×

Nós usamos os cookies para ajudar a melhorar o LingQ. Ao visitar o site, você concorda com a nossa política de cookies.


image

English Learning for Curious Minds, Episode 252: Five Surprising Food Origins [1]

Episode 252: Five Surprising Food Origins [1]

Hello, hello hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English.

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories, and learn weird and

wonderful things about the world at the same time as improving your English.

I'm Alastair Budge and I hope you're not listening with an

empty stomach because today, we are going to talk about food.

And specifically, we are going to talk about the unusual stories of 5 different,

everyday foods, foods that you have probably eaten, or at least heard of,

but perhaps you don't know where they were invented, how, when and by who.

On this culinary journey we'll talk about the sandwich, tomato

ketchup, fish & chips, chicken tikka masala, and the humble tea bag.

It is going to be quite the food extravaganza, and I hope you'll enjoy it.

Now, let's roll up our sleeves, sit down at the table

and tuck in to our first unusual food origin story.

And it's one of a food we all know and probably love.

The sandwich.

Now, before you cry out that “nobody invented the sandwich”, it's just

bread and something in the middle, let me add a little disclaimer here.

Yes, people have eaten bread with meat or vegetables on

top, or between two pieces of bread for thousands of years.

One of the earliest known sandwich lovers was a Babylonian Rabbi named Hillel

the Elder who was a prominent figure in Jerusalem in the first century BC.

His love of lamb and herbs spread between matzah bread, an unleavened flatbread,

is recorded in The Haggadah, a Jewish text typically read during Passover.

According to the text, the fillings in this sandwich were meant to represent

the Jews' suffering, especially the crushed nuts which symbolised the

mortar that Jews used when they were forced to build Egyptian buildings.

And this idea of bread with fillings was enjoyed

throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East for centuries.

But history, or at least English-language history, has a particular date for the invention

of the modern sandwich, and a particular person who is credited with the invention of

this dish that is enjoyed by a whopping 56% of the British population every single day.

And that date was 1762, and the man, a man named Sir John Montague, the Earl of Sandwich.

If you are a particularly dedicated listener to this show you will

remember that one of the first episodes we ever made, episode number

19 in fact, was on this story, but here is a reminder of how it went.

This man, the Earl of Sandwich, was a voracious gambler.

He loved playing cards, and would sit for hours at a time at the card table.

But he was also a human being, and like any of us, he got hungry.

So, one day, so the legend goes, he signalled to a nearby servant to bring him some meat between

two slices of bread, a meal he could hold in one hand while he kept his cards in the other.

No knife and fork were needed, and he could continue to take bites out of this

little parcel of food while he presumably lost more and more money at the card table.

Before long people in fashionable clubs of London started saying “I'll

have what Sandwich is having”, and this was shortened just to “sandwich”.

It turns out that sandwiches are quite nice even if you

aren't sitting at a card table, but the name remained.

So, there you go, the British might not have invented the concept of the sandwich,

but a British man is now forever associated with its name and popularisation.

While we're on the subject of sandwiches, this leads us

nicely on to talk about a sauce that you might find in one.

If you open any fridge in the UK, you'll likely see a bottle of this lurking on the shelf.

Some might say it's the superhero of condiments: tomato ketchup, or simply “ketchup”.

This famous red sauce is both savoury and sweet, but it actually didn't start out that way.

The name ‘ketchup' actually comes from the Hokkien Chinese word ‘kê-tsiap',

a type of fermented fish which the Vietnamese used to make the sauce.

It was later brought to China by traders who popularised it in the region.

It's believed that the British first encountered the mysterious

sauce in the late 17th century on a trip to southeast Asia.

After falling in love with it, they tried to recreate

it using anchovies, mushrooms, oysters and walnuts.

It doesn't sound that nice to me, but it was certainly loved by some people.

It's said to have been a favourite of Jane Austen, the author of novels

such as Pride and Prejudice, who often added it to her meat and fish.

But it was still missing a vital ingredient: the tomato.

In 1812 an American horticulturist named James Mease took some tomatoes, and mixed

their pulp with brandy and spices to create the first published tomato ketchup recipe.

Although this bore very little resemblance to the original Asian ‘ke-tsiap', it was delicious.

This tomato ketchup was also significantly easier to store

than its mushroom ancestor but it was by no means perfect.

The tomato season was short.

Storing tomato pulp proved difficult, and some producers

stored it so poorly that it grew bacteria, yeast or mould.

Of course, there were plenty of attempts to preserve

the sauce, including using the preservative benzoate.

And by 1837, it had started to be put into bottles and sold across America.

Finally, tomato sauce seemed to keep for a long time, meaning

it could be bought and kept in the cupboard without going bad.

Remember, we're still 100 years before mass adoption of fridges here.

So, it was quite the triumph when it seemed that ketchup could finally be kept for a long time.

Indeed, Heinz, a company that would later become famous for its tomato ketchup, ran an advertising

campaign with the slogan: "Blessed relief for Mother and the other women in the household!"

The relief was because ketchup no longer needed to be made from scratch whenever

someone wanted to eat it - it could be pre-bought and it would keep for a long time.

But, these preservatives were dangerous, they were unsafe, and when benzoate was

finally banned in 1906 the ketchup producers needed to find another solution.

Luckily, the solution was right in front of them.

All that was required was ripe, red tomatoes, which have a higher level of

natural preservatives and were lower in a particular acid called pectin.

And the rest of the history of ketchup is, as they say, history.

Now, our next food is one that can be enjoyed with ketchup, but if

you are a real purist you will have it only with salt and vinegar.

Fish and chips.

Again, we did one very early episode on this, it's Episode

number 17, but here is the abridged, the concise, version.

A bit like the sandwich, the origin of fish and chips

is shared between the Jewish community and Britain.

It all started in the 15th century after Spain expelled its Jewish population,

sending thousands of Jews fleeing to neighbouring countries like Portugal.

In Jewish culture, it is forbidden to cook on the Jewish Sabbath or Shabat.

That means that from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, the kitchen was off limits.

To follow this religious requirement, Jewish people needed to prepare food before the

sun went down on Friday, and this food needed to be good to eat for twenty four hours.

One of those foods was a white fish like cod or haddock, fried in flour.

The flour preserved the fish so that it could be eaten

cold the following day and still have some flavour.

When Portugal fell under Spanish rule, the Sephardic Jews fled to England,

bringing their culture and recipes with them, including the fried fish.

In order to fit in and behave more like the local, Christian, population,

which was not meant to eat meat on a Friday, and so tended to eat

fish, the new Jewish immigrants cooked this fried fish on a Friday.

As it was a dish that fitted both the Jewish and Christian requirements – and was

evidently pretty tasty – the Jewish immigrants would sell it to the local population.

Initially, it was sold on its own, without chips.

And the identity of the person who first had the

genius idea to serve it with chips is somewhat debated.

It's thought to have been a young, Jewish immigrant named Joseph

Malin, who opened up the first fish and chip shop in London in 1863.

However there is evidence of another fish and chip shop being opened at almost

exactly the same time by another man in Oldham, in the north of the country.

In any case, it was an instant hit, a surefire success, and fish

and chips became an unofficial national dish for Great Britain.

By 1910 there were over 20,000 fish and chip shops around the UK and

during WW1 the Prime Minister tried to boost morale by keeping shops open.

Fish and chips became such a part of British culture that when the British

soldiers stormed beaches in Normandy in World War II they reportedly called

out to each other by shouting “fish” and the other would respond with “chips”.

This helped them find each other in the chaos of battle.

And even today, when the country has been assaulted by American fast food outlets, the

fish and chip shop reigns supreme, with over 8 fish and chip shops for every one McDonald's

Now, in case you didn't realise it before, Britain is a big of a magpie when it comes to food.

A magpie is the black and white bird that steals shiny things to bring back and put in its nest.

And if you didn't believe it before, the next item on the menu is going

to be yet another example, albeit this time of a food that many British

people believe to be Indian, but is actually, so the story goes, Scottish.

And it too is a rival for the UK's national dish.

You might not have heard of it unless you have been to the UK, but it's called chicken tikka masala.

In case you don't know what I'm talking about, chicken tikka masala consists of a

boneless chicken cooked over a charcoal fire, and served with a tomato-cream sauce.

And the legend of where it comes from goes something like this.

In 1971, on a dark night in Glasgow, in Scotland, a bus driver, tired from his long

shift, came into an Indian restaurant with a Pakistani cook, and ordered a chicken curry.

After taking one bite, he sent it back to the kitchen complaining that the curry was too dry.

We Brits don't tend to eat much dry meat, our meat

normally comes smothered, covered, in gravy and sauce.

According to the cook's son, his father was suffering from an ulcer and had

a pan of tomato soup on the stove cooking that he was planning to eat later.

To try and please the customer, he improvised and put his tomato soup,

some yoghurt and some spices, on top of the supposedly “dry” curry.

When the dish returned to the table, the bus driver's eyes lit up.

He took his fork, lifted it up to his mouth, and instantly fell in love with the dish.

He kept coming back to the restaurant with friends to order

it again and eventually, the restaurant put it on the menu.

It has now become a favourite dish for many Brits, and

is something of a staple in Indian restaurants in the UK.

In 2001, it even achieved the high praise of the then British Foreign

Secretary, Robin Cook, who called it a symbol of multicultural Britain.

I should add that there are plenty of people who say that this story is

folklore, that there is nothing really British about chicken tikka masala.

Episode 252: Five Surprising Food Origins [1] Folge 252: Fünf überraschende Ursprünge von Lebensmitteln [1] Episodio 252: Cinco sorprendentes orígenes de los alimentos [1] Épisode 252 : Cinq origines surprenantes des aliments [1] Episodio 252: Cinque sorprendenti origini del cibo [1] 第252回意外な5つの食の起源【1 Episódio 252: Cinco origens surpreendentes dos alimentos [1] Эпизод 252: Пять удивительных происхождений продуктов питания [1] 252. Bölüm Beş Şaşırtıcı Gıda Kökeni [1] Епізод 252: П'ять дивовижних харчових продуктів [1]. 第 252 集:五种令人惊讶的食物起源 [1]

Hello, hello hello, and welcome to English Learning for Curious Minds, by Leonardo English. こんにちは、こんにちは、レオナルド・イングリッシュによる好奇心旺盛な心のための英語学習へようこそ。

The show where you can listen to fascinating stories, and learn weird and 面白い話を聞いたり、変なことを学べる番組。

wonderful things about the world at the same time as improving your English. 英語を上達させると同時に、世界の素晴らしいことを学ぶことができます。

I'm Alastair Budge and I hope you're not listening with an

empty stomach because today, we are going to talk about food.

And specifically, we are going to talk about the unusual stories of 5 different,

everyday foods, foods that you have probably eaten, or at least heard of,

but perhaps you don't know where they were invented, how, when and by who.

On this culinary journey we'll talk about the sandwich, tomato ||culinary||||||| В этом кулинарном путешествии мы поговорим о бутерброде с помидорами.

ketchup, fish & chips, chicken tikka masala, and the humble tea bag. ||||tikka|masala||||| ||||||||ketchup, peixe com batatas fritas, frango tikka masala e o humilde saquinho de chá|| кетчуп, рыба с жареным картофелем, курица тикка масала и скромный пакетик чая.

It is going to be quite the food extravaganza, and I hope you'll enjoy it. ||||||||event||||||

Now, let's roll up our sleeves, sit down at the table |||||sleeves|||||

and tuck in to our first unusual food origin story. |e encaixar|||||||| e dê uma olhada em nossa primeira história incomum de origem alimentar. 并品尝我们第一个不同寻常的食物起源故事。

And it's one of a food we all know and probably love.

The sandwich.

Now, before you cry out that “nobody invented the sandwich”, it's just

bread and something in the middle, let me add a little disclaimer here. ||||||||add|||disclaimer| |||||||||||aviso legal|

Yes, people have eaten bread with meat or vegetables on

top, or between two pieces of bread for thousands of years.

One of the earliest known sandwich lovers was a Babylonian Rabbi named Hillel ||||||||||a Jewish teacher||Hillel

the Elder who was a prominent figure in Jerusalem in the first century BC. ||||||||||||século|a.C. Старец, который был видным деятелем Иерусалима в I веке до н.э. 他是公元前一世纪耶路撒冷的著名人物。

His love of lamb and herbs spread between matzah bread, an unleavened flatbread, ||||||||matzah|||not leavened| Его любовь к баранине и травам распространялась между пресными лепешками - мацой,

is recorded in The Haggadah, a Jewish text typically read during Passover. ||||Haggadah|||||||Passover |||||||||||é registrado no Haggadah, um texto judaico geralmente lido durante a Páscoa.

According to the text, the fillings in this sandwich were meant to represent |||||ripieni||||||| Dem Text zufolge sollten die Füllungen in diesem Sandwich Folgendes darstellen Согласно тексту, начинка этого бутерброда должна была представлять собой

the Jews' suffering, especially the crushed nuts which symbolised the |Jews|||||||symbolised = symbolized| страдания евреев, особенно толченые орехи, которые символизировали страждання євреїв, особливо роздавлені горіхи, які символізували

mortar that Jews used when they were forced to build Egyptian buildings. mortar|||||they|||||| раствор, который использовали евреи, когда их заставляли строить египетские здания. 犹太人被迫建造埃及建筑物时使用的砂浆。

And this idea of bread with fillings was enjoyed

throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East for centuries.

But history, or at least English-language history, has a particular date for the invention Однако история, по крайней мере, англоязычная история, имеет конкретную дату изобретения

of the modern sandwich, and a particular person who is credited with the invention of современного сэндвича, а также конкретного человека, которому приписывается изобретение

this dish that is enjoyed by a whopping 56% of the British population every single day. este plato que disfruta a diario la friolera del 56% de la población británica.

And that date was 1762, and the man, a man named Sir John Montague, the Earl of Sandwich. ||||||||||Sir||Montague|||| ||||||||||||||conde||

If you are a particularly dedicated listener to this show you will

remember that one of the first episodes we ever made, episode number

19 in fact, was on this story, but here is a reminder of how it went. 19 in der Tat, war auf diese Geschichte, aber hier ist eine Erinnerung daran, wie es ging.

This man, the Earl of Sandwich, was a voracious gambler. ||||of|||||giocatore ||||||||voraz|jogador Этот человек, граф Сэндвич, был прожорливым игроком.

He loved playing cards, and would sit for hours at a time at the card table.

But he was also a human being, and like any of us, he got hungry. Но он тоже был человеком и, как любой из нас, испытывал голод.

So, one day, so the legend goes, he signalled to a nearby servant to bring him some meat between ||||||||signalled|||nearby = close to|||||||

two slices of bread, a meal he could hold in one hand while he kept his cards in the other. |slices||||||||||||||||||

No knife and fork were needed, and he could continue to take bites out of this No necesitó cuchillo ni tenedor, y pudo seguir dándole bocados a este Нож и вилка не требовались, и он мог продолжать откусывать от этого

little parcel of food while he presumably lost more and more money at the card table. |parcel = small package|||||presumably||||||||| pequeño paquete de comida mientras presumiblemente perdía más y más dinero en la mesa de juego. и, видимо, проигрывал все больше и больше денег за карточным столом.

Before long people in fashionable clubs of London started saying “I'll ||||fashionable|||||| Es dauerte nicht lange, bis die Leute in den angesagten Londoner Clubs zu sagen begannen: "I'll Em pouco tempo, as pessoas nos clubes da moda de Londres começaram a dizer “Vou 不久之后,伦敦时尚俱乐部的人们开始说“我会

have what Sandwich is having”, and this was shortened just to “sandwich”. |what|sandwich||||||||| haben, was Sandwich hat", und das wurde einfach zu "Sandwich" verkürzt. tem o que o Sandwich está tendo”, e isso foi abreviado apenas para “sanduíche”. есть то, что есть у бутерброда», и это было сокращено до «бутерброд». 拥有 Sandwich 所拥有的”,并将其缩写为“三明治”。

It turns out that sandwiches are quite nice even if you Оказывается, сэндвичи - это очень вкусно, даже если вы

aren't sitting at a card table, but the name remained. |||||||||remained

So, there you go, the British might not have invented the concept of the sandwich, Итак, британцы, возможно, и не изобрели концепцию сэндвича,

but a British man is now forever associated with its name and popularisation. ||||||per sempre|associated|||||popularization

While we're on the subject of sandwiches, this leads us Раз уж мы заговорили о сэндвичах, то это наводит нас на мысль о том, что

nicely on to talk about a sauce that you might find in one. далее мы расскажем о соусе, который можно найти в одном из них.

If you open any fridge in the UK, you'll likely see a bottle of this lurking on the shelf. |||||||||||||||hiding|||shelf ||||||a|||provavelmente||||||à espreita|||prateleira Если вы откроете любой холодильник в Великобритании, то, скорее всего, увидите на полке бутылку этого напитка.

Some might say it's the superhero of condiments: tomato ketchup, or simply “ketchup”. |||||superhero||condiments|||||

This famous red sauce is both savoury and sweet, but it actually didn't start out that way. ||||||tuzlu|||||||başladı||| Diese berühmte rote Sauce ist sowohl herzhaft als auch süß, aber so hat sie eigentlich nicht angefangen. Esta famosa salsa roja es salada y dulce a la vez, pero en realidad no empezó así. Этот знаменитый красный соус одновременно и соленый, и сладкий, но начинался он совсем не так. 这种著名的红酱味道咸甜适中,但实际上它一开始并不是这样的。

The name ‘ketchup' actually comes from the Hokkien Chinese word ‘kê-tsiap', |||||||Hokkien|||to|ketchup Название "кетчуп" на самом деле происходит от китайского слова "kê-tsiap", произносимого на языке хоккиен,

a type of fermented fish which the Vietnamese used to make the sauce. |||fermente edilmiş||||||||| вид ферментированной рыбы, которую вьетнамцы используют для приготовления соуса.

It was later brought to China by traders who popularised it in the region. |||getirildi||||||||||

It's believed that the British first encountered the mysterious Считается, что англичане впервые столкнулись с загадочным

sauce in the late 17th century on a trip to southeast Asia.

After falling in love with it, they tried to recreate |||||||||to recreate

it using anchovies, mushrooms, oysters and walnuts. ||hamsi||istiridyeler|| ||||||nozes

It doesn't sound that nice to me, but it was certainly loved by some people. По-моему, это не очень приятно, но, безусловно, некоторым людям это нравилось.

It's said to have been a favourite of Jane Austen, the author of novels Es heißt, er sei ein Lieblingsort von Jane Austen gewesen, der Autorin der Romane

such as Pride and Prejudice, who often added it to her meat and fish. ||||preconceito||||||||| wie z. B. Stolz und Vorurteil, die ihn oft zu ihrem Fleisch und Fisch gab.

But it was still missing a vital ingredient: the tomato. Но в нем по-прежнему отсутствовал важный ингредиент - помидор.

In 1812 an American horticulturist named James Mease took some tomatoes, and mixed |||horticulturist = a person who studies or practices horticulture|||James Mease|||||

their pulp with brandy and spices to create the first published tomato ketchup recipe. |püre||||||||||||

Although this bore very little resemblance to the original Asian ‘ke-tsiap', it was delicious. これは本来のアジアの「ケチャップ」とは似ても似つかないが、美味しかった。 Несмотря на то, что это блюдо мало напоминало оригинальный азиатский "ке-цяп", оно было очень вкусным.

This tomato ketchup was also significantly easier to store Кроме того, этот томатный кетчуп было значительно легче хранить

than its mushroom ancestor but it was by no means perfect. |||ancestor||||||| по сравнению со своим грибным предком, но он отнюдь не был совершенным. 比它的蘑菇祖先更完美,但它绝不是完美的。

The tomato season was short.

Storing tomato pulp proved difficult, and some producers |||||||üreticiler Хранение томатной мякоти оказалось затруднительным, и некоторые производители

stored it so poorly that it grew bacteria, yeast or mould. |||mal|||||levedura||mofo

Of course, there were plenty of attempts to preserve ||||muitas|||| Конечно, было много попыток сохранить

the sauce, including using the preservative benzoate. ||||||benzoat der Sauce, einschließlich der Verwendung des Konservierungsstoffs Benzoat. соуса, в том числе с использованием консерванта бензоата.

And by 1837, it had started to be put into bottles and sold across America. А к 1837 г. его начали разливать в бутылки и продавать по всей Америке.

Finally, tomato sauce seemed to keep for a long time, meaning Наконец, томатный соус, как оказалось, хранится очень долго, что означает

it could be bought and kept in the cupboard without going bad. его можно купить и хранить в шкафу, не портясь.

Remember, we're still 100 years before mass adoption of fridges here. |||||kitlesel benimseme|benimseme||buzdolapları| Recuerda que aún faltan 100 años para la adopción masiva de los frigoríficos. Не забывайте, что до массового внедрения холодильников здесь еще 100 лет.

So, it was quite the triumph when it seemed that ketchup could finally be kept for a long time.

Indeed, Heinz, a company that would later become famous for its tomato ketchup, ran an advertising |Heinz|||||||||||||| Действительно, компания Heinz, которая впоследствии стала известна благодаря своему томатному кетчупу, провела рекламную акцию

campaign with the slogan: "Blessed relief for Mother and the other women in the household!" |||||alívio|||||||||lar кампания под лозунгом: "Благословенное облегчение для матери и других женщин в семье!". 活动的口号是:“祝福母亲和家里的其他妇女摆脱困境!”

The relief was because ketchup no longer needed to be made from scratch whenever |o alívio|||||||||||| O alívio foi porque o ketchup não precisava mais ser feito do zero sempre que Облегчение было вызвано тем, что кетчуп больше не нужно было готовить с нуля. 让人松了一口气的是,番茄酱不再需要从头开始制作了。

someone wanted to eat it - it could be pre-bought and it would keep for a long time. кто-то захотел его съесть - его можно заранее купить и он будет долго храниться.

But, these preservatives were dangerous, they were unsafe, and when benzoate was

finally banned in 1906 the ketchup producers needed to find another solution.

Luckily, the solution was right in front of them. К счастью, решение оказалось прямо перед ними.

All that was required was ripe, red tomatoes, which have a higher level of |||||maduras||||||||

natural preservatives and were lower in a particular acid called pectin. ||||||||||pectin ||||||||||pectina natürliche Konservierungsstoffe und einen geringeren Gehalt an einer bestimmten Säure namens Pektin. натуральные консерванты и меньшее содержание особой кислоты - пектина. 天然防腐剂,并且一种名为果胶的特殊酸的含量较低。

And the rest of the history of ketchup is, as they say, history. А вся остальная история кетчупа - это, как говорится, история.

Now, our next food is one that can be enjoyed with ketchup, but if

you are a real purist you will have it only with salt and vinegar. ||||safçı||||||||| ||||purista|||||||||

Fish and chips. ||peixe e batatas fritas

Again, we did one very early episode on this, it's Episode

number 17, but here is the abridged, the concise, version. |||||kısa||| |||||resumida||concisa|

A bit like the sandwich, the origin of fish and chips

is shared between the Jewish community and Britain. делится между еврейской общиной и Великобританией.

It all started in the 15th century after Spain expelled its Jewish population, |||||||||sürgün etti||| |||||||||expulsou||| Все началось в XV веке после изгнания из Испании еврейского населения,

sending thousands of Jews fleeing to neighbouring countries like Portugal. ||||fugindo||||| В результате тысячи евреев бежали в соседние страны, например в Португалию.

In Jewish culture, it is forbidden to cook on the Jewish Sabbath or Shabat. |||||||||||||Şabat

That means that from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, the kitchen was off limits. ||||gün batımı||||||||||| ||||||||||||||fechada|

To follow this religious requirement, Jewish people needed to prepare food before the ||||gereksinim||||||||

sun went down on Friday, and this food needed to be good to eat for twenty four hours. Die Sonne ging am Freitag unter, und dieses Essen musste vierundzwanzig Stunden lang genießbar sein.

One of those foods was a white fish like cod or haddock, fried in flour. |||||||||||uskumru||| |||||||||bacalhau||haddock||| Однією з таких страв була біла риба, наприклад, тріска або пікша, обсмажена в борошні.

The flour preserved the fish so that it could be eaten

cold the following day and still have some flavour. ||||||||lezzet На следующий день они остывают и сохраняют свой вкус.

When Portugal fell under Spanish rule, the Sephardic Jews fled to England, |||||||Sefarad|||| |||||||sefardita||fugiram|| Когда Португалия оказалась под властью Испании, евреи-сефарды бежали в Англию,

bringing their culture and recipes with them, including the fried fish.

In order to fit in and behave more like the local, Christian, population, Чтобы вписаться в местное, христианское, население и вести себя в нем как подобает,

which was not meant to eat meat on a Friday, and so tended to eat

fish, the new Jewish immigrants cooked this fried fish on a Friday.

As it was a dish that fitted both the Jewish and Christian requirements – and was Поскольку это блюдо соответствовало как иудейским, так и христианским требованиям и было

evidently pretty tasty – the Jewish immigrants would sell it to the local population. Очевидно, очень вкусный - еврейские иммигранты продавали его местному населению.

Initially, it was sold on its own, without chips. Первоначально он продавался сам по себе, без чипов.

And the identity of the person who first had the

genius idea to serve it with chips is somewhat debated. ||||||||biraz|tartışmalı Die geniale Idee, es mit Pommes frites zu servieren, ist etwas umstritten. Гениальная идея подавать его с чипсами несколько спорна. 用薯条来搭配它的天才想法却受到了一些争议。

It's thought to have been a young, Jewish immigrant named Joseph

Malin, who opened up the first fish and chip shop in London in 1863. Malin||||||||||||

However there is evidence of another fish and chip shop being opened at almost

exactly the same time by another man in Oldham, in the north of the country. ||||||||Oldham|||||| Ровно в это же время другой человек в Олдхэме, на севере страны.

In any case, it was an instant hit, a surefire success, and fish |||||||||certeiro||| В любом случае, это был мгновенный хит, несомненный успех, и рыба

and chips became an unofficial national dish for Great Britain. ||||não oficial|||||

By 1910 there were over 20,000 fish and chip shops around the UK and К 1910 году в Великобритании насчитывалось более 20 000 магазинов, торгующих рыбой и чипсами.

during WW1 the Prime Minister tried to boost morale by keeping shops open. |I Dünya Savaşı|||||||moral|||| Während des Ersten Weltkriegs versuchte der Premierminister, die Moral zu stärken, indem er die Geschäfte offen hielt. Во время Первой мировой войны премьер-министр пытался поднять моральный дух, держа магазины открытыми.

Fish and chips became such a part of British culture that when the British

soldiers stormed beaches in Normandy in World War II they reportedly called солдаты, штурмовавшие пляжи Нормандии во время Второй мировой войны, по слухам, называли

out to each other by shouting “fish” and the other would respond with “chips”. Они кричали друг другу "рыба", а другой отвечал "чипсы".

This helped them find each other in the chaos of battle.

And even today, when the country has been assaulted by American fast food outlets, the |||||||||||||fast food restoranları| |||||||sido||||||restaurantes| 即使在今天,在美国快餐店大举进攻的情况下,美国的

fish and chip shop reigns supreme, with over 8 fish and chip shops for every one McDonald's ||||hüküm sürer||||||||||| Fisch- und Pommes-Frites-Laden die Oberhand: auf einen McDonald's kommen über 8 Fisch- und Pommes-Frites-Läden. В стране господствуют магазины с рыбой и чипсами: на один McDonald's приходится более 8 магазинов с рыбой и чипсами. 炸鱼薯条店占据主导地位,每 8 家炸鱼薯条店对应 1 家麦当劳

Now, in case you didn't realise it before, Britain is a big of a magpie when it comes to food. ||||||||||||||kervanserai||||| ||||||||||||||pica-pau||||| Falls es Ihnen noch nicht aufgefallen sein sollte: Großbritannien ist eine große Elster, wenn es um Lebensmittel geht. Ahora bien, por si no se había dado cuenta antes, Gran Bretaña es una gran urraca en lo que se refiere a la comida. Agora, caso você não tenha percebido antes, a Grã-Bretanha é uma grande pega quando se trata de comida. Если вы еще не поняли, Британия - большая сорока, когда речь идет о еде. 现在,如果您之前没有意识到的话,英国在食物方面是一个大热门。

A magpie is the black and white bird that steals shiny things to bring back and put in its nest. |||||||||||||||||||ninho Сорока - это черно-белая птица, которая ворует блестящие предметы, чтобы принести их обратно и положить в свое гнездо. Сорока - це чорно-біла пташка, яка краде блискучі речі, щоб принести їх назад і покласти у своє гніздо.

And if you didn't believe it before, the next item on the menu is going И если вы не поверили, то следующим пунктом в меню будет 如果你之前不相信的话,菜单上的下一项是

to be yet another example, albeit this time of a food that many British это еще один пример, но на этот раз - продукта, который многие британцы

people believe to be Indian, but is actually, so the story goes, Scottish. Люди считают его индейцем, но на самом деле он, как утверждает история, шотландец.

And it too is a rival for the UK's national dish. ||||||||Birleşik Krallık'ın|| Und auch sie ist ein Konkurrent für das britische Nationalgericht. И он тоже является конкурентом национального блюда Великобритании.

You might not have heard of it unless you have been to the UK, but it's called chicken tikka masala. Возможно, вы не слышали о таком блюде, если не бывали в Великобритании, но оно называется "Курица тикка масала".

In case you don't know what I'm talking about, chicken tikka masala consists of a

boneless chicken cooked over a charcoal fire, and served with a tomato-cream sauce. kemiksiz||||||||||||| sem osso||||||||||||| 用炭火烹制的去骨鸡肉,配以番茄奶油酱。

And the legend of where it comes from goes something like this. Y la leyenda sobre su origen es más o menos así.

In 1971, on a dark night in Glasgow, in Scotland, a bus driver, tired from his long

shift, came into an Indian restaurant with a Pakistani cook, and ordered a chicken curry. смена, зашел в индийский ресторан с поваром-пакистанцем и заказал курицу карри.

After taking one bite, he sent it back to the kitchen complaining that the curry was too dry. Відкусивши один укус, він відправив його назад на кухню, скаржачись, що каррі занадто сухе.

We Brits don't tend to eat much dry meat, our meat Wir Briten neigen nicht dazu, viel Trockenfleisch zu essen, unser Fleisch

normally comes smothered, covered, in gravy and sauce. |||||sos|| ||afogado||||| зазвичай подають тушкованим, накритим, у підливі та соусі.

According to the cook's son, his father was suffering from an ulcer and had |||şefin||||||||ülser|| Nach Angaben des Sohnes des Kochs litt sein Vater an einem Geschwür und hatte По словам сына повара, его отец страдал от язвы и был

a pan of tomato soup on the stove cooking that he was planning to eat later. einen Topf mit Tomatensuppe auf dem Herd, die er später essen wollte. на плите варилась кастрюля томатного супа, который он собирался съесть позже.

To try and please the customer, he improvised and put his tomato soup, Чтобы угодить клиенту, он сымпровизировал и положил свой томатный суп,

some yoghurt and some spices, on top of the supposedly “dry” curry.

When the dish returned to the table, the bus driver's eyes lit up. Коли тарілка повернулася на стіл, очі водія автобуса загорілися.

He took his fork, lifted it up to his mouth, and instantly fell in love with the dish.

He kept coming back to the restaurant with friends to order

it again and eventually, the restaurant put it on the menu. und das Restaurant setzte es schließlich auf die Speisekarte.

It has now become a favourite dish for many Brits, and |||||||||britânicos|

is something of a staple in Indian restaurants in the UK.

In 2001, it even achieved the high praise of the then British Foreign ||||||elogio||||| Im Jahr 2001 wurde es sogar von der damaligen britischen Außenministerin hoch gelobt. В 2001 году она даже удостоилась высокой оценки со стороны тогдашнего министра иностранных дел Великобритании

Secretary, Robin Cook, who called it a symbol of multicultural Britain. |||||||||çok kültürlü|

I should add that there are plenty of people who say that this story is |devo|||||||||||||

folklore, that there is nothing really British about chicken tikka masala. 在民间传说中,Tikka masala 鸡肉并没有什么真正的英国特色。