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Crash Course 1: Random selection of lessons., 01. Political Ideology: Crash Course.

01. Political Ideology: Crash Course.

Hi, I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course: Government and Politics, and today we're going to get personal. Not personal in the sense that I'm going to tell you I'm a bed wetter. Because I'm not... ... gonna tell you that. We're gonna talk about people's personal political views, and where they come from. This is what political scientists sometime call "political socialization". But before we get into the forces that help create our political outlooks, we should probably probably define what political ideologies look like in America.

"Intro Music"

In America there are a number of ways that people characterize themselves politically. Typically they identify with a political party.

Although, as we'll see when we talk more about parties, this has become less likely over time. And although there's a lot of overlap between political party and political ideology, there's not 100% correspondence between the two. But there is 100% overlap between my fist and this eagle's beak! Politics.

So now I should probably say what I mean by "political ideology". Basically I'm talking about whether you identify as liberal, or conservative, or libertarian, or socialist, or anarchist, or nihilist, or... Craigist? People who just love me. I'm one of those. You're probably familiar with the idea that liberals are on the left, and conservatives are on the right. And this can be a helpful shorthand. But what political views do these terms represent?

Let's go to the Clone Zone. What? The Clone Zone is right here now?

I'll just... I'll just leave then. This way? I'll go this way. Taking a cue from Anti-Federalists, American conservatives believe that a large government poses a threat to individual liberty, and we prefer our national government to be as small as possible.

(Guffaw)

We have this in common with libertarians. There are some basic functions like national defense that government can best take care of, but especially since the New Deal, our federal government has taken on too much.

What government we need is best handled by states and localities. For the most part, American conservatives believe in the free market, and that it will provide the greatest economic opportunity, and benefit, to the greatest number of people.

American conservatives usually support a strong defense. This is one place where we generally don't think spending should be cut. Most other programs, the things that fall under discretionary spending, can - and should - be left up to the private sector.

And this will allow the government to reduce its spending. Lower spending will in turn mean lower taxes. Ah... Delicious lower taxes...

This means that we don't like flag burning, and we favor prayer in schools, because these reflect traditional religious and patriotic values. Just like the eagle. I love the eagle. You're my friend. (Smooch)

Many conservatives, as strong adherents to religious faiths, are against abortion. But I'd say there is a greater diversity in conservative views on social issues than on economic ones. The social sphere is where we differ significantly from our libertarian friends, who don't see any role for government in people's personal lives. This means that libertarians often support things like marijuana legalization, that more traditional conservatives do not support. If there's one value that American conservatives privilege above others, it's liberty. America is a country of freedom, and in most cases government is more of a threat to liberty than a protector of it. And I'm out. (Smooch)

Not bad, conservative clone. But bad. Here's why. Sometimes liberals in the US are called "New Deal Liberals", because the policies that we support grew out of the New Deal, and lately a number of us are trying to re-brand ourselves as progressives.

Although this is a little tricky given that historically progressives and liberals aren't the same thing. In general, American liberals believe that government can help solve problems. And a bigger government, like a glorious, soaring eagle, can solve bigger problems. And more of them.

(Smooch)

We support government intervention in the economy, both in the form of regulations and higher taxes. Especially when that intervention benefits historically marginalized groups like minorities, women, and the poor. We like to see the government step in on behalf of consumers, and to protect the environment, because in general we don't trust that the free market will be fair to everyone. We know that protection of the environment, aiding of the poor, and expanding civil liberties all cost money, so we usually favor a progressive tax system, with higher taxes on the wealthy and corporations. Although not all American liberals are anti-business, as a rule we don't have a lot of faith that big businesses have the average American's best interests at heart. And so we prefer to see them regulated. Although we still see national defense as important, most American liberals feel that the country spends more than enough on the military, and that the defense budget should be cut, leaving more money for necessary social programs.

In the debate over guns or butter, we like butter. Although we're also fine with the government telling us not to eat so much of it. If conservatives value liberty, we liberals cherish equality as our primary political virtue. And we see government as a necessary agent in promoting equality.

(Smooch)

We're equals, me and that eagle. Thanks, clones. So, for the most part, this is what most American liberals and conservatives believe, and these are the basic foundations upon which they build their political opinions. But where do they come from?

Political scientists sometimes refer to the process by which individuals establish their personal political ideologies as "political socialization", and they have identified four main agents that contribute to our political identities.

Let's got to the Thought Bubble. The first, and most important source of our politics is family. This makes a lot of sense since kids either want to emulate their parents, or reject their ideas. And parents are usually the first people that express political opinions to kids. As I suggested, family can influence your political outlook in negative and positive ways. If you respect your parents and admire them, it's likely that you will adopt their political ideology. On the other hand, adopting an opposing political view can be a form of rebellion. Still, for the most part liberal parents breed liberal children, and conservative parents create new generations of conservatives. A second major influence on political ideology is social groups. Which in this case refer to one's race, gender, religion, or ethnicity. Obviously these are generalizations, but certain groups tend to fall predictably into liberal or conservative camps.

African-Americans and Jewish people are among the most liberal Americans, while white Catholics tend to be conservative.

Latinos are an interesting case because many identify as Catholic, but they tend to be more liberal politically. One of the reasons that many use to explain why African-Americans and Latinos tend to be liberals is that these groups are disproportionately poor, and receive a significant share of government benefits.

To this way of thinking, economic self-interest is a prime determiner of where one stands politically, and it also explains why white conservatives, especially those who are wealthy, favor policies of lower taxes and less government intervention.

One problem with this purely self-interested view of political ideology though, is that there is a large number of low-income, low wealth, white voters who also do, or would, gain from more government benefits, but they tend to be conservative.

In other words, be careful when you try to define a person's politics by looking at their bank account. Gender also tends to be statistically significant in terms of political ideology. The "gender gap" refers to the fact that women tend to be more liberal overall than men.

This especially true on the issue of national defense, where they tend to favor spending reductions, rather than increases. Thanks, Thought Bubble.

The third agent of political socialization in the U.S. is education. Namely the primary and secondary school system. This is the most formal way that our political views are shaped, since almost all American students take at least one year of American history, and many states require courses in civics.

In these courses, students learn about political values like liberty and equality, and may come to align themselves with a liberal or conservative view. And maybe you're watching me in one of these classes right now... Conservatives tend to think that American schools and textbooks skew towards a liberal outlook, but this might be because most public school teachers are members of unions and teachers' union membership correlates highly with a liberal viewpoint.

Whether or not most teachers and textbooks are liberal, it's a bit of a leap to assume that most students will automatically adopt the ideology of their teachers. Education does relate to political ideology in at least one measurable way though, in that the higher the level of education one attains, the more likely one is to profess liberal views on issues such as women's rights or abortion. On the other hand, higher education levels also correlate with more conservative views on issues like government support of national health insurances or affirmative actions programs to help African-Americans.

So, as with many things we look at, things aren't so clear cut, and it's important to have some kind of data to backup our generalizations. One final agent of political socialization are the political conditions one lives through.

Example: If you grew up during the Great Depression and saw FDR's New Deal programs benefit you and your family, it's likely that you developed and maintained pro-government liberal views. If you came of age during the Reagan Era, when popular politicians are singing the praises of self-reliance and calling government the problem, rather than the solution, it's likely that you would develop conservative political views. It remains to be seen whether people who form their political identities during the Great Recession will be liberal or conservative. But don't worry, pollsters are busy trying to figure it out. So there you have a very broad outline of what the words conservative and liberal mean in American politics, and some of the factors that turn people into liberals or conservatives.

More than probably anything I've said in this series, these are generalizations that you need to look at critically. This doesn't mean that if you find someone, or if you are someone, who doesn't fit either description 100% that we're completely wrong, only that political ideologies are complex and change over time. But we need to understand the outlines of these generalities because they get used all the time in our discussions of American politics.

In fact, it would be hard to talk about politics without them. Thanks for watching, see you next time.

Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support for Crash Course: US Government comes from Voqal. Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity.

Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org. Crash Course is made with the help of all these political ideologues.

Thanks for watching.

"Exit Music"

DFTBA! {"don't forget to be awesome."}

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01. Political Ideology: Crash Course. Politische Ideologie|Ideologie|| سياسي|أيديولوجية سياسية|تحطم سياسي| 政治的|イデオロギー|クラッシュ|コース 01\. الأيديولوجية السياسية: دورة مكثفة. 01. Politische Ideologie: Crashkurs. 01. Political Ideology: Crash Course. 01. Ideología Política: Curso acelerado. 01. L'idéologie politique : Cours accéléré. 01. Ideologia politica: Corso accelerato. 01.政治イデオロギー:クラッシュコース 01. 정치 이데올로기: 기본 과정. 01. Politinė ideologija: Greitasis kursas. 01 Ideologia polityczna: szybki kurs. 01. Ideologia política: Curso rápido. 01. Политическая идеология: Краткий курс. 01. Siyasi İdeoloji: Crash Course. 01. Політична ідеологія: Прискорений курс. 01.政治意识形态:速成班。 01\. 政治思想:速成班。

Hi, I’m Craig, and this is Crash Course: Government and Politics, and today we’re going to get personal. ||Craig||||||||||||||werden| ||كرايغ|||||||||||||||شخصي ||クレイグ||||||政府||政治||||||| ||Craig||||||||||||||| ||Craig||||||||||||||| Hallo, ich bin Craig, und das ist Crash Course: Regierung und Politik, und heute werden wir persönlich werden. こんにちは、私はクレイグです。これはクラッシュコース:政府と政治です。今日は個人的な話をします。 大家好,我是克雷格,這是速成課程:政府與政治,今天我們要講的是個人問題。 Not personal in the sense that I’m going to tell you I’m a bed wetter. nicht||||||||||||||nassbettmacher ||||بمعنى||أنا||||||||يتبول في الفراش ||||意味||||||||||おねしょ ||||||||||||||mojón |||||||||||||bed|wetter Nicht persönlich im Sinne von, dass ich dir sagen werde, dass ich Bettnässer bin. 個人的な話というのは、私が寝床でおもらしをすることをお話しするわけではありません。 我要告訴你的是我尿床了,這不是針對個人的。 Because I’m not... ... gonna tell you that. لأنني لست ... ... سأخبرك بذلك. Weil ich dir das nicht ... sagen werde. だって、そんなことは... ...お話ししませんから。 因為我不會... ... 會告訴你這件事。 We’re gonna talk about people’s personal political views, and where they come from. ||||der Menschen|||||||| ||||||سياسية|آراء سياسية شخصية||||| |||||||見解||||| Wir werden über die persönlichen politischen Ansichten von Menschen sprechen und woher sie kommen. We're gonna talk about people's personal political views, and where they come from. 私たちは人々の個人的な政治的見解と、それがどこから来るのかについて話すつもりです。 我們將討論人們的個人政治觀點以及他們的來源。 This is what political scientists sometime call "political socialization". ||||科学家||||社会化 |ist||||manchmal||| ||||العلماء السياسيون|||سياسية|التنشئة السياسية |||||時々|||社会化 ||||scientists|sometimes||| هذا ما يسميه علماء السياسة أحيانًا "التنشئة الاجتماعية السياسية". Das ist es, was Politikwissenschaftler manchmal "politische Sozialisation" nennen. 這就是政治學家有時所說的「政治社會化」。 But before we get into the forces that help create our political outlooks, we should probably probably define what political ideologies look like in America. |||||||||||||||||定义|||意识形态|||| ||||||||||||Aussichten|||||||||||| ||||||القوى||||||وجهات النظر|||||||||||| ||||||力|||作る||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||perspectivas|||||||||||| لكن قبل أن ندخل في القوى التي تساعد في خلق آفاقنا السياسية ، ربما ينبغي علينا على الأرجح تحديد شكل الأيديولوجيات السياسية في أمريكا. Aber bevor wir auf die Kräfte eingehen, die helfen, unsere politischen Ansichten zu formen, sollten wir wahrscheinlich definieren, wie politische Ideologien in Amerika aussehen. 但在我們探討有助於創造我們的政治觀點的力量之前,我們或許應該定義美國的政治意識形態是什麼樣的。

"Intro Music" Intro| "Einführungsmusik"

In America there are a number of ways that people characterize themselves politically. |||||||||||sich|politisch ||||||||||يُصنِّفون أنفسهم||سياسيًا يوجد في أمريكا عدد من الطرق التي يصف بها الناس أنفسهم سياسيًا. In Amerika gibt es eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten, wie sich die Menschen politisch charakterisieren. Typically they identify with a political party. عادة ما يتعاطفون مع حزب سياسي. Typischerweise identifizieren sie sich mit einer politischen Partei.

Although, as we’ll see when we talk more about parties, this has become less likely over time. ||||||||||||||likely|| على الرغم من ذلك ، كما سنرى عندما نتحدث أكثر عن الحفلات ، فقد أصبح هذا أقل احتمالًا بمرور الوقت. Obwohl, wie wir sehen werden, wenn wir mehr über Parteien sprechen, dies im Laufe der Zeit weniger wahrscheinlich geworden ist. And although there’s a lot of overlap between political party and political ideology, there’s not 100% correspondence between the two. ||||||||||||Ideologie|||||| ||there is|||||||||||||||| ||||||تداخل|||||||||تطابق كامل||| ||||||superposición|||||||||||| وعلى الرغم من وجود الكثير من التداخل بين الحزب السياسي والأيديولوجية السياسية ، إلا أنه لا يوجد تطابق بنسبة 100٪ بين الاثنين. Und obwohl es viele Überschneidungen zwischen politischen Parteien und politischen Ideologien gibt, besteht keine 100%ige Übereinstimmung zwischen den beiden. But there is 100% overlap between my fist and this eagle’s beak! |||Überlappung||||||| ||||||يد|||منقار النسر|منقار ¡Pero||||||||esta|águila|pico |||||||||eagle| لكن هناك تداخل بنسبة 100٪ بين قبضتي ومنقار هذا النسر! Aber es gibt 100%ige Überlappung zwischen meiner Faust und dem Schnabel dieses Adlers! Но между моим кулаком и клювом этого орла есть 100% перекрытие! Politics. سياسة. Politik.

So now I should probably say what I mean by "political ideology". |||||||||||Ideologie لذا ربما ينبغي علي الآن أن أقول ما أعنيه بـ "الأيديولوجية السياسية". Basically I’m talking about whether you identify as liberal, or conservative, or libertarian, or socialist, or anarchist, or nihilist, or... Craigist? ||||||||liberal||||||sozialistisch||||||Craigist ||||||||ليبرالي||محافظ||ليبرالي||اشتراكي||فوضوي||عدمي||كرايغية ||||||||||||libertario||||anarquista||nihilista||craigista ||||||||||||||||无政府主义者||虚无主义者||Craigist أنا أتحدث بشكل أساسي عما إذا كنت تعرف أنك ليبرالي ، أو محافظ ، أو ليبرالي ، أو اشتراكي ، أو أناركي ، أو عدمي ، أو ... كريغ؟ Grundsätzlich spreche ich darüber, ob du dich als liberal, oder konservativ, oder libertär, oder sozialistisch, oder anarchistisch, oder nihilistisch, oder... Craigistisch identifizierst? People who just love me. Menschen, die mich einfach lieben. I’m one of those. Ich bin einer von denen. Я один из них. You’re probably familiar with the idea that liberals are on the left, and conservatives are on the right. |||||||Liberale||||||Konservative|||| |||||||الليبراليون||||||المحافظون|||| |||||||liberales||||||conservadores|||| And this can be a helpful shorthand. |||||nützliche|Abkürzung |||||مفيد|اختصار ||||||abreviatura útil ||||||abbreviation Und das kann eine hilfreiche Abkürzung sein. But what political views do these terms represent? |||||||تمثل Aber welche politischen Ansichten vertreten diese Begriffe? Но какие политические взгляды отражают эти термины?

Let’s go to the Clone Zone. ||||Klone| ||||كلون|المنطقة ||||Zona Clon| ||||Clone| Lass uns in die Klonzone gehen. What? The Clone Zone is right here now? |Klone||||| Die Clone Zone ist jetzt hier?

I’ll just... I’ll just leave then. Ich werde einfach... ich werde einfach gehen. This way? So? I’ll go this way. Ich werde diesen Weg gehen. Taking a cue from Anti-Federalists, American conservatives believe that a large government poses a threat to individual liberty, and we prefer our national government to be as small as possible. ||Hinweis|||||Konservative||||||stellt|||||Freiheit|||||||||||| ||إشارة||أنتي|الفيدراليون|||||||الحكومة|تشكل||تهديد||الحرية الفردية|الحرية|||||الحكومة||||||| In Anlehnung an die Anti-Föderalisten glauben amerikanische Konservative, dass eine große Regierung eine Bedrohung für die individuelle Freiheit darstellt, und wir ziehen es vor, dass unsere nationale Regierung so klein wie möglich ist.

(Guffaw) Gelächter ضحك risotada (Lachen)

We have this in common with libertarians. ||||||Libertären ||||||الليبراليين There are some basic functions like national defense that government can best take care of, but especially since the New Deal, our federal government has taken on too much. |||||||الدفاع|||||||||||||صفقة||الفيدرالي|||||| Es gibt einige grundlegende Funktionen wie die nationale Verteidigung, um die sich die Regierung am besten kümmern kann, aber besonders seit dem New Deal hat unsere Bundesregierung zu viel übernommen.

What government we need is best handled by states and localities. ||||||||||Gemeinden ||||||يُعالج||||السلطات المحلية ||||||manejado||||localidades Welche Regierung wir brauchen, wird am besten von den Bundesstaaten und Kommunen gehandhabt. For the most part, American conservatives believe in the free market, and that it will provide the greatest economic opportunity, and benefit, to the greatest number of people. ||||||glauben||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||يوفر|||اقتصادي||||||||| Im Großen und Ganzen glauben amerikanische Konservative an den freien Markt und daran, dass er die größten wirtschaftlichen Chancen und Vorteile für die größte Anzahl von Menschen bieten wird.

American conservatives usually support a strong defense. |||unterstützen||| |||يدعمون||| Amerikanische Konservative unterstützen in der Regel eine starke Verteidigung. This is one place where we generally don’t think spending should be cut. |||||||||Ausgaben||| |||||||||الإنفاق||| Das ist ein Bereich, in dem wir im Allgemeinen nicht denken, dass die Ausgaben gekürzt werden sollten. Most other programs, the things that fall under discretionary spending, can - and should - be left up to the private sector. ||||||||自由支配的|||||||||||私营部门 |||||||||الإنفاق||||||||||القطاع ||||||||discrecional||||||||||| Die meisten anderen Programme, die unter die freiwilligen Ausgaben fallen, können - und sollten - dem privaten Sektor überlassen werden.

And this will allow the government to reduce its spending. Und dies wird der Regierung ermöglichen, ihre Ausgaben zu reduzieren. Lower spending will in turn mean lower taxes. ||||||الضرائب| Geringere Ausgaben werden wiederum niedrigere Steuern bedeuten. Ah... Delicious lower taxes... |لذيذ|| Ah... Köstliche niedrigere Steuern...

This means that we don’t like flag burning, and we favor prayer in schools, because these reflect traditional religious and patriotic values. |||||||||||||||||||||Werte ||||||علم|حرق|||نفضل||||||تعكس|تقليدية|||الوطنية| Das bedeutet, dass wir das Verbrennen von Flaggen nicht mögen und wir das Gebet in Schulen bevorzugen, weil diese traditionelle religiöse und patriotische Werte widerspiegeln. Just like the eagle. |||النسر |||águila Genau wie der Adler. I love the eagle. |||النسر Ich liebe den Adler. You’re my friend. (Smooch) kiss قبلة beso

Many conservatives, as strong adherents to religious faiths, are against abortion. ||||مؤيدين|||الديانات|||الإجهاض ||||adherentes|||creencias||| Viele Konservative, die starke Anhänger religiöser Glaubensrichtungen sind, sind gegen Abtreibung. But I’d say there is a greater diversity in conservative views on social issues than on economic ones. |||||||||||||Themen|||| |||||||تنوع|||||||||| Aber ich würde sagen, dass es eine größere Vielfalt in den konservativen Ansichten zu sozialen Fragen gibt als zu wirtschaftlichen. The social sphere is where we differ significantly from our libertarian friends, who don’t see any role for government in people’s personal lives. ||||||نختلف|بشكل كبير|||||||||دور|||||| Der soziale Bereich ist der Ort, an dem wir uns deutlich von unseren libertären Freunden unterscheiden, die keine Rolle der Regierung im persönlichen Leben der Menschen sehen. This means that libertarians often support things like marijuana legalization, that more traditional conservatives do not support. ||||||||الماريجوانا|||||||| |||||||||legalización||||||| Das bedeutet, dass Libertäre oft Dinge wie die Legalisierung von Marihuana unterstützen, die traditionellere Konservative nicht unterstützen. If there’s one value that American conservatives privilege above others, it’s liberty. |||||||يُفضل|على||| Wenn es einen Wert gibt, den amerikanische Konservative über andere stellen, dann ist es die Freiheit. America is a country of freedom, and in most cases government is more of a threat to liberty than a protector of it. |||||||||الحالات|||||||||||حامٍ|| ||||||||||||||||||||protector|| Amerika ist ein Land der Freiheit, und in den meisten Fällen ist die Regierung mehr eine Bedrohung für die Freiheit als ihr Schutz. And I’m out. Und ich bin raus. (Smooch) (Schmatz)

Not bad, conservative clone. Nicht schlecht, konservativer Klon. But bad. Aber schlecht. Here’s why. إليك| Hier ist der Grund. Sometimes liberals in the US are called "New Deal Liberals", because the policies that we support grew out of the New Deal, and lately a number of us are trying to re-brand ourselves as progressives. ||||||||||||السياسات|||||||||||||||||||||||تقدميين |||||||Nuevo|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Manchmal werden Liberale in den USA als "New Deal Liberals" bezeichnet, weil die Politiken, die wir unterstützen, aus dem New Deal hervorgegangen sind, und in letzter Zeit versuchen einige von uns, uns als progressive umzuformulieren.

Although this is a little tricky given that historically progressives and liberals aren’t the same thing. ||||||||تاريخياً||||ليسوا||| Obwohl das ein wenig knifflig ist, da Fortschrittliche und Liberale historisch gesehen nicht dasselbe sind. In general, American liberals believe that government can help solve problems. ||||glauben|||||| |||||||||حل| Im Allgemeinen glauben amerikanische Liberale, dass die Regierung helfen kann, Probleme zu lösen. And a bigger government, like a glorious, soaring eagle, can solve bigger problems. ||||||glorious|||||| ||||||مُجيد|طار||||أكبر| Und eine größere Regierung, wie ein ruhmreicher, schwebender Adler, kann größere Probleme lösen. And more of them.

(Smooch)

We support government intervention in the economy, both in the form of regulations and higher taxes. |unterstützen|||||||||||||| |||التدخل|||الاقتصاد||||||التنظيمات||| |||intervención|||||||||||| Especially when that intervention benefits historically marginalized groups like minorities, women, and the poor. ||||تفيد||المهمشة|المجموعات||الأقليات|||| ||||||marginadas|||las minorías|||| We like to see the government step in on behalf of consumers, and to protect the environment, because in general we don’t trust that the free market will be fair to everyone. ||||||||||||||||Umwelt||||||vertrauen||||||||| ||||||||||||||حماية||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||los consumidores|||||||||||||||||||| Wir sehen es gerne, wenn die Regierung im Namen der Verbraucher eingreift und die Umwelt schützt, denn im Allgemeinen vertrauen wir nicht darauf, dass der freie Markt für alle fair ist. We know that protection of the environment, aiding of the poor, and expanding civil liberties all cost money, so we usually favor a progressive tax system, with higher taxes on the wealthy and corporations. |||||||مساعدة|||||توسيع|||||||||||تصاعدي|ضريبة|||||||الأغنياء||الشركات |||||||ayuda|||||||libertades||||||||||||||||||| Wir wissen, dass der Schutz der Umwelt, die Unterstützung der Armen und die Erweiterung der Bürgerrechte Geld kosten, deshalb befürworten wir in der Regel ein progressives Steuersystem mit höheren Steuern für Reiche und Unternehmen. Although not all American liberals are anti-business, as a rule we don’t have a lot of faith that big businesses have the average American’s best interests at heart. |||||||||||||||||||||||المتوسط|الأمريكي||مصلحة|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||estadounidense|||| Obwohl nicht alle amerikanischen Liberalen anti-business sind, haben wir in der Regel nicht viel Vertrauen, dass große Unternehmen die besten Interessen des durchschnittlichen Amerikaners im Kopf haben. And so we prefer to see them regulated. |||||||منظمين |||||||regulados Although we still see national defense as important, most American liberals feel that the country spends more than enough on the military, and that the defense budget should be cut, leaving more money for necessary social programs. |||||||||||||||||||||الجيش|||||الميزانية|||||||||| ||||||||||||||država||||||||||||||||||||||

In the debate over guns or butter, we like butter. ||المناظرة||||الزبدة|||زبدة |||||||||mantequilla Although we’re also fine with the government telling us not to eat so much of it. If conservatives value liberty, we liberals cherish equality as our primary political virtue. |||||||المساواة|||الرئيسية||فضيلة ||||||||||primera||virtud And we see government as a necessary agent in promoting equality. |||||||||تعزيز|

(Smooch)

We’re equals, me and that eagle. |نظير|||| Wir sind gleich, ich und dieser Adler. Thanks, clones. |النسخ Danke, Klone. So, for the most part, this is what most American liberals and conservatives believe, and these are the basic foundations upon which they build their political opinions. |||||||||||||glauben||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||الأسس|||||||آرائهم Also, im Großen und Ganzen ist dies, was die meisten amerikanischen Liberalen und Konservativen glauben, und das sind die grundlegenden Grundlagen, auf denen sie ihre politischen Meinungen aufbauen. But where do they come from? Aber woher kommen sie?

Political scientists sometimes refer to the process by which individuals establish their personal political ideologies as "political socialization", and they have identified four main agents that contribute to our political identities. |Wissenschaftler|||||||||||||||||||||||Agenten||beitragen|||| ||||||العملية|||الأفراد|يؤسسون|||||||||||حددوا||رئيسية|عوامل||تساهم|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||contribuyen|||| Politikwissenschaftler sprechen manchmal von dem Prozess, durch den Individuen ihre persönliche politische Ideologie entwickeln, als "politische Sozialisation", und sie haben vier Hauptakteure identifiziert, die zu unserer politischen Identität beitragen.

Let’s got to the Thought Bubble. |||||فقاعة Lass uns zur Gedankenblase gehen. The first, and most important source of our politics is family. This makes a lot of sense since kids either want to emulate their parents, or reject their ideas. |||||Sinn|||entweder|||nachahmen||||ablehnen|| |||||||||||تقليد||||يرفضون|| |||||||||||模仿|||||| And parents are usually the first people that express political opinions to kids. ||||||||||||الأطفال As I suggested, family can influence your political outlook in negative and positive ways. ||vorgeschlagen||||||||||| |||||تؤثر|||||||إيجابية| If you respect your parents and admire them, it’s likely that you will adopt their political ideology. |||||||||||||تتبنى||| Wenn Sie Ihre Eltern respektieren und bewundern, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Sie ihre politische Ideologie übernehmen. On the other hand, adopting an opposing political view can be a form of rebellion. ||||||||رأي||||||تمرد ||||||||||||||rebellion ||||||||||||||rebeldía ||||||||||||||upor Andererseits kann das Übernehmen einer gegensätzlichen politischen Ansicht eine Form des Protests sein. Still, for the most part liberal parents breed liberal children, and conservative parents create new generations of conservatives. Still||||||||||||||||| |||||||ينجب|||||||||| |||||||crían|||||||||| Dennoch ziehen in den meisten Fällen liberale Eltern liberale Kinder groß, und konservative Eltern schaffen neue Generationen von Konservativen. A second major influence on political ideology is social groups. Which in this case refer to one’s race, gender, religion, or ethnicity. ||||bezieht||||||| ||||||||الجنس|دين||العرق ||||||||género|||etnicidad |||||||||||etnična pripad Die in diesem Fall auf die Rasse, das Geschlecht, die Religion oder die Ethnie einer Person Bezug nehmen. Obviously these are generalizations, but certain groups tend to fall predictably into liberal or conservative camps. offensichtlich|||||||||||||||Lager |||تعميمات|||||||بشكل متوقع||||| ||||||||||predeciblemente||||| Offensichtlich sind dies Verallgemeinerungen, aber bestimmte Gruppen neigen dazu, vorhersehbar in liberale oder konservative Lager zu fallen.

African-Americans and Jewish people are among the most liberal Americans, while white Catholics tend to be conservative. |الأمريكيون||||||||||||الكاثوليك|||| Afrikanische Amerikaner und jüdische Menschen gehören zu den liberalsten Amerikanern, während weiße Katholiken tendenziell konservativ sind.

Latinos are an interesting case because many identify as Catholic, but they tend to be more liberal politically. |||||||||كاثوليكي|||||||| latinos||||||||||||||||| One of the reasons that many use to explain why African-Americans and Latinos tend to be liberals is that these groups are disproportionately poor, and receive a significant share of government benefits. ||||||||يشرح|||||||||||||||بشكل غير متناسب|||يتلقون||جزء كبير|نصيب||| |||||||||||||||||||||||neproporcionalno||||||||| Einer der Gründe, die viele anführen, um zu erklären, warum Afroamerikaner und Latinos dazu neigen, liberal zu sein, ist, dass diese Gruppen unverhältnismäßig arm sind und einen bedeutenden Anteil an staatlichen Leistungen erhalten.

To this way of thinking, economic self-interest is a prime determiner of where one stands politically, and it also explains why white conservatives, especially those who are wealthy, favor policies of lower taxes and less government intervention. ||||||||||رئيسي|محدد||||يقف|||||||||||||||||||||| Nach dieser Denkweise ist das wirtschaftliche Eigeninteresse ein wesentlicher Faktor dafür, wo man politisch steht, und es erklärt auch, warum weiße Konservative, insbesondere diejenigen, die wohlhabend sind, Politiken mit niedrigeren Steuern und weniger staatlicher Intervention bevorzugen.

One problem with this purely self-interested view of political ideology though, is that there is a large number of low-income, low wealth, white voters who also do, or would, gain from more government benefits, but they tend to be conservative. ||||||||||||||||||||منخفض|الدخل||||الناخبين||||||يستفيد|||||||||| Ein Problem mit dieser rein eigennützigen Sichtweise der politischen Ideologie ist jedoch, dass es eine große Anzahl von einkommensschwachen, vermögensarmen, weißen Wählern gibt, die ebenfalls von mehr staatlichen Leistungen profitieren würden, aber sie neigen dazu, konservativ zu sein.

In other words, be careful when you try to define a person’s politics by looking at their bank account. ||||حذر|||||||شخصية||||||حساب| Mit anderen Worten, seien Sie vorsichtig, wenn Sie versuchen, die Politik einer Person anhand ihres Bankkontos zu definieren. Gender also tends to be statistically significant in terms of political ideology. ||يميل|||إحصائيًا|||||| ||tiende||||||||| Geschlecht ist auch tendenziell statistisch signifikant in Bezug auf politische Ideologie. The "gender gap" refers to the fact that women tend to be more liberal overall than men. ||||||||||||||insgesamt|| ||الفجوة||||||||||||بشكل عام|| Die "Gender-Differenz" bezieht sich auf die Tatsache, dass Frauen im Allgemeinen tendenziell liberaler sind als Männer.

This especially true on the issue of national defense, where they tend to favor spending reductions, rather than increases. |||||||||||||||الخفضات||| |||||||||||||||reducciones||| Dies gilt insbesondere für das Thema nationale Verteidigung, wo sie tendenziell Ausgabenkürzungen anstelle von Erhöhungen bevorzugen. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Danke, Gedankenblase.

The third agent of political socialization in the U.S. ||||||||الولايات المتحدة| Der dritte Agent der politischen Sozialisation in den USA. is education. |Bildung |التعليم Namely the primary and secondary school system. وهي||||الثانوية|| This is the most formal way that our political views are shaped, since almost all American students take at least one year of American history, and many states require courses in civics. ||||||||||||||||الطلاب|||||||||||||دورات||التربية المدنية Dies ist die formellste Weise, wie unsere politischen Ansichten geprägt werden, da fast alle amerikanischen Studenten mindestens ein Jahr amerikanische Geschichte belegen und viele Bundesstaaten Kurse in Staatsbürgerkunde verlangen.

In these courses, students learn about political values like liberty and equality, and may come to align themselves with a liberal or conservative view. ||الدورات|الطلاب|||||||||||||||||||| In diesen Kursen lernen die Studenten politische Werte wie Freiheit und Gleichheit und können sich möglicherweise mit einer liberalen oder konservativen Sichtweise identifizieren. And maybe you’re watching me in one of these classes right now... |||تشاهد|||||||| Und vielleicht beobachtest du mich gerade in einem dieser Kurse... Conservatives tend to think that American schools and textbooks skew towards a liberal outlook, but this might be because most public school teachers are members of unions and teachers' union membership correlates highly with a liberal viewpoint. |||||||||偏向||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||تميل|||||||||||المدارس||||||النقابات|||النقابة|العضوية|ترتبط|||||وجهة نظر |||||||||se inclinan||||||||||||||||||||||correlacionan|||||punto de vista Konservative neigen dazu zu denken, dass amerikanische Schulen und Lehrbücher eine liberale Perspektive haben, aber das könnte daran liegen, dass die meisten Lehrer an öffentlichen Schulen Mitglieder von Gewerkschaften sind und die Mitgliedschaft in Lehrer-Gewerkschaften stark mit einer liberalen Sichtweise korreliert.

Whether or not most teachers and textbooks are liberal, it’s a bit of a leap to assume that most students will automatically adopt the ideology of their teachers. ||||||Lehrbücher||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||قفزة|||||||بشكل تلقائي|||||| Ob die meisten Lehrer und Lehrbücher liberal sind oder nicht, ist es ein wenig weit hergeholt anzunehmen, dass die meisten Schüler automatisch die Ideologie ihrer Lehrer übernehmen. Education does relate to political ideology in at least one measurable way though, in that the higher the level of education one attains, the more likely one is to profess liberal views on issues such as women’s rights or abortion. ||تتعلق||||||||||||||||مستوى||||يحقق|||||||يعتنق|||||||النساء||| ||||||||||medible||||||||||||alcanzada||||||||||||||de las mujeres||| ||||||||||||vendar||||||||||doseže||||||||||||||||| Bildung steht jedoch in mindestens einer messbaren Weise im Zusammenhang mit politischer Ideologie, nämlich dass je höher der Bildungsgrad, den jemand erreicht, desto wahrscheinlicher ist es, dass man liberale Ansichten zu Themen wie Frauenrechte oder Abtreibung vertritt. On the other hand, higher education levels also correlate with more conservative views on issues like government support of national health insurances or affirmative actions programs to help African-Americans. ||||||||ترتبط|||||||||||||التأمينات||الإيجابية|الإجراءات||||| |||||||||||||||||||||seguros||afirmativas|||||| ||||||||soodna|||||||||||||zdravstvenih||ukrepi afirmativ|||||| Andererseits korrelieren höhere Bildungsniveaus auch mit konservativeren Ansichten zu Themen wie der staatlichen Unterstützung nationaler Krankenversicherungen oder Programmen zur positiven Diskriminierung zur Unterstützung von Afroamerikanern.

So, as with many things we look at, things aren’t so clear cut, and it’s important to have some kind of data to backup our generalizations. |||||||||||||||||||||||يدعم|| |||||||||||||||||||||||respalde|| Wie bei vielen Dingen, die wir betrachten, sind die Dinge nicht so klar, und es ist wichtig, eine Art von Daten zu haben, um unsere Verallgemeinerungen zu untermauern. One final agent of political socialization are the political conditions one lives through. |نهائي||||||||||| Ein letzter Faktor der politischen Sozialisation sind die politischen Bedingungen, die man durchlebt.

Example: If you grew up during the Great Depression and saw FDR’s New Deal programs benefit you and your family, it’s likely that you developed and maintained pro-government liberal views. ||||||||الاكتئاب|||روزفلت|||||||||||||||حافظت|مؤيدة||| |||||||||||Franklin D Roosevelt||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||Depresión|||de FDR|||||||||||||||mantuviste|pro||| Beispiel: Wenn Sie während der Großen Depression aufgewachsen sind und die New-Deal-Programme von FDR Ihnen und Ihrer Familie zugutekamen, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Sie pro-regierungsfreundliche liberale Ansichten entwickelt und beibehalten haben. If you came of age during the Reagan Era, when popular politicians are singing the praises of self-reliance and calling government the problem, rather than the solution, it’s likely that you would develop conservative political views. |||||||ريغان||||السياسيون||||مديح|||الاعتماد على النفس|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||self-reliance|||||||||||||||||| |||||||Reagan||||||||elogios|||autonomía|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||hvalijo|||samooskrba|||||||||||||||||| Wenn Sie während der Reagan-Ära erwachsen geworden sind, als beliebte Politiker die Vorzüge von Eigenverantwortung loben und die Regierung als das Problem und nicht als die Lösung darstellen, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Sie konservative politische Ansichten entwickeln würden. It remains to be seen whether people who form their political identities during the Great Recession will be liberal or conservative. |يبقى||||||||||||||الركود||||| |||||||||||||||Great Recession||||| |||||||||||||||Recesión||||| Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob Menschen, die ihre politischen Identitäten während der Großen Rezession formen, liberal oder konservativ sein werden. But don’t worry, pollsters are busy trying to figure it out. |||民意调查员||||||| |||المستطلعين||||||| |||los encuestadores||||||| |||anketarji||||||| Aber machen Sie sich keine Sorgen, die Umfrageforscher sind beschäftigt, das herauszufinden. So there you have a very broad outline of what the words conservative and liberal mean in American politics, and some of the factors that turn people into liberals or conservatives. |||||||مخطط||||||||||||||||العوامل||||||| |ahí||||||esquema||||||||||||||||||||||| Hier haben Sie also einen sehr groben Überblick darüber, was die Wörter konservativ und liberal in der amerikanischen Politik bedeuten, und einige der Faktoren, die Menschen zu Liberalen oder Konservativen machen.

More than probably anything I’ve said in this series, these are generalizations that you need to look at critically. ||||||||||||||||||بشكل نقدي Mehr als wahrscheinlich alles, was ich in dieser Reihe gesagt habe, sind dies Verallgemeinerungen, die Sie kritisch betrachten müssen. This doesn’t mean that if you find someone, or if you are someone, who doesn’t fit either description 100% that we’re completely wrong, only that political ideologies are complex and change over time. But we need to understand the outlines of these generalities because they get used all the time in our discussions of American politics. |||||||||||||||||||نقاشاتنا||| ||||||contornos|||generalidades|||||||||||||

In fact, it would be hard to talk about politics without them. Tatsächlich wäre es schwierig, über Politik zu sprechen, ohne sie. Thanks for watching, see you next time. Danke fürs Zuschauen, bis zum nächsten Mal.

Crash Course: Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. ||||||||شراكة||PBS|ديجيتال|استوديوهات ||||||||||公共广播服务|| ||||||||||PBS||Studios Crash Course: Regierung und Politik wird in Zusammenarbeit mit PBS Digital Studios produziert. Support for Crash Course: US Government comes from Voqal. ||||||يأتي||فوكال ||||||||Voqal ||||||||Voqal Die Unterstützung für Crash Course: US-Regierung kommt von Voqal. Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity. |يدعم|المنظمات غير الربحية|||||||||العدالة الاجتماعية ||organizaciones sin fines de lucro|||||||||equidad Voqal||||||||||| Voqal unterstützt gemeinnützige Organisationen, die Technologie und Medien nutzen, um soziale Gerechtigkeit voranzutreiben.

Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org. ||||مهمة||المبادرات|||org ||||||iniciativas||voqal|org Erfahren Sie mehr über ihre Mission und Initiativen unter voqal.org. Crash Course is made with the help of all these political ideologues. |||||||||||ideologues |||||||||||ideólogos

Thanks for watching.

"Exit Music" خروج| Salida(1)|

DFTBA! Don't Forget To Be Awesome لا تنسى أن تكون رائعًا no te olvides {"don’t forget to be awesome."} ||||رائع ||||increíble