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Crash Course Philisophy 17-46, Netflix & Chill: Crash Course Philosophy #27

Netflix & Chill: Crash Course Philosophy #27

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How often do you actually think about the things you say?

Like, what you're literally saying?

That's a seriously overused word, by the way -- “literally.”

A lot of the time, people use it for emphasis in ways that I consider pretty incorrect.

Like, people will say “I'm literally dying of hunger!” because it's been a few hours since lunch.

But obviously they are not literally dying of hunger.

They're just like hungry.

Unless you're our old friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, who believed that language had no intrinsic meaning,

literal meaning usually refers to the specific, accepted meaning of a word.

It's the intended thing that a word is supposed to stand for.

So, unless you're in the advanced stages of malnutrition and are at Death's Freaking Door, then, no, you're not literally dying of hunger.

But we all say stuff that like that all the time!

I mean, have you ever thought about how many of the things you say that are figures of speech, things that aren't literally true?

Those figures of speech have other meanings, and most of the time, they mean stuff that we'd rather not put in literal terms.

Like, we all know what we're not saying when we say that someone “has a nice personality.”

Or if a lady announces she's going to “powder her nose.”

And of course there's “Netflix and chill,”

which it turns out has very little to do with, like, actually watching Netflix.

We've already talked about how slippery the idea of meaning can be, as it changes depending on the time, or region, or linguistic community you're in.

But that's not even considering the fact that people don't usually mean what they say, because we also speak in idioms, fragments, slang, and metaphors.

Which leads me to the question: how do we manage to understand each other at all?

[Theme Music]

When it comes to how we know that something described as “bad” is actually good, or how we know that a reference to Netflix is really about sex,

we can thank 20th century British philosopher Paul Grice.

He wanted to explain exactly how we can know what is meant, rather than what is said.

And he described our ability to do this, through a theory he called conversational implicature.

Grice said, to really understand what goes on when we process meaning, we need to sort out the difference between what is said, and what is implied.

What is said is the actual linguistic content, the words that come out of the speaker's mouth.

What is implied contains a whole lot more than just the words that are spoken.

Implicature combines the actual words we utter, with the context in which we say them.

And that context can include anything from past shared experiences, to social conventions, to things like facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures.

Now, in order for anyone to have a successful conversation, Grice observed that a few conditions had to be in place.

First, you have to be actually trying to communicate with someone, and have a successful conversation.

If that's the case, then Grice said that you're adhering to what's known as the cooperative principle.

This means that, whenever there's ambiguity in what a speaker is saying, the audience should look for the most likely intended meaning of what's being said, given the context.

So, even if the literal words don't fit into the conversation you're having, you should try to interpret whatever your interlocutor is saying, so that it makes sense.

Like, if you're in your sister's room having an argument, and she says, “there's the door,” you can assume she's not just randomly naming house parts.

She's recommending that you walk through that door and out of her space.

But the burden of understanding doesn't all fall on the audience.

Grice also laid out certain maxims, or communicative rules of thumb, which help speakers keep to the cooperative principle.

These maxims fall under four main types – quantity, quality, relation, and manner.

There are two rules relating to quantity.

First, you should be adequately informative.

When your parents call you up at school, and they ask you how you've been, you probably say something along the lines of: “fine.”

Now, this might be technically accurate, but you're not giving them the quantity of information they're looking for.

What they really want to know is, are you going to pass math, and are you remembering to wash your sheets?

Stuff like that.

Second, we shouldn't be more informative than is required.

We've all met these people.

When you're explaining to your teacher that you missed class because you were sick,

you do not need to provide all of the gruesome details about the nature of your diarrhea.

I mean, there really is such a thing as too much information, people.

There are also two quality rules of communication.

First, we shouldn't say things that we think are false.

This includes people who are running for elected office!

No one should just tell lies!

The second quality rule cautions us to refrain from making claims for which we we have insufficient evidence.

So if you see your significant other talking to someone else in the hallway,

don't go around telling everyone that they're a cheating scumbag without first checking your facts.

Now, this isn't to say people don't break these rules all the time; some people lie more than they tell the truth.

But Grice's point was, violating these rules hinders successful communication.

Now, the next maxim is the rule of relation, which tells us to say relevant things.

It's what keeps us from going on a tear in the middle of the Super Bowl about the home worlds of our favorite members of the Legion of Substitute Heroes.

I'm look at you, Chlorophyll Kid.

And finally, there are four rules about the manner in which we speak.

First, we should avoid obscure turns of phrase.

After all, this could come off as supercilious and pedantic,

and might cause your interlocutor to be fractious.

The whole point of a conversation is successful communication, not showing off how big your vocabulary is.

Second, ambiguity should be avoided.

Keep your audience in mind when you use figures of speech and slang.

The reason you don't talk to your grandmother about your bae is because she's not going to have any idea what you're talking about.

Third, be brief.

Don't give a ten minute explanation when a one minute one will do.

And finally, be orderly.

Remember that time your mom recounted the recipe for her famous meatloaf from memory?

And then when you tried to make it, you ended up with whole onions and raw meat?

Mom assumed you were going to know that you needed to chop the onions and bake the loaf, but she didn't say that.

So, the rule of orderliness reminds us not to miss steps when we're communicating information.

Now, this might sound like a lot of rules,

but Grice believed that we already follow these maxims when we engage in conversation.

Because, generally, when we communicate, we want to be understood.

And – here's the cool part – since everyone understands these unspoken rules, we can violate them from time to time, knowing that other people will get that we're breaking the rules on purpose.

Why would we do that?

Well, because deliberately violating a maxim is a good way to make a communicative point.

This is called flouting a maxim.

We flout the maxim of quality, for example, when we use sarcasm.

Like, I'm sure that you've never experienced sarcasm before!

And we flout the maxim of manner when we deliberately use $10 words to confuse or embarrass our interlocutor.

So, now that we know how to say what we mean without saying what we mean, it's time to do things!

Let's go to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.

In the 1950s, British philosopher J. L. Austin wrote a charming little book called How to Do Things with Words.

And in it, Austin observed that sometimes, words actually have the ability to change the world.

I don't mean in the way that, like, Martin Luther King's words changed the world,

but in the sense that, in an instant, an act of speech can change a particular fact about the world.

When a wedding officiant says, “I now pronounce you husband and wife,” or “husband and husband,” or “wife and wife,”

that speech-act has the power to actually transform two single individuals into a married couple.

In that same way, parents have the power to determine their child's name, simply by announcing it.

A president or head of state can create a state of war, just by declaring it.

And by saying, “I promise,” we create moral obligations.

We're verbal animals, and we've allowed our reality to be shaped, in a very deep way, by words, and the value that we give them.

This isn't something we think about a lot, but when you stop to reflect on it, it's kind of incredible that words can actually create a bond, or dissolve it,

or that a speech-act can cause nations to go to war.

But some of these examples require certain conditions to be met, in order for the utterance to work, or, in Austin's words, to be felicitous.

Like, if one of the spouses-to-be at a wedding is underage, or already married, or is a dog, then pronouncing them married won't make it true.

You also need a legally recognized officiant to do the pronouncing, which is also true of declarations of war and in conferring academic degrees.

But in other cases, like making a promise, or joining a society, or naming a child,

anyone can change the world in this way, simply with their words.

Performative utterances are interesting, because we normally think of sentences as simply conveyors of information.

Thanks, Thought Bubble!

It turns out, sometimes, these types of sentences actually do things.

Today we talked about conversational implicature, the cooperative principle,

and the four main maxims of successful communication, as laid out by Paul Grice.

We also learned about performative utterances.

And I would like to remind you that bananas are chom choms.

Next time we'll look at an area where the philosophy of language and ethics meet,

by talking about the ways in which the power of words can cause harm.

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Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace. تقدم squarespace لكم Crash Course Philosophy Crash Course Philosophie wird dir präsentiert von Squarespace. Crash Course Filosofie wordt u aangeboden door Squarespace. Squarespace, Crash Course Felsefe'yi sunar.

Squarespace: share your passion with the world. Squarespace مشارك شغفك مع العالم من خلال Squarespace: Teile deine Leidenschaft mit der Welt. Squarespace: deel je passie met de wereld. Squarespace: tutkunuzu dünyayla paylaşın.

How often do you actually think about the things you say? كم تفكرعادة عن الأشياء التي تقولها؟ Wie oft denkst du eigentlich über die Dinge nach, die du sagst? Hoe vaak denk je eigenlijk na over de dingen die je zegt? Ne kadar sıklıkla söylediğiniz şeyler hakkında gerçekten düşünüyorsunuz?

Like, what you're literally saying? مالذي تقوله حرفيًا؟ Also, was du buchstäblich sagst? Wat je letterlijk aan het zeggen bent? Yani, tam anlamıyla (literally) dediğinizi?

That's a seriously overused word, by the way -- “literally.” |||surutilisé||||| بالمناسبة ، هذه كلمة تستخدم بكثرة "حرفيّا" Nur so am Rande: "buchstäblich" ist ein echt inflationäres Wort! Dat is trouwens een bijzonder overgebruikt woord - 'letterlijk.' Bu da gerçekten çok kullanılan bir kelime, bu arada — "tam anlamıyla." (literally)

A lot of the time, people use it for emphasis in ways that I consider pretty incorrect. |||||||||emphase||||||| غالباّ، يستخدمها الناس للتوكيد بطرق أعتبرها جدا خاطئة. Meistens benutzt man dieses Wort, um Dinge auf eine Art und Weise zu betonen, die ich für schlichtweg falsch halte. Veel mensen gebruiken het om iets te benadrukken op manieren die ik incorrect acht. Çoğu zaman, insanlar bunu benim çok yanlış bulduğum şekilde vurgu yapmak için kullanıyorlar.

Like, people will say “I'm literally dying of hunger!” because it's been a few hours since lunch. مثلا، يقول الناس" أنا حرفيَا أموت من الجوع!" لأنه مضى على وجبة الغداء بضع ساعات. Etwa wenn sie sagen: "Ich sterbe buchstäblich vor Hunger!" weil das Mittag schon ein paar Stunden her ist. Mensen zeggen dingen als "Ik ga letterlijk om van de honger!" omdat ze enkele uren niet gegeten hebben. Örneğin, bazı insanların öğle yemeğinden bir iki saat sonra "tam anlamıyla açlıktan ölüyorum!" demesi gibi.

But obviously they are not literally dying of hunger. لكن من الواضح أنهم لم يموتوا حرفيَا من الجوع. Aber ganz offensichtlich sind sie nicht buchstäblich am Verhungern. Maar uiteraard komen ze niet echt om van de honger. Ama tabii ki "tam anlamıyla" açlıktan ölmüyorlar.

They're just like hungry. بل هم جاعون فقط. Sie haben einfach nur großen Hunger. Ze... hebben gewoon honger. Sadece açlar.

Unless you're our old friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, who believed that language had no intrinsic meaning, ماعدا إذا كنت صديقنا القديم لودويق ويتجنستين، الذي يعتقد أنه ليس للغة معنى حقيقي. Wenn du nicht gerade unser alter Kumpel Ludwig Wittgenstein bist, der geglaubt hat, dass Sprache keine intrinsische Bedeutung hat, Behalve als je onze vriend Ludwig Wittgenstein bent, die geloofde dat taal geen intrinsieke betekenis heeft, Eğer dilin esas anlamı olmadığını düşünen eski dostumuz Ludwig Wittgenstein değilseniz,

literal meaning usually refers to the specific, accepted meaning of a word. يشير المعنى الحرفي عادة إلى معنى مقبول محدد للكلمة dann bezieht sich die buchstäbliche Bedeutung normalerweise auf die spezifische, anerkannte Bedeutung eines Wortes. verwijst letterlijke betekenis meestal naar een specifieke, aanvaarde betekenis van een woord. "gerçek anlam" bir sözcüğün çoğunlukla spesifik, genel geçer anlamını ifade eder.

It's the intended thing that a word is supposed to stand for. ||||||||||立つ| هو الشيء المقصود الذي ينبغي أن تعنيه الكلمة Also steht es auch tatsächlich für das, wofür das Wort steht. Het is het bedoelde iets waar een woord voor zou moeten staan. Bu, bir kelimenin kastedilen anlamı demektir.

So, unless you're in the advanced stages of malnutrition and are at Death's Freaking Door, then, no, you're not literally dying of hunger. ||||||||||||死神の|くそったれ||||||||| لذلك، إلا إذا كنت من المراحل المتقدمة لسوء التغذية وعلى باب الموت.ماعدا ذلك لا ، لست تموت حرفيَّا من الجوع. Wenn du also nicht in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium der Mangelernährung verweilst und dem Tod ins Auge blickst, dann stirbst du einfach nicht buchstäblich vor Hunger. Dus nee, als je niet in een gevorderd stadium van ondervoeding bent en op het punt staat te bezwijken, ben je niet letterlijk aan het omkomen van de honger. Yani, gıdasızlığın son evresi ve ölümün kapısında değilseniz; hayır, "tam anlamıyla" açlıktan ölmüyorsunuz.

But we all say stuff that like that all the time! لكن نحن نقول مثل هذه الأشياء طوال الوقت. Aber wir alle sagen ständig solche Sachen. Maar we zeggen allemaal constant zulke dingen! Ama hepimiz buna benzer şeyleri hep söyleriz!

I mean, have you ever thought about how many of the things you say that are figures of speech, things that aren't literally true? ||||||||||||||||figures||||||| أعني، هل فكرت مسبقا عن كمية الأشياء التي تقوله أنها عبارات استعارة ، أشياء ليست صحيحة حرفيَا Ich meine, hast du dir je Gedanken darüber gemacht, wie viele Dinge, die du sagst, Redemittel, die nicht buchstäblich wahr sind? Ik bedoel, heb je ooit stilgestaan bij het feit dat veel dingen die je zegt beeldspraak zijn, dingen die niet letterlijk kloppen? Demek istediğim, dediğiniz şeylerin ne kadarının mecaz anlamlı, tam anlamıyla doğru olmayan şeyler olduğunu hiç düşündünüz mü?

Those figures of speech have other meanings, and most of the time, they mean stuff that we'd rather not put in literal terms. تعنى هذه الاتسعارات معاني أخرى، وفي غالب الوقت، تعني أشياء من الأفضل أن لانضعها في مصطلحات حرفية. Diese Redemittel haben andere Bedeutungen, und meistens bezeichnen sie jene Dinge, die wir lieber nicht wortwörtlich ausdrücken. Die 'manieren van spreken' hebben andere betekenissen, en meestal betekenen ze dingen die we liefst niet in letterlijke termen uitdrukken. Bu mecaz anlamlı şeyler başka anlamlara sahiptirler, gerçek ifadelere koymak istemediğimiz şeylere karşılık gelirler.

Like, we all know what we're not saying when we say that someone “has a nice personality.” نحن جميعا نعلم مالذي نستبعده عندما نقول أن شخص "شخصيته جميلة". Zum Beispiel wissen wir alle genau, was wir auslassen, wenn wir über jemanden sagen "er hat einen tollen Charakter". Zo weten we allemaal wat we niet zeggen als we zeggen dat iemand 'een leuke personaliteit heeft.' Mesela, birinin "çok iyi biri" olduğundan bahsederken ne demediğimizi hepimiz biliriz.

Or if a lady announces she's going to “powder her nose.” ||||言う|||||| أو إذا قالت سيدة أنها سـتضع بودرة على أنفها. Oder wenn eine Dame ankündigt, dass sie sich mal eben "die Nase pudern" geht. Of als een dame aankondigt dat ze 'haar neus gaat poederen.' Veya bir kadın "makyajını tazelemeye" gittiğini söylediğinde.

And of course there's “Netflix and chill,” ||||Netflix|| وبالتأكيد هناك كلمة "Netflix & Chill" أيضا Und dann gibt es da natürlich noch "Netflix und Chillen", En natuurlijk is er de 'Netflix and chill,' Ve tabii ki bir de "Netflix and chill"in

which it turns out has very little to do with, like, actually watching Netflix. والذي اتضح أنها تعني القليل ، كمشاهدة Netflix فعليًا. was, wie sich herausstellt, erstaunlich wenig mit Netflix Schauen zu tun hat. die bijzonder weinig te maken blijkt te hebben met daadwerkelijk Netflix kijken. gerçekten Netflix izlemekle pek de alakası olmayışı gibi.

We've already talked about how slippery the idea of meaning can be, as it changes depending on the time, or region, or linguistic community you're in. ||||à quel point|glissante||idée|||||||||||||||||| تكلمنا مسبقا عن مدى غموض فكرة المعنى، كما أنها تتغير نسبة للوقت أوالمنطقة أو المجتمع اللغوي Wir haben bereits darüber gesprochen, wie schwammig der Bedeutungsbegriff sein kann, da er sich abhängig von Zeit, Gegend oder Sprachgemeinschaft verändert. We hebben het reeds gehad over hoe ongrijpbaar het idee van betekenis kan zijn, omdat het verandert afhankelijk van de tijd, regio, of linguïstische gemeenschap waar je je in bevindt. Anlam fikrinin zamana, bölgeye veya dilsel komüniteye bağlı olması nedeniyle ne kadar hassas olabildiği hakkında zaten konuşmuştuk.

But that's not even considering the fact that people don't usually mean what they say, because we also speak in idioms, fragments, slang, and metaphors. ||||||||||||||||||||||argot|| لكن ذلك لايشمل حقيقة أن الناس لاتعني عادة ماتقوله، لأننا نستخدم أيضًأ المصطلحات والأجزاء والعامية والاستعارات. Aber das schließt noch die Tatsache aus, dass Menschen oft nicht das meinen, was sie sagen, weil wir auch mit Sprichwörtern, Bruchstücken, Slang oder Metaphern sprechen. Maar dan beschouwen we nog niet eens het feit dat mensen meestal niet bedoelen wat ze zeggen, want we spreken ook in idiomen, fragmenten, jargon en metaforen. Ve bu fikir henüz insanların söyledikleri şeyi gerçekten ifade etmemeleri gerçeğini içermiyordu, çünkü aynı zamanda deyimler, kısa cümleler, argo ve metaforlar kullanarak da konuşuruz.

Which leads me to the question: how do we manage to understand each other at all? والذي يدفعنا للتساؤل، كيف تمكنا من فهمنا لبعضنا على الإطلاق؟ Was mich zu der Frage führt: Wie verstehen wir einander dann überhaupt? Wat me leidt tot de vraag: hoe zijn we überhaupt in staat elkaar te begrijpen? Bunlar beni şu soruya getiriyor: birbirimizi anlamayı nasıl başarıyoruz?

[Theme Music] [Titelmusik] [Muziek] [Jenerik müziği]

When it comes to how we know that something described as “bad” is actually good, or how we know that a reference to Netflix is really about sex, عندما يتعلق الأمر بكيفية معرفتنا للأشياء السيئة أنها في الواقع جيدة أو كيف نعرف أن معنى نتفليكس يتعلق بالجنس Wenn es darum geht, woher wir wissen, dass etwas, das als "schlecht" beschrieben wird, eigentlich gut ist, und dass sich hinter einer Bezugnahme auf Netflix Sex verbirgt, Als het erop aankomt te weten dat iets beschreven als 'goed' eigenlijk slecht is of dat een verwijzing naar Netflix eigenlijk over seks gaat, "Kötü" olarak tanımladığımız bir şeyin nasıl aslında "iyi" olduğu veya Netflix'e yapılan bir referansın aslında seksle ilgili olduğu konusunda

we can thank 20th century British philosopher Paul Grice. يعود الفضل للفيلسوف البريطاني في القرن 20، بول جرايس ، können wir uns bei Paul Grice, einem Britischen Philosophen des 20ten Jahrhunderts bedanken. zijn we de 20ste-eeuwse Britse filosoof Paul Grice een bedankje verschuldigd. 20\. yüzyılda yaşamış İngiliz filozof Paul Grice'a teşekkür edebiliriz.

He wanted to explain exactly how we can know what is meant, rather than what is said. أراد أن يشرح بالضبط كيف يمكننا معرفة بالمقصود بدلًا من معرفتنا مالذي قيل. Er wollte erklären wie genau wir wissen, was gemeint ist, und nicht nur, was gesagt wird. Hij wilde uitleggen hoe we precies kunnen weten wat er bedoeld wordt, in plaats van wat er gezegd wordt. Grice, söylenen yerine ifade edileni nasıl anladığımızı açıklamak istemişti.

And he described our ability to do this, through a theory he called conversational implicature. ووصف مقدرتنا على ذلك بنظرية Und unsere Fähigkeit, das zu tun, beschreibt er in einer Theorie, die er konversationelle Implikatur nennt. Hij beschreef ons vermogen om dit te doen met een theorie die hij conversationele implicatuur noemde. Ve bunu yapma kabiliyetimizi "konuşma sezdirimi" denilen bir teoriyle ifade etti.

Grice said, to really understand what goes on when we process meaning, we need to sort out the difference between what is said, and what is implied. |||||||||||||||||||||||||est| سماها مضمون الكلام، لمعرفة مايدور بالفعل عندما نستقبل المعنى، نحتاج لمعرفة الفرق بين ماتم قوله وماتم قصده Grice sagte, um wirklich zu verstehen was passiert wenn wir Bedeutung verarbeiten, müssen wir den Unterschied zwischen dem Gesagten und dem Implizierten finden. Grice zei dat om werkelijk te begrijpen wat er gebeurt wanneer we betekenis verwerken, we het verschil tussen wat gezegd wordt en wat geïmpliceerd is. Grice dedi ki, "anlamı işlerken ne olup bittiğini anlamak için söylenen ve ima edilen arasındaki farkı çözümlememiz gerekir."

What is said is the actual linguistic content, the words that come out of the speaker's mouth. ماتم قصده هو المعنى اللغوي الفعلي،الكلمات التي تخرج من فم المتحدث Das Gesagte ist der tatsächliche sprachliche Inhalt, die Wörter, die aus dem Mund des Sprechers kommen. Wat gezegd wordt is de eigenlijke liguïstische inhoud, de woorden die uit de mond van de spreker komen. Söylenen, gerçek dilsel içeriktir; yani konuşanın ağzından çıkan kelimeler.

What is implied contains a whole lot more than just the words that are spoken. أما يحتوي ماتم تضمينه على أكثر من الكلمات التي قيلت فقط Das Implizierte beinhaltet viel viel mehr als nur das gesprochene Wort. Wat geïmpliceerd wordt bevat een hele boel meer dan enkel de woorden die uitgesproken worden. İma edilen, konuşulan sözcüklerden çok daha fazla şey içerir.

Implicature combines the actual words we utter, with the context in which we say them. ||||||prononçons|||||||| يربط المضمون بين الكلمات الفعلية التي نقولها وسياق الكلمات التي قلناها Implikatur verknüpft die buchstäblichen Wörter, die wir äußern, mit dem Kontext, in dem wir sie äußern. Implicatuur combineert de eigenlijke woorden die we uitbrengen met de context waarin we ze zeggen. Sezdirim gerçekten kullandığımız sözcükleri ve içinde bulunduğumuz bağlamı birleştirir.

And that context can include anything from past shared experiences, to social conventions, to things like facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures. ومن الممكن أن يحتوي هذا السياق على أي شيء من التجارب الماضية المشتركة أو التقاليد الإجتماعية أو تعابير الوجه، نبرة الصوت أو الوضعيات. Und dieser Kontext kann alles einschließen von gemeinsamen Erfahrungen bis hin zu sozialen Gepflogenheiten, Dingen wie Gesichtsausdrücken, Stimmfall oder Gestik. Die context kan zaken omvatten als vroegere gedeelde ervaringen, sociale conventies, gezichtsuitdrukkingen, toon van de stem en gebaren. Bu bağlam ortak deneyimlerden görgü kurallarına, mimiklere, ses tonuna, ve jestlere kadar her şeyi içerebilir.

Now, in order for anyone to have a successful conversation, Grice observed that a few conditions had to be in place. في سبيل جعل المحادثة ناجحة، لاحظ جريس أنه هناك بعض الشروط التي ينبغي تواجدها Also, damit man eine erfolgreiche Konversation führen konnte, stellte Grice ein paar Bedingungen heraus, die erfüllt sein müssen. Grice observeerde dat enkele condities moesten gelden opdat een succesvolle conversatie kan plaatsvinden. Grice, başarılı bir sohbet için birkaç şartın sağlanmış olması gerektiğini gözlemledi.

First, you have to be actually trying to communicate with someone, and have a successful conversation. أولا ينبغي عليك أن تحاول أن تتواصل مع شخص ما وأن تحظى بمحادثة ناجحة Zuerst musst du willens sein, mit jemandem zu kommunizieren und eine erfolgreiche Konversation zu führen. Ten eerste moet je daadwerkelijk proberen om met iemand te communiceren, en een succesvolle conversatie te houden. Başarılı bir sohbet için öncelikle, biriyle gerçekten sohbet etmeye çalışıyor olmanız gerekir.

If that's the case, then Grice said that you're adhering to what's known as the cooperative principle. |||||||||従っている|||||||原則 قال جريس وإن نجحت في ذلك، فإنك ملتزم بما يعرف بمبادىء التعاون Ist das der Fall, dann hältst du dich an das, was man Kooperationsprinzip nennt. Als dat het geval is, dan zei Grice dat je het coöperatieve principe naleeft. Eğer durum buysa, Grice "işbirliği prensibi" olarak bilinen şeye uyduğunuzu söyler.

This means that, whenever there's ambiguity in what a speaker is saying, the audience should look for the most likely intended meaning of what's being said, given the context. مما يعني، عندما يكون كلام المتحدث غامض، ينبغي على المتلقي أن ينظر للمعنى المُرجح تضمنه في ماتم قوله نظراً للسياق. Das bedeutet dass, wann immer ein Sprecher etwas Zweideutiges sagt, der Zuhörer sich nach der wahrscheinlichsten Bedeutung des Gesagten richten soll, je nach dem, was der Kontext hergibt. Dit betekent dat, telkens wanneer er dubbelzinnigheid is in wat een spreker zegt, het publiek naar de meest waarschijnlijke betekenis van wat gezegd wordt op zoek moet gaan, gegeven de context. Bu şu anlama gelir: eğer konuşan kişinin söylediğinde bir belirsizlik varsa, dinleyici, bağlam içerisinde büyük ihtimalle kastediliyor olan anlama bakmalıdır.

So, even if the literal words don't fit into the conversation you're having, you should try to interpret whatever your interlocutor is saying, so that it makes sense. ||||||||||||||||||||相手||||||| لذلك، حتى لو لم تتناسب الكلمات الحرفية مع المحادثة، ينبغي أن تحاول تفسير ماقاله محاورك حتى يكون منطقيًا. Also selbst wenn die buchstäblichen Wörter nicht in die Unterhaltung passen, solltest du versuchen, dein Gegenüber so zu interpretieren, wie es Sinn macht. Dus, zelfs als de letterlijke woorden niet passen in de conversatie, zou je moeten proberen te interpreteren wat je gesprekspartner aan het zeggen is, zodat het zinvol wordt. Yani, sözcüklerin gerçek anlamı sohbetinize uymuyor olsa bile, muhattabınızın söylediği şeyleri yorumlamalısınız ki mantıklı olsun.

Like, if you're in your sister's room having an argument, and she says, “there's the door,” you can assume she's not just randomly naming house parts. |||||||||dispute|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||名前を挙げている|| مثلا، إذا كنت تتشاجر في غرفة أختك وقالت هذا هو الباب يمكنك أن تفترض أنها لا تسمي أجزاء المنزل بشكل عشوائي Wenn du zum Beispiel im Zimmer deiner Schwester bist, ihr euch streitet und sie sagt: "Da ist die Tür" dann kannst du dir sicher sein, dass sie nicht wahllos auf die Einrichtung zeigt. Bijvoorbeeld, als je een ruzie hebt in de kamer van je zus, en ze zegt, 'Daar is de deur,' mag je aannemen dat ze niet lukraak onderdelen van een huis aan het opsommen is. Örneğin, eğer kız kardeşinizin odasında tartışıyorsanız ve o "kapı orada" diyorsa, öylesine evin kısımlarını belirtmediğini anlamanız gerekir.

She's recommending that you walk through that door and out of her space. بل أنها تشير عليك بالخروج من ذاك الباب ومن مساحتها الخاصة Sie rät dir, durch die Tür und aus ihrem Zimmer zu gehen. Ze is je aan het adviseren om door die deur te stappen, uit haar kamer. Kardeşiniz o kapıdan geçmenizi ve alanını terk etmeniz gerektiğini söylüyordur.

But the burden of understanding doesn't all fall on the audience. mais||fardeau|||||||| لكن لايكون عبء الفهم مقتصر على المتلقي فقط. Aber die Bürde des Verstehens liegt nicht immer auf dem Zuhörer. Mais le fardeau de la compréhension ne repose pas entièrement sur le public. De last van het begrijpen moet echter niet altijd door de toehoorders gedragen worden. Fakat anlamanın yükü sadece dinleyiciye düşmez.

Grice also laid out certain maxims, or communicative rules of thumb, which help speakers keep to the cooperative principle. ||||||||||règles empiriques|||||||| |||||公理||コミュニケーションの|ルール|||||||||| بل وضع جريس مبادىء وقواعد التواصل العامة ليساعد المتحدث بالالتزام بمبادىء التعاون Grice hat auch bestimmte Maximen formuliert, oder kommunikative Faustregeln, die dem Sprecher helfen, sich an das Kooperationsprinzip zu halten. Grice a également établi certaines maximes, ou règles de communication empiriques, qui aident les interlocuteurs à respecter le principe de coopération. Grice formuleerde ook enkele maximes, of communicatieve vuistregels, die de sprekers helpen om zich aan het coöperatieve principe te houden. Grice aynı zamanda belirli ilkeler, veya iletişimsel kurallar, ortaya koymuştur; bu kurallar konuşanın işbirliği prensibine uymasını sağlar.

These maxims fall under four main types – quantity, quality, relation, and manner. تندرج هذه المبادىء تحت أربع أنواع رئيسية: الكمية، والنوع والعلاقة والسلوك. Von diesen Maximen gibt es 4: Quantität, Qualität, Relevanz sowie Art und Weise. Ces maximes se divisent en quatre types principaux : quantité, qualité, relation et manière. Deze maximes vallen onder vier hoofdcategorieën: kwantiteit, kwaliteit, relevantie en stijl. Bu ilkeler dört tiptir – nicelik, nitelik, bağıntı, ve açıklık.

There are two rules relating to quantity. هناك قاعدتين تتعلق بالكمية. Für Quantität gibt es zwei Regeln. Er zijn twee regels in verband met kwantiteit: Niceliğe bağlı iki kural vardır.

First, you should be adequately informative. ||||適切に| أولا ينبغي أن تُزود بمعلومات كافية Als erstes solltest du ausreichend informativ sein. Ten eerste zou je voldoende informatief moeten zijn. İlki, yeterince bilgi verici olmalısınız.

When your parents call you up at school, and they ask you how you've been, you probably say something along the lines of: “fine.” عندما يناديك والديك في المدرسة ويسألوك كيف كان حالك، ربما تجيب بشيء يشابه " بحال جيدة" Wenn dich deine Eltern im Internat anrufen und fragen, wie's dir geht, dann solltest du wahrscheinlich so was sagen wie "gut." Als je ouders je bellen terwijl je op school zit en vragen hoe het gaat, zeg je waarschijnlijk iets als 'Goed.' Ebeveynleriniz sizi okulda aradığında ve nasıl olduğunuzu sorduğunda, muhtemelen şöyle bir şey diyorsunuz: "iyi."

Now, this might be technically accurate, but you're not giving them the quantity of information they're looking for. قد يبدو هذا تقنيًا دقيق لكنك لاتعطيهم كمية المعلومات التي يتطلعون لها. Nun ja, das mag technisch ausreichend sein, aber du gibst ihnen nicht die Menge an Informationen, auf die sie aus sind. Dit is misschien technisch gezien wel correct, maar je geeft hen niet de hoeveelheid informatie die ze verwachten. Bu teknik olarak doğru olabilir, ama onlara aradıkları nicelikte bilgi vermiyorsunuz.

What they really want to know is, are you going to pass math, and are you remembering to wash your sheets? |||||||||||||et|||te souviens||laver||draps مالذي يريدون معرفته بالفعل هو هل ستجتاز الرياضيات وأنك الآن تتذكر أن تغسل مفارشك. Sie wollen eigentlich wissen, ob du den Mathe-Test schaffst, und ob du auch immer deine Bettwäsche wechselst. Ce qu'ils veulent vraiment savoir, c'est si tu vas réussir les maths, et si tu te souviens de laver tes draps ? Wat ze echt willen weten is of je zal slagen voor wiskunde en je beddengoed verschoont. Gerçekten bilmek istedikleri, matematiği geçebilecek misiniz, çarşaflarınızı yıkamayı hatırlıyor musunuzdur.

Stuff like that. أشياء مثل هذه. Zeug eben... Des choses comme ça. Zo'n dingen. Bunun gibi şeyler.

Second, we shouldn't be more informative than is required. ثانيا لاينبغي أن نُزود بمعلومات أكثر من المطلوب Zweitens solltest du nicht informativer als notwendig sein. Deuxièmement, nous ne devrions pas être plus informatifs que nécessaire. Ten tweede zou je niet meer informatief moeten zijn dan vereist. İkincisi, gereğinden fazla bilgi vermememiz gerekir.

We've all met these people. نجن جميعا قابلنا هؤلاء الأشخاص من هذا النمط. Wir alle kennen diese Menschen. We hebben allemaal wel zo iemand ontmoet. Hepimiz böyle insanlar tanırız.

When you're explaining to your teacher that you missed class because you were sick, عندما تشرح لمدرسك أنك تغيبت عن الحصة لأنك كنت مريضا Wenn du deinem Lehrer erklärst, dass du Mathe verpasst hast, weil du krank warst, Wanneer je uitlegt aan je leerkracht dat je de les hebt gemist omdat je ziek was, Öğretmeninize dersi hasta olduğunuz için kaçırdığınızı açıklarken

you do not need to provide all of the gruesome details about the nature of your diarrhea. |||||||||grueses||||||| لا تحتاج أن تقول جميع التفاصيل البشعة عن طبيعة الإسهال musst du nicht voll ins Detail gehen und den Verlauf deines Durchfalls schildern. hoef je niet volledig in detail te treden over je diarree. ishalinizle ilgili korkunç bilgileri sunmanıza gerek yoktur.

I mean, there really is such a thing as too much information, people. أعني هناك بالفعل مايسمى بالكثير من المعلومات يارفاق Damit will ich sagen: "zu viel Information" gibt es sehr wohl, Leute. Er is zoiets als te veel informatie, mensen. Yani, çok fazla bilgi diye bir şey gerçekten vardır.

There are also two quality rules of communication. هناك أيضا قاعدتين للنوع للتواصل Weiterhin gibt es zwei Qualitätsregeln der Kommunikation. Er zijn eveneens twee kwaliteitsregels in verband met communicatie. Nitelik hakkında da iki iletişimsel kural vardır.

First, we shouldn't say things that we think are false. أولا لاينبغي أن نقول أشياء نعتقدها خاطئة Erstens: Sag nichts, was du für falsch hältst. Ten eerste zouden we geen dingen mogen zeggen waarvan we denken dat ze fout zijn. Öncelikle, yanlış olduğunu düşündüğümüz şeyleri söylememeliyiz.

This includes people who are running for elected office! هذا يشمل الأشخاص الذين يسعون لمناصب مرشحة Das schließt auch Präsidentschaftskandidaten ein! Dit geldt dus ook voor presidentskandidaten! Bu, seçime giren insanları da kapsar!

No one should just tell lies! لا ينبغي لأحد أن يكذب Niemand sollte jemals lügen! Niemand zou zomaar mogen liegen! Kimse yalan söylememeli!

The second quality rule cautions us to refrain from making claims for which we we have insufficient evidence. |||||||s'abstenir|||||||||| ||||cautions||||||||||||| |||||||控える||||||||||証拠 تحذرنا القاعدة الثانية للنوع من أن نمتعض عن وضع الافتراضيات لما لدينا من أدلة غير كافية Die zweite Qualitätsregel hält uns an, von Aussagen abzusehen, für die wir nur unzureichende Beweise haben. De tweede kwaliteitsregel waarschuwt ons ervoor geen beweringen te maken die we niet kunnen staven met voldoende bewijs. İkinci kural, hakkında yeterince kanıt sahibi olmadığımız iddialarda bulunmamamız gerektiğini ifade eder.

So if you see your significant other talking to someone else in the hallway, |||||||||||||couloir لذا إذا شاهدت أحد يتحدث لآخر في الممرات Wenn du also deine bessere Hälfte mit jemand anderem im Flur reden siehst, Dus als je je partner ziet praten met iemand in de gang, Mesela sevgilinizi koridorda başka biriyle konuşurken gördüğünüzde

don't go around telling everyone that they're a cheating scumbag without first checking your facts. |||||||||ordure||||| |||||||||クズ||||| لا تخبر الجميع أن هناك حثالة تغش بدون أن تتأكد من حقائقك dann erzähl nicht überall rum, dass er ein fremdgehender Mistkerl ist, ohne vorher die Fakten abzuchecken. ga dan niet overal rondbazuinen dat die een overspelige klootzak is zonder eerst de feiten na te gaan. bilgilerinizin doğruluğunu kanıtlamadan önce gidip herkese onun ne kadar sahtekar biri olduğunu anlatmamanız gerekir.

Now, this isn't to say people don't break these rules all the time; some people lie more than they tell the truth. هذا لا يعني أن الأشخاص لايخترقون هذه القواعد طوال الوقت، يكذب البعض أكثر من قوله للحقيقة Damit will ich nicht sagen, dass die Leute diese Regeln nicht durchweg brechen; einige lügen mehr als sie die Wahrheit sagen. Nu, dat betekent niet dat mensen deze regels niet constant overtreden; sommige mensen liegen meer dan dat ze de waarheid vertellen. Bu, insanların bu kuralları asla ihlal etmediği anlamına gelmez; bazı insanlar doğrudan çok yalan söyler.

But Grice's point was, violating these rules hinders successful communication. |||||||entrave|| لكن نظرية جريس كانت أن انتهاك هذه القواعد تضعف التواصل Aber Grice wollte klar machen, dass der Verstoß gegen diese Regeln eine erfolgreiche Kommunikation behindert. Maar Grices punt was dat deze regels overtreden succesvolle communicatie belemmert. Grice'ın demek istediği, bu kuralların ihlalinin sağlıklı iletişimi zorlaştıracağıdır.

Now, the next maxim is the rule of relation, which tells us to say relevant things. والمبدأ الذي يليه هو العلاقة والذي ينص على قول الأشياء ذو العلاقة Die nächste Maxime dreht sich um Relevanz. Ahora, la siguiente máxima es la regla de la relación, que nos dice que digamos cosas relevantes. De volgende maxime is die van relevantie. Diğer ilke ise bağıntı kuralıdır, bu ilke bize konuyla ilişkisi olan şeyler söylememizi anlatır.

It's what keeps us from going on a tear in the middle of the Super Bowl about the home worlds of our favorite members of the Legion of Substitute Heroes. ||||||||excursion||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||メンバー|||レギオン||| وهذا مايمنعنا من البكاء في منتصف لعبة البولينغ في مايتعلق بالعالمية لأعضائنا المفضلين Sie hält uns davon ab, mitten in einem Fußballspiel eine lange Diskussion über Pokémon vom Zaun zu brechen. Es lo que nos impide ponernos a llorar en mitad de la Super Bowl por los mundos natales de nuestros miembros favoritos de la Legión de Héroes Sustitutos. Het is wat ons ervan weerhoudt om midden in de Champions League-finale over Pokémon te beginnen. Bu, futbol maçı izlerken Legion of Substitute Heroes'taki favori karakterimizin evinden bahsetmemizi engeller.

I'm look at you, Chlorophyll Kid. ||||クロロフィル| أنا أنظر إليك كلورفيل Ich spreche mit dir, Ash Ketchum! Ik kijk naar jou, Ash Ketchum! Sana diyorum, Klorofil Çocuk.

And finally, there are four rules about the manner in which we speak. وأخيرا هناك أربع قواعد في مايتعلق بسلوكنا عندما نتحدث Und zuletzt, gibt es 4 Regeln der Art und Weise, mit der wir sprechen. Ten slotte zijn er vier regels omtrent de stijl van spreken. Son olarak, açıklık ilkesiyle ilgili dört kural vardır.

First, we should avoid obscure turns of phrase. ||||不明瞭な||| أولا ينبغي أن نتجنب المعاني الغامضة للعبارات Als erstes sollten wir obskure Formulierungen vermeiden. Ten eerste zouden we obscure zinswendingen moeten vermijden. Öncelikle, gizli üsluplardan kaçınmalıyız.

After all, this could come off as supercilious and pedantic, |||||||soupçonneux||pédant |||||||arrogant|| |||||||横柄||学者ぶった في النهاية قد يجعلك ذلك متغطرس ومتحذلق. Denn das könnte uns am Ende extrem hochnäsig und pedantisch aussehen lassen, Dit kan immers als verwaand en schoolmeesterachtig overkomen, Çünkü bu, ukala ve tepeden bakan biri olarak görünmemize sebep olup,

and might cause your interlocutor to be fractious. |||||||irritable |||||||不機嫌な وقد يجعل محاضرك عنيد und könnte deinen Gesprächspartner ungesprächig machen. en je zou je gesprekspartner lastig kunnen maken. dinleyicinin sinirlenmesine neden olabilir.

The whole point of a conversation is successful communication, not showing off how big your vocabulary is. المغزى من التواصل هو التواصل الناجح وليس استعراض كمية الكلمات التي تملكها Am Ende liegt der Sinn einer Konversation in erfolgreicher Kommunikation, und nicht darin, mit deinem Wortschatz anzugeben. Het hele punt van een conversatie is succesvolle communicatie, niet pronken met je rijke woordenschat. Bir sohbetin bütün amacı başarılı iletişimdir, kelime hazinenizin ne kadar güçlü olduğunu göstermek değil.

Second, ambiguity should be avoided. ثانيا يجب تجنب الغموض Zweitens: Zweideutigkeit sollte vermieden werden. Ten tweede moet dubbelzinnigheid vermeden worden. İkincisi, belirsizlikten kaçınmalıyız.

Keep your audience in mind when you use figures of speech and slang. ضع جمهورك في عين الاعتبار عندما تستخدم الاستعارات واللهجات Behalte deine Zuhörer im Hinterkopf, wenn du Redemittel und Slang benutzt. Houd je publiek in gedachten wanneer je een stijlfiguur of jargon gebruikt. Deyim ve argo kullanırken dinleyicinizi aklınızda bulundurmalısınız.

The reason you don't talk to your grandmother about your bae is because she's not going to have any idea what you're talking about. ||||||||||petit ami||||||||||||| ||||||||||boyfriend||||||||||||| ||||||||||彼氏||||||||||||| السبب خلف أنك لاتتحدث مع جدتك عن الحكومة لأنها لن تكون لديها أدني فكرة عن ماتقوله Der Grund, warum du nicht mit deiner Oma über Chabos sprichst, ist, weil sie keine Ahnung haben würde, was du meinst. De reden waarom je niet met je grootmoeder praat over je 'bae' is omdat ze geen idee zou hebben waarover je het hebt. Büyükannenize "manita"nızdan bahsetmezsiniz çünkü o, ne hakkında konuştuğunuzu bilmeyecektir.

Third, be brief. ثالثا كن مختصرا، Als drittes: Fass dich kurz. Ten derde, wees beknopt. Üçüncüsü, kısa ve öz olun.

Don't give a ten minute explanation when a one minute one will do. لاتشرح لمدة 10 دقائق عندما تستطيع فعل ذلك في دقيقة واحدة Halte keine 10-minütige Rede ab, wenn es auch in einer Minute geht. Geef geen uitleg van tien minuten als eentje van één minuut voldoet. Bir dakikalık bir açıklama işe yarayacakken on dakika konuşmayın.

And finally, be orderly. |||秩序正しく وأخيرا اجعل الكلام منظما Und dann noch: Halte die Ordnung ein. En ten laatste, wees ordelijk. Son olarak, intizamlı olun.

Remember that time your mom recounted the recipe for her famous meatloaf from memory? |||||||||||pain de viande|| |||||語った||||||ミートローフ|| تذكر الوقت الذي حكت فيه أمك عن طريقة رغيف اللحم المشهور لديها Erinnerst du dich, als deine Mutter das Rezept für ihren berühmten Hackbraten aus dem Gedächtnis hergebetet hat? Herinner je je het moment toen je moeder je uit het hoofd het recept voor haar fameuze vleesbrood gaf? Annenizin ezberden köfte tarifi verdiği zamanı hatırlıyor musunuz?

And then when you tried to make it, you ended up with whole onions and raw meat? ثم حاولت صنعه وانتهى بك الحال ببصلة كاملة ولحم نيء Und als du beim Versuch, ihn zu kochen, am Ende ganze Zwiebeln und rohes Fleisch hattest? En wanneer je het probeerde te maken, je met hele uien en rauw vlees eindigde? Ve onu yapmaya çalıştığınızda, bütün soğanlar ve çiğ etle kaldığınızı?

Mom assumed you were going to know that you needed to chop the onions and bake the loaf, but she didn't say that. |||||||||||hacher||||||pain||||| |||||||||||||||||loaf||||| افترضت أمك أنك ستعرف أنك ستحتاج لتقطيع البصل وطبخ الرغيف، لكنها لم تقل ذلك Mama dachte sich wohl, dass du weißt, dass man die Zwiebeln schneiden und den Braten schmoren muss, aber das hat sie dir nicht gesagt. Mama veronderstelde dat je zou weten dat je de uien moet snijden en het vlees moet bakken, maar dat zei ze niet. Anneniz sizin soğanları doğrayacağınızı ve eti pişireceğinizi bildiğinizi farz etti, fakat bunu söylemedi.

So, the rule of orderliness reminds us not to miss steps when we're communicating information. ||||l'ordre|||||||||| ||||秩序|||||||||| لذلك تُذكّرنا قاعدة تنظيم الكلام، بأن لاننسى الخطوات عندما ننقل المعلومات Die Regel der Ordnung erinnert uns also daran, keine Schritte auszulassen, wenn wir Informationen mitteilen. Dus, de regel van ordelijkheid herinnert ons eraan geen stappen over te slaan wanneer we informatie communiceren. İntizam kuralı bize iletişim kurarken adım kaçırmamamızı söyler.

Now, this might sound like a lot of rules, قد يبدون هذا الآن وكأنها قواعد كثيرة Das klingt jetzt wie ein Riesenhaufen Regeln, Nu, dit klinkt misschien als een heleboel regels, Çok fazla kural varmış gibi gelebilir,

but Grice believed that we already follow these maxims when we engage in conversation. لكن يعتقد جريس أننا في الأساس نتبع هذه القواعد في المحادثات aber Grice glaubte, dass wir diese Regeln schon kennen, wenn wir kommunizieren. maar Grice geloofde dat we deze maximes reeds gebruiken wanneer we een gesprek aangaan. ama Grice bu ilkeleri konuşmamız içerisinde zaten takip ettiğimizi söylemiştir.

Because, generally, when we communicate, we want to be understood. لأن عموما عندما نتواصل نريد أن يفهمنا الغير Denn, ganz allgemein, wollen wir verstanden werden, wenn wir kommunizieren. Wanneer we communiceren willen we over het algemeen immers begrepen worden. Çünkü, genellikle, iletişim kurduğumuzda, anlaşılmak isteriz.

And – here's the cool part – since everyone understands these unspoken rules, we can violate them from time to time, knowing that other people will get that we're breaking the rules on purpose. وهذا الجزء الأفضل، بما أن الجميع يفهم هذه القواعد الصامته، يمكننا انتهاك هذه القواعد من وقت لوقت آخر لأننا نعرف أن الطرف الآخر سيفهم أننا نكسر هذه القواعد عمدا Und hier kommt der coole Teil: da jeder diese unausgesprochenen Regeln versteht, können wir sie von Zeit zu Zeit brechen und wissen dabei, dass die anderen dahinterkommen, dass wir das mit Absicht gemacht haben. En hier is het leuke gedeelte: aangezien iedereen deze onuitgesproken regels begrijpt, kunnen we ze zo nu en dan breken, wetende dat andere mensen zullen begrijpen dat we de regels expres overtreden. Ve, burası çok havalı, herkes bu söz edilmeyen kuralları anladığı için, karşımızdaki anladığından bunları zaman zaman ihlal edebiliriz.

Why would we do that? لماذا نفعل ذلك؟ Warum sollten wir das tun? Waarom zouden we dat doen? Neden bunu yaparız?

Well, because deliberately violating a maxim is a good way to make a communicative point. لأن انتهاك القواعد عمدا هي طريقة جيدة لصنع نقطة تواصل Nun, weil das absichtliche Verstoßen gegen eine Maxime ein toller Weg ist, etwas zu unterstreichen. Wel, omdat opzettelijk een maxime overtreden een goede manier is om een communicatief punt te maken. Çünkü isteyerek bir ilke ihlali yapmak iletişimsel bir vurgu yapmanın iyi bir yoludur.

This is called flouting a maxim. |||mépriser|| |||flouting|| ويمسى هذا بـ تجاهل القوانين Man nennt das Flouting/Verhöhnung einer Maxime. Dit noemt men het schenden van een maxime. Buna ilkeye uymamak denir.

We flout the maxim of quality, for example, when we use sarcasm. |contournons||||||||||sarcasme |violate|||||||||| نتجاهل قاعدة النوع على سبيل المثال، عندما نستخدم السخرية Wir verhöhnen beispielsweise die Qualitätsmaxime, wenn wir sarkastisch sind. We schenden bijvoorbeeld de maxime van kwaliteit wanneer we sarcasme gebruiken. Örneğin, sarkazm yaparken nitelik kuralına uymayız.

Like, I'm sure that you've never experienced sarcasm before! أنا متأكد أنك لم تجرب السخرية من قبل Aber du hast ja sicher noch nie was mit Sarkasmus zu tun gehabt. Zoals 'Ik ben er ZEKER van dat je nog nooit met sarcasme in aanraking bent gekomen.' Tabii, hiç sarkazma denk gelmediğinize eminim!

And we flout the maxim of manner when we deliberately use $10 words to confuse or embarrass our interlocutor. ونتجاهل قاعدة السلوك عندما نستخدم كلمات 10 دولارات عمدا ، لتشويش وإحراج محاضرنا Wir verhöhnen die Maxime der Art und Weise, wenn wir ellenlange Wortungetüme benutzen, um unseren Gesprächspartner zu verwirren oder bloßzustellen. Y faltamos a la máxima de los modales cuando utilizamos deliberadamente palabras de 10 dólares para confundir o avergonzar a nuestro interlocutor. En we schenden de maxime van stijl wanneer we opzettelijk moeilijke woorden gebruiken om onze gesprekspartner te verwarren of voor schut te zetten. Dinleyici kafa karışıklığına uğratmak veya utandırmak istediğimizde isteyerek sık kullanılmayan kelimeler kullanırız.

So, now that we know how to say what we mean without saying what we mean, it's time to do things! الآن بما أننا نعرف كيف نقول مانعني بدون التصريح بمانعني،حان الوقت لفعل الأشياء بالكلمات Also gut: Jetzt wo wir wissen, wie man sagt, was man meint, ohne zu sagen, was man meint, wird es Zeit, die Dinge anzupacken! Dus, nu we weten hoe te zeggen wat we bedoelen zonder te zeggen wat we bedoelen, is het tijd om dingen te doen! Şimdi, demek istediğimiz şeyleri söylemeden nasıl ifade edeceğimizi bildiğimize göre, bir şeyler yapma vakti!

Let's go to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy. دعونا نذهب thought bubble للتعرف flash philosophy Gehen wir rüber in die Gedankenblase für etwas Blitzphilosophie. Laten we naar de Thought Bubble gaan voor wat Flash Filosofie. Biraz Flaş Felsefe için Düşünce Baloncuğu'na gidelim.

In the 1950s, British philosopher J. L. Austin wrote a charming little book called How to Do Things with Words. ||||||||||charmant||||||||| عام 1950، كتب الفيلسوف البريطاني جيل أوستين كتاب صغير بعنوان كيف تفعل الأشياء باستخدام الكلمات In den 1950ern schrieb der Britische Philosoph J.L. Austin ein nettes Buch namens: "How to Do Things With Words" In de jaren '50 schreef de Britse filosoof J. L. Austin een charmant boekje getiteld 'How to Do Things with Words.' 1950'lerde, İngiliz filozof J. L. Austin, "Söylemek ve Yapmak" adlı küçük ve etkileyici bir kitap yazmıştır.

And in it, Austin observed that sometimes, words actually have the ability to change the world. ولاحظ أوستين أن الكلمات لديها القدرة في تغيير العالم بعض الأحيان Darin beschrieb Austin, dass manche Wörter tatsächlich die Fähigkeit haben, die Welt zu verändern. Daarin observeerde Austin dat woorden soms de wereld kunnen veranderen. Bu kitapta, Austin kelimelerin dünyayı değiştirme kapasitesine sahip olduğunu görmüştür.

I don't mean in the way that, like, Martin Luther King's words changed the world, لا أعني بذلك مثل طريقة كلمات الملك مارتين لوثر في تغيير العالم، Damit meine ich nicht die Weise, wie Martin Luther Kings Worte die Welt verändert haben, Ik bedoel niet op de manier dat bijvoorbeeld Martin Luther King's woorden de wereld veranderden, Martin Luther King'in dünyayı değiştirmesi gibi bir şeyden bahsetmiyorum,

but in the sense that, in an instant, an act of speech can change a particular fact about the world. لكن قدرة الخطاب الفوري والفعال بتغيير حقيقة معينة عن العالم aber eher so, dass ein Sprechakt im Nu einen bestimmten Fakt über die Welt verändern kann. maar in de zin dat, in een ogenblik, een taalhandeling een bepaald feit uit de wereld kan veranderen. daha çok, bir anda bir konuşma edimi dünya hakkında spesifik bir gerçeği değiştirebilir.

When a wedding officiant says, “I now pronounce you husband and wife,” or “husband and husband,” or “wife and wife,” |||officiant|||||||||||||||| |||officiant|||||||||||||||| |||司祭|||||||||||||||| عندما يقول قسيس الزواج أصرح الآن بكونك زوج وزوجة أو زوج وزوج أو زوجة وزوجة Wenn der Standesbeamte sagt: "Hiermit erkläre ich euch zu Mann und Frau"" oder "Ehegatten" oder "Ehepartnern", Wanneer een trouwambtenaar zegt, 'Ik verklaar jullie nu tot man en vrouw,' of 'man en man,' of 'vrouw en vrouw,' Bir nikah memuru "sizi karı koca ilan ediyorum" veya "koca-koca" veya "karı-karı" dediğinde

that speech-act has the power to actually transform two single individuals into a married couple. يملك هذا الكلام القدرة في تبديل حالة الشخص من أعزب إلى متزوج dann hat dieser Sprechakt die Macht, zwei einzelne Individuen in ein verheiratetes Paar zu verwandeln. hebben die woorden de kracht om twee individuen te transformeren in een getrouwd koppel. bu konuşma edimi aslında iki bekar bireyi evli bir çifte dönüştürme gücündedir.

In that same way, parents have the power to determine their child's name, simply by announcing it. بنفس قدرة الأباء في تحديد اسم طفلهم بكل بساطة بإعلانه Auf dieselbe Weise haben Eltern die Macht über die Wahl des Namens ihres Kindes, indem sie ihn schlichtweg verkünden. Op dezelfde manier hebben ouders de macht om de naam van hun kind te bepalen, eenvoudigweg door hem uit te spreken. Aynı şekilde ebeveynler, çocuklarının ismini basitçe bunu duyurarak belirlerler.

A president or head of state can create a state of war, just by declaring it. يشن رئيس الدولة حالة حرب بالإعلان عنها فقط Ein Präsident oder Staatsoberhaupt kann einen Kriegszustand auslösen, nur indem er ihn erklärt. Een president of staatshoofd kan een staat van oorlog creëren, gewoon door hem te verklaren. Bir devlet veya eyalet başkanı savaş açabilir, bunu sadece ilan ederek.

And by saying, “I promise,” we create moral obligations. وبقوله "أعدكم بخلق إلتزام أخلاقي" Und wenn wir sagen "ich verspreche," dann schaffen wir moralische Verpflichtungen. En door 'Ik beloof het' te zeggen creëren we morele verplichtingen. Ve "söz veriyorum" diyerek, etik sorumluluklar oluşturmuş oluruz.

We're verbal animals, and we've allowed our reality to be shaped, in a very deep way, by words, and the value that we give them. نحن حيوانات لفظية، وسمحنا لمجتمعنا بإتخاذ شكله بشكل عميق بإستخدام الكلمات والقيمة التي نمنحها Wir sind Tiere des Wortes, und wir haben es zugelassen, dass unsere Realität grundlegend von Wörtern geformt werden können, und den Werten, die sie tragen. We zijn verbale dieren, en we hebben onze realiteit op een zeer verregaande manier door woorden en de waarde die we hen toekennen laten vormen. Konuşan hayvanlarız ve gerçekliğimizin derinden kelimeler ile değişmesine izin verdik.

This isn't something we think about a lot, but when you stop to reflect on it, it's kind of incredible that words can actually create a bond, or dissolve it, هذا شيء لا نفكر فيه بكثرة لكن عندما تتوقف بالتفكير فيه، فإنه من المدهش أنه من الممكن خلق تعهد أو إلغاه بكلمات Darüber denken wir nicht oft nach, aber wenn man es recht bedenkt, dann ist es schon unglaublich, dass Worte tatsächlich eine Bindung schaffen oder auflösen können, Dit is niet iets waar we veel bij stilstaan, maar als je er over nadenkt, is het best ongelooflijk hoe woorden een band kunnen creëren of verbreken, Bu üzerinde çok düşündüğümüz bir şey değil, fakat durup sorguladığımızda, kelimelerin bir bağ oluşturması veya bu bağı kırması,

or that a speech-act can cause nations to go to war. أو بالتسبب في جعل الدولة في حالة حرب oder ein Sprechakt dafür sorgen kann, dass Nationen sich bekriegen. of dat een taalhandeling oorlog tussen naties kan veroorzaken. veya bir konuşma ediminin savaşa yol açması gerçekten inanılmazdır.

But some of these examples require certain conditions to be met, in order for the utterance to work, or, in Austin's words, to be felicitous. |||||||||||||||énoncé|||||||||heureuse ||||||||||||||||||||||||appropriate ||||||||||||||||||||||||適切な لكن تتطلب بعض هذه الأمثلة توفر شروط محددة لكي يعمل مفعول الكلام أو كما يقول أوستين يكون ناجحا Aber für einige von diesen Beispielen müssen bestimmte Bedinungen erfüllt sein, damit die Äußerung formuliert, oder wie Austin sie genannt hat: Gelingensbedingungen. Maar sommige van deze voorbeelden vereisen dat bepaalde condities vervuld zijn om de uiting te doen slagen. Fakat bu örneklerden bazılarının gerçekleşmesi için uygun şartlar gerekmektedir; veya Austin'in dediği gibi, isabetli olması için.

Like, if one of the spouses-to-be at a wedding is underage, or already married, or is a dog, then pronouncing them married won't make it true. ||||||||||||mineur||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||underage||||||||||||||| مثلا إذا كان أحد الأزواج الذي سيتزوج تحت سن الزواج أو متزوج أصلا أو كان كلبا، فإن إعلان الزواج لن يكون حقيقيا Wenn zum Beispiel eine Partei der Eheschließung minderjährig, bereits verheiratet oder gar ein Hund ist, wird der Ehespruch die Ehe nicht gültig machen. Als bijvoorbeeld een van de partners voor het huwelijk minderjarig is, of reeds getrouwd, of een hond, dan betekent hen getrouwd verklaren nog niet dat het huwelijk geldig is. Mesela evlenecek kişilerden birinin yaşının yetmemesi, halihazırda evli veya bir köpek olması, evlilik ilan edilse de bu onu doğru yapmaz.

You also need a legally recognized officiant to do the pronouncing, which is also true of declarations of war and in conferring academic degrees. |||||||||||||||||||||conferring|| |||||||||||||||||||||授与する|| ستحتاج أيضا إلى قسيس شرعي لإعلان الزواج، كما هو الحال أيضا في إعلان حالة الحرب أو منح شهادة أكاديمية Außerdem braucht man einen rechtlich anerkannten Standesbeamten, der den Sprechakt ausführt, was auch für Kriegserklärungen und Verleihung akademischer Titel gilt. Er is ook een wettelijk erkende ambtenaar nodig die het verklaren doet, wat ook geldt voor oorlogsverklaringen en het uitreiken van academische diploma's. Ayrıca yasal olarak yetkili bir memurun ilan etmesi gerekir, bu aynı zamanda savaş ilanlarında ve akademik derecelerde de geçerlidir.

But in other cases, like making a promise, or joining a society, or naming a child, لكن في الحالات الأخرى، مثل التعهد أو الانضمام لمجتمع أو تسمية مولود Aber in anderen Fällen, etwa ein Versprechen geben, einer Vereinigung beitreten, oder ein Kind benennen, Maar in andere gevallen, zoals een belofte doen, of lid worden van een vereniging, of een kind een naam geven, Fakat diğer olaylarda, mesela söz vermek, bir topluluğa katılmak, veya bir çocuğa isim koymak gibi,

anyone can change the world in this way, simply with their words. يمكن لأي أحد تغيير العالم في هذه الحالة بكل بساطه بكلماتهم kann jeder die Welt lediglich durch seine Worte verändern. kan iedereen de wereld veranderen gewoonweg door de kracht van hun woorden. bu yoldan herkes dünyayı değiştirebilir, sadece sözcükleriyle.

Performative utterances are interesting, because we normally think of sentences as simply conveyors of information. ||||||||||||conveyors|| パフォーマティブ|発話|||||||||||運搬者|| تعتبر التعبيرات الإنجازية مثيرة للإهتمام، لأننا نعتقد بطبيعة الحال أن الجمل بكل بساطة ناقلة للمعلومات Performative Äußerungen sind interessant, weil wir Sätze üblicherweise als Trägermedium für Information ansehen. Performatieve uitdrukkingen zijn interessant, omdat we zinnen normaal enkel als dragers van betekenis zien. Edimsel söyleyişler ilginçtir, çünkü genellikle cümlelerin sadece bilgi taşıyıcı olduklarını düşünürüz.

Thanks, Thought Bubble! شكرا لـ thought bubble Danke, Gedankenblase! Bedankt, Thought Bubble! Teşekkürler, Düşünce Baloncuğu!

It turns out, sometimes, these types of sentences actually do things. بدى في بعض الأحيان أن هذه الأنواع من الجمل تؤدي الكثير Wie sich herausstellt, bewirken diese Arten von Sätzen manchmal wirklich etwas. Blijkbaar doen dit soort zinnen soms werkelijk iets. Sonuç olarak, bazen, bu tür cümleler gerçekten bir şeyler yaparlar.

Today we talked about conversational implicature, the cooperative principle, تحدثنا اليوم عن مضمون الكلام ومبادىء التعاون Heute haben wir über konversationelle Implikatur gesprochen, über das Kooperationsprinzip We hebben het vandaag gehad over conversationele implicatuur, het coöperative principe Bugün konuşma sezdirimi, işbirliği prensibi,

and the four main maxims of successful communication, as laid out by Paul Grice. والأنواع الأربعة الأساسية لقوانين التواصل التي كتبها بول جريس und die vier Hauptmaximen der erfolgreichen Kommunikation nach Paul Grice. en de vier hoofdzakelijke maximes van succesvolle communicatie, als vastgelegd door Paul Grice. ve Paul Grice tarafından oluşturulan başarılı iletişimin dört ilkesi hakkında konuştuk.

We also learned about performative utterances. وتعلمنا أيضا عن الكلام الإنجازي Wir haben auch etwas über performative Äußerungen gelernt. We hebben ook geleerd over perfomatieve werkwoorden. Aynı zamanda edimsel söyleyişleri öğrendik.

And I would like to remind you that bananas are chom choms. وأريد أن أذكركم أيضا بأن ........ Und dann möchte ich dich gern daran erinnern, dass Bananen Chom-choms heißen. En ik zou je eraan willen herinneren dat bananen chom-choms zijn. Ayrıca hatırlatmak isterim ki muzlar, "chom chom"lardır.

Next time we'll look at an area where the philosophy of language and ethics meet, .لاحقا سنتناول عن التقاء فلسفة اللغة مع الأخلاقيات Nächstes Mal sehen wir uns ein Gebiet an, auf dem sich Sprachphilosophie und Ethik begegnen, Volgende keer bekijken we een gebied waar de filosofie van taal en ethiek elkaar ontmoeten, Gelecek sefere dil felsefesi ve etiğin buluştuğu bir alana bakacağız,

by talking about the ways in which the power of words can cause harm. |||||||||||||dommages بالحديث عن كيف أن الكلمات تسبب الأذى wenn wir darüber sprechen, wie die Macht der Worte Schaden anrichten kann. door de manieren waarop de kracht van woorden schade kan berokkenen te bespreken. ve sözcüklerin gücünün hangi yollarla zarar verebileceğine.

This episode is brought to you by Squarespace. تقدم squarespace هذه الحلقة Diese Folge von Crash Course wurde dir präsentiert von Squarespace. Deze aflevering werd u aangeboden door Squarespace. Squarespace bu bölümü sundu.

Squarespace helps to create websites, blogs or online stores for you and your ideas. تساعد squarespace في صنع حلقات ومدونات ومتاجرعلى شبكة الإنترنت لك ولأفكارك Squarespace hilft bei der Erstellung von Websites, Blogs oder Online-Shops für dich und deine Ideen. Squarespace helpt bij het creëren van websites, blogs of webwinkels voor jou en je ideeën. Squarespace websitesi, blog veya online mağaza kurmaya yardımcı olur.

Websites look professionally designed regardless of skill level, no coding required. تصمم الشبكات بشكل احترافي بغض النظر عن مستوى المهارة وبدون رموز Websites sehen professionell designt aus, unabhängig von Fähigkeiten und Kodierung ist nicht notwendig. Websites zien er professioneel ontworpen uit ongeacht je vaardigheden, geen eigen code vereist. Websiteleri profesyonel dizayn edilmiş gibi gözükür, yetenek düzeyiniz fark etmeden, kodlama gerektirmez.

Try Squarespace at squarespace.com/crashcourse for a special offer. زر موقع squarespace.com/crash course للحصول على عروض خاصة Probiere Squarespace aus unter squarespace.com/crashcourse, um ein Sonderangebot zu erhalten. Probeer Squarespace via squarespace.com/crashcourse voor een speciale aanbieding. Squarespace'i squarespace.com/crashcourse adresinden deneyin.

Squarespace: share your passion with the world. شارك شغفك مع العالم من خلال squarespace Squarespace: Teile deine Leidenschaft mit der Welt. Squarespace: deel je passie met de wereld. Squarespace: tutkunuzu dünyayla paylaşın.

Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. عُرضت فلسفة كراش كورس بالتعاون PBS Digital Studios Crash Course Philosophy wird produziert in Verbindung mit PBS Digital Studios. Crash Course Filosofie wordt geproduceerd in samenwerking met PBS Digital Studios. Crash Course Felsefe PBS Digital Studios ile üretilmiştir.

You can head over to their channel and check out a playlist of the latest episodes from shows like يمكنك زيارة قناتهم لمشاهدة قائمة التشغيل لآخر الحلقات لبرامج مثل shanks effects Du kannst rüber auf deren Channel gehen und eine Playlist mit den neuesten Folgen aus Formaten wie Je kan een kijkje nemen op hun kanaal voor de laatste afleveringen van shows als Onların kanalına giderek şöyle programlardan oluşmuş çalma listelerine bakabilirsiniz:

Shanks FX, PBS Space Time, and BBQ with Franklin. PBS , space time and BBQ with Franklin Shanks FX, PBS Space Time und BBQ with Franklin auschecken. Shanks FX, PBS Space Time, en BBQ with Franklin. Shanks FX, PBS Space Time, and BBQ with Franklin.

This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio تم تصوير هذه الحلقة في استديو the doctor Cherly C Kinney crash course studio Diese Folge von Crash Course wurde gefilmt im Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio Deze aflevering van Crash Course werd gefilmd in de Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio Crash Course'un bu bölümü Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio'da

with the help of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe. بمساعدة فريق الرسومات المبدعين وهو thought cafe mit der Hilfe dieser wunderbaren Menschen und unser gleichermaßen fantastisches Grafikteam ist Thought Cafe. met de hulp van deze geweldige mensen en ons evenzeer fantastisch grafisch team is Thought Cafe. bu harika insanların yardımıyla çekildi, ve aynı harikalıkta olan grafik ekibimiz: Thought Cafe.