Fall of The Roman Empire...in the 15th Century #12 |||||en||| Der Untergang des Römischen Reiches... im 15. Jahrhundert #12 Η πτώση της Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας... τον 15ο αιώνα #12 Caída del Imperio Romano... en el siglo XV #12 Chute de l'Empire romain... au 15ème siècle #12 ローマ帝国の滅亡...15世紀 #12 로마 제국의 몰락...15세기 #12 Upadek Cesarstwa Rzymskiego... w XV wieku #12 Queda do Império Romano... no século XV #12 Падение Римской империи... в 15 веке #12 Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Çöküşü... 15. Yüzyılda #12 Падіння Римської імперії... у 15 столітті #12 罗马帝国的衰落……15 世纪#12

Hi there, my name's John Green; this is Crash Course: World History, and today we're Hola, mi nombre es John Green; esto es Curso acelerado: Historia del mundo, y hoy estamos

going to talk about the fall of Rome.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green! Who's that pretty lady? ¡Sr. Green, Sr. Green, Sr. Green! ¿Quién es esa señora tan guapa?

That lady, me-from-the-past, is Emperor Justinian. We'll get to him in a minute. ||||||||Justinian||||||| Esa dama, yo-del-pasado, es el emperador Justiniano. Llegaremos a él en un minuto. Essa senhora, eu-do-passado, é o imperador Justiniano. Chegaremos a ele em um minuto.

[Theme Music]

How and when Rome fell remains the subject of considerable historical debate—

but today I'm going to argue that the Rome didn't really fully fall until the middle of the 15th century.

But first, let me introduce you to The Traditional View: Mas primeiro, deixe-me apresentar-lhe a visão tradicional:

Barbarians at the Gates. My, don't you look traditional? Bárbaros a las puertas. Vaya, ¿no pareces tradicional?

If you want to be really technical about it, the city of Rome was

conquered by bar bar bar barbarians in 476 CE. |||||||d.C.

There was a last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus, who ruled the empire for less than a year Hubo un último emperador romano, Rómulo Augusto, que gobernó el imperio durante menos de un año. Houve um último imperador romano Romulus Augustus, que governou o império por menos de um ano

before being deposed and sent into exile by Odoacer, ||deposed||||||Odoacer ||tahttan indirildi||||sürgüne gönderilmek|| antes de ser depuesto y enviado al exilio por Odoacro, antes de ser deposto e enviado para o exílio pelo Odoacer,

who was some kind of barbarian- we don't know for sure.

Ostrogoth, Hun, Visigoth, Vandals; they all looked the same to the Romans. Ostrogoth|Hun|Visigoth|Vandals||||||||

Rome had been sacked by barbarians before, most notably by Alaric the Visigoth in 410- |||sacked|||||especially||Alaric||| |||yağmalandı|||||özellikle||||| |||saqueada||||||||||

Is it Uh-lar-ick or Uh-lair-ick? The dictionary says Uh-lair-ick but

The Vampire Diaries say Uh-lar-ick so I'm going to go with Uh-lar-ick. The Vampire Diaries diz Uh-lar-ick, então eu vou com Uh-lar-ick.

But anyway, after 476, there was never again a “Roman” emperor in Rome.

Then there's the hipper anti-imperialistic argument— |||hipper|||

that's nice, but if you really want to go full hipster ||||||||||tam bir hipster isso é legal, mas se você realmente quer ficar hipster

you should probably deny that you're being hipst—

right, exactly—which goes like this:

Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it spread outside of Italy ||doomed|||||||||| ||mahkum oldu|||||||||| ||condenada||||||||||

because the further the territory is from the capital,

the harder it is to govern. |||||gobernar

Thus imperialism itself sowed the seeds of destruction in Rome. |||sowed||||destruction|| |||ekti|||||| |||sembró|||||| Assim, o próprio imperialismo plantou as sementes da destruição em Roma.

This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, ||||||||Roman|historian|Tacitus Dies war das Argument des römischen Historikers Tacitus,

although he put it in the mouth of a British chieftain. although||put||||mouth|||British|chieftain ||||||||||jefe embora ele tenha colocado na boca de um chefe britânico.

That sounded dirty, but it's not, it's all about context here on Crash Course: that|sounded||||||||||||Course ||sucio|||||||||||

"To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire; they make a desert and call it peace.” |||plunder||||||||||||||| |soygun|||||||||||||çöl haline getirirler|||| |robo|matanza|saqueo|||||||||||desierto|||| "Ao roubo, matança, pilhagem, eles dão o nome mentiroso de império; eles fazem um deserto e chamam isso de paz."

There are two ways to overcome this governance problem: |||||overcome|||

First, you rule with the proverbial topaz fist— ||||||topaz yumrukla|ilk olarak ||||||topaz|puño

that's not the proverb? Really, Stan? It's an iron fist? But topaz is much harder |||proverb|||||||||||

than iron. Don't these people know their Mohs scale of mineral hardness?.. |||||||||||dureza do que ferro. Essas pessoas não conhecem a escala de dureza mineral de Mohs?

Regardless, the Romans couldn't do this because their Ungeachtet dessen||||||| Yine de||||||| Independentemente disso, os romanos não poderiam fazer isso porque seus

whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate violence. |||||||||||prevented|indiscriminate| |||||||||||engelleyen|ayrım gözetmeyen|şiddet kullanımı |||envuelta|||||||||| toda a identidade estava envolvida em uma idéia de justiça que impedia a violência indiscriminada.

The other strategy is to try to incorporate conquered people into the empire more fully: ||||||||unterworfene||||||

In Rome's case, to make them Romans.

This worked really well in the early days of the Republic

and even at the beginning of the Empire. But it eventually led to

Barbarians inside the Gates.

The decline of the legions started long before Rome started getting sacked.

It really began with the extremely bad decision to incorporate Germanic warriors into the Roman Army.

Rome had a long history of absorbing people from the empire's fringes into the polity ||||||absorbing|||||fringes|||political entity |||||||||||fronteras||| Roma tinha uma longa história de absorver as pessoas das margens do império na sociedade

first by making them allies and then eventually by granting them full citizenship rights. ||||müttefikler haline getirerek|||||vererek||||

But usually these “foreign” citizens had developed ties to Rome itself; |||||sahip olmuştu||||| |||||||vínculos|||

they learned Latin, they bought into the whole idea of the aristocratic republic. eles aprenderam latim, compraram toda a idéia da república aristocrática.

But by the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, though, the empire had been forced to

allow the kind of riffraff into their army who didn't really care about the idea of ||||Gesindel||||||||||| ||||ayaktakımı||||||||||| ||||escoria||||||||||| ||||riffraff||||||||||| permitir o tipo de ralé em seu exército que realmente não se importava com a idéia de

Rome itself. They were only loyal to their commanders.

—And as you no doubt remember from the historical examples of

Caesar, Pompey, Marius, contemporary Afghanistan— this is not a recipe for domestic bliss. |||zeitgenössisch||||||||| |||çağdaş||||||||iç huzur|mutlu aile hayatı |||||||||receta|||felicidad

So here is Rome, stuck with a bunch of expensive and bloody

wars against Germanic peoples who were really good at fighting

and then they had a great idea: Why not fight with these guys?

So they essentially hired them and soon the Roman Legions were teeming with |||||||||||dolup taşmak| |||||||||||abundando| Então eles basicamente os contrataram e logo as Legiões Romanas estavam cheias de

these mercenaries who were loyal mostly to gold, |mercenaries|||||| |paralı askerler||||||

secondarily to their commanders, and not at all to Rome

which is a place that very few of them ever even saw. ki||||||||onların|||

I mean, why would they give a crap about the health and well-being of the empire? |||||||una mierda|||||||||

Am I allowed to say crap, Stan? Nice. |||||Mist||

This was of course a recipe for civil war, and that's exactly what happened with general

after general after general declaring himself Emperor of Rome.

So there was very little stability in the West. ||||||||Oeste

For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, 41 different people were either emperor or claimed to be emperor. |||||||||||behauptet|||

And after the year 200, many of the generals who were powerful enough

to proclaim themselves emperors weren't even Roman. |proclaim||||| |ilan etmek|||||

In fact, a lot of them didn't speak much Latin.

Oddly enough, one of the best symbols of the new face of the Roman Empire was sartorial. seltsamerweise||||||||||||||||bekleidungs- Garip bir şekilde||||||||||||||||terzilikle ilgili curiosamente||||||||||||||||sartorial ||||||||||||||||sartorial

Instead of the traditional tunic and toga of the glory days of the Senate, ||||tunik|||||||||

most of the new general-emperors adopted that most practical and most barbaric of garments: pants. ||||||||||||||garments| ||||||||||||||giysi| ||||||||||||||prendas|

Oh, which reminds me, it's time for the Open Letter.

An Open Letter to Pants:

But first let's see what's inside the secret compartment.

Oh, look, it's Rosie the Riveter! And she's wearing PANTS.

Dear Pants, Although you eventually became a symbol of patriarchal oppression, |||||||||patriarchal| |||||||||ataerkil baskı|baskı aracı

in your early days you were worn by both men and women. ||||||usada|||||

And in the days of the Roman Republic, they hated you.

They thought you barbarous. They thought that people wearing you was |||barbaric|||||||

the definition of people lacking civilization. ||||medeniyetten yoksun|

They ventured north and the wind blew up through their togas |gittiler|||||esti||||togaları |se aventuraron|||||||||

and lo and behold, they adopted pants. |he aquí||he aquí|||

And there's a history lesson in that, pants, which is that when people have to choose between

civilization and warm genitals, they choose warm genitals. |||genitals||||

Best Wishes, John Green

And now a note from our sponsor: Today's episode of crash course is brought

o you by the all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium, ||||||Oldsmobile| ||||||Oldsmobile Byzantium| ||||||Oldsmobile|Byzantium

mixing power and luxury in a way- Really? Oldsmobile isn't a company anymore?

And Byzantium is a place? Are you sure?

So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived til the 15th century?

Well that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire

(although not by the people who lived in it who identified themselves as Romans).

So while the Western empire descended into chaos, |||||kaosa sürüklendi||

the eastern half of the Empire had its capital in Byzantium, ||mitad||||||||

a city on the Bosporus Strait that Constantine would later rename Constantinople, ||||Bosporusstraße|Meerenge||||||Konstantinopel ||||||||||yeniden adlandırmak|

thereby paving the way for They Might Be Giants only mainstream hit. ||||||||||ana akım| así|allana|||||||||| assim, abrindo o caminho para o They Might Be Giants, apenas o sucesso principal.

Constantine had lots of reasons to move his capitol east.

For one thing he was born in modern-day Croatia, also he probably spoke better Greek than Latin, Por um lado, ele nasceu na Croácia moderna, provavelmente também falava grego melhor do que latim,

and plus the eastern provinces were a lot richer than the Western provinces and

from a looting perspective, you just want to be closer to where the good warring is. ||||||||||||||Kriegführung| ||looting||||||||||||| ||yağmalama açısından||||||||||||savaşların olduğu yer| ||saqueo||||||||||||belicoso| de uma perspectiva de saques, você só quer estar mais perto de onde está a boa guerra.

The enemies in the East, like the Persian Parthians and the Persian Sassanians, ||||||||||||Sassaniden Os inimigos no Oriente, como os partos persas e os sassanianos persas,

were real empires, not just bands of warriors.

And no matter who you were in world history, if you wanted to make a name for yourself

in terms of war, you really needed to be up against the Persians. em termos de guerra, você realmente precisava enfrentar os persas.

EVEN IF you were— wait for it—

the Mongols.

Not this time, friends.

As the political center of the Roman Empire shifted east, ||||||||verschob|

Constantine also tried to re-orient his new religion, Christianity, toward the east,

holding the first Church council in Nicaea in 325. ||||||İznik|

The idea was to get all Christians to believe the same thing-

that worked- but it did mark the beginning of the emperor ||||||||||Kaiser

having greater control over the Church.

That trend would of course later lead to tensions between the church centered at Constantinople ||||||||Spannungen||||||

and the one centered in Rome. But, more on that in a bit.

To give you a sense of how dramatic this shift was,

by the 4th century CE, Constantinople's population had soared ||||||||gestiegen ||||||||artmıştı ||||||||aumentado ||||||||soared

while Rome's had gone from 500,000 to 80,000.

And although the Byzantines spoke Greek not Latin, they considered themselves Romans |||Byzantiner||||||||

and if they did then we probably should too. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. e se eles fizeram, provavelmente deveríamos também. Vamos para o balão de pensamento.

There was a lot of continuity between the old, Western Roman Empire, |||||continuity||||||

and the new, Eastern one. Politically, each was ruled by a single

(sometimes there were two, and once there were four– but let's forget about them

for now) who wielded absolute military power. ||||mutlak|| |||ejercía|||

War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines fought the Persian Sassanian Empire |||||||||||sassanidisch| ||||sürekli||||||||

and then various Islamic empires.

Trade and valuable agricultural land that yielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine ||||||erbrachte|||||| ||||||verimliydi|||||| ||||||produjo|||||| ||||||yielded||||||

Empire was like the Western Roman Empire, exceptionally rich, |||||||exceptionally| |||||||olağanüstü derecede|

and it was slightly more compact as a territory than its predecessor and much more urban, |||||||||||selefi||||kentsel

containing as it did all of those once independent Greek city states,

which made it easier to administer. |||||yönetmek

Also like their Western counterparts, the Byzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport. ||||||||spectacle||

Chariot races in Constantinople were huge, with thousands turning out at the Hippodrome ||||||||||||Hippodrome Savaş arabası|yarışlar|||||||||||Hipodrom carreras de carros|||||||||||| As corridas de carruagem em Constantinopla eram enormes, com milhares aparecendo no Hipódromo

to cheer on their favorites. |tezahürat etmek||| |animar|||

Big bets were placed and there was a huge rivalry not just about sports |||||||||rivalry||||

but also about political affiliations between the two main teams, ||||siyasi bağlantılar|||||

the Blues and the Greens- Thanks for putting us on the Greens, Thought

Bubble. That rivalry was so heated that riots often |||||||riots| |||||hararetli||isyanlar patlak verdi| |||||intensa||disturbios|

broke out between them. In one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people patlak verdi||||||||||

were killed.

Thanks Thought Bubble. But perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect

of Byzantine society was that they followed Roman law.

The Romans always prided themselves on being ruled by laws, |||gurur duymak||||||

not by men, and even though that's not actually the

case after the second century BCE, there's no question that the Eastern Roman

Empire's codification of Roman laws was one of it's greatest achievements. |codification||||||||| |kodifikasyonu|||||||||başarıları

And much of the credit for that goes to the most famous Byzantine Emperor,

at least after Constantine, Justinian.

I like your brooch, sir. |||Broşunuzu beğendim, beyefendi.| |||broche|

In 533 Justinian published the Digest, an 800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law books. |||the||||condensation|||| ||||Özet|||özet|||| ||||Digesto||||||| Em 533, Justiniano publicou o Digest, uma condensação de 800.000 palavras de 1.528 livros de direito latino.

And to go along with this he published the Institutes, |||||||||Enstitüler

which was like a curriculum for the Roman law schools that existed all through the Empire. ||||müfredat|||||||||||

Justinian, incidentally, was by far the most awesome of the Byzantine emperors. |Bu arada||||||en etkileyici||||

He was like the David Tennant of doctors.

He was born a peasant somewhere in the Balkans and than rose to became emperor in 527. ||||peasant||||||||||| ||||||||||daha sonra||||| ||||campesino|||||||||||

He ruled for almost 30 years and in addition to codifying Roman law, |||||||||codifying|| |||||||||kodifikasyonunu yaptı||

he did a lot to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire.

He took Carthage back, he even took Rome back from the Goths, although not for long. |||||||||||godos||||

And he's responsible for the building of one of the great churches in all of time—

which is now a mosque— the Hagia Sophia or Church of Saint Wisdom. ||||Moschee|||||||| ||||mezquita||Hagia||||||

So after one of those sporting riots destroyed the previous church,

he built this, which with its soaring domes became a symbol ||||||soaring|||| ||||||yükselen|kubbe(ler)||| ||||||elevadas|cúpulas||| ele construiu isso, que com suas cúpulas altas se tornou um símbolo

for the wealth and opulence of his empire. ||||opulence||| ||||zenginlik ve ihtişam|||

The Romans were remarkable builders and engineers and the Hagia Sophia is no exception:

a dome its equal wouldn't be build for another 500 years. |kubbe||||||||

But you would never mistake it for a Roman temple; ||||karıştırmak|||||

It doesn't have the austerity or the emphasis on engineering that you see, for instance, the Coliseum. ||||austerity|||||||||||| ||||sadelik||||||||||||

And this building in many ways functions a symbol for the ways the E esse edifício de muitas maneiras funciona como um símbolo das maneiras pelas quais

Eastern Roman Empire was both Roman and not.

But maybe the most interesting thing Justinian ever did was

be married to his controversial Theater Person of a wife, |||||Tiyatrocu eş||||

Theodora. Hey Danica, can we get Theodora up here?

Wow that is perfect. It's funny how married couples always look like each other.

Theodora began her career as an actress, dancer, and possible prostitute before become Empress. ||||||||||hayat kadını|||

And she may have saved her husband's rule by convincing him not to flee the city during |||||||||||||flee||| |||||||||ikna ederek||||||| |||||||||||||huir|||

riots between the Blues and Greens.

She also mentored a eunuch who went on to become a hugely important general- ||||eunuch||||||||| ||rehberlik etti||||||||||| ||mentoreó||eunucho|||||||enormemente||

Mentoring a eunuch sounds like a euphemism, but it's not. ||||||euphemism||| ||||||örtmece|||

And she fought to expand the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, ||||||||||boşanma hakları|||

and even had a law passed taking the bold stance |||||aprobada|||audaz| e até tinha uma lei aprovada assumindo a postura ousada

that adulterous women should not be executed. |adulterous||||| o kadının|zina yapan|||||

So, in short, the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy

of empire and war and law for almost 1000 years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome.

The Byzantines may not have spoken Latin, and few of their emperors came from Rome,

but in most important ways they were Romans. Except one REALLY IMPORTANT way.

The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity,

the branch we now call Eastern or sometimes Greek Orthodox. |rama||||||||

How there came to be a split between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions is complicated – ||||||división||||||||

you might even call it Byzantine.

What matters for us are the differences between the churches,

the main doctrinal one being about the dating of Easter, ||doctrinal||||||| |||||||datación||

and the main political one being about who rules whom.

Did I get my whom right there, Stan? YES!

In the West there was a Pope and in the East there was a Patriarch. ||||||||||||||Patriarch ||||||||||||||Patrik

The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

He sort of serves as god's regent on earth and he doesn't answer to any secular ruler. |||||||||||||||earthly| ||||||naip olarak|||||||||dünyevi| |una especie de|||||||||||||||

And ever since the fall of Rome, there has been a lot of tension in Western

Europe between Popes and kings over who should have the real power. Europa entre papas e reis sobre quem deveria ter o poder real.

But in the Orthodox church they didn't have that problem

because the Patriarch was always appointed by the Emperor. |||||nombrado|||

So it was pretty clear who had control over the church,

so much that they even have a word for it- caesaropapism: Caesar over Pope. ||||||||||caesaropapism||| ||||||||||Sezaropapizm: Sezar Papa'dan üstün||| ||||||||||cesaropapismo|||

But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor after 476 meant there was no one to challenge

the Pope, which would profoundly shape European history o Papa, que moldaria profundamente a história européia

over the next, like, 1200 years.

So I would argue that in some important ways, the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years

after it left Rome, but in some ways it still survives today.

It survives in our imagination when we think of this as east, and this as west; |||||dığında||||||||||

It survives in football rivalries that have their roots in religious conflicts; ||||rekabetler||||kökleri|||

and it survives in the Justinian law code which continues to be

the basis for much of civil law in Europe.

Next week we'll talk about the emergence of Islam over here...

How'd I do, Stan? Well, you can't win ‘em all.

Thanks for watching.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller,

our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history

teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and our graphics team is Thought Bubble.

Last week's Phrase of the Week was “Aristotelian logic”.

You can guess this week's Phrase of the Week or suggest new ones in Comments,

where you can also ask questions that our team of historians will endeavor to answer.

Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, Don't forget to be awesome. |||||||||memleketim|||||