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Learn English With Videos (Mario Vergara), 072: How To Make a Mummy

072: How To Make a Mummy

Death and taxes are famously inevitable, but what about decomposition? As anyone who's seen a mummy knows, ancient Egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition.

So, how successful were they? Living cells constantly renew themselves. Specialized enzymes decompose old structures, and the raw materials are used to build new ones.

But what happens when someone dies? Their dead cells are no longer able to renew themselves, but the enzymes keep breaking everything down.

So anyone looking to preserve a body needed to get ahead of those enzymes before the tissues began to rot. Neurons die quickly, so brains were a lost cause to Ancient Egyptian mummifiers, which is why, according to Greek historian Herodotus, they started the process by hammering a spike into the skull, mashing up the brain, flushing it out the nose and pouring tree resins into the skull to prevent further decomposition.

Brains may decay first, but decaying guts are much worse. The liver, stomach and intestines contain digestive enzymes and bacteria, which, upon death, start eating the corpse from the inside.

So the priests removed the lungs and abdominal organs first. It was difficult to remove the lungs without damaging the heart, but because the heart was believed to be the seat of the soul, they treated it with special care.

They placed the visceral organs in jars filled with a naturally occurring salt called natron. Like any salt, natron can prevent decay by killing bacteria and preventing the body's natural digestive enzymes from working.

But natron isn't just any salt. It's mainly a mixture of two alkaline salts, soda ash and baking soda. Alkaline salts are especially deadly to bacteria. And they can turn fatty membranes into a hard, soapy substance, thereby maintaining the corpse's structure.

After dealing with the internal organs, the priest stuffed the body cavity with sacks of more natron and washed it clean to disinfect the skin.

Then, the corpse was set in a bed of still more natron for about 35 days to preserve its outer flesh. By the time of its removal, the alkaline salts had sucked the fluid from the body and formed hard brown clumps.

The corpse wasn't putrid, but it didn't exactly smell good, either. So, priests poured tree resin over the body to seal it, massaged it with a waxy mixture that included cedar oil, and then wrapped it in linen.

Finally, they placed the mummy in a series of nested coffins and sometimes even a stone sarcophagus. So how successful were the ancient Egyptians at evading decay?

On one hand, mummies are definitely not intact human bodies. Their brains have been mashed up and flushed out, their organs have been removed and salted like salami, and about half of their remaining body mass has been drained away.

Still, what remains is amazingly well-preserved. Even after thousands of years, scientists can perform autopsies on mummies to determine their causes of death, and possibly even isolate DNA samples.

This has given us new information. For example, it seems that air pollution was a serious problem in ancient Egypt, probably because of indoor fires used to bake bread.

Cardiovascular disease was also common, as was tuberculosis. So ancient Egyptians were somewhat successful at evading decay. Still, like death, taxes are inevitable. When some mummies were transported, they were taxed as salted fish.

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072: How To Make a Mummy |to|make|a|Mummy 072: Jak vyrobit mumii 072: Wie man eine Mumie macht 072: Cómo hacer una momia 072: ミイラの作り方 072: 미라를 만드는 방법 072: Como Fazer uma Múmia 072: Как сделать мумию 072: Mumya Nasıl Yapılır 072: Як зробити мумію 072:如何制作木乃伊 072:如何製作木乃伊

Death and taxes are famously inevitable, but what about decomposition? ||税收|||無可避免||||分解 Death|and|taxes|are|famously|inevitable|but|what|about|decomposition ||os impostos||||||| Smrt a daně jsou známé jako nevyhnutelné, ale co rozklad? Tod und Steuern sind bekanntermaßen unvermeidlich, aber was ist mit der Zersetzung? Death and taxes are famously inevitable, but what about decomposition? 死と税金は避けられないことで有名ですが、分解についてはどうでしょうか。 A morte e os impostos são notoriamente inevitáveis, mas e a decomposição? Смерть и налоги, как известно, неизбежны, но как насчет разложения? As anyone who's seen a mummy knows, ancient Egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition. |||||木乃伊|||||||||||避免| as||who has|seen|||knows|ancient|Egyptians|went|to||lot|a|trouble|to|evade|decomposition ||||||||||||||||evitar| Jak každý, kdo viděl mumii, ví, starověcí Egypťané měli spoustu problémů, aby se vyhnuli rozkladu. As anyone who's seen a mummy knows, ancient Egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition. ミイラを見た人なら誰でも知っているように、古代エジプト人は腐敗を回避するために多くの苦労をしました。 Como qualquer um que já viu uma múmia sabe, os antigos egípcios tiveram muitos problemas para evitar a decomposição. Как известно любому, кто видел мумию, древние египтяне приложили немало усилий, чтобы избежать разложения. Bir mumya gören herkesin bildiği gibi, eski Mısırlılar çürümeyi önlemek için çok fazla zahmete katlanmışlardır.

So, how successful were they? Jak tedy byli úspěšní? Wie erfolgreich waren sie also? So, how successful were they? それで、彼らはどれほど成功しましたか? Итак, насколько они были успешными? Living cells constantly renew themselves. Živé buňky se neustále obnovují. Living cells constantly renew themselves. 生きている細胞は絶えず自分自身を更新します。 As células vivas se renovam constantemente. Живые клетки постоянно обновляются. Specialized enzymes decompose old structures, and the raw materials are used to build new ones. Specializované enzymy rozkládají staré struktury a suroviny se používají k budování nových. 特殊な酵素が古い構造を分解し、原材料を使って新しい構造を作ります。 Enzimas especializadas decompõem estruturas antigas e as matérias-primas são usadas para construir novas. Специализированные ферменты разлагают старые структуры, а сырье используется для построения новых. Özel enzimler eski yapıları ayrıştırır ve hammaddeler yenilerini inşa etmek için kullanılır.

But what happens when someone dies? Ale co se stane, když někdo zemře? しかし、誰かが死ぬとどうなりますか? Their dead cells are no longer able to renew themselves, but the enzymes keep breaking everything down. ||||||||||||酵素|||| Jejich odumřelé buňky už nejsou schopny se samy obnovovat, ale enzymy vše dál rozkládají. 彼らの死んだ細胞はもはや自分自身を再生することができませんが、酵素はすべてを分解し続けます。 Их мертвые клетки больше не могут обновляться, но ферменты продолжают все разрушать. Ölü hücreleri artık kendilerini yenileyemez, ancak enzimler her şeyi parçalamaya devam eder.

So anyone looking to preserve a body needed to get ahead of those enzymes before the tissues began to rot. |||||||||||||as enzimas|||||| Takže každý, kdo chtěl uchovat tělo, potřeboval předběhnout tyto enzymy, než začnou tkáně hnít. So anyone looking to preserve a body needed to get ahead of those enzymes before the tissues began to rot. したがって、体を保存しようとしている人は、組織が腐り始める前に、これらの酵素に先んじる必要がありました。 Portanto, qualquer pessoa que queira preservar um corpo precisa se antecipar a essas enzimas antes que os tecidos comecem a apodrecer. Таким образом, любой, кто хочет сохранить тело, должен был опередить эти ферменты, прежде чем ткани начнут гнить. Dolayısıyla bir bedeni korumak isteyen herkesin, dokular çürümeye başlamadan önce bu enzimlerin önüne geçmesi gerekiyordu. Neurons die quickly, so brains were a lost cause to Ancient Egyptian mummifiers, which is why, according to Greek historian Herodotus, they started the process by hammering a spike into the skull, mashing up the brain, flushing it out the nose and pouring tree resins into the skull to prevent further decomposition. ||||||||||||mummifiers||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Neurony rychle umírají, takže mozky byly pro staroegyptské mumifikátory ztraceným případem, a proto podle řeckého historika Herodota zahájili proces zatloukáním bodce do lebky, rozdrcením mozku, vypláchnutím nosu a politím stromu. pryskyřice do lebky, aby se zabránilo dalšímu rozkladu. ニューロンはすぐに死ぬので、脳は古代エジプトのミイラにとって失われた原因でした。そのため、ギリシャの歴史家ヘロドトスによれば、頭蓋骨にスパイクを打ち込み、脳をマッシュアップし、鼻を洗い流し、木を注ぐことからプロセスを開始しました。それ以上の分解を防ぐために頭蓋骨に樹脂。 Os neurônios morrem rapidamente, então os cérebros eram uma causa perdida para os mumificadores egípcios antigos, e é por isso que, de acordo com o historiador grego Heródoto, eles iniciaram o processo martelando uma estaca no crânio, esmagando o cérebro, expulsando-o pelo nariz e despejando a árvore resinas no crânio para evitar mais decomposição. Нейроны умирают быстро, поэтому мозг был безнадежным делом для древнеегипетских мумификаторов, вот почему, по словам греческого историка Геродота, они начали процесс с того, что вбили шип в череп, раздавили мозг, вымыли его из носа и вылили на дерево. смолы в череп, чтобы предотвратить дальнейшее разложение. Nöronlar hızla ölür, bu yüzden beyinler Eski Mısırlı mumyacılar için kaybedilmiş bir davaydı, bu yüzden Yunan tarihçi Herodot'a göre, kafatasına bir çivi çakarak, beyni ezerek, burnundan akıtarak ve daha fazla çürümeyi önlemek için kafatasına ağaç reçineleri dökerek işleme başladılar.

Brains may decay first, but decaying guts are much worse. Mozky se mohou rozkládat jako první, ale rozkládající se střeva jsou mnohem horší. Gehirne können zuerst verfallen, aber verfallende Eingeweide sind viel schlimmer. 脳は最初に腐敗するかもしれませんが、腸の腐敗ははるかに悪いです。 Os cérebros podem decair primeiro, mas os intestinos em decomposição são muito piores. Мозги могут разлагаться первыми, но разлагающиеся кишки намного хуже. The liver, stomach and intestines contain digestive enzymes and bacteria, which, upon death, start eating the corpse from the inside. ||||||||||||||||cadáver||| O fígado, o estômago e os intestinos contêm enzimas digestivas e bactérias que, após a morte, começam a comer o cadáver por dentro.

So the priests removed the lungs and abdominal organs first. Kněží tedy nejprve odebrali plíce a břišní orgány. それで、僧侶たちは最初に肺と腹部の臓器を取り除きました。 Assim, os sacerdotes removeram primeiro os pulmões e os órgãos abdominais. It was difficult to remove the lungs without damaging the heart, but because the heart was believed to be the seat of the soul, they treated it with special care. Bylo obtížné odstranit plíce bez poškození srdce, ale protože se věřilo, že srdce je sídlem duše, zacházeli s ním se zvláštní péčí. 心臓を傷つけずに肺を取り除くことは困難でしたが、心臓が魂の座であると信じられていたため、彼らはそれを特別な注意を払って扱いました。 Era difícil remover os pulmões sem danificar o coração, mas como se acreditava que o coração era a sede da alma, eles o tratavam com cuidado especial. Было трудно удалить легкие, не повредив сердце, но поскольку сердце считалось вместилищем души, к нему относились с особой осторожностью.

They placed the visceral organs in jars filled with a naturally occurring salt called natron. Umístili viscerální orgány do nádob naplněných přirozeně se vyskytující solí zvanou natron. Sie legten die viszeralen Organe in Gläser, die mit einem natürlich vorkommenden Salz namens Natron gefüllt waren. 彼らは、ナトロンと呼ばれる天然に存在する塩で満たされた瓶に内臓を入れました。 Eles colocaram os órgãos viscerais em frascos cheios de um sal natural chamado natrão. Они поместили внутренние органы в банки, наполненные природной солью под названием натрон. Like any salt, natron can prevent decay by killing bacteria and preventing the body's natural digestive enzymes from working. Jako každá sůl může natron zabránit rozkladu tím, že zabíjí bakterie a brání přirozeným trávicím enzymům v těle fungovat. 他の塩と同様に、ナトロンはバクテリアを殺し、体の自然な消化酵素が機能するのを防ぐことによって腐敗を防ぐことができます。

But natron isn't just any salt. |soda|||| |o natron|||| Ale natron není jen tak ledajaká sůl. しかし、ナトロンは単なる塩ではありません。 It's mainly a mixture of two alkaline salts, soda ash and baking soda. Je to především směs dvou alkalických solí, jedlé sody a jedlé sody. それは主に2つのアルカリ塩、ソーダ灰とベーキングソーダの混合物です。 É principalmente uma mistura de dois sais alcalinos, carbonato de sódio e bicarbonato de sódio. Alkaline salts are especially deadly to bacteria. Alkalické soli jsou obzvláště smrtelné pro bakterie. アルカリ性の塩はバクテリアにとって特に致命的です。 And they can turn fatty membranes into a hard, soapy substance, thereby maintaining the corpse's structure. A dokážou proměnit tukové membrány v tvrdou, mýdlovou hmotu, a tím zachovat strukturu mrtvoly. そしてそれらは脂肪質の膜を固くて石鹸のような物質に変えることができ、それによって死体の構造を維持します。 E eles podem transformar as membranas gordurosas em uma substância dura e com sabão, mantendo assim a estrutura do cadáver. И они могут превращать жировые оболочки в твердое мыльное вещество, тем самым сохраняя структуру трупа. Yağlı zarları sert, sabunlu bir maddeye dönüştürebilir ve böylece cesedin yapısını koruyabilirler.

After dealing with the internal organs, the priest stuffed the body cavity with sacks of more natron and washed it clean to disinfect the skin. Poté, co se kněz vypořádal s vnitřními orgány, vycpal tělní dutinu pytli s větším množstvím natronu a umyl ji dočista, aby dezinfikoval kůži. 内臓を扱った後、司祭は体腔にさらにナトロンの袋を詰め、それをきれいに洗って皮膚を消毒しました。 Depois de lidar com os órgãos internos, o padre encheu a cavidade do corpo com sacos de mais natrão e lavou-a para desinfetar a pele. Покончив с внутренними органами, священник набил полость тела мешками с натроном и промыл его дочиста, чтобы продезинфицировать кожу.

Then, the corpse was set in a bed of still more natron for about 35 days to preserve its outer flesh. Poté byla mrtvola umístěna v loži s ještě větším množstvím natronu na asi 35 dní, aby se zachovala její vnější masa. Dann wurde die Leiche für etwa 35 Tage in ein Bett aus noch mehr Natron gelegt, um ihr äußeres Fleisch zu erhalten. それから、死体はその外側の肉を保存するために約35日間さらにナトロンのベッドに置かれました。 Em seguida, o cadáver foi colocado em uma cama de ainda mais natrão por cerca de 35 dias para preservar sua carne externa. Затем труп помещали в ложе из еще большего количества натрона на 35 дней, чтобы сохранить его внешнюю плоть. Daha sonra ceset, dış etinin korunması için yaklaşık 35 gün boyunca daha fazla natron yatağında bekletilirdi. By the time of its removal, the alkaline salts had sucked the fluid from the body and formed hard brown clumps. V době jeho odstranění alkalické soli vysály tekutinu z těla a vytvořily tvrdé hnědé shluky. Zum Zeitpunkt der Entfernung hatten die alkalischen Salze die Flüssigkeit aus dem Körper gesaugt und harte braune Klumpen gebildet. その除去の時までに、アルカリ性の塩は体から液体を吸い込み、固い茶色の塊を形成していました。 No momento de sua remoção, os sais alcalinos haviam sugado o fluido do corpo e formado aglomerados marrons e duros. К моменту удаления щелочные соли высосали жидкость из организма и образовали твердые коричневые комки. Çıkarıldığı zaman, alkali tuzlar vücuttaki sıvıyı emmiş ve sert kahverengi kümeler oluşturmuştur.

The corpse wasn't putrid, but it didn't exactly smell good, either. |||putrid||||||| Mrtvola nebyla hnilobná, ale ani nevoněla dobře. 死体は腐敗していませんでしたが、匂いも良くありませんでした。 O cadáver não estava pútrido, mas também não cheirava bem. Ceset çürümemişti ama güzel koktuğu da söylenemezdi. So, priests poured tree resin over the body to seal it, massaged it with a waxy mixture that included cedar oil, and then wrapped it in linen. ||||resin|||||||||||||||||||||| そこで、僧侶たちは木の樹脂を体に注ぎ、それを密封し、杉油を含むワックス状の混合物でマッサージし、それをリネンで包みました。 Assim, os sacerdotes derramaram resina de árvore sobre o corpo para selá-lo, massagearam-no com uma mistura de cera que incluía óleo de cedro e depois o envolveram em linho. Итак, жрецы поливали тело древесной смолой, чтобы запечатать его, массировали восковой смесью, в которую входил кедровое масло, а затем заворачивали в льняную ткань.

Finally, they placed the mummy in a series of nested coffins and sometimes even a stone sarcophagus. 最後に、彼らはミイラを一連の入れ子になった棺に入れ、時には石棺にさえ入れました。 Finalmente, eles colocaram a múmia em uma série de caixões aninhados e às vezes até em um sarcófago de pedra. Наконец, они поместили мумию в несколько вложенных друг в друга гробов, а иногда даже в каменный саркофаг. Son olarak mumyayı iç içe geçmiş bir dizi tabuta ve hatta bazen taş bir lahite yerleştirirlerdi. So how successful were the ancient Egyptians at evading decay? |||||||||腐朽 では、古代エジプト人は腐敗を回避するのにどれほど成功したのでしょうか? Então, quão bem-sucedidos foram os antigos egípcios em escapar da decadência? Итак, насколько успешно древним египтянам удалось избежать разложения? Peki eski Mısırlılar çürümeden kaçma konusunda ne kadar başarılıydı?

On one hand, mummies are definitely not intact human bodies. 一方では、ミイラは間違いなく無傷の人体ではありません。 Por um lado, as múmias definitivamente não são corpos humanos intactos. С одной стороны, мумии определенно не являются целыми человеческими телами. Bir yandan, mumyalar kesinlikle bozulmamış insan bedenleri değildir. Their brains have been mashed up and flushed out, their organs have been removed and salted like salami, and about half of their remaining body mass has been drained away. 彼らの脳はすりつぶされて洗い流され、彼らの臓器はサラミのように取り除かれ、塩漬けにされ、残りの体重の約半分が排出されました。 Seus cérebros foram esmagados e lavados, seus órgãos foram removidos e salgados como salame e cerca de metade de sua massa corporal restante foi drenada. Их мозги растолочь и промыть, их органы были удалены и засолены, как салями, и около половины их оставшейся массы тела было высушено. Beyinleri ezilmiş ve dışarı atılmış, organları çıkarılmış ve salam gibi tuzlanmış ve kalan vücut kütlelerinin yaklaşık yarısı boşaltılmıştır.

Still, what remains is amazingly well-preserved. それでも、残っているものは驚くほどよく保存されています。 Тем не менее, то, что осталось, удивительно хорошо сохранилось. Yine de geriye kalanlar inanılmaz derecede iyi korunmuş. Even after thousands of years, scientists can perform autopsies on mummies to determine their causes of death, and possibly even isolate DNA samples. 数千年後でも、科学者はミイラの剖検を行って死因を特定し、場合によってはDNAサンプルを分離することさえできます。 Mesmo depois de milhares de anos, os cientistas podem realizar autópsias em múmias para determinar suas causas de morte e possivelmente até isolar amostras de DNA. Даже спустя тысячи лет ученые могут проводить вскрытие мумий, чтобы определить причины их смерти, и, возможно, даже выделить образцы ДНК. Binlerce yıl sonra bile bilim insanları mumyalar üzerinde otopsi yaparak ölüm nedenlerini belirleyebiliyor ve hatta DNA örneklerini izole edebiliyor.

This has given us new information. これは私たちに新しい情報を与えてくれました。 Bu bize yeni bilgiler verdi. For example, it seems that air pollution was a serious problem in ancient Egypt, probably because of indoor fires used to bake bread. たとえば、古代エジプトでは、パンを焼くために使用された屋内の火事が原因で、大気汚染が深刻な問題になっているようです。 Por exemplo, parece que a poluição do ar era um problema sério no antigo Egito, provavelmente por causa das fogueiras usadas para assar o pão. Например, кажется, что загрязнение воздуха было серьезной проблемой в Древнем Египте, вероятно, из-за того, что для выпечки хлеба в доме разжигали огонь. Örneğin, hava kirliliğinin eski Mısır'da, muhtemelen ekmek pişirmek için kullanılan iç mekan ateşleri nedeniyle ciddi bir sorun olduğu görülmektedir.

Cardiovascular disease was also common, as was tuberculosis. Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen waren ebenso häufig wie Tuberkulose. 結核と同様に、心血管疾患も一般的でした。 Tüberküloz gibi kardiyovasküler hastalıklar da yaygındı. So ancient Egyptians were somewhat successful at evading decay. Die alten Ägypter waren also ziemlich erfolgreich darin, dem Verfall zu entgehen. ですから、古代エジプト人は腐敗を回避することにいくらか成功しました。 Таким образом, древним египтянам удалось избежать разложения. Still, like death, taxes are inevitable. Dennoch sind Steuern wie der Tod unvermeidlich. それでも、死のように、税金は避けられません。 Yine de, ölüm gibi, vergiler de kaçınılmazdır. When some mummies were transported, they were taxed as salted fish. |||||||徵稅||| Wenn einige Mumien transportiert wurden, wurden sie als gesalzener Fisch besteuert. 一部のミイラが輸送されたとき、それらは塩漬けの魚として課税されました。 Quando algumas múmias eram transportadas, eram taxadas como peixe salgado. Bazı mumyalar nakledilirken tuzlanmış balık olarak vergilendirilmiştir.