×

Nós usamos os cookies para ajudar a melhorar o LingQ. Ao visitar o site, você concorda com a nossa política de cookies.

image

TEDTalks, Nicholas Negroponte – The vision behind One Laptop Per Child (2006)

Nicholas Negroponte – The vision behind One Laptop Per Child (2006)

TED talks are recorded live at the TED conference and produced with WNYC New York public radio.

This episode features Nicholas Negroponte, founder of the MIT media lab and the 100 dollar laptop iniciative. TED talks are made possible through the support BMW where ideas are everything. Here's Nicholas Negroponte.

I'm not sure why I'm in the... And I was also trying to figure out why was in the history section and... it's because of age.

I've been at MIT for 44 years. I knew Ricky Warman, I've known Ricky Warman for 40 years. I went to TED I. There's only one other person here, I think, who did that. And there's a likeness between what I did at TED I in the early '80s and what I'm going to do today. And that is talk about something I'm doing. All the other TEDs, and I went to them all, under Ricky's regime, I talked about what the Media Lab was doing, which today has almost 500 people in it.

And if you read the press, it actually last week said I quit the Media Lab.

I didn't quit the Media Lab, I stepped down as chairman, and I... which was a kind of ridiculous title, but someone else has taken it on, and one of the things you can do as a professor, is you stay on as a professor. And I will now do for the rest of my life the One Laptop Per Child, which I've sort of been doing for a year and a half, anyway. So I'm going to tell you about this, use my 18 minutes to tell you why I'm doing it, how we're doing it, and then what we're doing. And at some point I'll even pass around what the 100 dollar laptop might be like.

I was asked by Chris to talk about some of the big issues, and so I figured I'd start with the three that at least drove me to do this. And the first is pretty obvious. It's amazing when you meet a head of state, and you say, "What is your most precious natural resource?" They will not say children at first, and then when you say children, they will pretty quickly agree with you. And so that isn't very hard. Everybody agrees that whatever the solutions are to the big problems, they include education, sometimes can be just education, and can never be without some element of education. So that's certainly part of it.

And the third is a little bit less obvious. And that is that we all in this room learned how to walk, how to talk, not by being taught how to talk, or taught how to walk, but by interacting with the world, by having certain results as a consequence of being able to ask for something, or being able to stand up and reach it. Whereas at about the age six, we were told to stop learning that way, and that all learning from then on would happen through teaching, whether it's people standing up, like I'm doing now, or a book, or something. But it was really through teaching. And one of the things in general that computers have provided to learning is that it now includes a kind of learning which is a little bit more like walking and talking, in the sense that a lot of it's driven by the learner himself or herself.

So with those as the principles... some of you may know Seymour Papert, this is back in 1982, when we were working in Senegal. Because some people think that the 100 dollar laptop just happened a year ago, or two years ago. This actually has gone back a long time, and in fact, back to the '60s. Here we're in the '80s. Steve Jobs had given us some laptops, we were in Senegal. It didn't scale but it at least was bringing computers to developing countries, and learning pretty quickly that these kids, even though English wasn't their language, the Latin alphabet barely was their language, but they could just swim like fish; they could play these like pianos.

A little bit more recently, I got involved personally. And sort of these are two anecdotes. One was in Cambodia, in a village that has no electricity, no water, no television, no telephone, but has broadband Internet now. And these kids, their first English word is "Google," and they only know Skype. They've never heard of telephony. OK, they just use Skype. And they go home at night; they've got a broadband connection in a hut that doesn't have electricity. The parents love it, because when they open up the laptops, it's the brightest light source in the house.

In parallel with this, Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine to legislate one laptop per child in the year 2002. Now at the time, I think it's fair to say that 80 percent of the teachers were, let me say, apprehensive. Really, they were actually against it. And they really preferred that the money would be used for higher salaries, more schools, whatever. And now, three and a half years later, guess what? They're reporting five things. Drop of truancy to almost zero, attending parent-teacher meetings, which nobody did and now almost everybody does, drop in discipline problems, increase in student participation. Teachers are now saying it's kind of fun to teach; kids are engaged. They have laptops. And then the fifth, which interests me the most, is that the servers have to be turned off at certain times at night because the teachers are just getting too much email from the kids asking them for help.

So when you see that kind of thing, this is not something that you have to test. The days of pilot projects are over, when people say, "Well, we'd like to do three or four thousand in our country to see how it works." Screw you. Go to the back of the line and someone else will do it, and then when you figure out that this works, you can join as well.

So, One Laptop Per Child was formed about a year and a half ago. It's a nonprofit association; it raised about 20 million dollars to do the engineering to just get this built, and then have it produced afterwards. Scale is truly important. And it's not important because you can buy components at a lower price, OK? It's because you can go to a manufacturer -- and I will leave the name out -- but we wanted a small display, doesn't have to have perfect color uniformity, it can even have a pixel or two missing, it doesn't have to be that bright. And this particular manufacturer said, "Well, you know, we're not interested in that. We're interested in the living room. We're interested in perfect color uniformity. We're interested in big displays, bright displays. You're not part of our strategic plan." And I said, "Well, that's kind of too bad, because we need 100 million units a year." And they said, "Oh, well maybe we could become part of your strategic plan." And that's why scale counts. And that's why we will not launch this without five to 10 million units in the first run. And the idea is to launch with enough scale that the scale itself helps bring the price down, and that's why I said seven to 10 million there. And we're doing it without a sales and marketing team. I mean, you're looking at the sales and marketing team. We will do it by going to seven large countries and getting them to agree and launch it, and then the others can follow. We have partners; it's not hard to guess Google would be one, the others are all playing to pending. And this has been in the press a great deal. It's the so-called Green Machine that we introduced with Kofi Annan in November at the World Summit that was held in Tunisia.

Now once people start looking at this, they say, ah, this is a laptop project. Well, no, it's not a laptop project. It's an education project. And the fun part -- and I'm quite focused on it -- I tell people I used to be a light bulb, but now I'm a laser. I'm just going to get that thing built, and it turns out it's not so hard. Because laptop economics are the following: I say 50 percent here; it's more like 60, 60 percent of the cost of your laptop is sales, marketing, distribution and profit. Now we have none of those, OK? None of those figure into our cost. Because first of all, we sell it at cost, and the governments distribute it. It gets distributed to the school system like a textbook. So that piece disappears, and then you have display and everything else. Now the display on your laptop costs, in rough numbers, 10 dollars a diagonal inch. Now that can drop to eight, it can drop to seven, but it's not going to drop to two, or to one and a half, unless we do some pretty clever things. It's the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating, because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself. It's a little bit like an obese person having to use most of most of their energy to move their obesity. OK?

And we have a situation today which is incredible. OK, I've been using laptops since their inception. And my laptop runs slower, less reliably and less pleasantly than it ever has before. And this year is worse. Now people clap, sometimes you even get standing ovations and I say, "What the hell's wrong with you? Why are we all sitting there?" And somebody to remain nameless called our laptop a gadget recently. And I said, God, our laptop's going to go like a bat out of hell. When you open it up, it's going to go "bing," it'll be on, it'll use it. It'll be just like it was in 1985, when you bought an Apple Macintosh 512. It worked really well. And we've been going steadily downhill.

Now this people ask all the time what it is. That's what it is. The two pieces that are probably notable is it'll be a mesh network, so when the kids open up their laptops, they all become a network, and then just need one or two points of backhaul. You can serve a couple of thousand kids with two megabytes. So you really can bring into a village, and then the villages can connect themselves, and you really can do it quite well.

The dual mode display -- the idea is to have a display that both works outdoors -- isn't it fun using your cell phone outdoors in the sunlight? Well, you can't see it. And one of the reasons you can't see it is because it's backlighting most of the time, most cell phones. Now, what we're doing is, we're doing one that will be both front lit and back lit. And whether you manually switch it or you do it in the software is to be seen. But when it's back lit, it's color, and when it's front lit, it's black and white at three times the resolution.

Is it all worked out? No. That's why a lot of our people are more or less living in Taiwan right now. And in about 30 days we'll know for sure whether this works. Probably the most important piece there is that the kids really can do the maintenance. And this is again something that people don't believe, but I really think it's quite true. That's the machine we showed in Tunis, and this is more the direction that we're going to go. And it's something that we didn't think was possible. Now, I'm going to pass this around. This isn't a design, OK? So this is just a mechanical engineering sort of embodiment of it for you to play with. And it's clearly just a model. The working one is at MIT. I'm going to pass it to this handsome gentleman. At least then you can decide whether it goes left or -- oh, simulcast. Sorry! I forgot. I forgot. OK, so wherever the camera is -- OK, good point. Thank you, Chris.

The idea was that it would be not only a laptop, but that it could transform and be into an electronic book. So it's sort of an electronic book. This is where you can go outside, it's in black and white. The games buttons are missing, but it'll also be a games machine, book machine. Set it up this way and it's a television set. Et cetera, et cetera -- is that enough for simulcast? OK, sorry. I'll let Jim decide which way to send it afterwards. OK.

Seven countries. (Laughter) I say maybe for Massachusetts, because they actually have to do a bid. By law you've got to bid, and so on and so forth. So I can't quite name them. In the other cases, they don't have to do bids. They can decide. It's the federal government in each case. It's kind of agonizing, because a lot of people say, "Well, let's do it at the state level." Because, of course, states are more nimble than the feds, just because of size. And yet we count. We're really dealing with the federal government; we're really dealing with ministries of education. And if you look at governments around the world, ministries of education tend to be the most conservative, and also the ones that have huge payrolls. Everybody thinks they know about education, a lot of culture is built into it as well. It's really hard. And so it's certainly the hard road. If you look at the countries, they're pretty geoculturally distributed.

Have they all agreed? No, not completely; probably Thailand, Brazil and Nigeria are the three that are the most active, and most agreed. We're purposely not signing anything with anybody until we actually have the working ones. And since I visit each one of those countries within at least every three months, I'm just going around the world every three weeks. Here's sort of the schedule, and I put at the bottom we might give some away free in two years at this meeting. Everybody says it's a 100 dollar laptop, you can't do it. Well, guess what, we're not. We're coming in probably at 135, to start. Then drift down. And that's very important, because so many things hit the market at a price and then drift up. It's kind of the loss leader, and then as soon as it looks interesting, it can't be afforded, or it can't be scaled out. So we're targeting 50 dollars in 2010.

The gray market's a big issue. And one of the ways -- just one -- but one of the ways to help in the case of the gray market is to make something that is so utterly unique. It's a little bit like the fact that automobiles -- thousands of automobiles are stolen every day in the United States; not one single post office truck is stolen. OK.

And why? Because there's no market for post office trucks. It looks like a post office truck. You can spray paint it; you can do anything you want. I just learned recently: in South Africa, no white Volvos are stolen. Period. None. Zero. So we want to make it very much like a white Volvo.

Each government has a task force. This perhaps is less interesting, but we're trying to get the governments to all work together, and it's not easy. The economics of this is to start with the federal governments, and then later to go to other -- -- whether it's child-to-child funding, so a child in this country buys one for a child in the developing world, maybe of the same gender, maybe of the same age. An uncle gives a niece or a nephew that as a birthday present. I mean, there are all sorts of things that will happen, and they'll be very, very exciting.

And everybody says -- I say -- it's an education project; are we providing the software? The answer is, the system certainly has software, but no, we're not providing the education content. That is really done in the countries. But we are certainly constructionists. And we certainly believe in learning by doing, and everything from Logo, which was started in 1968, to more modern things like Scratch, if you've ever even heard of it, are very, very much part of it. And that's the rollout.

Are we dreaming? Is this real? It actually is real. The only criticism, and people really don't want to criticize this, because it is a humanitarian effort, it is a nonprofit effort, and to criticize it is a little bit stupid, actually. But the one thing that people could criticize was, great idea, but these guys can't do it. And that could either mean these guys, professors and so on couldn't do it, or that it's not possible. Well, on December 12, a company called Quanta agreed to build it, and since they make about one-third of all the laptops on the planet today, that question disappeared. So it's not a matter of whether it's going to happen. It is going to happen. And if it comes out at 138 dollars, so what? If it comes out six months late, so what? That's a pretty soft landing. Thank you. (Applause)

http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/lang/eng/nicholas_negroponte_on_one_laptop_per_child.html

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Nicholas Negroponte – The vision behind One Laptop Per Child (2006) |Negroponte||||||| |Negroponte||||||| Nicholas Negroponte - Die Vision hinter One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - La visión de One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - La vision derrière One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - La visione di One Laptop Per Child (2006) ニコラス・ネグロポンテ - 「One Laptop Per Child」を支えるビジョン(2006年) 니콜라스 네그로폰테 - 어린이 한 명당 노트북 한 대의 비전(2006) Nicholas Negroponte - Wizja stojąca za programem One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - A visão por detrás de One Laptop Per Child (2006) Николас Негропонте - О концепции One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - Visionen bakom One Laptop Per Child (2006) Nicholas Negroponte - Çocuk Başına Bir Dizüstü Bilgisayarın arkasındaki vizyon (2006) Ніколас Негропонте – Бачення одного ноутбука на дитину (2006) 尼古拉斯·尼葛洛庞帝 – 每个孩子一台笔记本电脑的愿景 (2006)

TED talks are recorded live at the TED conference and produced with WNYC New York public radio.

This episode features Nicholas Negroponte, founder of the MIT media lab and the 100 dollar laptop iniciative. |||||||||||||||инициатива ||||||||MIT||||||| |||||||||||||||project |||||||||||||||iniciativa |||||||||||||||girişimi In dieser Folge spricht Nicholas Negroponte, Gründer des MIT Media Lab und der 100-Dollar-Laptop-Initiative. TED talks are made possible through the support BMW where ideas are everything. Die TED-Talks werden durch die Unterstützung von BMW ermöglicht, denn Ideen sind alles. Here’s Nicholas Negroponte.

I’m not sure why I’m in the... And I was also trying to figure out why was in the history section and... it’s because of age. Ich bin mir nicht sicher, warum ich in der... Und ich habe auch versucht herauszufinden, warum ich in der Geschichtsabteilung bin und... es ist wegen des Alters.

I’ve been at MIT for 44 years. I knew Ricky Warman, I’ve known Ricky Warman for 40 years. |||||||Warman|| ||||||Ricky||| I went to TED I. There’s only one other person here, I think, who did that. ||||||||||||||갔던| And there’s a likeness between what I did at TED I in the early '80s and what I’m going to do today. |||sličnost|||||||||||||||||| |||сходство|||||||||||||||||| |||유사성|||||||||||||||||| |||similitud|||||||||||||||||| And that is talk about something I’m doing. All the other TEDs, and I went to them all, under Ricky’s regime, I talked about what the Media Lab was doing, which today has almost 500 people in it. |||TED-Konferenzen||||||||Ricky's|Regierung|||||||||||||||| |||TEDs||||||||Ricky|||||||||||||||||

And if you read the press, it actually last week said I quit the Media Lab.

I didn’t quit the Media Lab, I stepped down as chairman, and I... which was a kind of ridiculous title, but someone else has taken it on, and one of the things you can do as a professor, is you stay on as a professor. ||||||||||председатель||||||||нелепый|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||Vorsitzender|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ich habe das Medienlabor nicht verlassen, ich bin als Vorsitzender zurückgetreten, und ich... was ein ziemlich lächerlicher Titel war, aber jemand anderes hat ihn übernommen, und eines der Dinge, die man als Professor tun kann, ist, dass man als Professor bleibt. Я не залишив Медіа-лабораторію, я пішов з посади голови правління, і я... це була якась смішна назва, але хтось інший взяв її на себе, і одна з речей, які ви можете зробити як професор, це ви залишитися професором. And I will now do for the rest of my life the One Laptop Per Child, which I’ve sort of been doing for a year and a half, anyway. So I’m going to tell you about this, use my 18 minutes to tell you why I’m doing it, how we’re doing it, and then what we’re doing. And at some point I’ll even pass around what the 100 dollar laptop might be like.

I was asked by Chris to talk about some of the big issues, and so I figured I’d start with the three that at least drove me to do this. Chris hat mich gebeten, über einige der großen Themen zu sprechen, und so dachte ich mir, ich fange mit den drei an, die mich zumindest dazu gebracht haben, dies zu tun. And the first is pretty obvious. It’s amazing when you meet a head of state, and you say, "What is your most precious natural resource?" ||||||||||||||||wertvoll|| Дивно, коли ти зустрічаєш главу держави і кажеш: «Який твій найцінніший природний ресурс?» They will not say children at first, and then when you say children, they will pretty quickly agree with you. Zuerst werden sie keine Kinder sagen, und wenn du dann Kinder sagst, werden sie dir ziemlich schnell zustimmen. And so that isn’t very hard. Das ist also gar nicht so schwer. Everybody agrees that whatever the solutions are to the big problems, they include education, sometimes can be just education, and can never be without some element of education. Alle sind sich einig, dass die Lösungen für die großen Probleme auch Bildung beinhalten, manchmal nur Bildung sein kann und niemals ohne ein gewisses Element der Bildung auskommen kann. So that’s certainly part of it.

And the third is a little bit less obvious. And that is that we all in this room learned how to walk, how to talk, not by being taught how to talk, or taught how to walk, but by interacting with the world, by having certain results as a consequence of being able to ask for something, or being able to stand up and reach it. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||в результате|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||gelehrt||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und das ist, dass wir alle in diesem Raum gelernt haben, wie man geht, wie man spricht, nicht indem man uns beigebracht hat, wie man spricht oder wie man geht, sondern indem wir mit der Welt interagiert haben, indem wir bestimmte Ergebnisse erzielt haben als Folge davon, dass wir in der Lage waren, um etwas zu bitten oder aufzustehen und es zu erreichen. Whereas at about the age six, we were told to stop learning that way, and that all learning from then on would happen through teaching, whether it’s people standing up, like I’m doing now, or a book, or something. oysa|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| But it was really through teaching. And one of the things in general that computers have provided to learning is that it now includes a kind of learning which is a little bit more like walking and talking, in the sense that a lot of it’s driven by the learner himself or herself. Und eines der Dinge, die Computer dem Lernen im Allgemeinen gebracht haben, ist, dass es jetzt eine Art des Lernens gibt, die ein bisschen mehr wie Gehen und Sprechen ist, in dem Sinne, dass ein großer Teil davon vom Lernenden selbst gesteuert wird.

So with those as the principles... some of you may know Seymour Papert, this is back in 1982, when we were working in Senegal. ||||||||||||||||||||||세네갈 |||||||||||Seymour||||||||||| Because some people think that the 100 dollar laptop just happened a year ago, or two years ago. This actually has gone back a long time, and in fact, back to the '60s. Here we’re in the '80s. Steve Jobs had given us some laptops, we were in Senegal. Steve Jobs hatte uns einige Laptops geschenkt, wir waren im Senegal. It didn’t scale but it at least was bringing computers to developing countries, and learning pretty quickly that these kids, even though English wasn’t their language, the Latin alphabet barely was their language, but they could just swim like fish; they could play these like pianos. ||확장성||||||||||||학습||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Klaviere ||ölçeklenmedi||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||едва|||||||||||||||| Es hat sich nicht ausgeweitet, aber es hat zumindest Computer in die Entwicklungsländer gebracht, und wir haben ziemlich schnell gelernt, dass diese Kinder, auch wenn Englisch nicht ihre Sprache war, das lateinische Alphabet war kaum ihre Sprache, aber sie konnten einfach schwimmen wie Fische; sie konnten diese wie Klaviere spielen.

A little bit more recently, I got involved personally. And sort of these are two anecdotes. ||||||анекдоты |||these||| ||||||일화 One was in Cambodia, in a village that has no electricity, no water, no television, no telephone, but has broadband Internet now. |||||||||||||||||||широкополосный|| |||Kambodscha|||||||||||||||||| |||カンボジア|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||geniş bant|| Один був у Камбоджі, в селі, де немає електрики, води, телебачення, телефону, але зараз є широкосмуговий Інтернет. And these kids, their first English word is "Google," and they only know Skype. They’ve never heard of telephony. OK, they just use Skype. ||||Skype And they go home at night; they’ve got a broadband connection in a hut that doesn’t have electricity. |||||||||||||хижина|||| |||||||||Breitband|||||||| |||||||||||||오두막||없다|| |||||||||||||kulübe|||| Nachts gehen sie nach Hause und haben einen Breitbandanschluss in einer Hütte, die keinen Strom hat. І вночі йдуть додому; вони мають широкосмуговий зв’язок у хатині, де немає електрики. The parents love it, because when they open up the laptops, it’s the brightest light source in the house.

In parallel with this, Seymour Papert got the governor of Maine to legislate one laptop per child in the year 2002. ||||||||||||законодательствовать||||||| ||||||||||||법제화하다||||||| ||||||||||||legislar||||||| Паралельно з цим у 2002 році Сеймур Пейперт домігся від губернатора штату Мен законодавчо встановити один ноутбук на дитину. Now at the time, I think it’s fair to say that 80 percent of the teachers were, let me say, apprehensive. |||||||||||||||||||опасные |||||||||||||||||||anxious |||||||||||||||||||걱정하는 |||||||||||||||||||endişeli У той час, я вважаю, було б справедливо сказати, що 80 відсотків учителів, дозвольте мені сказати, боялися. Really, they were actually against it. 정말||||| Eigentlich waren sie sogar dagegen. And they really preferred that the money would be used for higher salaries, more schools, whatever. And now, three and a half years later, guess what? They’re reporting five things. Ze melden vijf dingen. Drop of truancy to almost zero, attending parent-teacher meetings, which nobody did and now almost everybody does, drop in discipline problems, increase in student participation. ||прогулы|||||родитель||||||||||||||||||участие ||결석||||||||||||||||||||||| ||falta||||||||||||||||||||||| ||devamsızlık||||||||||||||||||||||| Rückgang des Schulschwänzens auf fast Null, Teilnahme an Elterngesprächen, die früher niemand gemacht hat und jetzt fast jeder macht, Rückgang der Disziplinprobleme, Zunahme der Schülerbeteiligung. Зменшення прогулів майже до нуля, відвідування батьківських зборів, яких ніхто не робив, а зараз майже всі, зниження дисципліни, збільшення активності учнів. Teachers are now saying it’s kind of fun to teach; kids are engaged. They have laptops. And then the fifth, which interests me the most, is that the servers have to be turned off at certain times at night because the teachers are just getting too much email from the kids asking them for help. Und der fünfte Punkt, der mich am meisten interessiert, ist, dass die Server zu bestimmten Zeiten in der Nacht abgeschaltet werden müssen, weil die Lehrer zu viele E-Mails von den Kindern bekommen, die sie um Hilfe bitten.

So when you see that kind of thing, this is not something that you have to test. The days of pilot projects are over, when people say, "Well, we’d like to do three or four thousand in our country to see how it works." Die Zeiten der Pilotprojekte sind vorbei, bei denen man sagt: "Wir würden gerne drei- oder viertausend in unserem Land machen, um zu sehen, wie es funktioniert." Screw you. 꺼져| Sie können mich mal. До біса. Go to the back of the line and someone else will do it, and then when you figure out that this works, you can join as well. 가세요|||||그||||||||||||||||||||| Gehen Sie ans Ende der Schlange, und jemand anderes wird es tun, und wenn Sie dann herausfinden, dass es funktioniert, können Sie auch mitmachen. Идите в конец очереди, и кто-то другой сделает это, а потом, когда вы поймете, что это работает, вы тоже сможете присоединиться.

So, One Laptop Per Child was formed about a year and a half ago. so||||||||||||| One Laptop Per Child wurde also vor etwa eineinhalb Jahren gegründet. It’s a nonprofit association; it raised about 20 million dollars to do the engineering to just get this built, and then have it produced afterwards. |||||||||||||||||||||||после этого Es handelt sich um eine gemeinnützige Vereinigung, die etwa 20 Millionen Dollar für die technische Planung und die anschließende Produktion aufgebracht hat. Scale is truly important. Der Maßstab ist wirklich wichtig. And it’s not important because you can buy components at a lower price, OK? It’s because you can go to a manufacturer -- and I will leave the name out -- but we wanted a small display, doesn’t have to have perfect color uniformity, it can even have a pixel or two missing, it doesn’t have to be that bright. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Farbgleichmäßigkeit|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||uniformidad|||||||||||||||| Das liegt daran, dass man zu einem Hersteller gehen kann - und ich werde den Namen nicht nennen - aber wir wollten ein kleines Display, das keine perfekte Farbgleichheit haben muss, es kann sogar ein oder zwei Pixel fehlen, es muss nicht so hell sein. Це тому, що ви можете звернутися до виробника – і я не згадаю назву – але ми хотіли мати маленький дисплей, який не повинен мати ідеальну рівномірність кольорів, у ньому навіть може бути відсутнім піксель або два, це не так. має бути таким яскравим. And this particular manufacturer said, "Well, you know, we’re not interested in that. We’re interested in the living room. Wir interessieren uns für das Wohnzimmer. We’re interested in perfect color uniformity. We’re interested in big displays, bright displays. We zijn geïnteresseerd in grote displays, heldere displays. You’re not part of our strategic plan." |||||strategischen| And I said, "Well, that’s kind of too bad, because we need 100 million units a year." |||음||||||||||||연간 Und ich sagte: "Das ist schade, denn wir brauchen 100 Millionen Stück pro Jahr". And they said, "Oh, well maybe we could become part of your strategic plan." ||||||||||||전략적| Und sie sagten: "Oh, vielleicht können wir ja Teil eures Strategieplans werden". And that’s why scale counts. And that’s why we will not launch this without five to 10 million units in the first run. Und deshalb werden wir es nicht ohne fünf bis 10 Millionen Stück in der ersten Auflage auf den Markt bringen. And the idea is to launch with enough scale that the scale itself helps bring the price down, and that’s why I said seven to 10 million there. Und die Idee ist, mit einer ausreichenden Größenordnung zu starten, damit die Größenordnung selbst dazu beiträgt, den Preis zu senken, und deshalb habe ich dort von sieben bis 10 Millionen gesprochen. And we’re doing it without a sales and marketing team. I mean, you’re looking at the sales and marketing team. We will do it by going to seven large countries and getting them to agree and launch it, and then the others can follow. Wir werden uns an sieben große Länder wenden und sie dazu bringen, zuzustimmen und das Projekt zu starten, und dann können die anderen folgen. We have partners; it’s not hard to guess Google would be one, the others are all playing to pending. ||||||||||||||||||approval ||||||||||||||||||대기 중 Wir haben Partner; es ist nicht schwer zu erraten, dass Google einer davon ist, die anderen spielen alle in der Schwebe. У нас є партнери; неважко здогадатися, що Google буде одним із них, а всі інші поки що не готові. And this has been in the press a great deal. It’s the so-called Green Machine that we introduced with Kofi Annan in November at the World Summit that was held in Tunisia. ||||||||||Kofi|Kofi Annan||||||||||| ||||||||||Kofi|Annan||||||||||| Es handelt sich um die so genannte Grüne Maschine, die wir mit Kofi Annan im November auf dem Weltgipfel in Tunesien eingeführt haben.

Now once people start looking at this, they say, ah, this is a laptop project. Well, no, it’s not a laptop project. It’s an education project. And the fun part -- and I’m quite focused on it -- I tell people I used to be a light bulb, but now I’m a laser. |||||||||||||||||||Glühbirne||||| |||||||||||||||||||ampul||||| Und der lustige Teil - und ich bin ganz darauf konzentriert - ich sage den Leuten, dass ich früher eine Glühbirne war, aber jetzt bin ich ein Laser. I’m just going to get that thing built, and it turns out it’s not so hard. Ich werde das Ding einfach bauen lassen, und es stellt sich heraus, dass das gar nicht so schwer ist. Because laptop economics are the following: I say 50 percent here; it’s more like 60, 60 percent of the cost of your laptop is sales, marketing, distribution and profit. ||Ökonomie||||||||||||||||||||||| Denn die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Laptops ist wie folgt: Ich sage hier 50 Prozent; es sind eher 60, 60 Prozent der Kosten Ihres Laptops für Verkauf, Marketing, Vertrieb und Gewinn. Now we have none of those, OK? None of those figure into our cost. |||Figuren||| Nichts davon ist in unseren Kosten enthalten. Because first of all, we sell it at cost, and the governments distribute it. ||||||||||||distribute| Denn zunächst einmal verkaufen wir es zum Selbstkostenpreis, und die Regierungen verteilen es. It gets distributed to the school system like a textbook. So that piece disappears, and then you have display and everything else. Dieser Teil verschwindet also, und dann gibt es die Anzeige und alles andere. Now the display on your laptop costs, in rough numbers, 10 dollars a diagonal inch. ||||||||||||per| Der Bildschirm Ihres Laptops kostet, grob gerechnet, 10 Dollar pro diagonalem Zoll. Now that can drop to eight, it can drop to seven, but it’s not going to drop to two, or to one and a half, unless we do some pretty clever things. Die Zahl kann auf acht oder sieben sinken, aber sie wird nicht auf zwei oder anderthalb sinken, es sei denn, wir tun etwas sehr Gescheites. It’s the rest -- that little brown box -- that is pretty fascinating, because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself. ||||||||||||||||||посвящён|| Der Rest - der kleine braune Kasten - ist ziemlich faszinierend, denn der Rest Ihres Laptops ist sich selbst gewidmet. Решта — та маленька коричнева коробочка — досить захоплююча, тому що решта вашого ноутбука присвячена самому собі. It’s a little bit like an obese person having to use most of most of their energy to move their obesity. ||||||ожиревший|||||||||||||| ||||||비만한||||||||||||||비만 Es ist ein bisschen so, als ob eine fettleibige Person den größten Teil ihrer Energie aufwenden müsste, um ihr Übergewicht zu bewegen. Це трохи схоже на те, що людині з ожирінням доводиться витрачати більшу частину своєї енергії, щоб усунути ожиріння. OK?

And we have a situation today which is incredible. OK, I’ve been using laptops since their inception. |||||||создания |||||||beginning |||||||시작 |||||||inicio Добре, я використовую ноутбуки з моменту їх появи. And my laptop runs slower, less reliably and less pleasantly than it ever has before. |||||||||приятно||||| ||||||dependably|||comfortably||||| Und mein Laptop läuft langsamer, unzuverlässiger und unangenehmer als je zuvor. І мій ноутбук працює повільніше, менш надійно та менш приємно, ніж будь-коли раніше. And this year is worse. Now people clap, sometimes you even get standing ovations and I say, "What the hell’s wrong with you? ||||||||овции||||||||| ||||||||standing ovations||||||||| ||||||||갈채||||||||| ||||||||ovaciones||||||||| ||||||||ayakta alkışlamalar||||||||| Jetzt klatschen die Leute, manchmal gibt es sogar stehende Ovationen, und ich sage: "Was zum Teufel ist los mit dir? Зараз люди плескають, іноді тобі навіть овують стоячи, а я кажу: «Що з тобою в біса? Why are we all sitting there?" And somebody to remain nameless called our laptop a gadget recently. |||unbenannt bleiben||||||| |||||||||기기| Und jemand, der nicht genannt werden möchte, nannte unseren Laptop kürzlich ein Gadget. And I said, God, our laptop’s going to go like a bat out of hell. |||||||||||yarasa||| ||||||||||처럼|||| |||||portátil||||||||| Und ich sagte: "Gott, unser Laptop wird wie eine Fledermaus aus der Hölle fliegen. When you open it up, it’s going to go "bing," it’ll be on, it’ll use it. Wenn du es öffnest, wird es "bing" machen, es wird eingeschaltet sein, es wird es benutzen. It’ll be just like it was in 1985, when you bought an Apple Macintosh 512. It worked really well. And we’ve been going steadily downhill. |||||aşağıya Und mit uns geht es stetig bergab. І ми впевнено йдемо вниз.

Now this people ask all the time what it is. That’s what it is. The two pieces that are probably notable is it’ll be a mesh network, so when the kids open up their laptops, they all become a network, and then just need one or two points of backhaul. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||하나|||||회선 복구 |||olan||||||||mesh|||||||||laptopları|||||||||||||||geri bağlantı |||||||||||malla||||||||||||||||||||||||de retorno |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||обратная связь Die beiden wichtigsten Punkte sind wahrscheinlich, dass es sich um ein Mesh-Netzwerk handeln wird, d. h., wenn die Kinder ihre Laptops öffnen, werden sie alle zu einem Netzwerk und benötigen dann nur noch ein oder zwei Backhaul-Punkte. De twee delen die waarschijnlijk opvallen, zijn dat het een mesh-netwerk zal zijn, dus wanneer de kinderen hun laptops openen, worden ze allemaal een netwerk en hebben ze dan slechts een of twee backhaulpunten nodig. Дві частини, які, мабуть, примітні, це буде сітчаста мережа, тому, коли діти відкривають свої ноутбуки, вони всі стають мережею, і тоді потрібна лише одна або дві точки транспортного зв’язку. You can serve a couple of thousand kids with two megabytes. So you really can bring into a village, and then the villages can connect themselves, and you really can do it quite well. Man kann also wirklich in ein Dorf kommen, und die Dörfer können sich dann selbst vernetzen, und das kann man wirklich sehr gut machen.

The dual mode display -- the idea is to have a display that both works outdoors -- isn’t it fun using your cell phone outdoors in the sunlight? Das Dual-Mode-Display - die Idee ist, ein Display zu haben, das auch im Freien funktioniert - macht es nicht Spaß, sein Handy im Freien im Sonnenlicht zu benutzen? Well, you can’t see it. And one of the reasons you can’t see it is because it’s backlighting most of the time, most cell phones. ||||||||||||Hintergrundbeleuchtung||||||| ||||||||||||arka aydınlatma||||||| ||||||||||||retroiluminación||||||| Und einer der Gründe, warum man es nicht sehen kann, ist die Hintergrundbeleuchtung der meisten Handys. І одна з причин, чому ви його не бачите, полягає в тому, що він найчастіше підсвічується, більшість мобільних телефонів. Now, what we’re doing is, we’re doing one that will be both front lit and back lit. Was wir jetzt machen, ist, dass wir eines machen, das sowohl von vorne als auch von hinten beleuchtet sein wird. Тепер, що ми робимо, ми робимо таку, яка буде підсвічуватися як спереду, так і ззаду. And whether you manually switch it or you do it in the software is to be seen. Und ob man das manuell umschaltet oder in der Software macht, bleibt abzuwarten. But when it’s back lit, it’s color, and when it’s front lit, it’s black and white at three times the resolution. Aber wenn es von hinten beleuchtet ist, ist es farbig, und wenn es von vorne beleuchtet ist, ist es schwarz-weiß bei dreifacher Auflösung.

Is it all worked out? Ist das alles geklärt? No. That’s why a lot of our people are more or less living in Taiwan right now. Aus diesem Grund leben viele unserer Leute derzeit mehr oder weniger in Taiwan. And in about 30 days we’ll know for sure whether this works. ||acerca de|||||||| Und in etwa 30 Tagen werden wir mit Sicherheit wissen, ob das funktioniert. Probably the most important piece there is that the kids really can do the maintenance. Das Wichtigste dabei ist wahrscheinlich, dass die Kinder die Wartung wirklich selbst übernehmen können. And this is again something that people don’t believe, but I really think it’s quite true. Und das ist wieder etwas, was die Leute nicht glauben, aber ich glaube, es ist wirklich wahr. That’s the machine we showed in Tunis, and this is more the direction that we’re going to go. ||||||Túnez||||||||||| Das ist die Maschine, die wir in Tunis gezeigt haben, und das ist eher die Richtung, die wir einschlagen werden. And it’s something that we didn’t think was possible. Now, I’m going to pass this around. This isn’t a design, OK? Das ist kein Entwurf, okay? So this is just a mechanical engineering sort of embodiment of it for you to play with. |||||||||version||||||| |||||||||somutlaştırma||||||| Тож це лише своєрідне втілення машинобудування, з яким можна пограти. And it’s clearly just a model. The working one is at MIT. I’m going to pass it to this handsome gentleman. Ich werde sie an diesen hübschen Herrn weitergeben. At least then you can decide whether it goes left or -- oh, simulcast. ||||||||||||simulcast ||||||||||||simulcast Dan kun je tenminste beslissen of het naar links gaat of - oh, simulcast. Принаймні тоді ви можете вирішити, чи йде він ліворуч чи... о, одночасна трансляція. Sorry! I forgot. I forgot. OK, so wherever the camera is -- OK, good point. Thank you, Chris.

The idea was that it would be not only a laptop, but that it could transform and be into an electronic book. |||||||||||||||transformieren|||||| Die Idee war, dass es nicht nur ein Laptop ist, sondern dass es sich in ein elektronisches Buch verwandeln kann. So it’s sort of an electronic book. This is where you can go outside, it’s in black and white. The games buttons are missing, but it’ll also be a games machine, book machine. Set it up this way and it’s a television set. Et cetera, et cetera -- is that enough for simulcast? OK, sorry. I’ll let Jim decide which way to send it afterwards. OK.

Seven countries. (Laughter) I say maybe for Massachusetts, because they actually have to do a bid. |||||Massachusetts|||||||| (Gelächter) Ich würde sagen, vielleicht für Massachusetts, denn die müssen ja auch ein Angebot machen. By law you’ve got to bid, and so on and so forth. Laut Gesetz müssen Sie ein Gebot abgeben, und so weiter und so fort. So I can’t quite name them. In the other cases, they don’t have to do bids. In den anderen Fällen brauchen sie keine Angebote abzugeben. В інших випадках їм не потрібно робити ставки. They can decide. It’s the federal government in each case. It’s kind of agonizing, because a lot of people say, "Well, let’s do it at the state level." |||acı verici|||||||||||||| Es ist eine Art Qual, denn viele Leute sagen: "Nun, lasst uns das auf staatlicher Ebene machen." Це якось болісно, тому що багато хто каже: «Ну, давайте зробимо це на державному рівні». Because, of course, states are more nimble than the feds, just because of size. ||||||çevik||||||| ||||||ágiles|||federales|||| Denn natürlich sind die Bundesstaaten allein schon aufgrund ihrer Größe flinker als die Bundesbehörden. Тому що, звичайно, штати спритніші, ніж федерали, лише через розмір. And yet we count. We’re really dealing with the federal government; we’re really dealing with ministries of education. |||||||||||ministerios|| And if you look at governments around the world, ministries of education tend to be the most conservative, and also the ones that have huge payrolls. |||||||||||||||||konservativ|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||nóminas Und wenn man sich die Regierungen auf der ganzen Welt anschaut, dann sind die Bildungsministerien in der Regel die konservativsten und auch die mit den höchsten Gehaltskosten. Everybody thinks they know about education, a lot of culture is built into it as well. |||||Bildung|||||||||| It’s really hard. And so it’s certainly the hard road. If you look at the countries, they’re pretty geoculturally distributed. ||||||||geoculturalmente|

Have they all agreed? No, not completely; probably Thailand, Brazil and Nigeria are the three that are the most active, and most agreed. Nein, nicht ganz. Wahrscheinlich sind Thailand, Brasilien und Nigeria die drei aktivsten Länder mit der größten Zustimmung. We’re purposely not signing anything with anybody until we actually have the working ones. Wir unterschreiben absichtlich mit niemandem etwas, bevor wir nicht die funktionstüchtigen Exemplare haben. And since I visit each one of those countries within at least every three months, I’m just going around the world every three weeks. Here’s sort of the schedule, and I put at the bottom we might give some away free in two years at this meeting. Everybody says it’s a 100 dollar laptop, you can’t do it. Well, guess what, we’re not. We’re coming in probably at 135, to start. Then drift down. Потім дрейфуйте вниз. And that’s very important, because so many things hit the market at a price and then drift up. ||||||||||||||||상승하다| Und das ist sehr wichtig, denn so viele Dinge kommen zu einem bestimmten Preis auf den Markt und steigen dann wieder an. It’s kind of the loss leader, and then as soon as it looks interesting, it can’t be afforded, or it can’t be scaled out. ||||||||으로||||||||||||||| Es ist eine Art Lockvogel, und sobald es interessant aussieht, kann man es sich nicht mehr leisten, oder es lässt sich nicht mehr ausbauen. Це свого роду лідер втрат, і як тільки це виглядає цікавим, це не можна собі дозволити, або його не можна масштабувати. So we’re targeting 50 dollars in 2010.

The gray market’s a big issue. ||des Grauen Marktes||| Der graue Markt ist ein großes Problem. Сірий ринок — велика проблема. And one of the ways -- just one -- but one of the ways to help in the case of the gray market is to make something that is so utterly unique. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||totalmente| І один із способів — лише один — але один із способів допомогти у випадку сірого ринку — це зробити щось настільки унікальне. It’s a little bit like the fact that automobiles -- thousands of automobiles are stolen every day in the United States; not one single post office truck is stolen. Es ist ein bisschen wie die Tatsache, dass in den Vereinigten Staaten jeden Tag Tausende von Autos gestohlen werden, während kein einziger Postwagen gestohlen wird. OK.

And why? Because there’s no market for post office trucks. It looks like a post office truck. You can spray paint it; you can do anything you want. I just learned recently: in South Africa, no white Volvos are stolen. |||||||||Volvos|| |||||||||Volvos|| |||||||||Volvos|| Ich habe erst kürzlich erfahren, dass in Südafrika keine weißen Volvos gestohlen werden. Нещодавно я дізнався: у Південній Африці не крадуть білі Volvo. Period. Zeitraum. None. Zero. So we want to make it very much like a white Volvo. |||||||||||Volvo |||||||||||Volvo

Each government has a task force. Кожен уряд має спеціальну групу. This perhaps is less interesting, but we’re trying to get the governments to all work together, and it’s not easy. The economics of this is to start with the federal governments, and then later to go to other -- -- whether it’s child-to-child funding, so a child in this country buys one for a child in the developing world, maybe of the same gender, maybe of the same age. |Wirtschaft||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Wirtschaftlich gesehen ist es sinnvoll, mit den Bundesregierungen zu beginnen und später auf andere Länder überzugehen - ob es sich nun um die Finanzierung von Kind zu Kind handelt, so dass ein Kind in diesem Land ein Kind für ein Kind in den Entwicklungsländern kauft, das vielleicht das gleiche Geschlecht hat und vielleicht das gleiche Alter hat. An uncle gives a niece or a nephew that as a birthday present. ||||Nichte|||||||| I mean, there are all sorts of things that will happen, and they’ll be very, very exciting.

And everybody says -- I say -- it’s an education project; are we providing the software? The answer is, the system certainly has software, but no, we’re not providing the education content. That is really done in the countries. But we are certainly constructionists. ||||구성주의자들 ||||constructivistas ||||construcionistas Але ми, звичайно, будівельники. And we certainly believe in learning by doing, and everything from Logo, which was started in 1968, to more modern things like Scratch, if you’ve ever even heard of it, are very, very much part of it. |||||||||||Logo|||||||||||||||||||||||| And that’s the rollout. |||uygulama |||implementation |||출시 |||implementação En dat is de uitrol. І це розгортання.

Are we dreaming? Is this real? It actually is real. The only criticism, and people really don’t want to criticize this, because it is a humanitarian effort, it is a nonprofit effort, and to criticize it is a little bit stupid, actually. |||||||||||||||humanitäre|||||gemeinnützige||||||||||| ||||||||||||그것|||인도적 노력|||||||||||||||| |||||||||criticar|||||||||||||||criticar||||||| Der einzige Kritikpunkt ist, dass die Leute das nicht kritisieren wollen, denn es handelt sich um eine humanitäre Anstrengung, um eine gemeinnützige Anstrengung, und es ist eigentlich ein bisschen dumm, das zu kritisieren. But the one thing that people could criticize was, great idea, but these guys can’t do it. And that could either mean these guys, professors and so on couldn’t do it, or that it’s not possible. Well, on December 12, a company called Quanta agreed to build it, and since they make about one-third of all the laptops on the planet today, that question disappeared. ||||||Quanta|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||Quanta|||||||||||||||||||||| Nun, am 12. Dezember erklärte sich ein Unternehmen namens Quanta bereit, ihn zu bauen, und da sie etwa ein Drittel aller Laptops auf der Welt herstellen, war diese Frage vom Tisch. So it’s not a matter of whether it’s going to happen. Es geht also nicht um die Frage, ob es passieren wird. It is going to happen. Es wird geschehen. And if it comes out at 138 dollars, so what? If it comes out six months late, so what? That’s a pretty soft landing. Das ist eine ziemlich weiche Landung. Thank you. (Applause)

http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/lang/eng/nicholas_negroponte_on_one_laptop_per_child.html