os seus cérebros são basicamente os mesmos que os nossos. They have the same structures. Têm as mesmas estruturas. The same hormones that create mood and motivation in us are in those brains as well. As mesmas hormonas que criam o humor e a motivação em nós estão também nesses cérebros. It is not scientific to say that they are hungry when they're hunting and they're tired when their tongues are hanging out, and then say when they're playing with their children and acting joyful and happy, we have no idea if they can possibly be experiencing anything. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||испытывают ли| ||||||||||||||||||języki|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||não é||||||||||||||||línguas de fora||||||||estão||||||agindo|alegres||||||||||possivelmente||| Não é científico dizer que têm fome quando estão a caçar e que estão cansados quando têm a língua de fora, e depois dizer que quando estão a brincar com os seus filhos e se mostram alegres e felizes, não fazemos ideia se podem estar a viver alguma coisa. Ненаучно говорить, что они голодны, когда охотятся, и устают, когда их языки высунуты, а затем говорить, когда они играют со своими детьми и ведут себя радостно и счастливо, мы понятия не имеем, были ли они может испытывать что угодно. That is not scientific.

09:54So OK, so a reporter said to me, "Maybe, but how do you really know that other animals can think and feel?" ||||repórter||||||||||||||||| 09:54 Então, um jornalista disse-me: "Talvez, mas como é que sabe realmente que os outros animais podem pensar e sentir?" And I started to rifle through all the hundreds of scientific references that I put in my book and I realized that the answer was right in the room with me When my dog gets off the rug and comes over to me -- not to the couch, to me -- and she rolls over on her back and exposes her belly, she has had the thought, "I would like my belly rubbed. ||начал||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||сходит|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||search||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||sofa|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||por entre|||centenas|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||tapete||||||||||||||se deita||||||mostra||barriga|||||a ideia|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||legt frei||||||||||||| ||||переглядати|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||килим||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||wstaje|||dywan||||||||||||||||||||odsłania|||||||||||||głaskana Quando o meu cão sai do tapete e vem ter comigo - não para o sofá, mas para mim - e se vira de costas e expõe a barriga, já pensou: "Gostava que me esfregassem a barriga. И я начал перебирать все сотни научных ссылок, которые я поместил в свою книгу, и я понял, что ответ был прямо в комнате со мной. Когда моя собака слезла с ковра и подошла ко мне - не к дивану, мне -- и она переворачивается на спину и обнажает живот, у нее возникла мысль: "Я бы хотела, чтобы мне помассировали живот. I know that I can go over to Carl, he will understand what I'm asking. |sei||||||||||||| Sei que posso ir ter com o Carl e que ele vai perceber o que estou a pedir. I know I can trust him because we're family. Sei que posso confiar nele porque somos uma família. He'll get the job done, and it will feel good." Él hará el trabajo y se sentirá bien ". Ele vai fazer o trabalho e vai sentir-se bem".

10:37(Laughter)

10:39She has thought and she has felt, and it's really not more complicated than that. ona|||||||||||||| 10:39 Она думала и чувствовала, и на самом деле это не сложнее.

10:45But we see other animals and we say, "Oh look, killer whales, wolves, elephants: that's not how they see it." ||||||||||zabójcze||||||||| 10: 45Pero vemos otros animales y decimos: "Oh miren, ballenas asesinas, lobos, elefantes: no es así como lo ven".

10:54That tall-finned male is L41. ||hochflossige||| |wysoki|||| 10:54 Dat mannetje met lange vinnen is L41. He's 38 years old. The female right on his left side is L22. She's 44 They've known each other for decades. They know exactly who they are. They know who their friends are. They know who their rivals are. ||||соперники| ||||Rivalen| ||||суперники| Their life follows the arc of a career. Su vida sigue el arco de una carrera. Их жизнь следует дуге карьеры. They know where they are all the time.

11:21This is an elephant named Philo. |||||Philo He was a young male. This is him four days later. Humans not only can feel grief, we create an awful lot of it We want to carve their teeth. |||||горе||||||||мы||||| ||||odczuwać||||||||||||wyryć|| Why can't we wait for them to die?Elephants once ranged from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope. ||||||||||обитали||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||verbreiteten sich||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||roamed||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||мешкали|||берегів|||||||||||||| ¿Por qué no podemos esperar a que mueran? Una vez, los elefantes iban desde las orillas del mar Mediterráneo hasta el cabo de Buena Esperanza. Почему мы не можем дождаться их смерти? Когда-то слоны обитали от берегов Средиземного моря вплоть до мыса Доброй Надежды. In 1980, there were vast strongholds of elephant range in Central and Eastern Africa. ||||опорные пункты|||||||| ||||populations|||||||| ||||bastiony|||||||| |||великі|опорні бази|||||||| В 1980-х годах в Центральной и Восточной Африке существовали обширные цитадели слоновьего ареала. And now their range is shattered into little shards. А теперь||||||||осколки ||||||||Scherben ||||||||pieces |||||destrozada||| This is the geography of an animal that we are driving to extinction, a fellow being, the most magnificent creature on land. ||||||||||||Ausrottung||||||||| ||||||||||||extinction event||||||most impressive||| ||||||||||||вимирання||собрат||||||| Это география животного, которого мы ведем к вымиранию, собрата, самого великолепного существа на земле.

12:12Of course, we take much better care of our wildlife in the United States. In Yellowstone National Park, we killed every single wolf. |Yellowstone-Nationalpark||||||| |||||zabiliśmy||| We killed every single wolf south of the Canadian border, actually. But in the park, park rangers did that in the 1920s, and then 60 years later they had to bring them back, because the elk numbers had gotten out of control. |||||сотрудники парка||||||||||||||||||лось|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||Hirsche|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||олень|||||| |||||strażnicy parku||||||||||||||||||łosie|||||| And then people came People came by the thousands to see the wolves, the most accessibly visible wolves in the world. |||||||||||||||leicht zugänglich||||| |||||||||||||||easiest to see||||| |||||||||||||||доступно||вовки||| |||||||||||||||najłatwiej dostępne||||| А потом пришли люди. Люди приходили тысячами, чтобы увидеть волков, самых доступных волков в мире.

12:44And I went there and I watched this incredible family of wolves. A pack is a family. |стая||| Стаи — это семья. It has some breeding adults and the young of several generations. |имеет||||||||| В ней есть несколько взрослых особей, занимающихся размножением, и молодые особи нескольких поколений. And I watched the most famous, most stable pack in Yellowstone National Park. |||||||стабільне||||| И я наблюдал за самой известной и самой стабильной стаей в Национальном парке Йеллоустоун. And then, when they wandered just outside the border, two of their adults were killed, including the mother, which we sometimes call the alpha female. ||||||||||||взрослых|||||||||||| |тоді||||||||||||||||||||||| The rest of the family immediately descended into sibling rivalry. |||||||||соперничество ||||||||rywalizacja rodzeństwa| ||||||впала|||суперництво Sisters kicked out other sisters. Сестры выгнали других сестер. That one on the left tried for days to rejoin her family. |||||||||приєднатися|| Та, что слева, несколько дней пыталась воссоединиться со своей семьей. They wouldn't let her because they were jealous of her She was getting too much attention from two new males, and she was the precocious one. ||||||||||||||||||||||||frühreif| ||||||||||||||||||||||||advanced for age| ||||||||||||||||||||||||zdolna przedwcześnie| |||||||заздрили|||||||||||||||||досвідчена| That was too much for them. She wound up wandering outside the park and getting shot. |в конечном итоге|||||||| |||блукаючи|||||| В итоге она бродила по парку и была застрелена. The alpha male wound up being ejected from his own family. ||||||изгнан|||| ||||||ausgestoßen|||| |||ended up||||||| |||wound||||||| |alfa(1)|||||wyrzucony|||| Альфа-самца выгнали из собственной семьи. As winter was coming in, he lost his territory, his hunting support, the members of his family and his mate. |||||||||его||||||||и|его|

13:49We cause so much pain to them. The mystery is, why don't they hurt us more than they do? Загадка в том, почему они не причиняют нам больше вреда, чем на самом деле? This whale had just finished eating part of a grey whale with his companions who had killed that whale. |кит||||||||||||||||| Those people in the boat had nothing at all to fear. This whale is T20. He had just finished tearing a seal into three pieces with two companions The seal weighed about as much as the people in the boat. ||||разрывая||тюлень|||||||||||||||||| ||||розривати||печатка|||||||||важив||||||||| Он только что разорвал тюленя на три части с двумя товарищами. Тюлень весил примерно столько же, сколько люди в лодке. They had nothing to fear. ||||боятися Им нечего было бояться. They eat seals. Why don't they eat us? Why can we trust them around our toddlers? |||||||малышами |||||||малюків |||||||niños pequeños Почему мы можем доверять им в отношении наших малышей? Why is it that killer whales have returned to researchers lost in thick fog and led them miles until the fog parted and the researchers' home was right there on the shoreline? ||||||||||||||||||||тумане||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Küstenlinie |||||кити|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ¿Por qué es que las ballenas asesinas han regresado a los investigadores perdidos en la espesa niebla y las han llevado millas hasta que la niebla se separó y la casa de los investigadores estaba justo allí en la costa? Hoe komt het dat orka's zijn teruggekeerd naar onderzoekers die verdwaald waren in dichte mist en hen kilometers hebben geleid tot de mist verdween en het huis van de onderzoekers precies daar aan de kustlijn was? And that's happened more than one time.

14:52In the Bahamas, there's a woman named Denise Herzing, and she studies spotted dolphins and they know her. ||||||||||||пятнистых||||| ||Bahamas, Bahamas, Bahamas||||||Denise Herzing||||||||| ||||||||||||плямистих||||| She knows them very well. She knows who they all are. They know her. They recognize the research boat. When she shows up, it's a big happy reunion ||||||||встреча Когда она появляется, это большое счастливое воссоединение