Ketika Indonesia Melawan Komunisme di Asia
||against|||
Als Indonesien den Kommunismus in Asien bekämpfte
When Indonesia Fought Communism in Asia
Cuando Indonesia luchó contra el comunismo en Asia
Quand l'Indonésie combattait le communisme en Asie
インドネシアがアジアで共産主義と戦ったとき
Когда Индонезия боролась с коммунизмом в Азии
1975.
1975.
Mungkin merupakan tahun
|is|
A very dangerous year for Indonesia.
yang sangat berbahaya bagi Indonesia.
||dangerous|for|
which is very dangerous for Indonesia.
10 tahun setelah Indonesia menumpas PKI pada 30 September,
|||to suppress|the PKI||
10 years after Indonesia crushed the PKI on September 30,
ancaman akan menyusupnya kembali
threat||to infiltrate it|
communist threats of re-infiltration emerge
gerakan-gerakan komunisme
movement||
communism movements
tumbuh di sekeliling Indonesia.
grow||around|
all around Indonesia.
Di bagian tenggara Indonesia,
|in the southeastern part|southeast|
To Indonesia's southeast,
Timor Timur sedang menjalankan proses
|East||is carrying out|
East Timor is undergoing decolonization
dekolonisasi dari Portugal.
decolonization||
decolonization from Portugal.
Di bagian utara,
|part|
In the north,
militer Amerika semakin dikalahkan
military||increasingly|is defeated
the American military is being pushed back
di Vietnam, Kamboja dan Laos
|Vietnam|Cambodia||Laos
in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos,
yang dengan sendirinya menegakkan
||by itself|establish
who all uphold communist ideologies in the region.
ideologi komunisme di kawasan tersebut.
|||region|the aforementioned
communism in the region.
Apabila Indonesia lengah,
If||is negligent
If Indonesia is indifferent,
negara-negara ini dapat menjadi markas
|this country||||headquarters
these countries could become bases
bagi simpatisan komunime di Indonesia.
for|sympathizers|communism||
for communist sympathizers in Indonesia.
Atau lebih parah lagi, dapat berkolaborasi
||worse|again||collaborate
Or worse, become collaborators
untuk memulai gerakan komunisme
||movement|
to spark communist campaigns
di Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura
in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
hingga akhirnya seluruh Asia.
until|||
and perhaps, all of Asia.
Lantas, bagaimana Indonesia dapat menghentikan
then||||stop
So how could Indonesia stop the spread
penyebaran komunisme di seluruh Asia Tenggara?
spread|||||Southeast
the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia?
(Melawan Komunisme di Asia)
against|||
(Fighting Communism in Asia)
Semenjak 1940-an,
Since|
Starting in the 1940's
satu persatu negara di Asia Tenggara
|one by one||||Southeast
countries in Southeast Asia
memperoleh kemerdekaannya.
obtain|its independence
began gaining their independence.
Tentunya, mereka harus segera memilih
Of course|||quickly|
With this, they needed to choose
ideologi serta bentuk negara masing-masing.
|and|form|||
what ideology and structure their countries would take.
Di sini, mereka diberikan dua pilihan
|||||options
There were two main choices
oleh negara besar lainnya.
that were backed by other major powers.
Antara mengikuti ideologi komunisme
Either follow a communist ideology
seperti Uni Soviet atau Republik Rakyat Cina,
similar to the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China,
(♪ pidato oleh Nikita Khruschev ♪)
spoke||Nikita|Khruschev
(♪ speech by Nikita Khruschev ♪)
Atau mengadopsi demokrasi dan liberalisme,
|to adopt|||liberalism
Or adopt democracy and liberalism
ala Barat.
wing|
like the West.
(♪ pidato oleh John F. Kennedy ♪)
speech||John|F|Kennedy
(♪ speech by John F. Kennedy ♪)
Pada akhirnya,
In the end,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina dan Thailand
|||the Philippines||Thailand
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand
memutuskan bahwa komunisme
||communism
decided that communism
bukanlah ideologi yang tepat.
|||correct
was not the right ideology.
Bahkan, merupakan sebuah ancaman.
even|is||threat
Rather, it was a threat.
Kelima negara tersebut pun membentuk
||the aforementioned||they formed
These five countries also formed the
Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara
Association||Nations||
Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
atau yang kita sebut sebagai ASEAN di tahun 1967.
|||call|as|||
also known as ASEAN, in 1967.
Tujuan dari organisasi tersebut adalah
the goal|||the organization|
The aims of the organization are:
untuk mempercepat pembangunan ekonomi,
|accelerate||
to accelerate economic growth,
menjaga keamanan dan kestabilan kawasan,
maintaining|security||stability|region
maintain regional security and stability,
dan memperkuat kerja sama antar anggota.
|strengthening|work|cooperation||members
and strengthen cooperation between members.
Kerja sama ini diharapkan
|||is expected
Such cooperation was hoped
untuk mempercepat pembangunan
|accelerate|
to increase development
dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
|improving|well-being|society
and improve community welfare.
Sehingga tidak ada lagi alasan bagi seseorang
so||||reason|to|someone
If successful, there would be no reason
untuk mengikuti kelompok-kelompok komunis
|join|group||
for someone to join communist groups
yang mengklaim akan memperjuangkan
|claiming||fight for
that claim to fight for people's welfare.
kesejahteraan bagi kala yang banyak.
well-being|for|||
prosperity for many.
Bukan hanya itu,
|only|
Not only that,
negara anggota ASEAN juga berjanji
||||promised
ASEAN member countries also promised
untuk tidak mencampuri urusan internal satu sama lain.
||to interfere with|affairs|internal|||
to steer clear of other members' internal issues.
Hanya saja,
However,
prinsip keanggotaan ASEAN masih terlalu minim.
principle|membership||||minimal
these ASEAN principles were not enough.
Pasalnya, ketika ini semua terjadi,
because||||happens
Because in the midst of all this,
terdapat dua kawasan yang tidak tersentuh pada prinsip-prinsip ini.
there are||areas|||untouched|||principles|
two regions remained untouched by these principles.
Di Timor bagian timur,
|Timor|part|
Eastern Timor for instance,
daerah ini masih dikuasai oleh Portugal,
|||controlled||
was still controlled by Portugal
dan tidak terlalu terlibat
||too|involved
and not too involved with Jakarta events.
dalam peristiwa-peristiwa Jakarta.
|events|event|
in the events of Jakarta.
Sedangkan di Indochina,
||Indochina
In Indochina, Vietnam was trying
Vietnam tengah berupaya
Vietnam|central|is making an effort
Vietnam is making efforts
untuk mempersatukan Kambodia dan Laos
|to unite|Cambodia||Laos
to unite Cambodia and Laos
dalam sebuah konfederasi komunisme.
||confederation|
into a Communist Confederation.
Namun,
but
However,
Vietnam ditentang oleh salah satu faksi
|detained||one||faction
Vietnam was opposed by a faction
dari partai komunis di Kamboja
||||Cambodia
of the communist party in Cambodia
yang dipimpin oleh Pol Pot.
|led||Pol|Pot
led by Pol Pot.
Pasalnya,
Because
This faction was worried that Vietnam
mereka khawatir bahwa Vietnam
|||Vietnam
they worry that Vietnam
akan menjajah Kamboja
|will invade|Cambodia
would colonize Cambodia as France did.
layaknya Perancis menjajah mereka dulu.
like||to colonize||
like the French colonized them first.
Pada tahun 1975,
In 1975,
Pol Pot berhasil mengambil kekuasaan Kamboja
||successful|take|power|Cambodia
Pol Pot took control of Cambodia
dari jenderal Lon Nol yang sebelumnya
||Lon|Nol||
from General Lon Nol who previously
melakukan kudeta terhadap Pangeran Sihanouk.
|coup|against|prince|Sihanouk
carried out a coup against Prince Sihanouk.
Posisi Pol Pot
Pol Pot's position
diperkuat dengan amarah masyarakat
strengthened||anger|society
was reinforced by public anger
terhadap Amerika Serikat
toward||
towards the United States
dan pemerintahan Lon Nol yang berkolaborasi
||Lon|||collaborates
and towards Lon Nol's collaboration
dan menjatuhkan ribuan bom di Kamboja.
|dropping|thousands|||
with the US in bombing Cambodia.
Meski sama-sama komunis,
Although|||
Although both parties were communist,
Pol Pot memiliki perselisihan dengan Vietnam
|||dispute||Vietnam
Pol Pot did not trust Vietnam
yang dianggapnya hendak menjajah kembali Kamboja.
|he considered|to intend|to colonize||Cambodia
as he believed they wanted to colonize Cambodia.
Sementara di Timur,
While||
Meanwhile in the East,
situasi serupa mulai terjadi.
|similar||
a similar situation began to occur.
Portugal mulai bekerja untuk melepaskan
||||release
Portugal was relinquishing control
jajahannya di Timor dan Mozambik
colonization||||Mozambique
of its colonies in Timor and Mozambique
setelah partai komunis Portugal
|party||
after the Portuguese Communist Party
mengambil alih pemerintahan di tahun 1974.
|take over|||
took over the government in 1974.
Beberapa aktivis beraliran kiri
||of leftist orientation|
Some leftist activists
mulai datang kembali ke Timor Timur
||again|||
began returning to East Timor
dan membentuk partai pro-kemerdekaan
|forming|||
and formed a pro-independence party
yang beraliran maoisme.
|of the Maoist stream|Maoism
under a Maoist ideology.
Partai ini bernama
This party was called
Fretilin.
Fretilin.
Pada pemilihan umum yang diprakarsai oleh Portugal,
|election|general||initiated||
In the general election initiated by Portugal,
Fretilin mendapat suara mayoritas.
|||majority
Fretilin received the majority vote.
Sementara partai pro-integrasi, APODETI,
||||APODETI
The pro-integration party, APODETI,
berada di urutan ketiga.
is||order|
was in third place.
(Ramos Horta: Kami bukanlah partai komunis)
|Horta||||communist
(Ramos Horta: We are not a communist party)
Pada tanggal 5 Juli 1975,
On July 5th 1975,
Presiden Soeharto bertemu dengan
President Soeharto met with
Presiden Amerika Serikat,
the President of the United States,
Gerald Ford.
Gerald|Ford
Gerald Ford.
Dalam pertemuan tersebut,
|meeting|the meeting
During the meeting,
mereka mendiskusikan strategi
||strategy
they discussed strategies
untuk menjaga keamanan di Asia Tenggara.
|to keep|security|||Southeast
for maintaining security in Southeast Asia.
Berdasarkan percakapan dari pertemuan tersebut,
Based on|conversation||meeting|the meeting
Based on these conservations,
Presiden Soeharto menyatakan bahwa
||stated|
President Soeharto stated that
kemenangan Vietnam dan Kamboja disebabkan
victory||||caused
Vietnam's and Cambodia's victories were caused
oleh fanatisme ideologi komunis
|fanaticism||
by fanaticism over communist idologies.
yang dapat disebarkan untuk mendorong
that||to be spread||encouraging
These could be spread to encourage
gerakan komunisme serupa di mana saja,
movement|communism|similar|||
similar communist movements anywhere,
tanpa memerlukan kekuatan militer yang kuat.
without|requiring|strength|||
without needing a strong military force.
Selain itu,
besides|
Apart from that,
Presiden Soeharto juga menyampaikan
|||to deliver
President Soeharto also expressed
pandangannya mengenai situasi Timor.
view|about||
his views on the situation in Timor.
Menurutnya,
according to him
According to him,
gerakan kemerdekaan di Timor Timur
movement||||
the independence movement in East Timor
sangat dipengaruhi oleh ideologi komunisme
|influenced|||
was heavily influenced by communist ideologies,
yang juga mensupresi pihak yang pro-Indonesia.
||suppresses|side|||
and suppressed pro-Indonesian parties.
Kembali lagi mereka bertemu di Jakarta.
again|||||
Again they met in Jakarta.
Kal ini,
this|
This time,
strategi dari kedua negara tersebut menjadi jelas.
the two countries' strategies became clear.
Untuk situasi di Indochina,
For the situation in Indochina,
Amerika Serikat, Thailand dan Republik Rakyat Cina
|||||People|
the United States, Thailand and the People's Republic of China
akan mendukung rezim Pol Pot
|supporting|the regime||Pot
supported Pol Pot's regime
unutk menghadang ambisi Vietnam.
to|to confront||
in order to block Vietnam's ambitions,
Mesikpun pemerintahan tersebut telah melakukan
The|||has|do
even though Pol Pot's government committed
genosida terhadap masyarakatnya sendiri.
|against|its society|
genocide against its own people.
Sedangkan bagi masalah Timor,
as for|as for|the issue|Timor
As for the Timor issue,
Presiden Soeharto mengungkapkan
||to express
President Soeharto took to
situasi yang semakin genting,
||increasingly|critical
the increasingly precarious situation
dan hendak meminta:
|want|
and decided to ask for:
Pengertian dari pihak Amerika Serikat
understanding||party||
Understanding from the United States
apabila Indonesia mengambil langkah drastis.
when||takes|step|
if Indonesia took drastic steps in the conflict.
Pada dasranya,
|in
Essentially,
Indonesia merasa bahwa operasi militer
Indonesia felt that military action was justified
tidak terelakkan demi menjaga keutuhan wilayah
|unavoidable|for the sake of|maintaining|integrity|territory
in order to maintain territorial integrity
dan menjaga keamanan Indonesia dari komunisme. Dan hal ini,
|maintain|security|||||this matter|this
and to protect Indonesia from communism.
didukung oleh Amerika Serikat.
supported|||
And all of this
(Pembawa berita: Desember 1975.)
news anchor||
was in turn supported by the United States.
Beberapa hari kemudian,
||later
(News anchor: December 1975.)
Indonesia mulai menyerang
||to attack
A few days later,
dan menduduki Timor Timur dalam Operasi Seroja.
|to occupy|||||Seroja
Indonesia began to attack and occupy
Dalam situasi ini,
In this situation,
seluruh anggota ASEAN, terutama Malaysia,
|members||especially|
During this event,
memberikan dukungan diplomatik
|support|diplomatic
all ASEAN members, especially Malaysia,
pada kebijakan Indonesia.
|policy|
provided diplomatic support to Indonesia.
Pasalnya,
Because
Because,
mereka sendiri juga pernah melawan
|||ever|against
The reason?
gerakan komunisme dalam negara mereka sendiri.
movement|||||
They themselves had fought
Namun, pada tahun 1978,
however||
communist movements in their own countries.
Vietnam menginvasi Kamboja
However, in 1978,
dan dengan sendirinya melebarkan pengaruhnya
||by itself|broaden|its influence
Vietnam invaded Cambodia
di seluruh Asia.
and expanded its influence throughout Asia.
Tampaknya, rencana mereka telah gagal.
apparently|||has|failed
Apparently, their plan had failed.
Indonesia beserta ASEAN khawatir bahwa Vietnam
|along with||||
Apparently, their plan had failed.
dapat melatih kadar komunis
|train|level|
can train communist levels
yang dapat dikirim ke negara-negara lain.
|that can be sent|||||
could train communist forces
Meskipun demikian,
although|nevertheless
which could be sent to neighboring countries.
menggunakan aset-aset militer
using|||
However,
untuk mengalahkan Vietnam sangatlah mustahil.
|defeat||very much|impossible
using military assets to defeat Vietnam 0:08:33.059,1193:02:47.295 Indonesia and ASEAN were worried that Vietnam
Karena Vietnam sudah lebih berpengalaman dalam berperang.
||||experienced||war
Because Vietnam is more experienced in war.
Menggunakkan cara-cara diplomatik pun
using|methods|||even
Vietnam had much more experience in war.
harus berhati-hati.
must|be careful|
Still, even diplomatic efforts warranted caution.
Pasalnya,
because
apabila Indonesia terlalu mengkritik Vietnam secara terbuka,
if|||||openly|openly
Because,
Vietnam dapat mengembalikan kritikan ini
||return|criticism|
if Indonesia criticized Vietnam too openly,
dengan mengungkit operasi militer Indonesia di Timor Timur.
|to leverage||||||
Vietnam could easily return this criticism
Indonesia serta ASEAN melakukan berbagai cara.
|and||||
by bringing up Indonesia's military actions in East Timor.
Dari mencegah pemerintahan pro-Vietnam
|preventing|||Vietnam
Indonesia and ASEAN tried a number of avenues.
untuk mendapatkan kursi di PBB,
|get|||UN
From preventing pro-Vietnam governments
mendirikan pemerintahan Kamboja di luar negeri,
establish||Cambodia|||
from gaining seats at the United Nations,
serta menampung pengungsi yang melarikan diri.
and|accommodate|refugee||fleeing|escape
to establishing a Cambodian government abroad
Pada akhirnya,
and accommodating refugees who fled.
Indonesia dan Malaysia kembali lagi
Indonesia||||
Ultimately,
menyarankan sebuah ide yang tercantum
suggest||||listed
Indonesia and Malaysia suggested another idea,
dalam Prinsip Kuantan.
||Kuantan
in the Quantan Principle.
Di dalamnya,
Inside it,
Presiden Soeharto dan Datuk Hussein Onn
||and|Datuk|Hussein|Onn
In it,
berpendapat bahwa solusi bagi permasalahan Kamboja
opine that|that|solution||problem|Cambodia
President Soeharto and Datuk Hussein Onn
harus bersifat politis dan bukan militer.
|be of a nature|political|||
argued that any solution to the Cambodia issue
Selain itu,
should be of political nature, not military.
Vietnam harus bisa menjadi negara netral
|must|can|||neutral
In addition,
agar tidak didikte oleh kekuasaan lain.
so that||dictated||power|
Vietnam must become a neutral country
Mendorong negara-negara besar seperti:
Encouraging||||
so as not to be dictated by other powers.
Amerika Serikat,
They encouraged major powers such as:
Cina,
the United States,
dan Uni Soviet
|the Soviet Union|
China
untuk tidak ikut campur.
|||interfere
and the Soviet Union
Serta penarikan seluruh personel militer Vietnam dari Kamboja.
as well as|withdrawal||personnel||||Cambodia
to not interfere,
Saran ini bukan hanya sekedar perkataan.
Suggestion||||just|words
along with the withdrawal of all Vietnamese military from Cambodia.
Pada Juli 1988,
These suggestions were not just mere words.
Indonesia menyelenggarakan Jakarta Informal Meeting
|organize||Informal|Pertemuan
In July 1988,
untuk melibatkan berbagai pihak
|involve|various|parties
Indonesia organized the Jakarta Informal Meeting
di konflik Kamboja dan Vietnam.
||||Vietnam
to bring together the different parties
Dan beberapa tahun kemudian,
|||later
involved in the Cambodia and Vietnam conflict.
Vietnam menarik seluruh pasukannya dari Kamboja.
|withdrew||its troops||
And a few years later,
Perdana Menteri Kambodia yang baru,
Prime|Minister|||
Vietnam withdrew all its troops from Cambodia.
yakni Hun Sen,
namely|Hun Sen|Sen
The new Prime Minister of Cambodia,
mulai mengejar kebijakan-kebijakan
|pursuing|policies|policies
Hun Sen,
yang berlainan daripada sosialisme.
|different|than|socialism
began to pursue policies
Selain itu,
besides|
different from that of socialism.
Vietnam, Kamboja, Laos dan Myanmar
||||Myanmar
In addition,
akan suatu saat menjadi anggota ASEAN,
|a|time||member|
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar
dan akan taat terhadap prinsip-prinsip
||obey|toward|principles|
would become members of ASEAN,
yang tidak akan mencampuri urusan internal negara lain.
|||interfere with||internal affairs||
and they too would adhere to the principles
Pada akhirnya,
of not interfering in other members' internal affairs.
ancaman komunisme yang ditakutkan Indonesia
threat of|||feared|
In the end,
tidak terjadi.
the communism threat that so alarmed Indonesia
Namun hal ini bukan berarti keamanan yang dicapai tidak tanpa korban jiwa.
but||||means|security||achieved|not|without|victim|
did not happen.
Di Timor, Kamboja, Laos dan Vietnam,
However, this did not mean
banyak korban jiwa termasuk warga cipil berjatuhan.
|victims|lives||citizen|civil|falling
that security was achieved without casualties.
Sebuah tragedi kemanusiaan
|tragedy|humanitarian tragedy
In Timor, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam,
yang sangat mengenaskan.
which||tragic
many people, including civilians, died.
Luka yang tertinggal dari keluarga terpisah,
Luka||left behind|||separated family
It was by all means, a human tragedy.
rumah yang harus ditinggalkan,
|||abandoned
the house to be left behind,
dan masa depan yang sirna
|era|future||vanished
The wounds left by family separation,
dapat dirasakan sampai sekarang.
|can be felt||
abandoned homes,
Tapi,
and lost futures,
bagi para pemimpin pada kala itu,
for||||time|
can still be felt today.
tragedi ini hanya satu
tragedy|||
However,
dari banyak keputusan yang harus diambil.
|many|decision|||made
for the leaders that day,
Bagi mereka, kepentingan nasional
For them||national interest|
this tragedy was only one
selalu berada di atas perikemanusiaan.
|be|||humanitarianism
of many options they needed to weigh.
Bahkan,
Even
For them, national interest
tragedi ini adalah buah dari persaingan
|||fruit||competition
trumped humanistic values.
antar negara komunis
between||
In fact,
dan strategi blok Barat
||block|
this tragedy was the fruit borne of competition
yang dengan mudah memecah-belah mereka.
||easily|breaks apart|split apart|
between communist countries
