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TEDTalks, Eva Vertes – My dream about the future of medicine (2005)

Eva Vertes – My dream about the future of medicine (2005)

Thank you! It's really an honor and a privilege to be here spending my last day as a teenager. Today I want to talk to you about the future, but first I'm going to tell you a bit about the past. My story starts way before I was born. My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp. And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split. And somehow -- we don't really know exactly the whole story -- but the train to the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp. My grandmother survived and married my grandfather. They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born. And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary. They got on a boat, and yet another divergence -- the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia. They got on and didn't know where they were going, and ended up in Canada. So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada. My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto, and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. I never met my grandmother, but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes -- and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too.

I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old. My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon. And I had never been a reader when I was young -- my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys, I tried Nancy Drew, I tried all that -- and I just didn't like reading books. And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus. And something about it just kind of drew me towards it. There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it. I picked up that book, and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur, and to, actually, here -- where we are today in Monterey. I read that book, and from when I was reading that book, I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine. I wanted to be like the explorers I'd read about in the book, who went into the jungles of Africa, went into the research labs and just tried to figure out what this deadly virus was. So from that moment on, I read every medical book I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much. I was a passive observer of the medical world.

It wasn't until I entered high school that I thought, "Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid -- I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world." I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded. But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway? And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs, who accepted me into the lab. At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a research project in neurology -- specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system. So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year, and found the results that I guess you'd expect to find when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system. The spinal cord had breaks. The neurons were crossing in every which way. And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment.

So that's what led me into Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's and tried to familiarize myself with the research, and at the same time when I was in the -- I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article about something called purine derivatives. And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties. And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought, "Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer's which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound -- purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth." And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too." And so that's the project that I pursued for that year, and it's continuing now as well, and found that a specific purine derivative called guanidine had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent. So I presented those results at the International Science Fair, which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life. And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine," which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world. And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world, I wanted to explore it all. I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn't really get that. And I stumbled across something called cancer stem cells. And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. At first when I heard of cancer stem cells, I didn't really know how to put the two together. I'd heard of stem cells, and I'd heard of them as the panacea of the future -- the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps. But I'd heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time, so how did the good and bad go together? Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells. And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature, trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field. And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell. This fascinated me. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently and almost became less fearful of it.

It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury. If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises. If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs. And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises. Because what stem cells are -- they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue. So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ and then it's initiating cancer, it's almost as if this is a repair response. And the cancer, the body, is saying the lung tissue is damaged, we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue. But it's almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response, but can't quite control it. It hasn't yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated. So this really, really fascinated me.

And I really think that we can't think about cancer -- let alone any disease -- in such black and white terms. If we eliminate cancer the way we're trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation, we're bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it. It's almost as if we're getting back to this starting point. We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix. Shouldn't we think about manipulation, rather than elimination? If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate -- to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever that cancer has been put there to do -- it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer. So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. And while I was reading all these articles about cancer, it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know, the genetics of breast cancer. And the genesis and the progression of breast cancer -- tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes.

But it struck me that I'd never heard of cancer of the heart, or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter. And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body, or over 50 percent of our body. And so at first I kind of thought, "Well, maybe there's some obvious explanation why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer -- at least not that I know of." So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could, and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare. Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer, but of metastasis going to skeletal muscle. And what metastases are is when the tumor -- when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream and goes to a different organ. That's what a metastasis is. It's the part of cancer that is the most dangerous. If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it, or somehow -- you know, it's contained. It's very contained. But once it starts moving throughout the body, that's when it becomes deadly. So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles, but cancer didn't seem to go to skeletal muscle -- there seemed to be something here. So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal -- metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare." But it was left at that. No one seemed to be asking why.

So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did was I emailed some professors who specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said, "Hey, it seems like cancer doesn't really go to skeletal muscle, is there a reason for this?" And a lot of the replies I got were that muscle is terminally differentiated tissue. Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they're not dividing, so it doesn't seem like a good target for cancer to hijack. But then again, this fact that the metastasis didn't go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely. And furthermore, nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated. So I decided to ask why. And here's some of, I guess, my hypotheses that I'll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami. And I guess I'll keep investigating until I get the answers. But I know that in science, once you get the answers, inevitably you're going to have more questions. So I guess you could say that I'll probably be doing this for the rest of my life.

Some of my hypotheses are that when you first think about skeletal muscle, there's a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle. And the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells. Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue, the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases. So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn't it be favorable to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" And as well, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis, which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself, to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow. Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it's not harmful. So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer.

And one article that really stood out to me when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn't go to skeletal muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases to skeletal muscle upon autopsy. 16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle, but only point one six percent of actual metastases -- suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis, is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels. We use skeletal muscles so much. It's the one portion of our body -- our heart's always beating. We're always moving our muscles. Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply? It needs to be constantly contracting, so therefore it's almost selfish. It's grabbing its blood vessels for itself. Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue, it can't get a blood supply, and can't grow.

So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more, an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow. This could be a potential future therapy for cancer. And another thing that's really interesting is that there's this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body it's a very complex system -- and there's something called the chemokine network. And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants, and they're the stop and go signals for cancer. So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors, and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body -- will have the corresponding chemokines, and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it. Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn't express these types of molecules? And the other really interesting thing is that when skeletal muscle -- there's been several reports that when skeletal muscle is injured, that's what correlates with metastasis going to skeletal muscle.

And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured, that's what causes chemokines -- these signals saying, "Cancer, you can come to me," the go signs for the tumors -- it causes them to highly express these chemokines. So, there's so much interplay here. I mean, there are so many possibilities for why tumors don't go to skeletal muscle. But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer, by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something -- there's got to be something -- that's making this tissue resistant to tumors. And can we utilize -- can we take this property, this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that's controlling this anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general? Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer -- to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body -- is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called MyoD. And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells. So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue, MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skeletal muscle cells? Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells, and this is why it seems as if it is so rare.

It's not harmful, it has just repaired the muscle. Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged. If every time we tore a muscle or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way, cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost. And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell, possibly because of all its use, has adapted faster than other body tissues to respond to injury, to fine tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process which the body wants to finish. I really believe that the human body is very, very smart, and we can't counteract something the body is saying to do.

It's different when a bacteria comes into the body, that's a foreign object -- we want that out. But when the body is actually initiating a process and we're calling it a disease, it doesn't seem as though elimination is the right solution. So even to go from there, it's possible -- although far-fetched -- that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy. If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating -- for example Alzheimer's, where the brain, the brain cells, die and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells -- what if we could, in the future use cancer? A tumor -- put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?

That's a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible. These cells are so versatile, these cancer cells are so versatile -- we just have to manipulate them in the right way. And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but I figured if there's anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it's here at TED, so thank you very much.

(Applause)

http://www.ted.com/talks/eva_vertes_looks_to_the_future_of_medicine.html

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Eva Vertes – My dream about the future of medicine (2005) |维尔特斯||梦想||||| Eva|Vertes||||||| |Vertes||||||| Eva|Vertes||||||| Eva Vertes - Mein Traum von der Zukunft der Medizin (2005) Eva Vertes - Mi sueño sobre el futuro de la medicina (2005) エヴァ・ヴェルテス - 未来の医療にかける私の夢 (2005) Eva Vertes - Moje marzenie o przyszłości medycyny (2005) Eva Vertes - O meu sonho sobre o futuro da medicina (2005) Ева Вертес - Моя мечта о будущем медицины (2005) Eva Vertes - Tıbbın geleceği hakkındaki hayalim (2005) Єва Вертес - Моя мрія про майбутнє медицини (2005) Eva Vertes – 我对医学未来的梦想 (2005)

Thank you! Merci| It’s really an honor and a privilege to be here spending my last day as a teenager. ||||||特权||||度过||||||青少年 C'est|vraiment|un|||||||||||||| |||Ehre||||||||||||| Это действительно честь и привилегия провести здесь свой последний день в подростковом возрасте. Today I want to talk to you about the future, but first I’m going to tell you a bit about the past. |||||||||未来|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||à||||||| Сегодня я хочу поговорить с вами о будущем, но сначала я расскажу вам немного о прошлом. My story starts way before I was born. |story|||||| Моя история началась задолго до моего рождения. Моя історія починається ще до мого народження. My grandmother was on a train to Auschwitz, the death camp. |||||火车||奥斯维辛||死亡|集中营 |||||||Auschwitz||| Моя бабушка ехала поездом в Освенцим, лагерь смерти. Bà tôi đang trên chuyến tàu đến Auschwitz, trại tử thần. And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks split. ||||沿着||轨道||||分开 ||||||os trilhos|||| И она шла по рельсам, и рельсы разошлись. І йшла вона по колії, і колії розділилися. And somehow -- we don’t really know exactly the whole story -- but the train to the wrong track and went to a work camp rather than the death camp. |不知为何|||||||||||||||||||||||||| И каким-то образом — мы не знаем всей истории в точности — но поезд сбился с пути и попал в трудовой лагерь, а не в лагерь смерти. My grandmother survived and married my grandfather. They were living in Hungary, and my mother was born. And when my mother was two years old, the Hungarian revolution was raging, and they decided to escape Hungary. ||||||||||||wütend||||||Ungarn ||||||||||||rabiando|||||| ||||||||||||em ebulição|||||| They got on a boat, and yet another divergence -- the boat was either going to Canada or to Australia. ||||||||Abweichung|||||||||| ||||||||divergencia|||||||||| ||||||e ainda||divergência|||||||||| Вони сіли на човен, і знову розбіжність — човен прямував або до Канади, або до Австралії. They got on and didn’t know where they were going, and ended up in Canada. So, to make a long story short, they came to Canada. |||||história||||| My grandmother was a chemist. ||||Chemikerin She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto, and at 44 she died of stomach cancer. ||||Banting-Institut|||Toronto||||||| I never met my grandmother, but I carry on her name -- her exact name, Eva Vertes -- and I like to think I carry on her scientific passion, too.

I found this passion not far from here, actually, when I was nine years old. My family was on a road trip and we were in the Grand Canyon. |||||||||||||Grand Canyon And I had never been a reader when I was young -- my dad had tried me with the Hardy Boys, I tried Nancy Drew, I tried all that -- and I just didn’t like reading books. ||||||||||||||||||Hardy-Boys|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Os Rapazes Hardy|||||||||||||||| Und ich war nie ein Leser gewesen, als ich jung war - mein Vater hatte es mit den Hardy Boys versucht, ich versuchte es mit Nancy Drew, ich versuchte es mit all dem - und ich mochte einfach keine Bücher lesen. And my mother bought this book when we were at the Grand Canyon called "The Hot Zone." It was all about the outbreak of the Ebola virus. |||||surto|||| And something about it just kind of drew me towards it. There was this big sort of bumpy-looking virus on the cover, and I just wanted to read it. ||||||buckelige|||||||||||| На обкладинці був такий великий нерівний вірус, і я просто хотів його прочитати. I picked up that book, and as we drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur, and to, actually, here -- where we are today in Monterey. ||||||||||||||||||Sur|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Sur|||||||||| |peguei|||||||||||||||||até|||||||||| I read that book, and from when I was reading that book, I knew that I wanted to have a life in medicine. I wanted to be like the explorers I’d read about in the book, who went into the jungles of Africa, went into the research labs and just tried to figure out what this deadly virus was. ||||||Entdecker||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||os||||||||||||as selvas||||||||||||||||mortal|| So from that moment on, I read every medical book I could get my hands on, and I just loved it so much. I was a passive observer of the medical world. ||||Beobachter|||| Ich war ein passiver Beobachter der medizinischen Welt.

It wasn’t until I entered high school that I thought, "Maybe now, you know -- being a big high school kid -- I can maybe become an active part of this big medical world." ||||entrei||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Erst als ich in die Highschool kam, dachte ich: "Vielleicht kann ich jetzt - als großer Highschool-Schüler - ein aktiver Teil dieser großen medizinischen Welt werden." I was 14, and I emailed professors at the local university to see if maybe I could go work in their lab. And hardly anyone responded. Und kaum jemand hat geantwortet. І мало хто відгукнувся. But I mean, why would they respond to a 14-year-old, anyway? And I got to go talk to one professor, Dr. Jacobs, who accepted me into the lab. ||||||||||Jacobs|||||| At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a research project in neurology -- specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system. |||||||||||||||||Neurologie||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||neurology||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||neurologia||||||||||||| Damals interessierte ich mich sehr für die Neurowissenschaften und wollte ein Forschungsprojekt in der Neurologie durchführen - insbesondere die Auswirkungen von Schwermetallen auf das sich entwickelnde Nervensystem untersuchen. У той час я дійсно цікавився неврологією і хотів зайнятися дослідницьким проектом у неврології, зокрема вивчати вплив важких металів на нервову систему, що розвивається. So I started that, and worked in his lab for a year, and found the results that I guess you’d expect to find when you feed fruit flies heavy metals -- that it really, really impaired the nervous system. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||beeinträchtigt|||Nervensystem ||||||||||a||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||prejudicou||| Ich habe also damit angefangen und ein Jahr lang in seinem Labor gearbeitet und die Ergebnisse gefunden, die man wohl erwartet, wenn man Fruchtfliegen mit Schwermetallen füttert - dass das Nervensystem dadurch wirklich stark beeinträchtigt wird. Итак, я начал с этого, проработал в его лаборатории год и обнаружил результаты, которые, как я полагаю, вы ожидаете получить, когда кормите плодовых мушек тяжелыми металлами — это действительно, очень вредит нервной системе. Тож я розпочав це, пропрацював у його лабораторії рік і знайшов результати, які, я думаю, ви очікуєте отримати, коли ви годуєте плодових мушок важкими металами — що це справді, дуже порушує нервову систему. The spinal cord had breaks. |Wirbelsäulen-||| Das Rückenmark war gebrochen. Були розриви спинного мозку. The neurons were crossing in every which way. |||se cruzando|||| Die Neuronen kreuzten sich in alle Richtungen. And from then I wanted to look not at impairment, but at prevention of impairment. |||||||||Beeinträchtigung|||||Beeinträchtigung |||||||||deficiência||||| Von da an wollte ich mich nicht mehr mit der Beeinträchtigung, sondern mit der Prävention von Beeinträchtigungen befassen. І відтоді я хотів дивитися не на погіршення, а на запобігання порушенням.

So that’s what led me into Alzheimer’s. Das hat mich auf die Alzheimer-Krankheit gebracht. I started reading about Alzheimer’s and tried to familiarize myself with the research, and at the same time when I was in the -- I was reading in the medical library one day, and I read this article about something called purine derivatives. ||||||||vertrautmachen|||||||||gleichzeitig|||||||||||medizinischen||||||||||||Purinderivate| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||derivatives ||||||||familiarizar||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||purina|derivadas ||||||||familiarizar-me||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||purina| Ich begann, über Alzheimer zu lesen und versuchte, mich mit der Forschung vertraut zu machen, und zur gleichen Zeit, als ich in der... Ich las eines Tages in der medizinischen Bibliothek einen Artikel über sogenannte Purinderivate. Ik begon te lezen over de ziekte van Alzheimer en probeerde mezelf vertrouwd te maken met het onderzoek, en op hetzelfde moment dat ik in de medische bibliotheek was, las ik dit artikel over iets dat purinederivaten wordt genoemd. Я почав читати про хворобу Альцгеймера і спробував ознайомитися з дослідженнями, і в той же час, коли я був у -- я одного дня читав у медичній бібліотеці, і я прочитав цю статтю про те, що називається похідними пурину. And they seemed to have cell growth-promoting properties. Und sie schienen zellwachstumsfördernde Eigenschaften zu haben. And being naive about the whole field, I kind of thought, "Oh, you have cell death in Alzheimer’s which is causing the memory deficit, and then you have this compound -- purine derivatives -- that are promoting cell growth." ||||||||||||||||||||verursacht|||Gedächtnisdef||||||Verbindung|Purinderivate|Derivate||||| ||ingênuo|||||||||||||||||||||||||||composto químico||||||| Und da ich in diesem Bereich naiv war, dachte ich: "Oh, bei Alzheimer gibt es den Zelltod, der das Gedächtnisdefizit verursacht, und dann gibt es diese Verbindung - Purinderivate -, die das Zellwachstum fördert." І будучи наївним у всьому цьому, я ніби подумав: «О, у вас є смерть клітин при хворобі Альцгеймера, яка спричиняє дефіцит пам’яті, а потім у вас є ця сполука — похідні пурину — які сприяють росту клітин». And so I thought, "Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too." |||||||||||||hemmen||| And so that’s the project that I pursued for that year, and it’s continuing now as well, and found that a specific purine derivative called guanidine had inhibited the cell growth by approximately 60 percent. |||||||verfolgt|||||||||||||||Purine|derivat||Guanidin|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||guanidina|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||derivado de purina||guanidina|||||||| Dieses Projekt verfolgte ich in jenem Jahr, und es wird auch jetzt noch fortgesetzt, und ich fand heraus, dass ein bestimmtes Purinderivat namens Guanidin das Zellwachstum um etwa 60 Prozent hemmte. En dat is dus het project dat ik dat jaar heb nagestreefd, en het gaat ook nu door, en ontdekte dat een specifiek purinederivaat, guanidine genaamd, de celgroei met ongeveer 60 procent had geremd. І ось проект, який я продовжував у тому році, і він продовжується зараз, і виявив, що конкретне похідне пурину під назвою гуанідин пригнічує ріст клітин приблизно на 60 відсотків. So I presented those results at the International Science Fair, which was just one of the most amazing experiences of my life. Diese Ergebnisse habe ich dann auf der Internationalen Wissenschaftsmesse präsentiert, was eine der schönsten Erfahrungen meines Lebens war. And there I was awarded "Best in the World in Medicine," which allowed me to get in, or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world. ||||premiado|||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und dort wurde ich als "Weltbeste in Medizin" ausgezeichnet, was mir den Einstieg in die große Welt der Medizin ermöglichte oder zumindest einen Fuß in die Tür stellte. І там я отримав нагороду «Найкращий у світі в медицині», що дозволило мені потрапити або принаймні стати у двері великого медичного світу. And from then on, since I was now in this huge exciting world, I wanted to explore it all. |||||||||||aufregenden||||||| I wanted it all at once, but knew I couldn’t really get that. And I stumbled across something called cancer stem cells. ||encontrar por acaso|||||células-tronco| Dabei stieß ich auf etwas, das Krebsstammzellen genannt wird. І я випадково натрапив на щось, що називається раковими стовбуровими клітинами. And this is really what I want to talk to you about today -- about cancer. At first when I heard of cancer stem cells, I didn’t really know how to put the two together. |||||||Stamm||||||||||| Als ich von Krebsstammzellen hörte, wusste ich zunächst nicht so recht, wie ich die beiden Begriffe zusammenbringen sollte. I’d heard of stem cells, and I’d heard of them as the panacea of the future -- the therapy of many diseases to come in the future, perhaps. |||Stamm|||||||||Allheilmittel|||||||||||||| But I’d heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time, so how did the good and bad go together? |||||||||Krankheit|||||||||||| ||||||||temida||||||||||||| Aber ich hatte gehört, dass Krebs die am meisten gefürchtete Krankheit unserer Zeit ist, wie passten also das Gute und das Schlechte zusammen? Last summer I worked at Stanford University, doing some research on cancer stem cells. |||||Stanford Universität|||||||| ||||||||||||幹細胞| And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature, trying to -- again -- familiarize myself with this new medical field. |||||||||||||||vertrautmachen|||||| And it seemed that tumors actually begin from a stem cell. ||||Tumoren|||||| Und es schien, dass Tumore tatsächlich von einer Stammzelle ausgehen. І здавалося, що пухлини насправді починаються зі стовбурової клітини. This fascinated me. Це мене зачарувало. The more I read, the more I looked at cancer differently and almost became less fearful of it. |||||||||||||||medroso|| Je mehr ich las, desto mehr sah ich den Krebs mit anderen Augen und verlor fast die Angst vor ihm.

It seems that cancer is a direct result to injury. Es scheint, dass Krebs eine direkte Folge von Verletzungen ist. Схоже, що рак є прямим наслідком травми. If you smoke, you damage your lung tissue, and then lung cancer arises. ||||||||||Lunge|| ||||||||||||surge Wenn Sie rauchen, schädigen Sie Ihr Lungengewebe, und dann entsteht Lungenkrebs. If you drink, you damage your liver, and then liver cancer occurs. Wenn Sie trinken, schädigen Sie Ihre Leber, und dann entsteht Leberkrebs. And it was really interesting -- there were articles correlating if you have a bone fracture, and then bone cancer arises. ||||||||||||||Fraktur||||| ||||||||correlacionando||||||fractura|||||surge ||||||||correlacionando||||||||||| Und es war wirklich interessant - es gab Artikel, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen einem Knochenbruch und der Entstehung von Knochenkrebs herstellten. І це було справді цікаво – були статті про те, що якщо у вас перелом кістки, то виникає рак кістки. Because what stem cells are -- they’re these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue. |||||||||||||||differenzieren||||| ||células-tronco|||||||||||||diferenciar-se||||| Denn Stammzellen sind phänomenale Zellen, die die Fähigkeit haben, sich in jede Art von Gewebe zu differenzieren. Тому що стовбурові клітини — це ці феноменальні клітини, які дійсно мають здатність диференціюватися в будь-який тип тканини. So, if the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ and then it’s initiating cancer, it’s almost as if this is a repair response. ||||||||||||||||einleitend|||||||||| |||||sintiendo||||||||||||||||||||| |||||detectando|||||||||||iniciando|||||||||| Wenn der Körper also feststellt, dass ein Organ geschädigt ist, und dann Krebs auslöst, ist das fast so, als ob es sich um eine Reparaturreaktion handelt. Dus als het lichaam voelt dat je een orgaan hebt beschadigd en het dan kanker initieert, is het bijna alsof dit een herstelreactie is. Отже, якщо організм відчуває, що у вас є пошкодження органу, а потім ініціює рак, це майже як реакція відновлення. And the cancer, the body, is saying the lung tissue is damaged, we need to repair the lung. And cancer is originating in the lung trying to repair -- because you have this excessive proliferation of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue. |||||||||||||||Proliferation||||||||||||| |||originando||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und der Krebs entsteht in der Lunge, die versucht, zu reparieren - weil es zu einer übermäßigen Vermehrung dieser bemerkenswerten Zellen kommt, die wirklich das Potenzial haben, zu Lungengewebe zu werden. І рак зароджується в легенях, які намагаються відновити - тому що у вас є надмірна проліферація цих дивовижних клітин, які справді мають потенціал стати легеневою тканиною. But it’s almost as if the body has originated this ingenious response, but can’t quite control it. Aber es ist fast so, als ob der Körper diese geniale Reaktion entwickelt hat, sie aber nicht ganz kontrollieren kann. Але це майже так, ніби організм викликав цю геніальну реакцію, але не може повністю її контролювати. It hasn’t yet become fine-tuned enough to finish what has been initiated. Sie ist noch nicht fein genug abgestimmt, um das Angefangene zu Ende zu bringen. So this really, really fascinated me.

And I really think that we can’t think about cancer -- let alone any disease -- in such black and white terms. |||||||||||||Krankheit|||||| Und ich glaube wirklich, dass wir Krebs - geschweige denn irgendeine Krankheit - nicht so schwarz-weiß sehen dürfen. If we eliminate cancer the way we’re trying to do now, with chemotherapy and radiation, we’re bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins, or with radiation, trying to kill it. |||||||||||mit|Chemotherapie||||bombardieren|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||chemotherapy||||bombing|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||bombardeando|||||||||||||| Wenn wir den Krebs auf die Art und Weise beseitigen, wie wir es jetzt mit Chemotherapie und Bestrahlung versuchen, bombardieren wir den Körper oder den Krebs mit Giften oder mit Strahlung und versuchen, ihn zu töten. It’s almost as if we’re getting back to this starting point. We’re removing the cancer cells, but we’re revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix. |||||||aufdeckend|||||||||| Wir entfernen die Krebszellen, aber wir legen auch die früheren Schäden offen, die der Körper zu beheben versucht hat. Shouldn’t we think about manipulation, rather than elimination? ||||Manipulation||| If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate -- to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever that cancer has been put there to do -- it would be a repair process. ||||||||||||||||Gewebe||||||||||||||| ||||||||分化させる||||||||||||||||||||||| |de alguma forma|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Wenn wir diese Zellen irgendwie dazu bringen können, sich zu differenzieren - zu Knochengewebe, Lungengewebe, Lebergewebe, wozu auch immer der Krebs dort eingesetzt wurde -, wäre das ein Reparaturprozess. We’d end up better than we were before cancer. Wir würden besser dastehen als vor dem Krebs. So, this really changed my view of looking at cancer. And while I was reading all these articles about cancer, it seemed that the articles -- a lot of them -- focused on, you know, the genetics of breast cancer. ||||||||||||||||||||||||Genetik||Brust| ||||||||||||||||many||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||câncer de mama| Und während ich all diese Artikel über Krebs las, schien es, dass sich die Artikel - viele davon - auf die Genetik von Brustkrebs konzentrierten. And the genesis and the progression of breast cancer -- tracking the cancer through the body, tracing where it is, where it goes. |||||||||||||||verfolgen|||||| І генезис і прогресування раку молочної залози - відстеження раку в організмі, відстеження, де він знаходиться, куди йде.

But it struck me that I’d never heard of cancer of the heart, or cancer of any skeletal muscle for that matter. Aber es fiel mir auf, dass ich noch nie von Herzkrebs oder Krebs eines anderen Skelettmuskels gehört hatte. Але мене вразило те, що я ніколи не чув про рак серця чи рак будь-якого скелетного м’яза. And skeletal muscle constitutes 50 percent of our body, or over 50 percent of our body. |||constituye|||||||||| |esquelética|||||||||||| Und die Skelettmuskulatur macht 50 Prozent unseres Körpers aus, also über 50 Prozent unseres Körpers. And so at first I kind of thought, "Well, maybe there’s some obvious explanation why skeletal muscle doesn’t get cancer -- at least not that I know of." Zuerst dachte ich: "Vielleicht gibt es eine offensichtliche Erklärung, warum Skelettmuskeln keinen Krebs bekommen - zumindest nicht, dass ich wüsste." So, I looked further into it, found as many articles as I could, and it was amazing -- because it turned out that it was very rare. |||mais a fundo|||||||||||||||||||||| Some articles even went as far as to say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer, and furthermore, not only to cancer, but of metastasis going to skeletal muscle. |||||||||||||||||||||||||Metastasen|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||metastasis|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||metástasis|||| ||||||||||||||||||além disso|||||||metástase|||esquelético| Einige Artikel gingen sogar so weit zu sagen, dass Skelettmuskelgewebe resistent gegen Krebs ist, und zwar nicht nur gegen Krebs, sondern auch gegen Metastasen, die in den Skelettmuskel eindringen. У деяких статтях навіть говорилося, що скелетна м’язова тканина стійка до раку, і, крім того, не тільки до раку, але й до метастазування в скелетні м’язи. And what metastases are is when the tumor -- when a piece -- breaks off and travels through the blood stream and goes to a different organ. ||Metastasen|||||Tumor|||||||||||||||||Organ ||metastases|||||||||||||||||||||| ||metástasis|||||||||||||||||||||| ||metástases||||||||||||||||corrente sanguínea|||||| Von Metastasen spricht man, wenn ein Stück des Tumors abbricht und über den Blutkreislauf in ein anderes Organ wandert. En wat metastasen zijn, is wanneer de tumor - als een stuk - afbreekt en door de bloedbaan reist en naar een ander orgaan gaat. І що таке метастази, це коли пухлина - коли шматок - відламується і подорожує через кровотік і потрапляє в інший орган. That’s what a metastasis is. It’s the part of cancer that is the most dangerous. If cancer was localized, we could likely remove it, or somehow -- you know, it’s contained. |||lokalisiert||||||||||| |||localizado||||||||||| Wenn der Krebs lokalisiert wäre, könnten wir ihn wahrscheinlich entfernen oder irgendwie - Sie wissen schon - eindämmen. It’s very contained. Es ist sehr überschaubar. But once it starts moving throughout the body, that’s when it becomes deadly. Aber sobald es sich im Körper ausbreitet, wird es tödlich. So the fact that not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles, but cancer didn’t seem to go to skeletal muscle -- there seemed to be something here. |||||||||||entstehen|||||||||||||||||| Die Tatsache, dass Krebs nicht nur nicht von der Skelettmuskulatur auszugehen schien, sondern auch nicht auf die Skelettmuskulatur überging, schien also etwas zu bedeuten. So these articles were saying, you know, "Skeletal -- metastasis to skeletal muscle -- is very rare." In diesen Artikeln hieß es also: "Skelett - Metastasen in der Skelettmuskulatur sind sehr selten." But it was left at that. Aber dabei blieb es dann auch. No one seemed to be asking why.

So I decided to ask why. At first -- the first thing I did was I emailed some professors who specialized in skeletal muscle physiology, and pretty much said, "Hey, it seems like cancer doesn’t really go to skeletal muscle, is there a reason for this?" |||||||||schrieb eine E||||||||Physiologie der S|||||||scheint|||||||||||||| And a lot of the replies I got were that muscle is terminally differentiated tissue. |||||||||||||differenziert| |||||respostas||||||||| Und viele der Antworten, die ich erhielt, lauteten, dass Muskeln endständig differenziertes Gewebe sind. І багато відповідей, які я отримував, свідчать про те, що м’яз — це остаточно диференційована тканина. Meaning that you have muscle cells, but they’re not dividing, so it doesn’t seem like a good target for cancer to hijack. |||||||||||||||||||||übernehmen |||||||||||||||||alvo adequado||||se apropriar Das bedeutet, dass Sie zwar Muskelzellen haben, diese sich aber nicht teilen, so dass sie für den Krebs kein gutes Ziel darstellen, um sie zu kapern. Це означає, що у вас є м’язові клітини, але вони не діляться, тому це не здається гарною мішенню для раку. But then again, this fact that the metastasis didn’t go to skeletal muscle made that seem unlikely. ||||||||||||||||improvável Aber die Tatsache, dass die Metastasen nicht in die Skelettmuskulatur eingedrungen waren, ließ dies unwahrscheinlich erscheinen. And furthermore, nervous tissue -- brain -- gets cancer, and brain cells are also terminally differentiated. |||Gewebe|||||||||| |||||||||||||differentiated Außerdem wird Nervengewebe - das Gehirn - von Krebs befallen, und Gehirnzellen sind ebenfalls endständig differenziert. So I decided to ask why. And here’s some of, I guess, my hypotheses that I’ll be starting to investigate this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami. |||||||Hypothesen|||||||||||||||Miami ||||||||||||||||||Instituto Sylvester|||| |||||||hipótesis|||||||||||Sylvester|||| And I guess I’ll keep investigating until I get the answers. |||||investigating||||| But I know that in science, once you get the answers, inevitably you’re going to have more questions. |||||||||||unweigerlich|||||| Aber ich weiß, dass in der Wissenschaft, sobald man die Antworten hat, unweigerlich weitere Fragen auftauchen werden. So I guess you could say that I’ll probably be doing this for the rest of my life. Man könnte also sagen, dass ich das wahrscheinlich für den Rest meines Lebens machen werde.

Some of my hypotheses are that when you first think about skeletal muscle, there’s a lot of blood vessels going to skeletal muscle. |||hypotheses||||||||||||||||||| Einige meiner Hypothesen sind, dass, wenn man zuerst an Skelettmuskel denkt, viele Blutgefäße zum Skelettmuskel führen. And the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells. |||||||||||Blutgefäße|||Autobahnen|||| Und das erste, was mir in den Sinn kommt, ist, dass Blutgefäße wie Autobahnen für die Tumorzellen sind. І перше, що змушує мене думати, це те, що кровоносні судини — це як магістралі для пухлинних клітин. Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels. And you think, the more highways there are in a tissue, the more likely it is to get cancer or to get metastases. So first of all I thought, you know, "Wouldn’t it be favorable to cancer getting to skeletal muscle?" |||||||||||vorteilhaft|||||| Отже, перш за все я подумав: «Чи не було б сприятливо, щоб рак потрапив до скелетних м’язів?» And as well, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis, which is really, the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself, to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow. |||||||||Angiogenese|||||||||Blutgefäße||||||||||| |||||||||angiogénesis||||||recluta|||||||||||||| |||||||||angiogênese|||||||||||||||||||| Außerdem benötigen Krebstumore einen Prozess, der Angiogenese genannt wird, d. h. der Tumor rekrutiert Blutgefäße, um sich selbst mit Nährstoffen zu versorgen, damit er wachsen kann. En ook hebben kankertumoren een proces nodig dat angiogenese wordt genoemd, wat in feite betekent dat de tumor de bloedvaten naar zichzelf rekruteert om zichzelf te voorzien van voedingsstoffen zodat het kan groeien. Крім того, ракові пухлини вимагають процесу, який називається ангіогенезом, тобто пухлина залучає до себе кровоносні судини, щоб забезпечити себе поживними речовинами, щоб вона могла рости. Without angiogenesis, the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and it’s not harmful. |||||||||punto|||| |||||||||um ponto|||| Ohne Angiogenese bleibt der Tumor nur stecknadelkopfgroß und ist nicht schädlich. Без ангіогенезу пухлина залишається розміром із точку, і це не шкідливо. So angiogenesis is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer. |||||||||Krankheitsentsteh|| |||||||||patogénesis|| |||||||||patogênese|| Таким чином, ангіогенез дійсно є центральним процесом у патогенезі раку.

And one article that really stood out to me when I was just reading about this, trying to figure out why cancer doesn’t go to skeletal muscle, was that it had reported 16 percent of micro-metastases to skeletal muscle upon autopsy. ||||||||||||||||||Figur||||||||||||||||||||||Obduktion |||||destacou-se||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und ein Artikel, der mir besonders auffiel, als ich gerade darüber las und versuchte herauszufinden, warum Krebs nicht auf die Skelettmuskulatur übergreift, war, dass bei einer Autopsie 16 Prozent der Mikrometastasen in der Skelettmuskulatur festgestellt wurden. 16 percent! Meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle, but only point one six percent of actual metastases -- suggesting that maybe skeletal muscle is able to control the angiogenesis, is able to control the tumors recruiting these blood vessels. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Angiogenese|||||||||| |||||precisas|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Das bedeutet, dass es diese Pinpoint-Tumoren in der Skelettmuskulatur, aber nur Punkt ein sechs Prozent der tatsächlichen Metastasen - was darauf hindeutet, dass vielleicht Skelettmuskulatur ist in der Lage, die Angiogenese zu kontrollieren, ist in der Lage, die Tumoren rekrutieren diese Blutgefäße zu kontrollieren. Це означає, що в скелетних м’язах були ці точкові пухлини, але лише один шість відсотків фактичних метастазів – це означає, що, можливо, скелетні м’язи здатні контролювати ангіогенез, здатні контролювати пухлини, які рекрутують ці кровоносні судини. We use skeletal muscles so much. It’s the one portion of our body -- our heart’s always beating. ||||||||Herz|| ||||||||corazón|| Es ist der eine Teil unseres Körpers - unser Herz schlägt immer. We’re always moving our muscles. Is it possible that muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply? ||||||intuitiv||||||| It needs to be constantly contracting, so therefore it’s almost selfish. |||||kontrahieren||||| |||||contraindo|||||egoísta It’s grabbing its blood vessels for itself. |agarrando||||| Es nimmt seine Blutgefäße für sich in Beschlag. Therefore, when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue, it can’t get a blood supply, and can’t grow.

So this suggests that maybe if there is an anti-angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle -- or perhaps even more, an angiogenic routing factor, so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow. |||||||||||||||||||||Routingsfaktor||||||||||| ||||||||||angiogénico|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||angiogênico|||||||||||fator de direcionamento||||||||||| Dies deutet darauf hin, dass es vielleicht einen anti-angiogenen Faktor im Skelettmuskel gibt - oder vielleicht sogar einen angiogenen Leitfaktor, der tatsächlich steuern kann, wo die Blutgefäße wachsen. Отже, це свідчить про те, що, можливо, якщо є антиангіогенний фактор у скелетних м’язах – або, навіть більше, ангіогенний фактор маршруту, тож він може справді спрямовувати, де ростуть кровоносні судини. This could be a potential future therapy for cancer. And another thing that’s really interesting is that there’s this whole -- the way tumors move throughout the body it’s a very complex system -- and there’s something called the chemokine network. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Chemokinennetzwerk| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||quimiocina| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||quimiocina| En een ander ding dat echt interessant is, is dat er dit geheel is - de manier waarop tumoren door het lichaam bewegen, het is een zeer complex systeem - en er is iets dat het chemokinenetwerk wordt genoemd. І ще одна річ, яка є справді цікавою, полягає в тому, що існує це ціле - те, як пухлини рухаються по всьому тілу, це дуже складна система - і є щось, що називається хемокіновою мережею. And chemokines are essentially chemical attractants, and they’re the stop and go signals for cancer. |Chemokine||||Anlockstoffe||||||||| |||||attractants||||||||| |quimiocinas||||atrayentes||||||||| |quimiocinas||||atralantes químicos||||||||| En chemokines zijn in wezen chemische lokstoffen, en ze zijn de stop-and-go-signalen voor kanker. І хемокіни, по суті, є хімічними атрактантами, і вони є сигналами зупинки та продовження раку. So a tumor expresses chemokine receptors, and another organ -- a distant organ somewhere in the body -- will have the corresponding chemokines, and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it. |||drückt aus||Rezeptoren|||||||||||||||Chemokine|||||||||wandern zu|| |||produces|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ein Tumor exprimiert also Chemokinrezeptoren, und ein anderes Organ - ein entferntes Organ irgendwo im Körper - hat die entsprechenden Chemokine, und der Tumor sieht diese Chemokine und wandert dorthin. Is it possible that skeletal muscle doesn’t express these types of molecules? |||||||produzieren|||| Ist es möglich, dass Skelettmuskeln diese Art von Molekülen nicht exprimieren? And the other really interesting thing is that when skeletal muscle -- there’s been several reports that when skeletal muscle is injured, that’s what correlates with metastasis going to skeletal muscle. |||||||||Skelett-||||||||||||||korreliert|||||| Und die andere wirklich interessante Sache ist, dass, wenn die Skelettmuskulatur - es gibt mehrere Berichte, dass, wenn die Skelettmuskulatur verletzt wird, das ist, was mit der Metastasierung in die Skelettmuskulatur korreliert.

And, furthermore, when skeletal muscle is injured, that’s what causes chemokines -- these signals saying, "Cancer, you can come to me," the go signs for the tumors -- it causes them to highly express these chemokines. ||||||||||Chemokine||||||||||||||||||||||| So, there’s so much interplay here. ||||Wechselwirkung| ||||interacción| ||||interação| Отже, тут так багато взаємодії. I mean, there are so many possibilities for why tumors don’t go to skeletal muscle. But it seems like by investigating, by attacking cancer, by searching where cancer is not, there has got to be something -- there’s got to be something -- that’s making this tissue resistant to tumors. |||||Untersuchung||||||||||||||||||||||||Gewebe||| And can we utilize -- can we take this property, this compound, this receptor, whatever it is that’s controlling this anti-tumor properties and apply it to cancer therapy in general? ||||||||||||Rezeptor||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||composto||||||||||||||||||| Now, one thing that kind of ties the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer -- to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body -- is that skeletal muscle has a factor in it called MyoD. ||||||verbindet||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||MyoD ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||MyoD(1) ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||MyoD Одна річ, яка певним чином пов’язує стійкість скелетних м’язів до раку – до раку як реакції відновлення, що вийшла з-під контролю в організмі – це те, що скелетні м’язи мають фактор, який називається MyoD. And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells. |||||||||||||||||||||Vielfalt||||||| Dieser Wirkstoff, MyoD, wurde an vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen getestet und es hat sich gezeigt, dass er diese verschiedenen Zelltypen tatsächlich in Skelettmuskelzellen umwandelt. Таким чином, ця сполука, MyoD, була випробувана на багатьох різних типах клітин і показала, що насправді перетворює ці типи клітин у клітини скелетних м’язів. So, is it possible that the tumor cells are going to the skeletal muscle tissue, but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue, MyoD acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become skeletal muscle cells? Ist es also möglich, dass die Tumorzellen in das Skelettmuskelgewebe wandern, aber sobald sie mit dem Skelettmuskelgewebe in Kontakt kommen, wirkt MyoD auf diese Tumorzellen ein und bewirkt, dass sie zu Skelettmuskelzellen werden? Maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells, and this is why it seems as if it is so rare. |||||verkleidet|||||||||||||||| |||||disfrazadas|||||||||||||||| |||||disfarçadas|||||||||||||||| Vielleicht sind die Tumorzellen als Skelettmuskelzellen getarnt, und das ist der Grund, warum es so selten zu sein scheint. Можливо, пухлинні клітини маскуються під клітини скелетних м’язів, і тому здається, що це така рідкість.

It’s not harmful, it has just repaired the muscle. ||prejudicial|||||| Es ist nicht schädlich, es hat nur den Muskel repariert. Muscle is constantly being used -- constantly being damaged. Die Muskeln werden ständig beansprucht - und ständig geschädigt. If every time we tore a muscle or every time we stretched a muscle or moved in a wrong way, cancer occurred -- I mean, everybody would have cancer almost. ||||rissen|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||rompêssemos|||||||esticamos||||||||||||||||| And I hate to say that. But it seems as though muscle cell, possibly because of all its use, has adapted faster than other body tissues to respond to injury, to fine tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process which the body wants to finish. Aber es scheint, als ob sich die Muskelzelle, möglicherweise aufgrund ihrer häufigen Nutzung, schneller als andere Körpergewebe an die Reaktion auf Verletzungen angepasst hat, um diese Reparaturreaktion fein abzustimmen und tatsächlich in der Lage zu sein, den Prozess zu beenden, den der Körper beenden möchte. Але здається, що м’язова клітина, можливо, через її використання, адаптувалася швидше, ніж інші тканини тіла, щоб реагувати на пошкодження, щоб точно налаштувати цю реакцію відновлення та фактично мати можливість завершити процес, який тіло хоче завершити. I really believe that the human body is very, very smart, and we can’t counteract something the body is saying to do. ||||||||||||||entgegenwirken||||||| ||||||||||||||contrabalançar||||||| Ich glaube wirklich, dass der menschliche Körper sehr, sehr klug ist, und wir können nicht gegen etwas ankämpfen, was der Körper uns sagt zu tun. Я дійсно вірю, що людське тіло дуже, дуже розумне, і ми не можемо протидіяти тому, що тіло каже зробити.

It’s different when a bacteria comes into the body, that’s a foreign object -- we want that out. But when the body is actually initiating a process and we’re calling it a disease, it doesn’t seem as though elimination is the right solution. ||||||einleitet|||||bezeichnen||||||||||||| Aber wenn der Körper tatsächlich einen Prozess in Gang setzt und wir ihn als Krankheit bezeichnen, scheint die Eliminierung nicht die richtige Lösung zu sein. So even to go from there, it’s possible -- although far-fetched -- that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy. ||||||||||fetched||||||||||||||| então||||||||embora||||||||||||||||| Es ist also durchaus möglich - wenn auch weit hergeholt -, dass wir uns in Zukunft vorstellen können, Krebs als Therapie einzusetzen. If those diseases where tissues are deteriorating -- for example Alzheimer’s, where the brain, the brain cells, die and we need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells -- what if we could, in the future use cancer? ||||||sich verschlechternden||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||deteriorating||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Wenn es sich um Krankheiten handelt, bei denen sich das Gewebe verschlechtert - z. B. bei Alzheimer, wo das Gehirn, die Gehirnzellen, absterben und wir neue Gehirnzellen, neue funktionelle Gehirnzellen, wiederherstellen müssen - was wäre, wenn wir in Zukunft Krebs einsetzen könnten? Якщо ці хвороби, при яких погіршуються тканини, наприклад, хвороба Альцгеймера, де мозок, клітини мозку, гинуть і нам потрібно відновити нові клітини мозку, нові функціональні клітини мозку, що, якби ми могли в майбутньому використовувати рак? A tumor -- put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells?

That’s a very far-fetched idea, but I really believe that it may be possible. ||||descabellada|||||||||| Das ist eine sehr weit hergeholte Idee, aber ich glaube wirklich, dass sie möglich ist. Це дуже надумана ідея, але я дійсно вірю, що це можливо. These cells are so versatile, these cancer cells are so versatile -- we just have to manipulate them in the right way. ||||vielseitig|||||||||||manipulieren||||| ||||versatile|||||||||||||||| ||||versáteis|||||||||||||||| Ці клітини настільки різноманітні, ці ракові клітини настільки різноманітні - ми просто повинні маніпулювати ними в правильний спосіб. And again, some of these may be far-fetched, but I figured if there’s anywhere to present far-fetched ideas, it’s here at TED, so thank you very much. Und noch einmal, einige davon mögen weit hergeholt sein, aber ich dachte mir, wenn man irgendwo weit hergeholte Ideen präsentieren kann, dann hier bei TED, also vielen Dank. І знову ж таки, деякі з них можуть бути надуманими, але я подумав, що якщо є десь представити надумані ідеї, то це тут, на TED, тож дуже вам дякую.

(Applause)

http://www.ted.com/talks/eva_vertes_looks_to_the_future_of_medicine.html