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CrashCourse: Media Literacy, Influence & Persuasion: Crash Course Media Literacy #6

Influence & Persuasion: Crash Course Media Literacy #6

Let's play a little game of “name that tune.”

I'm going to start singing a tune, and I want you see if you can finish it without me.

Ok here it goes:

“Ba da ba ba ba…”

What about, “I am stuck on Band Aid Brand....”

Did you hear that in the little kids' voice? That's a cute one.

OK last one: “Gimme a break, gimme a break.”

C'mon you had to know that one.

If you didn't finish at least one of those on your own, I'd be shocked.

These little songs advertisers use in commercials are called jingles, and you know these popular ones because they were written specifically to get stuck in your head.

Catchy tunes are just one technique advertisers use to get you to remember them and, hopefully, buy their stuff.

For years psychologists and sociologists have studied why humans buy things, and brands use that research to hack our brains and open our wallets.

By applying the skills we've learned so far, we can protect ourselves from buying yet another fancy frappuccino off the not-so-secret secret menu.

Today we're going to un-hack your brain on advertising.

[Theme Music]

First things first: let's define advertising and its close cousins, public relations and propaganda.

An advertisement is a public notice promoting a product, event, or service.

Advertising is the art of creating those.

Sometimes brands create ads themselves, and sometimes they hire companies to do it for them.

Yes, just like the people from Mad Men.

Public relations, or PR, is something different.

PR is the management of the relationship between the public (that's you) and a brand.

PR tells the public what the brand is up to and tries to make the brand look as good as possible.

They're the people who write the apology when someone makes a mistake or build the hype around the latest iPhone release.

Finally, propaganda is information distributed with the direct purpose of promoting a certain point of view.

This info is often misleading or biased, and propaganda is usually used to promote specific political viewpoints.

These definitions may seem tidy, but the differences between these fields can be really hard to distinguish out in the real world, especially online.

Don't worry, we'll talk a lot more about propaganda later in the course.

Last time on Crash Course Media Literacy, we learned that all media is constructed.

Creators make choices each step of the way, from their work's purpose and focus to the point of view they use to tell their story.

Advertisements work the same way, from the split-second ad you swipe through before watching your friends' stories

to elaborate movie trailers that get as much hype as the movie itself.

On top of that, ads are created using a century's worth of market research: experiments carried out to discover what makes us want to buy things.

Advertisers use that knowledge to tap into our desires, often exploiting our most basic needs –

not only the food and shelter kind, but the love and belonging kind, too.

One of the pioneers of this somewhat sinister art was Edward Bernays.

Working in the 1920s and ‘30s, he wrote:

“The human being—male or female—is a herd animal.

Man is fearful of solitude...He is more sensitive to the voice of the herd than to any other influence.”

That's from his 1923 book Crystallizing Public Opinion, which became a classic in the public relations field.

It detailed how humans can be persuaded to change their habits if it will help them to follow the crowd.

Think back to middle school.

What was that one trend that everyone had to follow, or you totally felt left out?

Friendship bracelets, the latest pair of Jordans, a fidget spinner, one of those little electronic keychain pets – seriously what was the deal with those things?

Chances are you or your friends bought them because everyone else had one – you wanted to fit in.

Advertisements love to play on this need, and that's how trends and fads happen in the first place.

In the 1940's, psychologist Abraham Maslow added another piece to this puzzle.

He identified a hierarchy of needs he said all humans had.

It's set up like a pyramid.

At the base, the foundation, all humans need food and water, shelter, and sleep.

Just above that, they need to feel safe, too.

Then comes the need for love and feeling like you belong somewhere.

After that, we need to feel accomplished, like we matter.

At the tippy top of the pyramid is the need to fulfill our destiny, to be our best selves.

Now all of these needs, combined with our natural desire to follow the crowd, are like little buttons on our hearts and brains.

Advertisements press different combinations of buttons in hopes that we'll respond the right way.

Usually that means buying their product.

The sales pitch of most modern ads is that product X will satisfy your need for Y.

For example, security systems promise one of our most basic instincts: safety.

We want to be safe, so we buy alarms to keep out the bad guys.

And Slim Jims? They promise food – of a sort.

Down at the bottom of the pyramid.

But some products claim to satisfy multiple needs higher up on that pyramid.

Let's head into the Thought Bubble to take a closer look.

Check out this vintage ad for hair dye.

It features L'Oreal's iconic slogan “Because you're worth it.”

They've used this slogan more or less since 1971.

In this ad, it's used with the claim that this dye is the most expensive in the country.

Usually, that's not a great way to sell a lot of anything.

But the slogan “because you're worth it” presses a lot of our human need buttons.

For starters, any advertisement for hair dye implies that natural hair color is boring.

So, for other people to like us, to stick with the herd, our hair has to be a different, better color.

But still a pretty normal, human-y color, so we don't stick out from the herd.

That's the button for feeling loved and like we belong.

But there's also that need for accomplishment, like we matter. We're worth it.

The ad is saying, you're hot. You're the best. You deserve this product.

You deserve the most expensive dye, even though it's luxury. Nay, BECAUSE it's luxury.

Not only is this ad an appeal to stick with the herd, to blend in with beauty norms, but it's also an appeal to individualism.

It's an appeal to that middle of the pyramid and the tippy top, the desire to become our best selves and rise above the rest of the herd.

It's genius, really.

If you've ever screamed TREAT YOSELF while splurging on a pair of designer shoes after a long day, you've fallen into this ad trap.

Thanks for the help, Thought Bubble.

Once an advertiser knows which “need button” to press, they need to persuade you that it will work.

Turns out that there are a few things that really persuade us.

The first is authority: if we think the person talking is an expert, we're likely to believe them.

Like in those “5 out of 5 dentists recommend” toothpaste commercials.

Dentists know teeth, right?

The next is likeability: if we like them, are friends with them, or trust them, we're also likely to listen.

That's why brands use extremely popular and respected celebrities, like, say, Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, to sell watches or perfume.

Same with consistency: if what's being said vibes with what we already believe, we'll probably go along with it.

If everything you've ever heard about this new true crime podcast says its great and thrilling and awesome,

you probably wouldn't believe your coworker's negative review of it.

If there's a consensus around something, if it's popular, we are easily swayed to think it's good, too.

And if we think it's a scarce resource and we could have a piece of it, it's even more attractive.

So, if everyone else had an iPhone and you didn't, you'd probably really want one.

And if a limited edition version came out that was signed by Beyonce you'd want that one even more.

Advertisers often use these persuasive qualities in benign ways to get us to buy one brand of chocolate over another or something.

But they can also be used against us by being baked into false claims.

They're not lying, exactly, but making claims based on poor or misleading logic.

One popular type of fallacy in advertising is an appeal to emotions.

This is when an ad convinces you to take action by tugging at your heartstrings.

Those sad sick dog commercials with the Sarah McLachlan song?

That's an appeal to emotions.

Just because sick dogs make you sad doesn't automatically mean an organization deserves a donation; it just makes you link the two together.

(I mean, please still save the sick dogs, this is just an example folks.)

Then there's the false dilemma, where an ad shows you a limited number of choices so you won't consider all of the options.

Laundry detergent ads for example, seem to always go “head to head” with another brand –

but only one other brand, even though there are dozens.

Another popular one is the red herring, the presentation of something totally irrelevant to distract you from the issue at hand.

This happens in politics all the time.

Ever seen a TV campaign ad during a local election that shouted something totally unrelated at you?

Like, “Don't elect Dan, his daughter eats CEREAL!”

And suddenly you're wondering what's wrong with cereal until you forget that cereal has nothing to do with politics.

Then there's traditional wisdom, the idea that you should pick something because that's how your grandmom or your old man used to do it.

But your old man used a record player because there wasn't any other option, not because he wanted to lug around a crate full of vinyl to every single party.

All of these fallacies and persuasive techniques can be used for good and for evil and in between.

Public service campaigns can get kids to stop smoking or invest in local journalism.

But on the other hand, cosmetics ads can harm teens' body images, causing eating disorders and depression.

The better psychologists and sociologists get at persuading the human brain –

even if their intentions are good – the better bad actors get at it, too.

All the more reason to stretch your media literacy muscles.

Today we talked about how advertisements can make you change your mind.

Next time on Crash Course Media Literacy we're going to tell you when and where they're doing it.

We're going to talk all about those creepy targeted ads that follow you around the internet and much, much more.

See you next time. Until then, I'm Jay Smooth.

Crash Course Media Literacy is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Studio in Missoula, MT.

It's made with the help of all of these nice people, and our animation team is Thought Cafe.

Crash Course is a Complexly production.

If you want to imagining the world complexly with us, check out some of our other channels like Eons, Animal Wonders, and SciShow Psych.

If you'd like to keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can support the series at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love.

Thank you to all of our patrons for making Crash Course possible with their continued support.

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Influence & Persuasion: Crash Course Media Literacy #6 Einflussnahme und Überredung: Crashkurs Medienkompetenz #6 Influencia y persuasión: Curso acelerado de alfabetización mediática nº 6 Wywieranie wpływu i perswazja: Crash Course Media Literacy #6 Influência e persuasão: Curso rápido de literacia mediática #6 Влияние и убеждение: Краткий курс медиаграмотности №6 Etkileme ve İkna: Crash Course Medya Okuryazarlığı #6 Вплив і переконання: Прискорений курс медіаграмотності #6 影响力与说服力:媒体素养速成课程#6

Let's play a little game of “name that tune.”

I'm going to start singing a tune, and I want you see if you can finish it without me.

Ok here it goes:

“Ba da ba ba ba…”

What about, “I am stuck on Band Aid Brand....”

Did you hear that in the little kids' voice? That's a cute one.

OK last one: “Gimme a break, gimme a break.”

C'mon you had to know that one.

If you didn't finish at least one of those on your own, I'd be shocked.

These little songs advertisers use in commercials are called jingles, and you know these popular ones because they were written specifically to get stuck in your head. Deze kleine liedjes die adverteerders in reclamespots gebruiken, worden jingles genoemd, en je kent deze populaire liedjes omdat ze speciaal zijn geschreven om in je hoofd te blijven hangen.

Catchy tunes are just one technique advertisers use to get you to remember them and, hopefully, buy their stuff.

For years psychologists and sociologists have studied why humans buy things, and brands use that research to hack our brains and open our wallets. A pszichológusok és szociológusok évek óta tanulmányozzák, hogy az emberek miért vásárolnak dolgokat, és a márkák ezeket a kutatásokat használják fel arra, hogy feltörjék az agyunkat és kinyissák a pénztárcánkat.

By applying the skills we've learned so far, we can protect ourselves from buying yet another fancy frappuccino off the not-so-secret secret menu. Az eddig megtanult készségek alkalmazásával megóvhatjuk magunkat attól, hogy egy újabb flancos frappuccinót vegyünk a nem is olyan titkos, titkos étlapról.

Today we're going to un-hack your brain on advertising. Ma feloldjuk a reklámmal kapcsolatos agytekervényeidet.

[Theme Music]

First things first: let's define advertising and its close cousins, public relations and propaganda. Először is: definiáljuk a reklámot és közeli rokonait, a PR-t és a propagandát.

An advertisement is a public notice promoting a product, event, or service. A reklám egy terméket, eseményt vagy szolgáltatást népszerűsítő nyilvános közlemény.

Advertising is the art of creating those. A reklám a reklámok létrehozásának művészete.

Sometimes brands create ads themselves, and sometimes they hire companies to do it for them. Néha a márkák maguk készítik a hirdetéseket, néha pedig cégeket bíznak meg, hogy ezt megtegyék helyettük.

Yes, just like the people from Mad Men. Igen, mint a Mad Men szereplői.

Public relations, or PR, is something different. A public relations, vagyis a PR, valami más.

PR is the management of the relationship between the public (that's you) and a brand.

PR tells the public what the brand is up to and tries to make the brand look as good as possible. A PR tájékoztatja a nyilvánosságot arról, hogy a márka mire készül, és megpróbálja a márkát a lehető legjobban feltüntetni.

They're the people who write the apology when someone makes a mistake or build the hype around the latest iPhone release. Ők azok, akik bocsánatkérést írnak, ha valaki hibázik, vagy akik a legújabb iPhone-kiadás köré építik a hype-ot.

Finally, propaganda is information distributed with the direct purpose of promoting a certain point of view. Végül a propaganda olyan információ, amelyet közvetlenül egy bizonyos álláspont népszerűsítése céljából terjesztenek.

This info is often misleading or biased, and propaganda is usually used to promote specific political viewpoints. Ezek az információk gyakran félrevezetőek vagy elfogultak, és a propagandát általában bizonyos politikai nézetek népszerűsítésére használják.

These definitions may seem tidy, but the differences between these fields can be really hard to distinguish out in the real world, especially online. Ezek a definíciók rendezettnek tűnhetnek, de az e területek közötti különbségeket nagyon nehéz lehet megkülönböztetni a való világban, különösen az interneten.

Don't worry, we'll talk a lot more about propaganda later in the course.

Last time on Crash Course Media Literacy, we learned that all media is constructed. Legutóbb a Crash Course Media Literacy című kurzuson azt tanultuk, hogy minden média konstruált.

Creators make choices each step of the way, from their work's purpose and focus to the point of view they use to tell their story. Creators make choices each step of the way, from their work's purpose and focus to the point of view they use to tell their story. Az alkotók az alkotás minden egyes lépésénél döntéseket hoznak, a művük céljától és fókuszától kezdve a nézőpontig, amelyet a történet elmesélésére használnak.

Advertisements work the same way, from the split-second ad you swipe through before watching your friends' stories A hirdetések ugyanígy működnek, a másodperc tört része alatt megjelenő hirdetéstől kezdve, amit átlapozol, mielőtt megnéznéd barátaid történeteit...

to elaborate movie trailers that get as much hype as the movie itself. a kidolgozott filmtrailerekig, amelyek ugyanolyan nagy hype-ot kapnak, mint maga a film.

On top of that, ads are created using a century's worth of market research: experiments carried out to discover what makes us want to buy things. Ráadásul a reklámok készítéséhez egy évszázadnyi piackutatásra épülő kísérleteket használnak: kísérleteket végeznek annak kiderítésére, hogy mi késztet bennünket arra, hogy megvásároljunk dolgokat.

Advertisers use that knowledge to tap into our desires, often exploiting our most basic needs – A hirdetők ezt a tudást arra használják, hogy kihasználják vágyainkat, gyakran a legalapvetőbb szükségleteinket -

not only the food and shelter kind, but the love and belonging kind, too. not only the food and shelter kind, but the love and belonging kind, too. nem csak az élelem és a menedék, hanem a szeretet és az összetartozás is.

One of the pioneers of this somewhat sinister art was Edward Bernays. One of the pioneers of this somewhat sinister art was Edward Bernays. E kissé baljóslatú művészet egyik úttörője Edward Bernays volt.

Working in the 1920s and ‘30s, he wrote:

“The human being—male or female—is a herd animal. "Az ember - legyen az férfi vagy nő - csordaállat.

Man is fearful of solitude...He is more sensitive to the voice of the herd than to any other influence.” Az ember fél a magánytól... A csorda hangjára érzékenyebb, mint bármilyen más hatásra."

That's from his 1923 book Crystallizing Public Opinion, which became a classic in the public relations field. That's from his 1923 book Crystallizing Public Opinion, which became a classic in the public relations field. Ez az 1923-as Crystallizing Public Opinion című könyvéből származik, amely a public relations klasszikusa lett.

It detailed how humans can be persuaded to change their habits if it will help them to follow the crowd. It detailed how humans can be persuaded to change their habits if it will help them to follow the crowd. Részletesen bemutatta, hogyan lehet az embereket rávenni arra, hogy változtassanak a szokásaikon, ha ez segít nekik követni a tömeget.

Think back to middle school. Gondolj vissza a középiskolára.

What was that one trend that everyone had to follow, or you totally felt left out? Mi volt az a trend, amit mindenkinek követnie kellett, különben úgy érezted, hogy teljesen kimaradtál?

Friendship bracelets, the latest pair of Jordans, a fidget spinner, one of those little electronic keychain pets – seriously what was the deal with those things? Friendship bracelets, the latest pair of Jordans, a fidget spinner, one of those little electronic keychain pets – seriously what was the deal with those things? Barátság karkötő, a legújabb pár Jordans, egy fidget spinner, egy olyan kis elektronikus kulcstartó háziállat - komolyan, mi volt ezekkel a dolgokkal?

Chances are you or your friends bought them because everyone else had one – you wanted to fit in. Valószínű, hogy te vagy a barátaid azért vettétek meg, mert mindenkinek másnak is volt - be akartatok illeszkedni.

Advertisements love to play on this need, and that's how trends and fads happen in the first place. A reklámok szeretnek játszani ezzel az igénnyel, és ez az, ahogyan a trendek és a divathullámok egyáltalán kialakulnak.

In the 1940's, psychologist Abraham Maslow added another piece to this puzzle. Az 1940-es években Abraham Maslow pszichológus egy újabb darabot tett hozzá ehhez a kirakóshoz.

He identified a hierarchy of needs he said all humans had. Meghatározta a szükségletek hierarchiáját, amellyel szerinte minden ember rendelkezik.

It's set up like a pyramid. Úgy van felépítve, mint egy piramis.

At the base, the foundation, all humans need food and water, shelter, and sleep. At the base, the foundation, all humans need food and water, shelter, and sleep. Az alap, az alap, minden embernek szüksége van ételre és vízre, menedékre és alvásra.

Just above that, they need to feel safe, too.

Then comes the need for love and feeling like you belong somewhere. Aztán jön a szeretet iránti igény és az érzés, hogy tartozol valahová.

After that, we need to feel accomplished, like we matter. Ezután úgy kell éreznünk, hogy teljesítettünk, hogy számítunk.

At the tippy top of the pyramid is the need to fulfill our destiny, to be our best selves. At the tippy top of the pyramid is the need to fulfill our destiny, to be our best selves. A piramis csúcsán az az igény áll, hogy beteljesítsük a sorsunkat, hogy a legjobb önmagunk legyünk.

Now all of these needs, combined with our natural desire to follow the crowd, are like little buttons on our hearts and brains. Nos, mindezek az igények, kombinálva a tömeg követésére irányuló természetes vágyunkkal, olyanok, mint a kis gombok a szívünkön és az agyunkon.

Advertisements press different combinations of buttons in hopes that we'll respond the right way. Advertisements press different combinations of buttons in hopes that we'll respond the right way. A reklámok különböző gombkombinációkat nyomogatnak abban a reményben, hogy a megfelelő módon reagálunk.

Usually that means buying their product. Általában ez azt jelenti, hogy megvásárolja a terméküket.

The sales pitch of most modern ads is that product X will satisfy your need for Y. The sales pitch of most modern ads is that product X will satisfy your need for Y. A legtöbb modern hirdetés eladási trükkje az, hogy az X termék kielégíti az Y iránti igényt. Çoğu modern reklamın satış hedefi ürün X'in ihtiyacınız olan Y'i karşılayacağıdır.

For example, security systems promise one of our most basic instincts: safety. A biztonsági rendszerek például az egyik legalapvetőbb ösztönünket ígérik: a biztonságot. Örneğin, güvenlik sistemleri en temel içgüdülerimizden biri olan güvenliği vaat ediyor.

We want to be safe, so we buy alarms to keep out the bad guys. Biztonságban akarunk lenni, ezért riasztókat veszünk, hogy távol tartsuk a rosszfiúkat. Güvende olmak istiyoruz, bu yüzden kötü adamları dışarıda tutmak için alarm satın alıyoruz.

And Slim Jims? They promise food – of a sort. És a Slim Jim? Ételt ígérnek - valamilyen formában.

Down at the bottom of the pyramid. A piramis alján.

But some products claim to satisfy multiple needs higher up on that pyramid. Egyes termékek azonban azt állítják, hogy több, a piramisban magasabban elhelyezkedő igényt is kielégítenek.

Let's head into the Thought Bubble to take a closer look. Menjünk be a Gondolatbuborékba, hogy közelebbről is megnézzük.

Check out this vintage ad for hair dye. Nézze meg ezt a hajfestékreklámot.

It features L'Oreal's iconic slogan “Because you're worth it.” A L'Oreal ikonikus szlogenjét tartalmazza: "Mert megéri".

They've used this slogan more or less since 1971. Ezt a szlogent többé-kevésbé 1971 óta használják.

In this ad, it's used with the claim that this dye is the most expensive in the country. Ebben a reklámban azzal az állítással használják, hogy ez a festék a legdrágább az országban.

Usually, that's not a great way to sell a lot of anything. Általában ez nem egy jó módja annak, hogy sok mindent eladjunk.

But the slogan “because you're worth it” presses a lot of our human need buttons. De a "mert megéri" szlogen sok emberi szükségletünkre nyomja rá a bélyeget.

For starters, any advertisement for hair dye implies that natural hair color is boring. Először is, minden hajfestékreklám azt sugallja, hogy a természetes hajszín unalmas.

So, for other people to like us, to stick with the herd, our hair has to be a different, better color. Tehát ahhoz, hogy mások is kedveljenek minket, hogy a csordához tartozzunk, a hajunknak más, jobb színűnek kell lennie.

But still a pretty normal, human-y color, so we don't stick out from the herd. De még mindig elég normális, emberi színű, így nem lógunk ki a csordából.

That's the button for feeling loved and like we belong. Ez a gomb a szeretet és a valahová tartozás érzésének gombja.

But there's also that need for accomplishment, like we matter. We're worth it. But there's also that need for accomplishment, like we matter. We're worth it. De ott van az az igény is, hogy teljesítsünk, mintha számítanánk. Megérjük.

The ad is saying, you're hot. You're the best. You deserve this product.

You deserve the most expensive dye, even though it's luxury. Nay, BECAUSE it's luxury. Megérdemled a legdrágább festéket, még akkor is, ha az luxus. Nem, azért, mert ez luxus.

Not only is this ad an appeal to stick with the herd, to blend in with beauty norms, but it's also an appeal to individualism. Ez a hirdetés nem csupán arra szólít fel, hogy tartsuk magunkat a csordához, illeszkedjünk be a szépségnormákba, hanem az individualizmusra is.

It's an appeal to that middle of the pyramid and the tippy top, the desire to become our best selves and rise above the rest of the herd. Ez a piramis közepére és a csúcsra való felhívás, a vágy, hogy a legjobb önmagunkká váljunk, és a csorda többi tagja fölé emelkedjünk.

It's genius, really.

If you've ever screamed TREAT YOSELF while splurging on a pair of designer shoes after a long day, you've fallen into this ad trap. Ha valaha is üvöltöttél már, hogy TREAT YOSELF, miközben egy hosszú nap után egy pár dizájner cipőre költöttél, akkor beleestél ebbe a reklámcsapdába.

Thanks for the help, Thought Bubble.

Once an advertiser knows which “need button” to press, they need to persuade you that it will work. Miután a hirdető tudja, hogy melyik "szükség gombot" kell megnyomnia, meg kell győznie Önt arról, hogy ez működni fog.

Turns out that there are a few things that really persuade us. Kiderült, hogy van néhány dolog, ami igazán meggyőz minket.

The first is authority: if we think the person talking is an expert, we're likely to believe them. The first is authority: if we think the person talking is an expert, we're likely to believe them. Az első a tekintély: ha azt gondoljuk, hogy a beszélő személy szakértő, akkor valószínűleg hiszünk neki.

Like in those “5 out of 5 dentists recommend” toothpaste commercials. Mint azokban a "5-ből 5 fogorvos ajánlja" fogkrémreklámokban.

Dentists know teeth, right? A fogorvosok ismerik a fogakat, igaz?

The next is likeability: if we like them, are friends with them, or trust them, we're also likely to listen. The next is likeability: if we like them, are friends with them, or trust them, we're also likely to listen. A következő a rokonszenv: ha kedveljük őket, barátságban vagyunk velük, vagy megbízunk bennük, akkor valószínűleg hallgatjuk is őket.

That's why brands use extremely popular and respected celebrities, like, say, Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet, to sell watches or perfume. Ezért használják a márkák a rendkívül népszerű és elismert hírességeket, például Leonardo DiCapriót és Kate Winsletet, hogy órákat vagy parfümöket adjanak el.

Same with consistency: if what's being said vibes with what we already believe, we'll probably go along with it. Same with consistency: if what's being said vibes with what we already believe, we'll probably go along with it. Ugyanez a helyzet a következetességgel: ha az elhangzottak összhangban vannak azzal, amiben már hiszünk, akkor valószínűleg egyetértünk vele.

If everything you've ever heard about this new true crime podcast says its great and thrilling and awesome, Ha minden, amit eddig hallottál erről az új, igazi bűnügyi podcastról, azt mondja, hogy nagyszerű, izgalmas és félelmetes,

you probably wouldn't believe your coworker's negative review of it. valószínűleg nem hinnéd el a munkatársad negatív véleményét róla.

If there's a consensus around something, if it's popular, we are easily swayed to think it's good, too. If there's a consensus around something, if it's popular, we are easily swayed to think it's good, too. Ha valami körül konszenzus van, ha az népszerű, akkor könnyen meggyőzhetőek vagyunk, hogy azt is jónak tartsuk.

And if we think it's a scarce resource and we could have a piece of it, it's even more attractive. És ha azt gondoljuk, hogy ez egy szűkös erőforrás, és mi is kaphatunk belőle egy darabot, akkor még vonzóbb lesz.

So, if everyone else had an iPhone and you didn't, you'd probably really want one. Tehát, ha mindenki másnak lenne iPhone-ja, neked pedig nem, akkor valószínűleg nagyon szeretnél egyet.

And if a limited edition version came out that was signed by Beyonce you'd want that one even more. And if a limited edition version came out that was signed by Beyonce you'd want that one even more. És ha kijönne egy limitált kiadású változat, amelyet Beyoncé dedikál, azt még jobban akarnád.

Advertisers often use these persuasive qualities in benign ways to get us to buy one brand of chocolate over another or something. Advertisers often use these persuasive qualities in benign ways to get us to buy one brand of chocolate over another or something. A reklámozók gyakran használják ezeket a meggyőző tulajdonságokat jóindulatú módon, hogy rávegyenek minket, hogy egy csokoládémárkát vegyünk meg egy másik helyett, vagy valami hasonlót.

But they can also be used against us by being baked into false claims. But they can also be used against us by being baked into false claims. De ellenünk is felhasználhatók, ha hamis állításokba építik be őket.

They're not lying, exactly, but making claims based on poor or misleading logic. Pontosan nem hazudnak, hanem rossz vagy félrevezető logikán alapuló állításokat tesznek.

One popular type of fallacy in advertising is an appeal to emotions. One popular type of fallacy in advertising is an appeal to emotions. A reklámokban a tévedések egyik népszerű típusa az érzelmekre való hivatkozás.

This is when an ad convinces you to take action by tugging at your heartstrings. This is when an ad convinces you to take action by tugging at your heartstrings. Ez az, amikor egy reklám a szívünkre hatva győzi meg Önt arról, hogy cselekedjen.

Those sad sick dog commercials with the Sarah McLachlan song? Azok a szomorú, beteg kutyás reklámok a Sarah McLachlan dallal?

That's an appeal to emotions.

Just because sick dogs make you sad doesn't automatically mean an organization deserves a donation; it just makes you link the two together. Csak azért, mert a beteg kutyák elszomorítanak, még nem jelenti automatikusan azt, hogy egy szervezet megérdemli az adományozást; csak összekapcsolja a kettőt.

(I mean, please still save the sick dogs, this is just an example folks.)

Then there's the false dilemma, where an ad shows you a limited number of choices so you won't consider all of the options.

Laundry detergent ads for example, seem to always go “head to head” with another brand – A mosószerreklámok például úgy tűnik, hogy mindig egy másik márkával "fej-fej mellett" mennek -

but only one other brand, even though there are dozens. de csak egy másik márka, pedig több tucat van belőlük.

Another popular one is the red herring, the presentation of something totally irrelevant to distract you from the issue at hand. Another popular one is the red herring, the presentation of something totally irrelevant to distract you from the issue at hand. Egy másik népszerű módszer a vörös hering, amikor valami teljesen lényegtelen dolgot mutatnak be, hogy eltereljék a figyelmet az adott témáról.

This happens in politics all the time.

Ever seen a TV campaign ad during a local election that shouted something totally unrelated at you? Láttál már olyan tévés kampányreklámot a helyi választásokon, amely valami teljesen mellékes dolgot kiabált neked?

Like, “Don't elect Dan, his daughter eats CEREAL!” Mint például: "Ne válasszátok Dant, a lánya zabkását eszik!"

And suddenly you're wondering what's wrong with cereal until you forget that cereal has nothing to do with politics.

Then there's traditional wisdom, the idea that you should pick something because that's how your grandmom or your old man used to do it. Aztán ott van a hagyományos bölcsesség, az az elképzelés, hogy azért kell választanod valamit, mert a nagymamád vagy az öreged így csinálta.

But your old man used a record player because there wasn't any other option, not because he wanted to lug around a crate full of vinyl to every single party. But your old man used a record player because there wasn't any other option, not because he wanted to lug around a crate full of vinyl to every single party. De az öreged azért használt lemezjátszót, mert nem volt más lehetőség, nem pedig azért, mert minden egyes buliba egy láda bakelitlemezt akart cipelni.

All of these fallacies and persuasive techniques can be used for good and for evil and in between. Mindezek a tévhitek és meggyőző technikák felhasználhatók jóra és rosszra, illetve a kettő között.

Public service campaigns can get kids to stop smoking or invest in local journalism. A közszolgálati kampányok rávehetik a gyerekeket a dohányzásról való leszokásra, vagy befektethetnek a helyi újságírásba.

But on the other hand, cosmetics ads can harm teens' body images, causing eating disorders and depression. Másrészt azonban a kozmetikai reklámok károsíthatják a tizenévesek testképét, étkezési zavarokat és depressziót okozva.

The better psychologists and sociologists get at persuading the human brain – A pszichológusok és szociológusok minél jobban meg tudják győzni az emberi agyat -

even if their intentions are good – the better bad actors get at it, too. még akkor is, ha a szándékaik jók - a jobb rossz színészek is eljutnak odáig.

All the more reason to stretch your media literacy muscles. Még egy okkal több, hogy megmozgassa a médiaműveltséget.

Today we talked about how advertisements can make you change your mind.

Next time on Crash Course Media Literacy we're going to tell you when and where they're doing it.

We're going to talk all about those creepy targeted ads that follow you around the internet and much, much more. We're going to talk all about those creepy targeted ads that follow you around the internet and much, much more.

See you next time. Until then, I'm Jay Smooth.

Crash Course Media Literacy is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Studio in Missoula, MT.

It's made with the help of all of these nice people, and our animation team is Thought Cafe.

Crash Course is a Complexly production.

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