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Steve's Language Learning Tips, Tips on Learning French (1)

Tips on Learning French (1)

Hi there, this is Steve here. Today, I'm going to talk to you about learning French . French was my first love when it comes to languages. There's an expression in French, in fact. You always go back to your first loves. I love French, I love all the languages that I learn, but I have a special feeling of affection for French. I studied French at school; I couldn't speak at the age of 16. I went to McGill University and had a professor who turned me on. He turned me on to French civilization. To learn a language you've got to really love the language, be committed to the language and want to be part of that community of people who speak that language. That's what happened to me. I got very keen and I ended up going to France for three years where I studied Political Science at [insert French] in Paris.

French is a precise language, it's the language of logic. This was the world at [insert French]. All of our presentations had to be presented from [insert French], part one here [insert French] and this and that. On the one hand this, on the other hand that. Everything had to be presented in a very balanced way, the sort of Cartesian [insert French] formula, which I still use in making presentations. It was a good training not only for my French, but in all languages. Learning to be more, I would say, precise and logical in the way you present your ideas not just running them on, although here I'm making a presentation where I'm just running them on.

So French was the language of logic and I highly recommend French, but French has some difficulties. French is difficult to understand. First of all, it's fairly monotonous. People speak in monotones, it's not English or Swedish or tonal languages, it tends to roll along in a fairly monotonous range of tones. Also, there are the nasal sounds and then the way the sound is carried on to the next word. These are things you have to get used to.

One thing I recommend insofar as pronunciation is concerned is to get used to making the sort of ‘ur' sound. [Insert French] There's lots of ‘ur' and ‘aw' and you kind of have to pick up on that and have it flow through your pronunciation, but it's also a bit of an obstacle when you're listening. They also slur words together, as we do in all languages. Instead of saying [insert French] they say [insert French] and so forth. You should get used to the whole flavor of French. You should become a little more argumentative, but in a nice way. [Insert French] All this kind of stuff is part of the fun of being French or pretending your French and really getting into the language.

Now, I'm getting a little ahead of myself here. As you know, I recommend that in order to learn a language you have to first expose yourself to the language with a lot of listening and reading. Particularly in French if you come up with a few phrases you can say “je m'appelle Steve”, my name is Steve. If you don't understand what they're saying you're lost, so build up your comprehension, build up your vocabulary. It's relatively easy to do in French because 60% or more of the words in English come from Norman French, so you'll find a lot of words that you will recognize. Even though they are obviously pronounced differently and may mean different things in French, this makes learning the vocabulary a lot easier than Russian. There's no point in trying to learn what they call cognates, those words that are similar, upfront. You won't remember them. You'll come across them in your listening and reading, but you'll just find that it's easier to retain the vocabulary.

Now, grammar, obviously the big bugbear in French is the tenses. I feel with grammar you've got to try to simplify. I have a series of grammar books at home I bought, just f or the fun of it, published by Dover. (You can Google and find them on the internet.) None of them is longer than 100 pages; they're very short descriptions of the grammar. That's the kind of book you need to have so that you can refer to the grammar from time to time because in most grammars there aren't that many issues. In fact, I think there's probably 10 or so.

When I went to learn Romanian, I made up 200 sentences in 20 different categories. I had someone translate them and record them and I listened to these patterns of all the different key issues over and over again to get used to how they say things because the issue is how do they say things in that language, rather than complicated grammar explanations or terms we can't deal with, although there are some terms that are useful. The fundamental 10 issues in any language are the following, in my view:

The issue of how they make statements, positive statements, negative statements and questions.

So in French it's [insert French] content. Again, I cognate, happy, [insert French]. I'm happy. [Insert French], I'm not happy. So double [insert French] sandwich the verb. You come across that very early and it seems strange at first, but very, very quickly you get used to it. A question [insert French]? [Insert French] asks the question or you can say [insert French]. So there are two ways of saying are you happy or anything else for that matter.

That's point number one, how do you make these positive or negative statements or how do you ask a question. Not necessarily in any order because verbs are kind of key, but you have to get used to what in English we call the ‘w' words: where, when, why, who, how come, which. Most of those in French start with a q: [insert French], etc. So you get used to those.

Y ou can save them if you're in LingQ, which I very much recommend you do, and if you save them in LingQ of course you get lots of examples. The examples come in two sections in LingQ, either from our library or from lesson you have already studied. The advantage of looking at examples from lessons you have already studied is that you probably know the words. Very often , if you're reading in a grammar book you look at examples, but you don't know the words. That's not so very helpful, so the ‘w' words.

Pronouns I think is another thing again. None of these things are you going to master up front, you just get exposed to them and you start seeing how they perform. So the sort of this, that, these and those words, you need to get used to those. The pronouns [insert French] and how they deal with yours, mine, my, to me. These are the kinds of things revolving around pronouns that you have to get used to.

Gender and number

There are languages, like Japanese, that have no gender, no number, but in French they have both and things like pronouns and adjectives have to agree, even verbs have to agree. What do I mean by agree? [Insert French], I'm a male, so [insert French]. If it was [insert French], she, [insert French], we put an e at the end. Notice how the pronunciation changes. [Insert French], you don't hear the t. That's another thing, by the way, that makes French difficult to understand and difficult to read because a lot of letters are not pronounced. [Insert French], by the way, s-u-i-s, the second s isn't pronounced. [Insert French], the last t isn't pronounced. If it's elle, the second l and the second e are kind of useless. But elle est all you hear is ‘e', the s and t aren't pronounced. [Insert French] because there's an e at the end we hear the t, otherwise we don't. You've got to get used to it. It seems like an awful lot upfront, as I say, but these are things that you can review over and over again if you have a little grammar book handy.

Also, because they have plural, so nous, we don't hear the s. Nous sommes, we are, [insert French]. If we're all male, we put an s at the end and we don't even hear it. But if it's the girls, elles, plural, [insert French]. It still sounds the same, but they've added an s at the end. However, sometimes the letters at the end that you can't hear you do hear if they are added on if there's a vowel starting the next word. The big thing in French pronunciation is carrying on the sound to the next word if it starts with a vowel. For example, I said [insert French].

Again, I'm just giving you an outline of some of the joys of French that you can look forward to. Remember, everything that seems strange and overwhelming at first, and I've experienced it in learning Chinese, Russian, you name it, you eventually get used to if you give yourself enough time with the language.

Verbs

Very soon you'll discover that whereas in English we say I go, you go, he goes, only the ‘he goes' changes, in French every one of them changes. [Insert French]. You've just got to get used to it. It's very difficult to remember these conjugations, you can spend all kinds of time pouring over conjugation tables, in my experience it's a very unsatisfying thing to do because you forget them. You might remember them for tomorrow's test and then you forget them, so you constantly have to refer to them and then you see them in context. It's very easy nowadays, if you're on the computer you just Google French conjugations or conjugate the verb [insert French] or whatever. The same is true, by the way, with pronouns, adjectives. Anything you want to look at, you just Google and it will be there.

Tenses

Of course there's a variety of tenses in French. I don't think their tenses are more difficult than our tenses are in English, but there are things there that you have to learn.

Conditional

There are things like the conditional, like ‘would'. ‘I will' is the future. I will go tomorrow. I would go if… So there's a condition there. I would go if… The French instead of saying [insert French], I will go, they'll say [insert French], I would go if… You have to learn the endings by regularly reviewing them in tables, seeing them in context and so forth.

Subjunctive

The subjunctive, which is a bit of a bugbear in romance languages, all that means is there are certain expressions like you have to go, I want you to go, although you went, etc. There are other examples where the verb has a different form. That's all I will say here because you can read the explanations. At first they won't make sense, but once you've seen them often enough the subjunctive will start to make sense and slowly you'll develop the habit of using the subjunctive form of the verb at the appropriate time.

Relative clause

We say the house which is on the hill. [Insert French], the house which we bought, that's how they form the relative clause. You've got to figure that out. There are some things they do differently. The French are not hungry or cold, they have hunger and they have cold. There are a few other things like that. Largely, it's a matter of getting used to it.

French, first of all, it is a lovely language. I hate to say this, but it's a bit of a prestigious language. There are countries, in Europe particularly and even now in Asia, where French is considered to be a prestigious language. It's not surprising because we have to remember that in the seventeenth and eighteenth century and a good part of the nineteenth century, France was one of the largest countries in terms of population in the world. France was quite a bit larger than Russia in terms of people (I don't remember the numbers) quite a bit larger than Britain and it was the dominant culture, dominant civilization.

There are so many goodies in French civilization in terms of writers, in terms of painters, in terms of simply visiting France, Paris or the south of France. There's a whole bunch of stuff there that you can access so much better if you speak French. Not to mention the fact that French is spoken in other countries like Canada.

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Tips on Learning French (1) Helpful advice||| ||aprendizaje|francés Tipps zum Französischlernen (1) Consejos para aprender francés (1) Conseils pour apprendre le français (1) Consigli per l'apprendimento del francese (1) フランス語学習のヒント (1) 프랑스어 학습 팁 (1) Wskazówki dotyczące nauki francuskiego (1) Dicas para aprender francês (1) Советы по изучению французского языка (1) Tips för att lära sig franska (1) Fransızca Öğrenmek İçin İpuçları (1) Поради щодо вивчення французької мови (1) 法语学习秘诀(一) 法語學習秘訣(一)

Hi there, this is Steve here. Today, I'm going to talk to you about learning French . |||||||||法语 French was my first love when it comes to languages. |||||||en matière de|| |||||||se refiere a|| El francés fue mi primer amor en lo que a idiomas se refiere. 言語に関しては、フランス語が私の最初の愛でした。 There's an expression in French, in fact. Es gibt||Ausdruck||||tatsächlich You always go back to your first loves. |||||||перші кохання あなたはいつもあなたの最初の愛に戻ります。 你总会回到你的初恋。 I love French, I love all the languages that I learn, but I have a special feeling of affection for French. ||||||||||||||||||affection|| ||||||||||||||||||fondness|| ||||||||||||||||||afeto especial|| ||||||||||||||||||affection|| ||||||||||||||||||Zuneigung|| ||||||||||||||||||感情|| ||||||||||||||||||прихильність|| ||||||||||||||||||愛情|| ||||||||||||||||||afecto especial|| 我爱法语,我喜欢我所学的所有语言,但是我对法语有一种特别的感情。 I studied French at school; I couldn't speak at the age of 16. I went to McGill University and had a professor who turned me on. ||||||||||a excité|| |||McGill Universität||||||||| ||||||||||inspired|attracted me|inspired me Ich ging zur McGill University und hatte einen Professor, der mich anmachte. Ho frequentato la McGill University e ho avuto un professore che mi ha eccitato. 私はマギル大学に行き、私をオンにした教授がいました。 Я учился в Университете Макгилла, и у меня был профессор, который меня завел. 我曾就读于麦吉尔大学,一位教授让我兴奋不已。 He turned me on to French civilization. ||||||Zivilisation ||||||French culture 彼は私をフランス文明に向かわせた。 To learn a language you've got to really love the language, be committed to the language and want to be part of that community of people who speak that language. |||||musst|||||||engagiert||||||||||||||||| ||||tens||||||||comprometido||||||||||||||||| 要学习一种语言,您必须真正热爱该语言,致力于该语言,并希望成为该语言社区的一员。 That's what happened to me. それが私に起こったことです。 I got very keen and I ended up going to France for three years where I studied Political Science at [insert French] in Paris. ||||||||||||||||||||la Sorbonne||| |||enthusiastic|||||||||||||||||la Sorbonne||| |||muito interessado|||||||||||||||||[insira a universidade]||| ||||||||||||||||||||insert||| |wurde||eifrig||||||||||||||Politikwissenschaft|||der Universität||| ||||||||||||||||||||una università francese||| |||热衷|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||uniwersytecie||| ||||||||||||||||||||в [назва французького університету]||| |||entusiasmado|||terminé||||||||||||||la universidad||| Me entusiasmé y acabé yéndome tres años a Francia, donde estudié Ciencias Políticas en [insertar francés], en París. Mi sono appassionata e ho finito per andare in Francia per tre anni, dove ho studiato Scienze politiche presso [inserire francese] a Parigi. Я дуже захопився і зрештою поїхав до Франції на три роки, де вивчав політологію в [вставити французьку] в Парижі.

French is a precise language, it's the language of logic. |||准确的|||||| |||précise|||||| |||exact|||||| |||precisa|||||| |||точна|||||| El francés es una lengua precisa, es la lengua de la lógica. フランス語は正確な言語であり、論理の言語です。 This was the world at [insert French]. |||||inserisci(1)| All of our presentations had to be presented from [insert French], part one here [insert French] and this and that. |||Präsentationen|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||francese qui||||| Todas nuestras presentaciones tenían que hacerse a partir de [insertar francés], la primera parte aquí [insertar francés] y esto y lo otro. On the one hand this, on the other hand that. Por un lado esto, por otro aquello. З одного боку це, з іншого боку те. 一方面,另一方面。 Everything had to be presented in a very balanced way, the sort of Cartesian [insert French] formula, which I still use in making presentations. |||||||||||||cartésienne|||||||||| ||||shown|||||||kind of||logical and structured|||||||||| |||||||||||||cartesiana|||||||||| |||||||||||||Cartesian|||||||||| ||||präsentiert||||ausgewogen|||||kartesische Formel|||||||||| |||||||||||||cartesiana|francese cartesiana||||||||| |||||||||||||笛卡尔式|||||||||| |||||||||||||kartezjańskiej|||||||||| |||||||||||||картезіанська|||||||||| |||||||||||||デカルト的|||||||||| |había que||||||||||||cartesiana|||||||||| Había que presentar todo de forma muy equilibrada, una especie de fórmula cartesiana [inserte el término en francés], que todavía utilizo para hacer presentaciones. Все должно было быть представлено очень сбалансированно, что-то вроде формулы Декарта, которую я до сих пор использую при создании презентаций. Все мало бути представлено дуже збалансовано, на кшталт декартової [вставити французьку] формули, яку я й досі використовую під час презентацій. It was a good training not only for my French, but in all languages. Fue un buen entrenamiento no sólo para mi francés, sino en todos los idiomas. Learning to be more, I would say, precise and logical in the way you present your ideas not just running them on, although here I'm making a presentation where I'm just running them on. |||||||präzise||logisch|||||||||||||obwohl|||||Präsentation|||||| Learning||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||логічний|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||preciso|||||||||||||||aunque aquí||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||続ける|||||||||||||| Ich würde sagen, dass Sie lernen, präziser und logischer zu sein, wenn Sie Ihre Ideen präsentieren und nicht nur weiterführen, obwohl ich hier eine Präsentation mache, in der ich sie nur weiterführe. Aprender a ser más, yo diría, preciso y lógico en la forma de presentar tus ideas, no sólo ensayarlas, aunque aquí estoy haciendo una presentación en la que sólo las estoy ensayando. より多くのことを学ぶことは、あなたがアイデアを実行するだけでなく、あなたのアイデアを提示する方法で正確かつ論理的であると言えますが、ここでは私が実行しているだけのプレゼンテーションを行っています。 Научитесь быть более, я бы сказал, точными и логичными в изложении своих идей, а не просто прогонять их, хотя здесь я делаю презентацию, в которой просто прогоняю их. Навчитися бути більш, я б сказав, точним і логічним у тому, як ви презентуєте свої ідеї, а не просто прокручуєте їх, хоча тут я роблю презентацію, де я просто прокручую їх.

So French was the language of logic and I highly recommend French, but French has some difficulties. ||||||Logik|||sehr|empfehle|||||| |||||||||altamente||||||| ですから、フランス語は論理の言語であり、私はフランス語を強くお勧めしますが、フランス語にはいくつかの困難があります。 French is difficult to understand. First of all, it's fairly monotonous. |||||monotone |||||lacking variety |||||monótono ||||ziemlich|monoton |||||单调乏味 |||||monotonne |||||Перш за все, це досить одноманітно. |||||単調だ |||||monótono En primer lugar, es bastante monótono. Innanzitutto, è piuttosto monotono. People speak in monotones, it's not English or Swedish or tonal languages, it tends to roll along in a fairly monotonous range of tones. |||monotones|||||||tonales||||||||||monotone||| |||Flat tones|||||||pitch-based|||usually||flow|in a flow||||Unvarying||| |||monótonas|||||||tonais||||||||||||| |||monotones|||||||tonal||||||||||||| |||Monotonie|||||||tonale|||tendiert||rollen|||||monotonem||| |||monotoni|||||||||||||||||monotono||| |||单调|||||||声调的|||||||||||范围|| |||monotonach|||||||||||||||||||| |||単調な声|||||||声調の|||||流れるように|||||||| |||monótonos|||||||tonal|||tiende a||se desliza||||bastante||||tonos La gente habla en monótono, no es inglés ni sueco ni lenguas tonales, tiende a rodar en una gama de tonos bastante monótona. La gente parla in modo monotono, non è l'inglese o lo svedese o le lingue tonali, ma tende a rotolare in una gamma abbastanza monotona di toni. 人々は単調に話します、それは英語やスウェーデン語や声調言語ではありません、それはかなり単調な範囲の声調で転がる傾向があります。 Люди говорят монотонно, это не английский, не шведский или тональный язык, здесь все происходит в довольно однообразной гамме тонов. 人们说的是单调的,不是英语,瑞典语或音调的语言,它倾向于以相当单调的音调滚动。 Also, there are the nasal sounds and then the way the sound is carried on to the next word. ||||nasales|||||||||||||| ||||relating to nose|||||||||transferred|to|||| ||||nasali|||||||||||||| ||||nasalen|||||||||übertragen||||| ||||nasali|||||||||||||| ||||鼻音|||||||||||||| ||||鼻音|||||||||||||| ||||nasales|||||||||transmitido||||| También están los sonidos nasales y la forma en que el sonido pasa a la palabra siguiente. Inoltre, ci sono i suoni nasali e il modo in cui il suono viene portato avanti nella parola successiva. また、鼻音があり、次の単語に音が伝わる方法があります。 Крім того, існують носові звуки, а потім те, як звук переходить у наступне слово. 另外,还有鼻音,然后是声音传到下一个单词的方式。 These are things you have to get used to. Son cosas a las que hay que acostumbrarse.

One thing I recommend insofar as pronunciation is concerned is to get used to making the sort of ‘ur' sound. ||||insofar||||||||||||||ur| ||||||||||||||||||son ur| |||empfehle|soweit||Aussprache||betreffend||||||||||‘ur(1)'| ||||||||||||||||||suono ur(1)| ||||en la medida||||||||||||||sonido 'ur'| Eine Sache, die ich in Bezug auf die Aussprache empfehle, ist, sich daran zu gewöhnen, die Art von 'ur'-Sound zu erzeugen. Una cosa que recomiendo en cuanto a la pronunciación es acostumbrarse a hacer la especie de sonido "ur". Una cosa che consiglio per quanto riguarda la pronuncia è di abituarsi ad emettere una sorta di suono "ur". 発音に関して私がお勧めすることの1つは、ある種の「ur」の音を出すことに慣れることです。 [Insert French] There's lots of ‘ur' and ‘aw' and you kind of have to pick up on that and have it flow through your pronunciation, but it's also a bit of an obstacle when you're listening. |||||||aw|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||hesitation sounds||open vowel sound|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||aw|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Französisch|||||||aw||||||||||||||fließen|||Aussprache||||||||Hindernis||| inserisci|||||||aw|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||流动|||||||||||||| |||||||aw|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||aw|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [Hay muchos 'ur' y 'aw' y tienes que aprender a pronunciarlos y hacer que fluyan, pero también es un obstáculo cuando estás escuchando. [C'è un sacco di "ur" e "aw", e bisogna imparare a capirli e a farli fluire nella pronuncia, ma è anche un po' un ostacolo quando si ascolta. [フランス語を挿入]「ur」と「aw」がたくさんあるので、それを拾って発音に流し込む必要がありますが、聞いているときは少し障害にもなります。 [Здесь много "ur" и "aw", и вы должны улавливать это в своем произношении, но это также немного мешает, когда вы слушаете. They also slur words together, as we do in all languages. ||enchaînent|||||||| ||blend together|||||||| ||pronunciam de forma unida|||||||| ||to pronounce indistinctly|||||||| ||verschleifen|||||||| ||unire|||||||| ||连读|||||||| ||słabą|||||||| ||言葉をつなげる|||||||| ||unen palabras juntas|||||||| También ligan las palabras, como hacemos en todas las lenguas. Inoltre, come avviene in tutte le lingue, si biascicano le parole tra loro. また、すべての言語で行うように、単語を一緒にスラーリングします。 Они также произносят слова слитно, как это происходит во всех языках. Вони також змішують слова, як ми робимо в усіх мовах. Instead of saying [insert French] they say [insert French] and so forth. Stattdessen|||||||||||und so weiter |||||||inserire(2)|||| En lugar de decir [insertar francés] dicen [insertar francés] y así sucesivamente. You should get used to the whole flavor of French. |||||||flavor|| |||||||essence|| |||||||sabor|| |||||||sabor|| |||||||风味|| Deberías acostumbrarte a todo el sabor del francés. Dovreste abituarvi a tutto il sapore del francese. あなたはフランス語の味全体に慣れるべきです。 You should become a little more argumentative, but in a nice way. ||||||discutable||||| ||||||assertive||||| ||||um pouco||argumentativo||||| ||||||argumentative||||| ||||||streitbar||||| ||||||discusso||||| ||||||有争议的||||| ||||||argumentatywny||||| ||||||議論好きな||||| ||||||argumentativa||||| Deberías ser un poco más argumentativo, pero de forma agradable. あなたはもう少し議論になるべきですが、いい意味で。 你应该变得更有争论性,但要用一种友好的方式。 [Insert French] All this kind of stuff is part of the fun of being French or pretending your French and really getting into the language. ||||||||||||||||acting like|||||||| ||||||||||||||||fingindo|||||||| ||||||||||||||||so tun als|||||||| inserisci|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||に没頭する|| |||esto||||||||||||||||||||| [Insertar francés] Todo este tipo de cosas es parte de la diversión de ser francés o de pretender ser francés y realmente involucrarse en el idioma. [フランス語を挿入]この種のことはすべて、フランス語であること、またはフランス語のふりをして実際にその言語に入る楽しみの一部です。

Now, I'm getting a little ahead of myself here. |||||voraus||| ||me estoy adelantando|||adelantando||| Ahora, me estoy adelantando un poco aquí. حالا ، من اینجا کمی جلوتر از خودم هستم. Sto correndo un po' troppo. 今、私はここで自分より少し進んでいます。 Nu loop ik hier een beetje op de zaken vooruit. Я немного забегаю вперед. As you know, I recommend that in order to learn a language you have to first expose yourself to the language with a lot of listening and reading. ||||empfehle||||||||||||||||||||||| Como sabes, recomiendo que para aprender un idioma primero debes exponerte al idioma con mucha escucha y lectura. Как вы знаете, я рекомендую, чтобы выучить язык, сначала подвергнуть себя воздействию языка, много слушая и читая. Particularly in French if you come up with a few phrases you can say “je m'appelle Steve”, my name is Steve. ||||||||||||||je|je m'appelle||||| ||||||||||||||I|call myself||||| ||||||||||||||I|call myself||||| insbesondere|||||||||ein paar|||||ich|ich heiße||||| |||||||||||||||mi chiamo||||| |||||||||||||||nazywam się||||| ||||||||||||||yo|me llamo||||| Sobre todo en francés, si te inventas algunas frases puedes decir "je m'appelle Steve", me llamo Steve. 特にフランス語で「jem'appelleSteve」と言うことができるフレーズをいくつか思いついたら、私の名前はスティーブです。 If you don't understand what they're saying you're lost, so build up your comprehension, build up your vocabulary. |||||||||||||Verständnis|||| ||||||||||||||||o teu| Si no entiendes lo que dicen, estás perdido, así que mejora tu comprensión y tu vocabulario. Se non capite quello che dicono siete perduti, quindi aumentate la vostra comprensione e il vostro vocabolario. 彼らが何を言っているのかわからない場合は、あなたが失われているので、理解を深め、語彙を増やしてください。 It's relatively easy to do in French because 60% or more of the words in English come from Norman French, so you'll find a lot of words that you will recognize. |||||||||||||||||诺曼|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||français normand|||||||||||| |relativ leicht||||||||||||||||Normannisch||||||||||||erkennen |||||||||||||||||Norman French|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||francês normando|||||||||||| Es relativamente fácil hacerlo en francés porque el 60% o más de las palabras en inglés proceden del francés normando, así que encontrará muchas palabras que reconocerá. Even though they are obviously pronounced differently and may mean different things in French, this makes learning the vocabulary a lot easier than Russian. Selbst|obwohl||||ausgesprochen|anders||||||||||||||||| |aunque|||||||||||||||||||||| Aunque obviamente se pronuncian de forma diferente y pueden significar cosas distintas en francés, esto hace que aprender el vocabulario sea mucho más fácil que en ruso. フランス語では明らかに発音が異なり、意味も異なる場合がありますが、これによりロシア語よりも語彙の学習がはるかに簡単になります。 There's no point in trying to learn what they call cognates, those words that are similar, upfront. ||||||||||cognats||||||au départ ||||||||||similar words upfront||||||in advance ||||||||||||||||de antemão ||||||||||cognates||||||upfront ||||||||||Kognaten||||||im Voraus ||||||||||cognati||||||in anticipo ||||||||||同源词||||||直接 ||||||||||zapożyczenia||||||na pierwszy rzut oka ||意味||||||||同系語||||||最初に ||||||||||cognados||||||de antemano No tiene sentido intentar aprender de antemano lo que llaman cognados, esas palabras que son similares. Non ha senso cercare di imparare in anticipo quelli che si chiamano cognomi, cioè le parole che si assomigliano. 彼らが同族語と呼んでいるもの、類似している単語を前もって学ぼうとしても意味がありません。 试图学习他们所谓的认知是没有意义的。 学习所谓的同义词,即那些相似的单词是没有意义的。 You won't remember them. あなたはそれらを覚えていないでしょう。 You'll come across them in your listening and reading, but you'll just find that it's easier to retain the vocabulary. |||||||||||||||||remember keep hold|| |||||||||||||||||retain|| ||begegnen|||||||||||||||behalten|| |||||||||||||||||保留|| |||||||||||||||||覚える|| |||||||||||||||||retener|| Te encontrarás con ellos en tu escucha y lectura, pero verás que es más fácil retener el vocabulario. リスニングやリーディングでそれらに出くわしますが、語彙を保持する方が簡単であることがわかります。 您在听和读时会遇到它们,但是您会发现保留词汇更加容易。

Now, grammar, obviously the big bugbear in French is the tenses. |||||sujet de préoccupation||||| |||||major concern||||| |||||cavalo de batalha||||| |||||problem||||| |||||Schreckgespenst|||||Zeitformen |||||spina nel fianco||||| |||||难题|||||时态 |||||zmora||||| |||||страшний сон||||| |||||厄介な問題|||||時制 |||||gran problema||||| Ahora, la gramática, obviamente el gran problema en francés son los tiempos verbales. Ora, la grammatica, ovviamente il grande problema del francese sono i tempi. Nu, grammatica, het is duidelijk dat de grote bugbear in het Frans de tijden zijn. Итак, грамматика. Очевидно, что главная проблема французского языка - это времена. Тепер про граматику: очевидно, що найбільшою проблемою у французькій мові є часи. I feel with grammar you've got to try to simplify. |||||||||简化 |||||||||vereinfache es |||||||||simplificar Siento que con la gramática tienes que intentar simplificar. 私はあなたが単純化しようとしなければならない文法で感じます。 I have a series of grammar books at home I bought, just f or the fun of it, published by Dover. ||||||||||||||||||||Dover ||||||||||||for||||||||publishing company ||||||||||||||||||||Dover ||||||||||||||||||||Dover Publications ||||||||||compré||||||||||Dover ||||||||||||||||||||Dover Tengo en casa una serie de libros de gramática que compré por diversión, publicados por Dover. 私は自宅で一連の文法書を購入しましたが、それはドーバーから出版されたものです。 (You can Google and find them on the internet.) (グーグルでインターネット上で見つけることができます。) None of them is longer than 100 pages; they're very short descriptions of the grammar. ||||||||||Beschreibungen||| Ninguno de ellos supera las 100 páginas; son descripciones muy breves de la gramática. それらのどれも100ページより長くありません。それらは文法の非常に短い説明です。 That's the kind of book you need to have so that you can refer to the grammar from time to time because in most grammars there aren't that many issues. ||||||||||||||||||||||||grammaires||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||are not||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||gramáticas||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||le grammatiche||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||Grammatiken||gibt es|||Themen |||||||||||||参考|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||gramáticas||||| Ese es el tipo de libro que necesitas tener para poder referirte a la gramática de vez en cuando porque en la mayoría de las gramáticas no hay tantos temas. È il tipo di libro che bisogna avere per poter consultare la grammatica di tanto in tanto, perché nella maggior parte delle grammatiche non ci sono molti problemi. ほとんどの文法ではそれほど多くの問題がないので、時々文法を参照できるように、それはあなたが持っている必要がある種類の本です。 In fact, I think there's probably 10 or so. ||||gibt es||| De hecho, creo que probablemente hay unos 10 o más. 実際、おそらく10かそこらあると思います。

When I went to learn Romanian, I made up 200 sentences in 20 different categories. |||||Rumänisch||||||| ||||||||||||groups of topics |||||romeno||||||| Cuando fui a aprender rumano, inventé 200 oraciones en 20 categorías diferentes. ルーマニア語を学びに行ったとき、私は20の異なるカテゴリーで200の文を作りました。 I had someone translate them and record them and I listened to these patterns of all the different key issues over and over again to get used to how they say things because the issue is how do they say things in that language, rather than complicated grammar explanations or terms we can't deal with, although there are some terms that are useful. |||||||||||||Muster||||||Themen|||||||||||||||||||||||||anstatt komplizierter||||Erklärungen||Begriffe|||||obwohl||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||más que|||||||||tratar con||aunque hay||||||| Ho chiesto a qualcuno di tradurli e registrarli e ho ascoltato questi schemi di tutte le diverse questioni chiave più e più volte per abituarmi al modo in cui dicono le cose, perché il problema è come dicono le cose in quella lingua, piuttosto che complicate spiegazioni grammaticali o termini che non possiamo affrontare, anche se ci sono alcuni termini che sono utili. 私は誰かにそれらを翻訳して記録してもらい、問題は複雑な文法ではなく、その言語で物事をどのように言うかであるため、彼らが物事を言う方法に慣れるために、さまざまな重要な問題すべてのこれらのパターンを何度も聞いた役に立つ用語がいくつかありますが、私たちが扱うことができない説明や用語。 Я попросил кого-то перевести их и записать, и я слушал эти шаблоны по разным ключевым вопросам снова и снова, чтобы привыкнуть к тому, как они говорят, потому что вопрос в том, как они говорят на этом языке, а не в сложных грамматических объяснениях или терминах, с которыми мы не можем справиться, хотя есть некоторые термины, которые полезны. The fundamental 10 issues in any language are the following, in my view: |基本|||||||||| |fondamentales|||||||||| |grundlegend|Themen||||||||| Die 10 grundlegenden Probleme in jeder Sprache sind meiner Ansicht nach die folgenden: Le 10 questioni fondamentali in qualsiasi lingua sono, a mio avviso, le seguenti: 私の見解では、どの言語でも基本的な10の問題は次のとおりです。

The issue of how they make statements, positive statements, negative statements and questions. ||||||陈述|||||| ||||||énoncés|||||| ||||||Aussagen|||||| ||||||statements|||||| ||||||enunciados|||||| La cuestión de cómo hacen las declaraciones, las afirmaciones positivas, las negativas y las preguntas. 彼らがどのように発言、肯定的な発言、否定的な発言、質問をするかという問題。 Питання про те, як вони роблять заяви, позитивні заяви, негативні заяви і питання.

So in French it's [insert French] content. ||||inserisci|| Again, I cognate, happy, [insert French]. ||cogne||| ||think deeply||| ||cognato||| ||cognate||| ||verwandt||| ||||francese| ||再认知||| ||kognatuję||| ||再び考える||| ||cognado||| I'm happy. [Insert French], I'm not happy. francese|||| So double [insert French] sandwich the verb. ||||sándwich|| ||unico|||| |duplo|||sanduíche|| Поэтому дважды [вставьте французский] сэндвич с глаголом. You come across that very early and it seems strange at first, but very, very quickly you get used to it. ||stößt auf|||||||seltsam||||||||||| |encounter||||||||unfamiliar||||||||||| Te encuentras con eso muy pronto y parece extraño al principio, pero muy, muy rápidamente te acostumbras a ello. A question [insert French]? ||inserisci| [Insert French] asks the question or you can say [insert French]. Französisch|||||||||| |||||||||inserisci(1)| [Wstaw francuski] zadaje pytanie lub możesz powiedzieć [Wstaw francuski]. So there are two ways of saying are you happy or anything else for that matter. ||||||||||||sonst noch etwas|||in dieser Hinsicht Así que hay dos formas de decir si eres feliz o cualquier otra cosa.

That's point number one, how do you make these positive or negative statements or how do you ask a question. ||||||||||||Aussagen||||||| Ese es el punto número uno, cómo se hacen estas afirmaciones positivas o negativas o cómo se hace una pregunta. それが一番のポイントです。これらの肯定的または否定的な発言をどのように行うか、またはどのように質問するかです。 Not necessarily in any order because verbs are kind of key, but you have to get used to what in English we call the ‘w' words: where, when, why, who, how come, which. |notwendig||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||o|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||w|||||||| No necesariamente en cualquier orden, porque los verbos son la clave, pero tienes que acostumbrarte a lo que en inglés llamamos las palabras "w": where, when, why, who, how come, which. Не обязательно в каком-то порядке, потому что глаголы - это ключевой момент, но вы должны привыкнуть к тому, что в английском языке мы называем "w" словами: where, when, why, who, how come, which. Не обов'язково в будь-якому порядку, тому що дієслова є ключовими, але ви повинні звикнути до того, що в англійській мові ми називаємо словами на букву "w": where, when, why, who, how come, which. Most of those in French start with a q: [insert French], etc. ||||||||letter q||| |||||||||inserisci(1)|| ||||||||q||| La mayoría de los que están en francés empiezan por q: [insertar francés], etc. So you get used to those. ||get used to||| Así que te acostumbras a ellos.

Y ou can save them if you're in LingQ, which I very much recommend you do, and if you save them in LingQ of course you get lots of examples. |ou|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |you|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |or|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |du||||||||||||empfehle|||||||||||||||| |tu|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |tú|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| The examples come in two sections in LingQ, either from our library or from lesson you have already studied. |||||Abschnitten|||entweder|||||||||bereits| The advantage of looking at examples from lessons you have already studied is that you probably know the words. |Vorteil||||||||||||||||| La ventaja de mirar ejemplos de lecciones que ya has estudiado es que probablemente conozcas las palabras. Перевага перегляду прикладів з уроків, які ви вже вивчали, полягає в тому, що ви, ймовірно, знаєте ці слова. Very often , if you're reading in a grammar book you look at examples, but you don't know the words. ||||lesen|||||||||||||| Muy a menudo , si estás leyendo en un libro de gramática miras ejemplos, pero no conoces las palabras. That's not so very helpful, so the ‘w' words. ||||útil||||

Pronouns I think is another thing again. Pronomen|||||| Gender identifiers|||||| Займенники|||||| None of these things are you going to master up front, you just get exposed to them and you start seeing how they perform. |||||||||||||||||||||||se comportan Ninguna de estas cosas se va a dominar de entrada, simplemente te expones a ellas y empiezas a ver cómo funcionan. 这些东西都不是你一开始就能掌握的,你只是接触到它们,然后开始了解它们的性能。 So the sort of this, that, these and those words, you need to get used to those. Así que hay que acostumbrarse a las palabras "esto", "aquello", "esto" y "aquello". The pronouns [insert French] and how they deal with yours, mine, my, to me. |||||||||tuyo|||| ||inserisci (1)||||||||||| |займенники|||||||||||| These are the kinds of things revolving around pronouns that you have to get used to. ||||||qui tournent||||||||| ||||||related to||||||accustom yourself to||| ||||||girando em torno||||||||| ||||||revolving||||||||| ||||||drehend||Pronomen||||||| ||||||围绕||||||||习惯| ||||||krążących||||||||| ||||||||займенники||||||| ||||||関連する||||||||| ||||||girando en torno||||||||acostumbrado|

Gender and number Genre|| Masculine or feminine|| gênero|| Geschlecht|| genere|| 性别|| género|| 性别和人数

There are languages, like Japanese, that have no gender, no number, but in French they have both and things like pronouns and adjectives have to agree, even verbs have to agree. ||||||||||||||||||||||adjectifs|||||||| |||||||not||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||adjetivos|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||adjectives|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||Pronomen||Adjektive||||||||übereinstimmen ||||||||||||||||||||||aggettivi|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||займенники|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||代名詞||形容詞|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||adjetivos|||||||| Hay idiomas, como el japonés, que no tienen género ni número, pero en francés tienen ambos y cosas como los pronombres y los adjetivos tienen que concordar, incluso los verbos tienen que concordar. Есть языки, такие как японский, в которых нет ни рода, ни числа, но во французском есть и то, и другое, и такие вещи, как местоимения и прилагательные, должны согласовываться, даже глаголы должны согласовываться. Є мови, як японська, в яких немає ні роду, ні числа, але у французькій мові є і те, і інше, і такі речі, як займенники та прикметники, повинні узгоджуватися, навіть дієслова повинні узгоджуватися. What do I mean by agree? 同意するとはどういう意味ですか? [Insert French], I'm a male, so [insert French]. ||||je suis un homme||| ||||||Franzose| ||||soy hombre||| insere||||||| ||||||inserisci (1)| [Insertar francés], soy hombre, así que [insertar francés]. If it was [insert French], she, [insert French], we put an e at the end. ||||||inserisci 2|||||||| Notice how the pronunciation changes. Observa cómo cambia la pronunciación. [Insert French], you don't hear the t. That's another thing, by the way, that makes French difficult to understand and difficult to read because a lot of letters are not pronounced. inserisci|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| [Por cierto, esa es otra de las cosas que hacen que el francés sea difícil de entender y de leer, porque muchas letras no se pronuncian. [Insert French], by the way, s-u-i-s, the second s isn't pronounced. inserisci||||||||||||| [Inserte francés], por cierto, s-u-i-s, la segunda s no se pronuncia. [Insert French], the last t isn't pronounced. inserisci|||||| If it's elle, the second l and the second e are kind of useless. ||elle|||||||||||inutiles ||ela|||||||||||inúteis |||||||||||||inutile |||||||||||||nutzlos ||她这个词||||||||||| ||ella||||||||||| But elle est all you hear is ‘e', the s and t aren't pronounced. ||est||||||||||| ||is||||||||||| ||é||||||||||| ||is||||||||||| ||ist||||||||||| ||è||||||||||| ||jest||||||||||| ||est||||||||||| [Insert French] because there's an e at the end we hear the t, otherwise we don't. |||||||||||||ansonsten|| inserisci||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||caso contrário|| You've got to get used to it. Tienes que acostumbrarte. あなたはそれに慣れる必要があります。 It seems like an awful lot upfront, as I say, but these are things that you can review over and over again if you have a little grammar book handy. ||||||de antemão|||||||||||||||||||||||à mão ||||schrecklich||im Voraus|||||||||||||||||||||||griffbereit ||||可怕的||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||horrible||por adelantado|||||||||||||||||||||||a la mano ||||||最初に||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||na początku||||||||||||||||||||||| Parece mucho de entrada, como digo, pero son cosas que puedes repasar una y otra vez si tienes a mano un pequeño libro de gramática. Come ho detto, sembra un'enormità, ma si tratta di cose che si possono rivedere più volte se si ha a portata di mano un piccolo libro di grammatica. 正如我所说,这看起来似乎是很多内容,但如果你手边有一本小语法书,你可以反复复习这些内容。

Also, because they have plural, so nous, we don't hear the s. Nous sommes, we are, [insert French]. ||||||nous|||||||sommes|||| |||||||||||||we are|||| ||||||nós|||||||verbo auxiliar|||| ||||||we|||||||are|||| ||||||wir|||||||wir sind|||| |||||||||||||siamo|||in francese| |||||||||||||jesteśmy|||| ||||||nosotros||||||nosotros|somos|||| También, porque tienen plural, así que nous, no oímos la s. Nous sommes, somos, [inserte francés]. 此外,由于它们有复数形式,所以 nous,我们听不到 s。Nous sommes,我们是,[插入法语]。 此外,因为他们使用复数,所以 nous,我们听不到 s。Nous sommes,我们,[插入法语]。 If we're all male, we put an s at the end and we don't even hear it. |||männlich||||||||||||| Si somos todos hombres, ponemos una s al final y ni la oímos. But if it's the girls, elles, plural, [insert French]. |||||elles||| |||||they||| |||||elas||| |||||them||| ||||Mädchen|sie||| |||||loro||| |||||one||| |||||ellas||| It still sounds the same, but they've added an s at the end. |immer noch||||||||||| |||||||agregaron||||| Sigue sonando igual, pero le han añadido una s al final. However, sometimes the letters at the end that you can't hear you do hear if they are added on if there's a vowel starting the next word. cependant|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||hinzugefügt|||||Vokal|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||vocale|||| Sin embargo, a veces las letras del final que no se oyen sí se oyen si se añaden si hay una vocal que empieza la palabra siguiente. Tuttavia, a volte le lettere alla fine che non si sentono si sentono se vengono aggiunte se c'è una vocale che inizia la parola successiva. The big thing in French pronunciation is carrying on the sound to the next word if it starts with a vowel. 这个|||||||连读||||||||||||| |||||||das Tragen||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||vocale フランス語の発音で重要なのは、母音で始まる場合、次の単語に音を引き継ぐことです。 For example, I said [insert French]. Por ejemplo, dije [inserte francés].

Again, I'm just giving you an outline of some of the joys of French that you can look forward to. ||||||brief overview|||||pleasures|||||||| ||||||esboço|||||alegrias|||||||| ||||||outline|||||joys|||||||| ||||||Umriss|||||Freuden|||||||| |||||||||||gioie|||||||aspettare| ||||||大纲||||||||||||| |||dando|||esquema|||||alegrías|||||||| De nuevo, sólo te estoy dando un esbozo de algunas de las alegrías del francés que puedes esperar. Anche in questo caso, vi sto solo dando un'idea di alcune delle gioie del francese che vi aspettano. Remember, everything that seems strange and overwhelming at first, and I've experienced it in learning Chinese, Russian, you name it, you eventually get used to if you give yourself enough time with the language. 记住||||||压倒性的||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||écrasant||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||seltsam||überwältigend|||||erlebt||||||||||letztendlich|||||||||||| |||parece|||abrumador||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Пам'ятайте, що до всього, що здається дивним і незрозумілим на перший погляд, і я відчув це, вивчаючи китайську, російську чи будь-яку іншу мову, з часом звикаєш, якщо приділятимеш достатньо часу вивченню мови.

Verbs

Very soon you'll discover that whereas in English we say I go, you go, he goes, only the ‘he goes' changes, in French every one of them changes. |||entdecken||während|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||contrast|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||enquanto que|||||||||||||||||||||| Muy pronto descubrirás que mientras en inglés decimos I go, you go, he goes, sólo cambia el 'he goes', en francés cambia cada uno de ellos. Дуже скоро ви помітите, що якщо в англійській мові ми говоримо I go, you go, he go, то у французькій змінюється лише "він іде", тоді як в англійській мові змінюється кожне з них. [Insert French]. You've just got to get used to it. ||musst||||| Hay que acostumbrarse. It's very difficult to remember these conjugations, you can spend all kinds of time pouring over conjugation tables, in my experience it's a very unsatisfying thing to do because you forget them. ||||||||||||||||||||||||insatisfaisant||||||| ||||||||||||||studying|examining|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||estudando atentamente||||||||||insatisfatória||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||insoddisfacente||||||| ||||||||||||||über etwas brüten||Konjugation||||||||unbefriedigend||||||| ||||||||||||||||coniugazione||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||bardzo|niesatysfakcjonujące||||||| ||||||||||||||||відмінювання||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||estudiando detenidamente||||||||||insatisfactorio||||||| Es muy difícil recordar estas conjugaciones, puedes pasarte todo el tiempo repasando tablas de conjugación, en mi experiencia es algo muy poco satisfactorio porque las olvidas. Запомнить эти спряжения очень сложно, вы можете потратить сколько угодно времени на изучение таблиц спряжений, но, по моему опыту, это очень неудовлетворительное занятие, потому что вы их забываете. You might remember them for tomorrow's test and then you forget them, so you constantly have to refer to them and then you see them in context. |||||test de demain||||||||||||||||||||| |||||a prova de amanhã||||||||||||||||||||| |||||tomorrow's||||||||||||||||||||| |könntest||||morgigen||||||||||||||||||||| |||||test di domani||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||不断地|||||||||||| |||||jutrzejszego||||||||||||||||||||| |||||la prueba de mañana||||||||||||||||||||| Puede que las recuerdes para el examen de mañana y luego las olvides, así que tienes que consultarlas constantemente y luego las ves en contexto. It's very easy nowadays, if you're on the computer you just Google French conjugations or conjugate the verb [insert French] or whatever. |||these days|||||||||||||||||| |||heutzutage||||||||||||konjugiere|||||| |||||||||||||||coniuga|||||| |||现在|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||活用形||動詞を活用||||||何でも |||hoy en día|||||||||||||||||| Hoy en día es muy fácil, si estás en el ordenador sólo tienes que buscar en Google conjugaciones en francés o conjugar el verbo [insertar francés] o lo que sea. The same is true, by the way, with pronouns, adjectives. |||||||||aggettivi ||||||||займенники| Anything you want to look at, you just Google and it will be there. Cualquier cosa que quieras ver, sólo tienes que buscarla en Google y allí estará.

Tenses Zeitformen (1)

Of course there's a variety of tenses in French. ||gibt es||||Zeitformen|| Por supuesto, hay una gran variedad de tiempos verbales en francés. I don't think their tenses are more difficult than our tenses are in English, but there are things there that you have to learn. No creo que sus tiempos verbales sean más difíciles que los nuestros en inglés, pero hay cosas que tienes que aprender.

Conditional Conditionnel (1) Dependent on condition conditional Bedingung (1 Condizionale (1) 条件付き condicional

There are things like the conditional, like ‘would'. |||||条件句|| |||||condizionale (1)|| ‘I will' is the future. I will go tomorrow. I would go if… So there's a condition there. Iría si... Así que ahí hay una condición. I would go if… The French instead of saying [insert French], I will go, they'll say [insert French], I would go if… You have to learn the endings by regularly reviewing them in tables, seeing them in context and so forth. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Endungen||regelmäßig|überprüfen|||||||Kontext(1)||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||revisando||||||||||

Subjunctive Konjunktiv I hypothetical mood 仮定法 subjunktiv

The subjunctive, which is a bit of a bugbear in romance languages, all that means is there are certain expressions like you have to go, I want you to go, although you went, etc. ||||||||bête noire||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||cavalo de batalha||||||||||||||||||||||||foste| ||||||||Schreckgespenst||||||||||bestimmte|Ausdrücke|||||||||||obwohl||| ||||||||zmora||||||||||||||||||||||||| |接続法|||||||厄介な問題||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||"pesadilla"||||todo eso||||||||||||||||||||| El subjuntivo, que es un poco pesado en las lenguas romances, lo único que significa es que hay ciertas expresiones como tienes que ir, quiero que vayas, aunque fueras, etc. 接続法は、ロマンス諸語では少しバグベアですが、つまり、行かなければならない、行ってほしい、行ってほしいなどの特定の表現があるということです。 Підрядний спосіб, який у романських мовах є дещо незручним, означає лише те, що існують певні вирази на кшталт "ти повинен піти", "я хочу, щоб ти пішов", "хоча ти пішов" і т.д. There are other examples where the verb has a different form. Hay otros ejemplos en los que el verbo tiene una forma diferente. That's all I will say here because you can read the explanations. Eso es todo lo que voy a decir aquí porque puedes leer las explicaciones. At first they won't make sense, but once you've seen them often enough the subjunctive will start to make sense and slowly you'll develop the habit of using the subjunctive form of the verb at the appropriate time. ||||||||||||||Konjunktiv(1)|||||||||||Gewohnheit||||Konjunktiv(2)|Form||||||angemessenen|

Relative clause |clause relative |in which Relativsatz|Relativsatz |clausola 関係詞|関係節 |cláusula relativa Relativsatz Cláusula de relativo 関係詞節

We say the house which is on the hill. ||||||||elevation Decimos la casa que está en la colina. [Insert French], the house which we bought, that's how they form the relative clause. |||||||||||||relative clause |||||||||||||relativa ||||||compramos|||||||cláusula relativa [Inserte el francés], la casa que compramos, así es como forman la cláusula relativa. You've got to figure that out. |||comprendre|| |||descobrir|| Tienes que averiguarlo. Bisogna capirlo. あなたはそれを理解する必要があります。 你必须弄清楚这一点。 你一定要搞清楚。 There are some things they do differently. Hay algunas cosas que hacen de forma diferente. The French are not hungry or cold, they have hunger and they have cold. ||||affamés|||||la faim|||| |||||||||a state of hunger|||| |||||||||Hunger||||Kälte |||||||||fome|||| |||||||||hambre|||| Los franceses no tienen hambre ni frío, tienen hambre y tienen frío. I francesi non hanno fame o freddo, hanno fame e freddo. フランス人は空腹でも寒さでもありません、彼らは空腹であり、彼らは寒いです。 There are a few other things like that. |||einige|||| Hay algunas otras cosas por el estilo. Largely, it's a matter of getting used to it. Im Wesentlichen|||Sache||||| principalmente|||||||| En gran medida, es cuestión de acostumbrarse.

French, first of all, it is a lovely language. |||||||wunderschöne| |||||||hermosa| El francés, en primer lugar, es una lengua preciosa. Французский, во-первых, это прекрасный язык. I hate to say this, but it's a bit of a prestigious language. |||||||||||prestigieuse| |||||||||||highly regarded| |||||||||||prestigious = having high status| |||||||||||angesehen| 我|||||||||||有声望的| |||||||||||prestiżowy| |||||||||||名誉ある| |||||||||||prestigiosa| Odio decir esto, pero es una lengua un poco prestigiosa. Odio dirlo, ma è una lingua un po' prestigiosa. 私はこれを言うのは嫌ですが、それは少し一流の言語です。 Мені неприємно про це говорити, але це трохи престижна мова. 我讨厌这样说,但这是一种享有盛誉的语言。 There are countries, in Europe particularly and even now in Asia, where French is considered to be a prestigious language. |||||insbesondere||||||wo|||angesehen||||angesehene| |||||especially in Europe|||||||||||||high-status| 在某些国家,尤其是欧洲,甚至现在在亚洲,法语被认为是一种享有盛誉的语言。 It's not surprising because we have to remember that in the seventeenth and eighteenth century and a good part of the nineteenth century, France was one of the largest countries in terms of population in the world. |||||||||||||dix-huitième||||||||dix-neuvième||||||||||||||| |||||||||||1700s||18th||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||diciassettesima||diciottesimo||||||||diciannovesimo||||||||||||||| |||||||||||siebzehnten||eightehnten|Jahrhundert|||||||neunzehnten||||||||||||Bevölkerung||| |||||||||||diciassettesimo||diciottesimo||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||osiemnastym||||||||||||||||||||||| ||sorprendente|||||||||decimoséptimo||decimoctavo||||||||decimonónica||||||||||||||| No es de extrañar, porque hay que recordar que en los siglos XVII y XVIII, y buena parte del XIX, Francia era uno de los países más poblados del mundo. Це не дивно, адже ми повинні пам'ятати, що в сімнадцятому і вісімнадцятому століттях і більшу частину дев'ятнадцятого століття Франція була однією з найбільших країн за кількістю населення у світі. France was quite a bit larger than Russia in terms of people (I don't remember the numbers) quite a bit larger than Britain and it was the dominant culture, dominant civilization. ||ziemlich|||||||||||||||||||||||||dominierende|||Zivilisation Francia era bastante más grande que Rusia en términos de población (no recuerdo las cifras) bastante más grande que Gran Bretaña y era la cultura dominante, la civilización dominante. Франція була трохи більшою за Росію за кількістю населення (я не пам'ятаю цифр), трохи більшою за Британію, і вона була домінуючою культурою, домінуючою цивілізацією.

There are so many goodies in French civilization in terms of writers, in terms of painters, in terms of simply visiting France, Paris or the south of France. ||||trésors||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||treasures||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||delícias culturais|||||||||||pintores|||||||||||| ||||goodies|||||||||||pittori|||||||||||| ||||Schätze|||||||||||Maler||einfaches Besuchen|||||||||| ||||cose interessanti||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||好东西||||||||||||在||||||||||| ||||dobroci|||||||||||malarzy|||||||||||| ||||素晴らしいもの||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||cosas buenas|||||||||||pintores||||||||||sur de Francia|| Hay tantas cosas buenas en la civilización francesa en términos de escritores, en términos de pintores, en términos de simplemente visitar Francia, París o el sur de Francia. There's a whole bunch of stuff there that you can access so much better if you speak French. |||eine Menge||Sachen|||||zugreifen||||||| |||un montón||||||||||mucho mejor|||| Hay un montón de cosas allí a las que puedes acceder mucho mejor si hablas francés. そこにはたくさんのものがあり、フランス語を話せばもっとうまくアクセスできます。 Not to mention the fact that French is spoken in other countries like Canada. ||nicht zu erwähnen|||||||||||