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The Story of the Middle Ages, 11. The First Crusade

11. The First Crusade

The period of the Crusades lasts from the year 1095 to the year 1270.

In the great movement included between these dates we find, for the first time, practically the whole of Europe acting together for one end. And it was not only the rulers who were concerned; priests and kings, nobles, townsmen and peasants, alike took arms against the infidel. The story of the Crusades, therefore, is one of the most important and interesting parts of medieval history. Nothing can better show what the Middle Ages were like; and nothing helped more than they did to bring the Middle Ages to their end.

The object of this movement was to bring Palestine, where Christ had lived and died, again under the rule of Christians. Until the Arabs began their conquests in the seventh century, the land had been ruled by the Eastern Emperors. Even after the religion of Mohammed was established side by side with that of Christ, the Christians did not at first feel so badly about it. They were too busy at home, fighting Northmen and Hungarians, and settling the institutions under which they were to live, to give much attention to things so far way. Besides, the Arabs respected the holy places of the Christians, and allowed pilgrims to Jerusalem to come and go without harm or hindrance.

But about thirty years before William the Norman conquered England, a new race appeared in the East. The Turks, who were a rude fierce people from Central Asia, of close kin to the old Huns, conquered the Arabs; and the treatment of the Christian was thenceforth very different. The Turks were Mohammedans also; but they did not have the same respect for the religion of the Jews and Christians that the Arabs did. Besides, they were fiercer and more bloodthirsty, and in a short time they won from the Eastern Empire lands which the Arabs had never been able to conquer. Even Constantinople was not safe from them. "From Jerusalem to the Ægean Sea," wrote the Emperor of the East to a Western ruler, "the Turkish hordes have mastered all. Their galleys sweep the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and threaten the imperial city itself." In the West, too, quieter times had now come; and rulers and people could turn their attention abroad. Finally, there was now more enthusiasm for religion among all classes; so when pilgrims returned from Jerusalem, telling of outrages committed against Christian persons and against Christian holy places, it was felt to be a shame that this thing should be.

When, therefore, the Emperor of the East wrote to the Pope asking for aid against the Turks, the people of the West were in a mood to grant it. At a great Council held at Clermont, in France, in the year 1095, Pope Urban II. laid the matter before the clergy and princes. Most of those present were French; and Urban, who was himself a Frenchman, spoke to them in their own tongue. He told them of the danger to Constantinople and of the sad state of Jerusalem, while the western peoples were quarreling and fighting among themselves. In all that region, he said, Christians had been led off into slavery, their homes laid waste, and their churches overthrown. Then he appealed to his hearers to remember Charlemagne and the victories which he was believed to have won over the Arabs, and urged them to begin anew the war with the Mohammedans. "Christ himself," he cried, "will be your leader when you fight for Jerusalem! Let your quarrels cease, and turn your arms against the accursed Turks. In this way you will return home victorious and laden with the wealth of your foes; or, if you fall in battle, you will receive an everlasting reward! " To this appeal the Council, with one accord, made answer:

"It is the will of God! It is the will of God! " From all sides they hastened to give in their names for the holy war. Each person promising to go was given a cross of red cloth, which he was to wear upon his breast going to the Holy Land, and on his back returning. To those who "took the cross," the name "Crusaders" was given, from the Latin word which means cross. The winter following the Council was spent in getting ready. All classes showed the greatest zeal. Preachers went about among the people calling upon rich and poor, noble and peasant alike, to help free the Holy Land; and whole villages, towns, and cities were emptied of their inhabitants to join the Crusade. Many sold all they had to get the means to go; and thieves, robbers, and wicked men of all kinds promised to leave their wickedness and aid in rescuing the tomb of Christ Jesus from the infidels.

The time set for the starting of the Crusade was the early summer of the year 1096. But the common people could not wait so long. Under a monk named Peter the Hermit, and a poor knight called Walter the Penniless, great companies from Germany and France set out before that time. They had almost no money; they were unorganized; and there was no discipline or obedience in the multitude. The route which they took was down the river Danube, through the kingdoms of the Hungarians and Bulgarians, and so to Constantinople. Few of the people or their leaders had any idea of the distance, and as each new city came in sight many cried out: "Is this Constantinople?" In Hungary and Bulgaria the people attacked them because they were forced to plunder the country as they passed through, and many were slain. When they reached Constantinople, some of the unruly company set fire to buildings near the city, while others stripped off sheets of lead from the roofs of churches to sell them to Greek merchants. The Emperor hastened to get rid of his unwelcome guests by sending them across into Asia Minor. There within a few months Walter and most of his followers were slain by the Turks; and the expedition came to a sorrowful end.

Meanwhile the princes from France, Germany, and Italy were making ready their expeditions. While the Norman chiefs of Southern Italy were engaged in one of their many wars, a messenger came to them with the news that countless warriors of France had started on the way to Jerusalem, and invited them to join the expedition.

"What are their weapons, what their badge, what their war-cry?" asked one of the Normans.

"Our weapons," replied the messenger, "are those best suited to war; our badge, the cross of Christ; our war-cry, 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!' When he heard these words, the Norman tore from his shoulders his costly cloak, and with his own hands he made crosses from it for all who would follow him to the Holy Land. There he became one of the most famous and renowned of the Crusaders; and his followers showed that they could be as brave, as enterprising, and as skillful in fighting for the Holy Land, as they had been before in fighting for lands and goods in France, in England, and in Italy.

The Crusaders set out at last in five different companies. The first started in August, 1096; the last did not join the others, near Constantinople, until the next summer. The companies were made up of trained and armed knights, with chosen leaders, who had made many preparations for the expedition. They did not suffer so severely, therefore, as did the poor, ignorant people under Walter the Penniless. Still they encountered many hardships. It was already winter when the men of South France toiled over the mountains near Constantinople. "For three weeks," writes one of their number, "we saw neither bird nor beast. For almost forty days did we struggle on through mists so thick that we could actually feel them and brush them aside with a motion of the hand. " At last this stage of their journey came to an end, and the Crusaders arrived at Constantinople. In the lands north of the Alps, there were at that time none of the vast and richly ornamented churches and other buildings which later arose; all was poor, and lacking in stateliness and beauty. Constantinople, however, was the most beautiful city of the world; so the sight of it filled the Crusaders with awe and admiration. "Oh how great a city it is!" wrote one of their number; "how noble and beautiful! What wondrously wrought monasteries and palaces are therein! What marvels everywhere in street and square! It would be tedious to recite its wealth in all precious things, in gold and silver, in cloaks of many shapes, and saintly relics. For to this place ships bring all things that man may require. " Now that these sturdy warriors of the West were actually at Constantinople, the Greek Emperor began to fear lest they might prove more troublesome to his empire than the Turks themselves. "Some of the Crusaders," wrote the Emperor's daughter, "were guileless men and women marching in all simplicity to worship at the tomb of Christ. But there were others of a more wicked kind. Such men had but one object, and this was to get possession of the Emperor's capital." After much suspicion on both sides, and many disputes, the Emperor got the "Franks"—as the Crusaders were called—safely away from the city, and over into Asia Minor. There, at last, they met the Turks. At first the latter rushed joyously into battle, dragging ropes with which to bind the Christians captive; but soon they found that the "Franks" were more than a match for them. Nicæa, the city where Constantine held the first Church council, was soon taken; and the Crusaders then pressed on to other and greater victories.

Letter-writing was not nearly so common in those days as it is now; but some of the Crusaders wrote letters home, telling of their deeds. A few of these have come down to us across the centuries; and in order that you may learn what the Crusaders were thinking and feeling, as well as what they were doing, one of them is given here. The writer was a rich and powerful noble, and the letter was written while the army was laying siege, with battering rams and siege towers, to the strongly walled city of Antioch.

"Count Stephen to Adele, his sweetest and most amiable wife, to his dear children, and to all his vassals of all ranks,—his greeting and blessing: "You may be very sure, dearest, that the messenger (whom I send to give you pleasure) left me before Antioch safe and unharmed, and through God's grace in the greatest prosperity. Already at that time we had been continuously advancing for twenty-three weeks toward the home of our Lord Jesus. You may know for certain, my beloved, that of gold, silver, and many other kinds of riches I now have twice as much as your love had wished for me when I left you. For all our princes, with the common consent of the whole army and against my own wishes, have made me, up to the present time, the leader, chief, and director of their whole expedition.

"You have certainly heard that, after the capture of the city of Nicæa, we fought a great battle with the faithless Turks, and by God's aid conquered them. Next we conquered for the Lord all Roumania, and afterwards Cappadocia. Thence, continually following the wicked Turks, we drove them through the midst of Armenia, as far as the great river Euphrates. Having left all their baggage and beasts of burden on the bank, they fled across the river into Arabia.

"Some of the bolder of the Turkish soldiers, however, entered Syria and hastened by forced marches night and day to enter the royal city of Antioch before our approach. The whole army of God, learning this, gave due praise and thanks to the all-powerful Lord. Hastening with great joy to Antioch, we besieged it, and had many conflicts there with the Turks. Seven times we fought, with the fiercest courage and under the leadership of Christ, against the citizens of Antioch and the innumerable troops which were coming to its aid. In all these seven battles, by the aid of the Lord God, we conquered, and assuredly killed an innumerable host of them. In those battles, indeed, and in very many attacks made upon the city, many of our brethren and followers were killed, and their souls were borne to the joys of Paradise.

"In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own, we have by God's grace endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up to the present time. Many have already exhausted all their resources in this very holy expedition. Very many of our Franks, indeed, would have met death from starvation, if the mercy of God, and our money, had not helped them. Before the city of Antioch, and indeed throughout the whole winter, we suffered for our Lord Christ from excessive cold and great torrents of rain. What some say about the impossibility of bearing the heat of the sun throughout Syria is untrue, for the winter here is very similar to our winter in the West.

"When the Emir of Antioch—that is, its prince and lord—perceived that he was hard pressed by us, he sent his son to the prince who holds Jerusalem, and to the prince of Damascus, and to three other princes. These five Emirs, with 12,000 picked Turkish horsemen, suddenly came to aid the inhabitants of Antioch. We, indeed, ignorant of this, had sent many of our soldiers away to the cities and fortresses; for there are one hundred and sixty-five cities and fortresses throughout Syria which are in our power. But a little before they reached the city, we attacked them at three leagues' distance, with seven hundred soldiers. God surely fought for us against them; for on that day we conquered them and killed an innumerable multitude; and we carried back to the army more than two hundred of their heads, in order that the people might rejoice on that account.

"These things which I write to you are only a few, dearest, of the many deeds which we have done. And because I am not able to tell you, dearest, what is in my mind, I charge you to do right, to carefully watch over your land, to do your duty as you ought to your children and your vassals. You will certainly see me just as soon as I can possibly return to you. Farewell. " The capture of Antioch was the hardest task that the Crusaders had to perform; and it was not until three months later that the city was finally safe in their hands. Many of the Crusaders became discouraged meanwhile and started home. At this trying time, a priest declared that it had been revealed to him in a dream, thrice repeated, that the head of the spear which had pierced our Lord's side lay buried near one of the altars of a church near by; and it was further revealed, he said, that if this was found and borne at the head of the army, victory would surely follow. After long search, and much prayer and fasting, the "holy lance" was found. Then there was great joy and new courage among the Christians; and when next they marched against the Turks, the Crusaders fought more fiercely than ever. "Thanks to the Lord's Lance," writes one of their number, "none of us were wounded,—no, not so much as by an arrow. I, who speak these things, saw them for myself, since I was bearing the Lord's Lance." The Crusaders continued to fight valiantly until Antioch was theirs, and the armies which had marched to its relief were defeated and scattered.

The Crusaders were now free to march on to Jerusalem. There men and animals suffered much from lack of food and water. "Many," an old writer says, "lay near the dried-up springs unable to utter a cry because of the dryness of their tongues; and there they remained, with open mouths, and hands stretched out to those whom they saw had water." Again the priests saw visions; and it was promised to the Crusaders that if the army marched barefoot around the city for nine days, the city would fall.

So, a procession was formed, and the Crusaders marched around the city, with white-robed priests and bishops, cross in hand, at their head, chanting hymns and praying as they went. As the procession passed by, the Mohammedans mocked at them from the walls; and some beat a cross, crying out: "Look, Franks! It is the holy cross on which your Christ was slain! " After this the chiefs ordered an attack on the city from two sides. The Mohammedans were now beaten back from the walls by the showers of stones thrown by the hurling machines, while blazing arrows carried fire to the roofs of the buildings in the city. Battering rams, too, were at work breaking great holes in the solid walls, and scaling ladders were placed, by which the Christians swarmed over the ramparts. So, at last, the city fell.

Jerusalem,—the holy Jerusalem, which held the tomb of Christ—was now once more in the hands of the Christians. But what a terrible day was that! How little of the meek and just spirit of Christ did his followers show! "When our men had taken the city, with its walls and towers," writes one of the Crusaders, "there were things wondrous to be seen. For some of the enemy—and this is a small matter—were deprived of their heads; others, riddled through with arrows, were forced to leap down from the towers; and others, after long torture, were burned in the flames. In all the streets and squares there were to be seen piles of heads, and hands, and feet; and along the public ways foot and horse alike made passage over the bodies of the slain. " In this way the Crusaders fulfilled their vow to "wrest the Holy Sepulchre from the infidel." How many hundreds of thousands of lives, both Christian and Mohammedan, were lost to gain this end! What agonies of battle, what sufferings on the way, what numbers of women made widows and children left fatherless! And all this that the tomb of Christ might not remain in the hands of a people who did not accept His religion! How pityingly the Christ must have looked down upon this struggle with His mild, sweet eyes! How far away this bloodshed and war seems from the teachings of Him whose birth was heralded by the angels' cry: "Peace on earth, good will towards men! " "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy," said Christ; but this teaching, alas, the Crusaders seemed not to know.

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11. The First Crusade 这|| ||Crusade ||cruzada ||Крестовый поход 11. La Primera Cruzada 11. La première croisade 11. La prima crociata 11.第一回十字軍 11. A Primeira Cruzada 11. Первый крестовый поход 11. Birinci Haçlı Seferi 11. Перший хрестовий похід 11.第一次十字军东征 11.第一次十字軍東徵

The period of the Crusades lasts from the year 1095 to the year 1270. |||||продолжается|||||| ||||Crusading wars|extends|||year||| وتمتد فترة الحروب الصليبية من عام 1095 إلى عام 1270.

In the great movement included between these dates we find, for the first time, practically the whole of Europe acting together for one end. |的|伟大的|||||||||||||||||||||目的 |||||||dates|||||||almost entirely||||||||| وفي الحركة الكبرى المتضمنة بين هذه التواريخ نجد، ولأول مرة، أن أوروبا بأكملها تعمل معًا من أجل غاية واحدة. And it was not only the rulers who were concerned; priests and kings, nobles, townsmen and peasants, alike took arms against the infidel. ||||||||||священники|||дворяне|горожане|||все|||||неверные |||||||||worried, anxious, involved|clergy||||city dwellers||commoners|also|||||non-believer ||||||||||||||os burgueses||camponeses|igualmente|||||incrédulo ||||||||||||||市民||||||||异教徒 ||||||||||||||міщани||||||||невірний ||||||||||||||||||||||異教徒 ||||||||||||||||campesinos|||||| ولم يكن الحكام وحدهم هم المعنيين؛ الكهنة والملوك والنبلاء وسكان المدن والفلاحون، على حد سواء، حملوا السلاح ضد الكفار. И это касалось не только правителей: священники и короли, дворяне, горожане и крестьяне - все брались за оружие против неверных. The story of the Crusades, therefore, is one of the most important and interesting parts of medieval history. ||||||||||||||||middle ages| ||||||||||||||||história medieval| وبالتالي فإن قصة الحروب الصليبية هي واحدة من أهم الأجزاء وأكثرها إثارة للاهتمام في تاريخ العصور الوسطى. Nothing can better show what the Middle Ages were like; and nothing helped more than they did to bring the Middle Ages to their end. ||||||||是|||||||||||||||| ||||||Middle Ages|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||acercar|||||| لا شيء يمكن أن يظهر بشكل أفضل كيف كانت العصور الوسطى؛ ولم يساعدهم شيء أكثر مما فعلوا في إنهاء العصور الوسطى.

The object of this movement was to bring Palestine, where Christ had lived and died, again under the rule of Christians. 这个||||||||||||生活|||||||| وكان الهدف من هذه الحركة هو إعادة فلسطين، حيث عاش المسيح ومات، إلى حكم المسيحيين مرة أخرى. Until the Arabs began their conquests in the seventh century, the land had been ruled by the Eastern Emperors. ||арабы|||завоевания||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Eastern Emperors وحتى أن بدأ العرب فتوحاتهم في القرن السابع، كانت الأرض تخضع لحكم الأباطرة الشرقيين. Even after the religion of Mohammed was established side by side with that of Christ, the Christians did not at first feel so badly about it. |||||Мухаммеда|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||next||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||感到|||||||| وحتى بعد أن تم تأسيس دين محمد جنبًا إلى جنب مع دين المسيح، لم يشعر المسيحيون في البداية بالسوء تجاه هذا الأمر. They were too busy at home, fighting Northmen and Hungarians, and settling the institutions under which they were to live, to give much attention to things so far way. ||太||||||||||||||||||||||||如此||遥远的 |||||||Vikings||||establishing||||||||||||||||| |||||||викинги||||||||||||||||||||| لقد كانوا مشغولين للغاية في وطنهم، في قتال الشماليين والمجريين، واستيطان المؤسسات التي كان من المقرر أن يعيشوا في ظلها، بحيث لم يعطوا الكثير من الاهتمام للأمور حتى الآن. Besides, the Arabs respected the holy places of the Christians, and allowed pilgrims to Jerusalem to come and go without harm or hindrance. ||||||||||||паломников||Иерусалим||||||||препятствий In addition||||||||||||pilgrims||||||||harm or danger||obstacle ||||||||||||os peregrinos||||||||||obstáculo ||||||圣地||||||||||||来去|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||перешкода ||||||||||||los peregrinos||||||||||obstáculo إلى جانب ذلك، كان العرب يحترمون الأماكن المقدسة للمسيحيين، ويسمحون لحجاج القدس بالمجيء والذهاب دون ضرر أو عائق.

But about thirty years before William the Norman conquered England, a new race appeared in the East. |||||||норман||||||||| ||||||||||一个|||||| ولكن قبل حوالي ثلاثين عامًا من غزو ويليام النورماندي لإنجلترا، ظهر جنس جديد في الشرق. The Turks, who were a rude fierce people from Central Asia, of close kin to the old Huns, conquered the Arabs; and the treatment of the Christian was thenceforth very different. |土耳其人||是||||||||与||||||||||||||||||| |Turkish people||||uncivilized|aggressive|||||||related to||||Huns|||Arabs||||||||from that point|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||a partir de então|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||de allí en adelante|| |||||||||||||родства||||||||||||||||| الأتراك، وهم شعب فظ شرس من آسيا الوسطى، قريبون من الهون القدامى، غزاوا العرب؛ وأصبحت معاملة المسيحي منذ ذلك الحين مختلفة تمامًا. The Turks were Mohammedans also; but they did not have the same respect for the religion of the Jews and Christians that the Arabs did. |||мусульмане||||||||||||||||||||| |||Muslims||||||||||||||||||||| |||mohamedanos||||||||||||||||||||| |os turcos||||||||||||||||||||||| وكان الأتراك مسلمين أيضًا. لكنهم لم يكن لديهم نفس الاحترام لدين اليهود والنصارى الذي كان لدى العرب. Besides, they were fiercer and more bloodthirsty, and in a short time they won from the Eastern Empire lands which the Arabs had never been able to conquer. ||||||嗜血||||||||||||||||||||| |||more aggressive|||bloodthirsty||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||sedentos de sangue||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||кровожадные||||||||||||||||||||| علاوة على ذلك، كانوا أكثر شراسة وتعطشا للدماء، وفي وقت قصير استولوا على أراضي الإمبراطورية الشرقية التي لم يتمكن العرب من احتلالها قط. Even Constantinople was not safe from them. ||||||ellos "From Jerusalem to the Ægean Sea," wrote the Emperor of the East to a Western ruler, "the Turkish hordes have mastered all. ||||爱琴海||||||||||||||||掌控| ||||Aegean||||||||||||||masses||conquered completely| ||||||||||||||||||群れ||| ||||Эгейское море|||||||||||||турецкие|||овладели| كتب إمبراطور الشرق إلى حاكم غربي: «من القدس إلى بحر إيجه، سيطرت الجحافل التركية على كل شيء. Their galleys sweep the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and threaten the imperial city itself." |галеры||||||||||||| |warships|patrol or traverse|||||||||||| |galeras||||||||||||| |galeras|navegan por||||||||amenazan|||| قوادسهم تكتسح البحر الأسود والبحر الأبيض المتوسط، وتهدد المدينة الإمبراطورية نفسها". In the West, too, quieter times had now come; and rulers and people could turn their attention abroad. ||||тихие времена||||||||||||| |||| calmer||||||||||||| ||||más tranquilas|||||||||||||en el extranjero وفي الغرب أيضاً جاءت أوقات أكثر هدوءاً؛ ويمكن للحكام والشعوب تحويل انتباههم إلى الخارج. Finally, there was now more enthusiasm for religion among all classes; so when pilgrims returned from Jerusalem, telling of outrages committed against Christian persons and against Christian holy places, it was felt to be a shame that this thing should be. |||||||||||||||||||преступлениях||||||||||||||||||||| |||||excitement or zeal||||||||||||||outrages, offenses, violations||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||ofensas||||||||||||||||vergonha||||| |||||entusiasmo||||||||||||||atrocidades||||||||||||||||vergüenza||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||这件事||||||||||| وأخيرا، أصبح هناك الآن حماس أكبر للدين بين جميع الطبقات؛ لذلك عندما عاد الحجاج من القدس، وأخبروا عن الاعتداءات المرتكبة ضد المسيحيين وضد الأماكن المقدسة المسيحية، كان هناك شعور بأن هذا الأمر من العار.

When, therefore, the Emperor of the East wrote to the Pope asking for aid against the Turks, the people of the West were in a mood to grant it. ||||||||||||||||||||||||一个||向,给,致|| |for that reason||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||предоставить| ولذلك عندما كتب إمبراطور الشرق إلى البابا يطلب المساعدة ضد الأتراك، كان شعوب الغرب في مزاج يسمح لهم بذلك. At a great Council held at Clermont, in France, in the year 1095, Pope Urban II. ||伟大的||||克莱蒙|||||||| ||||||Clermont, France|||||||Pope Urban| |||Соборе|||Клермон|||||||| وفي المجمع الكبير الذي انعقد في كليرمون بفرنسا سنة 1095، تبنى البابا أوربان الثاني. laid the matter before the clergy and princes. ||问题|||||王子们 |||||religious leaders|| عرض الأمر على رجال الدين والأمراء. Most of those present were French; and Urban, who was himself a Frenchman, spoke to them in their own tongue. 大多数||||||||谁|是|||||||||| ||||||||||||француз||||||| وكان معظم الحاضرين فرنسيين. وتحدث إليهم أوربان، الذي كان هو نفسه فرنسيًا، بلغتهم. He told them of the danger to Constantinople and of the sad state of Jerusalem, while the western peoples were quarreling and fighting among themselves. |告诉|||的||||||||||||||||争吵|||| ||||||||||||||||||||arguing and fighting|||| ||||||||||||||||||||discutindo|||| ||||||||||||||||||||discutiendo y peleando|||| ||||||||||||||||||||ссорившиеся|||| وأخبرهم عن الخطر المحدق بالقسطنطينية وعن حالة أورشليم الحزينة، بينما كانت الشعوب الغربية تتقاتل وتتقاتل فيما بينها. In all that region, he said, Christians had been led off into slavery, their homes laid waste, and their churches overthrown. ||||||||||带走||||||||他们的|| ||||||||||||servitude|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||derrubadas |||||||||||||||destruidas|destruidas||||destruidas, arruinadas وقال إنه في كل تلك المنطقة، تم دفع المسيحيين إلى العبودية، ودُمرت منازلهم، وأطيح بكنائسهم. Then he appealed to his hearers to remember Charlemagne and the victories which he was believed to have won over the Arabs, and urged them to begin anew the war with the Mohammedans. ||обратился|||слушателям|||Карл Великий|||победы||||||||||||призвал||||заново|||||мусульманами ||requested support|||||||||||||||||||||encouraged||||afresh||||| |||||ouvintes|||||as vitórias||||||||||||e também|||||novamente||||| |||||听众||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||слухачі|||Карл Великий|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||apeló|||oyentes||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ثم ناشد مستمعيه أن يتذكروا شارلمان والانتصارات التي يعتقد أنه حققها على العرب، وحثهم على بدء الحرب من جديد مع المسلمين. "Christ himself," he cried, "will be your leader when you fight for Jerusalem! وصرخ قائلاً: "المسيح نفسه سيكون قائدكم عندما تقاتلون من أجل أورشليم!" Let your quarrels cease, and turn your arms against the accursed Turks. |||||||||的||土耳其人 |||stop|||||||cursed| |||припиніть|||||||прокляті| ||disputas|cesen las disputas|||||||malditos| ||||||||||amaldiçoados turcos| دعوا مشاجراتكم تتوقف، ووجهوا أسلحتكم نحو الأتراك الملعونين. In this way you will return home victorious and laden with the wealth of your foes; or, if you fall in battle, you will receive an everlasting reward! " |||||||||||||||enemies|||||||||receive||eternal| |||||||||||||||inimigos|||||||||||recompensa eterna| |||||||||cargado||||||enemigos|||||||||recibirás recompensa||recompensa eterna| بهذه الطريقة ستعود إلى وطنك منتصرًا ومحملاً بثروات أعدائك؛ أو إذا سقطت في المعركة، فسوف تحصل على مكافأة أبدية! " To this appeal the Council, with one accord, made answer: 对此|||||||一致|| |||||||agreement|| |||||||unánimemente|| ||заклик|||||узгоджено|| وقد أجاب المجلس بالإجماع على هذا النداء: 对此呼吁,理事会一致作出了回答:

"It is the will of God! 这是||这||| "إنها إرادة الله! "这是上帝的旨意! It is the will of God! " إنها إرادة الله! " 这是上帝的旨意!" From all sides they hastened to give in their names for the holy war. ||||||提供||||||| ||||rushed||||||||| ||||apressaram-se||||||||| سارعوا من جميع الجهات إلى تقديم أسمائهم للحرب المقدسة. Each person promising to go was given a cross of red cloth, which he was to wear upon his breast going to the Holy Land, and on his back returning. ||||||||||||||||佩戴||||||||||||背部| |||||||||||||||||||sobre o peito|||||||||| تم منح كل شخص يعد بالذهاب صليبًا من القماش الأحمر، والذي كان عليه أن يرتديه على صدره عندما يذهب إلى الأرض المقدسة، وعلى ظهره عندما يعود. Each person promising to go was given a cross of red cloth, which he was to wear upon his breast going to the Holy Land, and on his back returning. To those who "took the cross," the name "Crusaders" was given, from the Latin word which means cross. ||||||||十字军||||||||| ||||||||cross bearers||||||||| |||tomaram||a cruz|||||||||||| أما الذين "أخذوا الصليب" فقد أطلق عليهم اسم "الصليبيون" من الكلمة اللاتينية التي تعني الصليب. To those who "took the cross," the name "Crusaders" was given, from the Latin word which means cross. The winter following the Council was spent in getting ready. |||||||||准备 تم قضاء الشتاء الذي أعقب المجلس في الاستعداد. All classes showed the greatest zeal. |||||热情 |||||enthusiasm |||||entusiasmo intenso |||||завзяття أظهرت جميع الطبقات أعظم الحماس. Preachers went about among the people calling upon rich and poor, noble and peasant alike, to help free the Holy Land; and whole villages, towns, and cities were emptied of their inhabitants to join the Crusade. 传教士|||||||||||||||||||||||||||被|||||||| Clergy||||||||||||||the same|||||||||||||||||||||Crusade ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||порожні||||||| كان الدعاة يتجولون بين الناس ويدعوون الأغنياء والفقراء، والنبلاء والفلاحين على حد سواء، للمساعدة في تحرير الأرض المقدسة؛ وتم إفراغ قرى وبلدات ومدن بأكملها من سكانها للانضمام إلى الحملة الصليبية. Many sold all they had to get the means to go; and thieves, robbers, and wicked men of all kinds promised to leave their wickedness and aid in rescuing the tomb of Christ Jesus from the infidels. ||||||获得|||去||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||criminals|thieves||immoral|||||||||evil behavior||||rescuing||grave|||||| |||||||||||||||maus|||||||||maldade|||||||||||| باع الكثيرون كل ما كان لديهم للحصول على وسائل السفر؛ ووعد اللصوص واللصوص والأشرار من كل الأنواع بترك شرهم والمساعدة في إنقاذ قبر المسيح يسوع من الكفار.

The time set for the starting of the Crusade was the early summer of the year 1096. 这个||||||||||||||| كان الوقت المحدد لبدء الحملة الصليبية هو أوائل صيف عام 1096. But the common people could not wait so long. لكن عامة الناس لم يستطيعوا الانتظار كل هذا الوقت. Under a monk named Peter the Hermit, and a poor knight called Walter the Penniless, great companies from Germany and France set out before that time. ||||||||||||||一文不名|伟大的|||||||||| ||||||||||||||without money||groups of people||||||||| ||||||||||||||Безгрошевий||||||||||| تحت قيادة راهب اسمه بطرس الناسك، وفارس فقير يدعى والتر المفلس، انطلقت قبل ذلك الوقت شركات كبيرة من ألمانيا وفرنسا. They had almost no money; they were unorganized; and there was no discipline or obedience in the multitude. |||||||无组织|||||||||| |||||||disorderly|||||||compliance|||crowd لم يكن لديهم أي أموال تقريبًا. كانوا غير منظمين؛ ولم يكن هناك انضباط ولا طاعة في الجمهور. The route which they took was down the river Danube, through the kingdoms of the Hungarians and Bulgarians, and so to Constantinople. |||||||||||||||||保加利亚人|||| |path||||||||||||||||Bulgarians|||| |a rota|||||||||||||||||||| كان الطريق الذي سلكوه عبر نهر الدانوب، عبر ممالك المجريين والبلغار، ثم إلى القسطنطينية. Few of the people or their leaders had any idea of the distance, and as each new city came in sight many cried out: "Is this Constantinople?" ||||||||||||||||||来|||||||| قليل من الناس أو قادتهم كان لديهم أي فكرة عن المسافة، ومع ظهور كل مدينة جديدة صرخ الكثيرون: "هل هذه القسطنطينية؟" In Hungary and Bulgaria the people attacked them because they were forced to plunder the country as they passed through, and many were slain. |||保加利亚|||||||||||||||||||| |Hungary||Bulgaria|||||||||||||||||||| وفي المجر وبلغاريا هاجمهم الناس لأنهم اضطروا إلى نهب البلاد أثناء مرورهم، وقُتل الكثير منهم. When they reached Constantinople, some of the unruly company set fire to buildings near the city, while others stripped off sheets of lead from the roofs of churches to sell them to Greek merchants. ||||||||||||||||||||床单||||||||||||| |||||||disorderly|||||||||||removed||sheets||lead|||tops of buildings|||||||| |||||||indisciplinada|||||||||||despojaram-se||chapas de||||||||||||| |||||||непокірний|||||||||||||||||||||||||| وعندما وصلوا إلى القسطنطينية، أشعل بعض أفراد الجماعة الجامحة النار في المباني القريبة من المدينة، بينما قام آخرون بتجريد صفائح الرصاص من أسطح الكنائس لبيعها للتجار اليونانيين. The Emperor hastened to get rid of his unwelcome guests by sending them across into Asia Minor. ||rushed||||||uninvited||||||||minor سارع الإمبراطور إلى التخلص من ضيوفه غير المرحب بهم بإرسالهم عبر آسيا الصغرى. The Emperor hastened to get rid of his unwelcome guests by sending them across into Asia Minor. There within a few months Walter and most of his followers were slain by the Turks; and the expedition came to a sorrowful end. |||||||||||||||||||来了|||悲伤的|结束 ||||||||||||||||||||||sad| ||||||||||||||||||||||triste| ||||||||||||||||||||||печальний| هناك في غضون بضعة أشهر قُتل والتر ومعظم أتباعه على يد الأتراك. وانتهت الرحلة نهاية حزينة.

Meanwhile the princes from France, Germany, and Italy were making ready their expeditions. ||||||||||||military campaigns وفي هذه الأثناء كان أمراء فرنسا وألمانيا وإيطاليا يستعدون لبعثاتهم الاستكشافية. While the Norman chiefs of Southern Italy were engaged in one of their many wars, a messenger came to them with the news that countless warriors of France had started on the way to Jerusalem, and invited them to join the expedition. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||出发|||||||||||| بينما كان الزعماء النورمانديون في جنوب إيطاليا منخرطين في إحدى حروبهم العديدة، جاءهم رسول يخبرهم بأن عددًا لا يحصى من المحاربين الفرنسيين قد بدأوا طريقهم إلى القدس، ودعاهم للانضمام إلى الحملة.

"What are their weapons, what their badge, what their war-cry?" |||||||||战争| ||||||emblem|||| ||||||insígnia|||| "ما هي أسلحتهم، ما هي شارتهم، ما هي صرخة الحرب الخاصة بهم؟" "Какое у них оружие, какой у них значок, какой у них боевой клич?" asked one of the Normans. سأل أحد النورمانديين.

"Our weapons," replied the messenger, "are those best suited to war; our badge, the cross of Christ; our war-cry, 'It is the will of God! |||||||最适合的|||||||||||||它||||| ||||||||||||emblem||||||||||||| أجاب الرسول: "أسلحتنا هي الأكثر ملاءمة للحرب: شارتنا، صليب المسيح، وصرختنا الحربية: إنها إرادة الله!" It is the will of God!' إنها إرادة الله! When he heard these words, the Norman tore from his shoulders his costly cloak, and with his own hands he made crosses from it for all who would follow him to the Holy Land. ||||||||||||||||||||制作了||||||||||||| |||||||ripped off|||||expensive cloak|||||||||cross|||||||||||| |||||||||||||マント|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||caríssima||||||||||||||||||||| عندما سمع النورماندي هذه الكلمات، مزق عباءته الباهظة الثمن من كتفيه، وصنع منها بيديه صلبانًا لكل من سيتبعه إلى الأرض المقدسة. There he became one of the most famous and renowned of the Crusaders; and his followers showed that they could be as brave, as enterprising, and as skillful in fighting for the Holy Land, as they had been before in fighting for lands and goods in France, in England, and in Italy. ||||||||||||||||||||||||有进取心的||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||well-known|||||||||||||||resourceful||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||підприємливий||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وهناك أصبح من أشهر الصليبيين وأشهرهم. وأظهر أتباعه أنهم يمكن أن يكونوا شجعانًا ومغامرين وماهرين في القتال من أجل الأرض المقدسة، كما كانوا من قبل في القتال من أجل الأراضي والبضائع في فرنسا وإنجلترا وإيطاليا.

The Crusaders set out at last in five different companies. |||||||||队伍 انطلق الصليبيون أخيرًا في خمس سرايا مختلفة. The first started in August, 1096; the last did not join the others, near Constantinople, until the next summer. ||||||final||||||||||| بدأت الأولى في أغسطس عام 1096؛ ولم ينضم الأخير إلى الآخرين بالقرب من القسطنطينية حتى الصيف التالي. The companies were made up of trained and armed knights, with chosen leaders, who had made many preparations for the expedition. |groups|||||||||||||||||||journey كانت السرايا مكونة من فرسان مدربين ومسلحين، مع قادة مختارين، قاموا بالعديد من الاستعدادات للحملة. They did not suffer so severely, therefore, as did the poor, ignorant people under Walter the Penniless. ||||如此 这样|||||||||||| |||||harshly||||||||||| |||||серйозно||||||||||| وبالتالي، لم يعانوا بشدة كما فعل الفقراء والجهلة في عهد والتر المفلس. Still they encountered many hardships. ||faced, experienced, met||difficulties ومع ذلك واجهوا العديد من الصعوبات. It was already winter when the men of South France toiled over the mountains near Constantinople. ||||||||||辛勤工作||||| ||||||||||worked hard||||| ||||||||||苦労した||||| ||||||||||працювали важко||||| ||||||||||trabalhavam arduamente||||| لقد كان الشتاء بالفعل عندما كان رجال جنوب فرنسا يكدحون فوق الجبال القريبة من القسطنطينية. "For three weeks," writes one of their number, "we saw neither bird nor beast. |||||||||||||animal "لمدة ثلاثة أسابيع،" كتب أحدهم، "لم نر طيرًا ولا وحشًا. For almost forty days did we struggle on through mists so thick that we could actually feel them and brush them aside with a motion of the hand. " |||||||||雾|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||fog||dense|||||||||||||gesture||| |||||||||neblinas|||||pudemos||||||||||||| |||||||||туманах|||||||||||||||||| لمدة أربعين يومًا تقريبًا كنا نكافح عبر الضباب الكثيف لدرجة أننا تمكنا بالفعل من الشعور به وإبعاده جانبًا بحركة اليد. " For almost forty days did we struggle on through mists so thick that we could actually feel them and brush them aside with a motion of the hand. " At last this stage of their journey came to an end, and the Crusaders arrived at Constantinople. وأخيراً انتهت هذه المرحلة من رحلتهم، ووصل الصليبيون إلى القسطنطينية. In the lands north of the Alps, there were at that time none of the vast and richly ornamented churches and other buildings which later arose; all was poor, and lacking in stateliness and beauty. ||||||||||||||||||装饰华丽||||||||||||||庄严|| |||||||||||||||large||lavishly adorned|decorated||||||||||||||grandeur|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||荘厳さ|| ||||||||||||||||||оздоблені||||||||||||||величності|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||majestade|| في الأراضي الواقعة شمال جبال الألب، لم يكن هناك في ذلك الوقت أي من الكنائس الواسعة والمزخرفة الغنية والمباني الأخرى التي ظهرت فيما بعد؛ كان كل شيء فقيرًا ويفتقر إلى الفخامة والجمال. Constantinople, however, was the most beautiful city of the world; so the sight of it filled the Crusaders with awe and admiration. |||||||||||||||||||wonder|| لكن القسطنطينية كانت أجمل مدينة في العالم؛ فملأ منظرها الصليبيين بالرهبة والإعجاب. "Oh how great a city it is!" "أوه كم هي مدينة عظيمة!" wrote one of their number; "how noble and beautiful! كتب واحدا من عددهم؛ "كم هي نبيلة وجميلة! What wondrously wrought monasteries and palaces are therein! |奇妙地|||||是|其中 |marvelously|crafted|||||in them |驚くほど見事な|見事に作られた||||| ما أجمل الأديرة والقصور الموجودة فيها! What marvels everywhere in street and square! |wonders||||| ما العجائب في كل مكان في الشارع والميدان! It would be tedious to recite its wealth in all precious things, in gold and silver, in cloaks of many shapes, and saintly relics. |||||列举||||||||||||斗篷|||||圣洁的| |||boring||list out|||||||||||||||forms||holy|holy artifacts |||退屈な||||||||||||||マント|||||| |||||перераховувати|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||mantos||||||relíquias sagradas سيكون من الممل أن نقرأ ثروتها في كل الأشياء الثمينة، في الذهب والفضة، في عباءات متعددة الأشكال، والآثار المقدسة. For to this place ships bring all things that man may require. " |||||||||||need لأن السفن تحمل إلى هذا المكان كل ما قد يحتاجه الإنسان. " Now that these sturdy warriors of the West were actually at Constantinople, the Greek Emperor began to fear lest they might prove more troublesome to his empire than the Turks themselves. |||||||西方||||||||||||||||麻烦的||||||| |||strong|||||||||||||||for fear that|||||problematic||||||| والآن بعد أن كان هؤلاء المحاربون الغربيون الأشداء موجودين بالفعل في القسطنطينية، بدأ الإمبراطور اليوناني يخشى أن يكونوا أكثر إزعاجًا لإمبراطوريته من الأتراك أنفسهم. "Some of the Crusaders," wrote the Emperor's daughter, "were guileless men and women marching in all simplicity to worship at the tomb of Christ. ||||写道|||||天真无邪||||行进|||||||||| |||||||||without deceit|||||||innocence|||||grave|| |||||||||無邪気な|||||||||||||| |||||||||безхитрісні|||||||||||||| |||||||||ingênuos|||||||||||||| وكتبت ابنة الإمبراطور: "كان بعض الصليبيين رجالاً ونساءً ساذجين يسيرون بكل بساطة للعبادة عند قبر المسيح. But there were others of a more wicked kind. |||||||evil| |||||||malévolo| ولكن كان هناك آخرون من نوع أكثر شرا. Such men had but one object, and this was to get possession of the Emperor's capital." ||||||||||||імператора||| |esses homens|||||||||||||| هؤلاء الرجال لم يكن لديهم سوى هدف واحد، وهو الاستيلاء على عاصمة الإمبراطور. After much suspicion on both sides, and many disputes, the Emperor got the "Franks"—as the Crusaders were called—safely away from the city, and over into Asia Minor. ||distrust, doubt, skepticism||||||arguments or conflicts|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Мала وبعد الكثير من الشكوك لدى الجانبين، والعديد من الخلافات، تمكن الإمبراطور من إخراج "الفرنجة" - كما كان يُطلق على الصليبيين - بأمان من المدينة، إلى آسيا الصغرى. There, at last, they met the Turks. هناك، أخيرًا، التقوا بالأتراك. There, at last, they met the Turks. At first the latter rushed joyously into battle, dragging ropes with which to bind the Christians captive; but soon they found that the "Franks" were more than a match for them. |||||欢快地||||||||||||||||||||更强大||后者||| |||latter||happily|||pulling|ropes||||tie up|||prisoner|||||||||||||| |||este último||com alegria||à batalha|arrastando cordas|||||amarrarem os|||cativos|||||||||||||| في البداية اندفع الأخيرون إلى المعركة بفرح، وهم يجرون الحبال التي يربطون بها الأسرى المسيحيين؛ ولكن سرعان ما اكتشفوا أن "الفرانك" كانوا أكثر من مجرد مباراة لهم. Nicæa, the city where Constantine held the first Church council, was soon taken; and the Crusaders then pressed on to other and greater victories. 尼西亚||||||||||||||||||||||| وسرعان ما تم الاستيلاء على نيقية، المدينة التي عقد فيها قسطنطين أول مجمع كنسي؛ ثم واصل الصليبيون تحقيق انتصارات أخرى أكبر.

Letter-writing was not nearly so common in those days as it is now; but some of the Crusaders wrote letters home, telling of their deeds. |||||||||||||||||||||家|||| message||||||||||||||||||||||||| ولم تكن كتابة الرسائل شائعة في تلك الأيام كما هي الآن؛ لكن بعض الصليبيين كتبوا رسائل إلى الوطن يخبرونهم بأفعالهم. A few of these have come down to us across the centuries; and in order that you may learn what the Crusaders were thinking and feeling, as well as what they were doing, one of them is given here. وقد وصل إلينا عدد قليل منها عبر القرون؛ ولكي تتمكن من معرفة ما كان يفكر فيه الصليبيون ويشعرون به، وكذلك ما كانوا يفعلونه، فقد تم تقديم إحداها هنا. The writer was a rich and powerful noble, and the letter was written while the army was laying siege, with battering rams and siege towers, to the strongly walled city of Antioch. ||||||||||||||||||||攻城|攻城锤||||||||||安提阿 |nobleman|||||||||||||||||||siege equipment|battering rams||||||||||Antioch ||||||||||||||||||||облогові гармати||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||cerco|||tábuas de assalto|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||破城槌||包囲攻撃|||||||| كان الكاتب نبيلًا غنيًا وقويًا، وقد كتبت الرسالة بينما كان الجيش يفرض حصارًا بالمكباش وأبراج الحصار على مدينة أنطاكية ذات الأسوار القوية. 作家は裕福で力強い貴族であり、その手紙は、軍が破城槌と攻城塔で、壁の強いアンティオキアの街を包囲している間に書かれました。 Автор письма - богатый и влиятельный вельможа, а письмо написано в то время, когда армия с таранами и осадными башнями осаждала город Антиохию, обнесенный мощной стеной.

"Count Stephen to Adele, his sweetest and most amiable wife, to his dear children, and to all his vassals of all ranks,—his greeting and blessing: 伯爵||致|阿黛尔||最甜美的|||和蔼可亲||||||||||||||||| nobleman|||Adele||sweetest|||friendly|||||||||||||||||blessing ||||||||доброчесна||||||||||||||||| "كونت ستيفن لأديل، زوجته الأجمل والأكثر ودية، ولأولاده الأعزاء، ولجميع أتباعه من جميع الرتب، تحياته وبركاته: "Граф Стефан Аделе, своей милейшей и любезнейшей супруге, своим дорогим детям и всем своим вассалам всех рангов, - его приветствие и благословение: "You may be very sure, dearest, that the messenger (whom I send to give you pleasure) left me before Antioch safe and unharmed, and through God's grace in the greatest prosperity. ||||||||||||||你||||||||安全无恙|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||safe and sound||||favor, blessing||||success and well-being ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||в найбільшій процвітанні "كن على يقين يا عزيزي أن الرسول (الذي أرسله ليسر عليك) قد تركني قبل أنطاكية سالما سالما، وبنعمة الله في خير عظيم. Already at that time we had been continuously advancing for twenty-three weeks toward the home of our Lord Jesus. |||||||without interruption|||||||||||| بالفعل في ذلك الوقت كنا نتقدم باستمرار لمدة ثلاثة وعشرين أسبوعًا نحو بيت ربنا يسوع. You may know for certain, my beloved, that of gold, silver, and many other kinds of riches I now have twice as much as your love had wished for me when I left you. ||||确切的||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||dear one||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ربما تعرف على وجه اليقين، يا حبيبي، أنني أمتلك الآن من الذهب والفضة والعديد من أنواع الثروات الأخرى ضعف ما تمناه حبك لي عندما تركتك. You may know for certain, my beloved, that of gold, silver, and many other kinds of riches I now have twice as much as your love had wished for me when I left you. For all our princes, with the common consent of the whole army and against my own wishes, have made me, up to the present time, the leader, chief, and director of their whole expedition. |||||||agreement||||||||||||||||||||||leader of expedition||||mission لأن جميع أمرائنا، بموافقة مشتركة من الجيش بأكمله وضد رغبتي، جعلوني، حتى الوقت الحاضر، قائدًا ورئيسًا ومديرًا لرحلتهم بأكملها. 私たちのすべての王子たちは、軍全体の共通の同意を得て、私自身の希望に反して、現在まで、彼らの全遠征のリーダー、チーフ、ディレクターになりました。

"You have certainly heard that, after the capture of the city of Nicæa, we fought a great battle with the faithless Turks, and by God's aid conquered them. ||||||||||||||||||||不忠诚||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||treacherous||||||| ||||||||||||Нікея||||||||невірні||||||| "لقد سمعتم بالتأكيد أننا بعد الاستيلاء على مدينة نيقية، خاضنا معركة كبيرة مع الأتراك غير المؤمنين، وانتصرنا عليهم بعون الله. Next we conquered for the Lord all Roumania, and afterwards Cappadocia. |||||||罗马尼亚|||卡帕多奇亚 |||||||Romania|||Cappadocia region وبعد ذلك فتحنا للرب كل رومانيا، وبعد ذلك كبادوكيا. Next we conquered for the Lord all Roumania, and afterwards Cappadocia. Thence, continually following the wicked Turks, we drove them through the midst of Armenia, as far as the great river Euphrates. ||||||||||这|||||||||| From there|without interruption|||evil|||||||||Armenia|||||||Euphrates River それから|||||||||||||||||||| ||||ímpios|||||||||||||||| ومن هناك، تابعنا الأتراك الأشرار باستمرار، وطردناهم عبر وسط أرمينيا حتى النهر الكبير الفرات. Having left all their baggage and beasts of burden on the bank, they fled across the river into Arabia. ||||luggage||||load|||||ran||||| وبعد أن تركوا جميع أمتعتهم ومواشيهم على الضفة، هربوا عبر النهر إلى شبه الجزيرة العربية.

"Some of the bolder of the Turkish soldiers, however, entered Syria and hastened by forced marches night and day to enter the royal city of Antioch before our approach. |||braver||||||||||||forced marches||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||Антіохія||| "لكن بعض جرأة الجنود الأتراك دخلوا سوريا وسارعوا في مسيرات قسرية ليلا ونهارا لدخول مدينة أنطاكية الملكية قبل اقترابنا. The whole army of God, learning this, gave due praise and thanks to the all-powerful Lord. عندما علم جيش الله كله بذلك، قدم التسبيح والشكر للرب القدير. Hastening with great joy to Antioch, we besieged it, and had many conflicts there with the Turks. 急速地|||||||||||||||| rushing with joy|||||||attacked|||||battles|||| وأسرعنا بفرح عظيم إلى أنطاكية وحاصرناها، وكانت هناك صراعات كثيرة مع الأتراك. Seven times we fought, with the fiercest courage and under the leadership of Christ, against the citizens of Antioch and the innumerable troops which were coming to its aid. ||||||最激烈的|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||intense|||||||||||||||||||||| لقد حاربنا سبع مرات بأشد شجاعة وتحت قيادة المسيح ضد مواطني أنطاكية والقوات التي لا تعد ولا تحصى التي كانت تأتي لمساعدتها. In all these seven battles, by the aid of the Lord God, we conquered, and assuredly killed an innumerable host of them. |||||||||||||||肯定地|||||| |||||||||||||||certainly||||host|| |||||||||||||||безсумнівно|||||| في كل هذه المعارك السبع، بمعونة الرب الإله، انتصرنا وقتلنا عددًا لا يحصى منهم. In those battles, indeed, and in very many attacks made upon the city, many of our brethren and followers were killed, and their souls were borne to the joys of Paradise. |||||||||进行的|||||||弟兄|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||brothers in faith|||||||||carried away||||| في تلك المعارك، وفي العديد من الهجمات التي شنت على المدينة، قُتل العديد من إخوتنا وأتباعنا، وحملت أرواحهم إلى أفراح الجنة.

"In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own, we have by God's grace endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up to the present time. ||||||||||||||||||||||直到||这个|| ||||||||||||||||withstood, persevered, survived||||countless|||||| ||||||||||||||||витримали|||||||||| "في قتالنا ضد أعداء الله وأعداءنا هؤلاء، تحملنا بنعمة الله العديد من الآلام وشرورًا لا حصر لها حتى الوقت الحاضر. "In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own, we have by God's grace endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up to the present time. Many have already exhausted all their resources in this very holy expedition. ||||||resources||||| لقد استنفد الكثيرون بالفعل جميع مواردهم في هذه الحملة المقدسة للغاية. Very many of our Franks, indeed, would have met death from starvation, if the mercy of God, and our money, had not helped them. 非常||||||||||||||||||||||| في الواقع، كان عدد كبير جدًا من الفرنجة لدينا سيواجهون الموت جوعًا، لولا رحمة الله وأموالنا. Before the city of Antioch, and indeed throughout the whole winter, we suffered for our Lord Christ from excessive cold and great torrents of rain. ||||||||||||endured hardship||||||excessive||||heavy rains|| أمام مدينة أنطاكية، بل طوال الشتاء كله، كنا نعاني من أجل السيد المسيح من البرد الشديد وسيول الأمطار الغزيرة. What some say about the impossibility of bearing the heat of the sun throughout Syria is untrue, for the winter here is very similar to our winter in the West. |||||false claim||enduring||||||across all|||||||||||||||| ما يقوله البعض عن استحالة تحمل حرارة الشمس في عموم سوريا غير صحيح، فالشتاء هنا يشبه إلى حد كبير شتاءنا في الغرب.

"When the Emir of Antioch—that is, its prince and lord—perceived that he was hard pressed by us, he sent his son to the prince who holds Jerusalem, and to the prince of Damascus, and to three other princes. ||埃米尔||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||prince and lord|||||||||noticed|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||Емір||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| "ولما رأى أمير أنطاكية، أي رئيسها وسيدها، أننا مضايقون منا، أرسل ابنه إلى الأمير صاحب أورشليم، وإلى أمير دمشق، وإلى ثلاثة أمراء آخرين. These five Emirs, with 12,000 picked Turkish horsemen, suddenly came to aid the inhabitants of Antioch. ||酋长|||||||||||| ||Emirs|||||||||||| فجأة جاء هؤلاء الأمراء الخمسة، ومعهم 12 ألف فارس تركي مختار، لمساعدة سكان أنطاكية. These five Emirs, with 12,000 picked Turkish horsemen, suddenly came to aid the inhabitants of Antioch. We, indeed, ignorant of this, had sent many of our soldiers away to the cities and fortresses; for there are one hundred and sixty-five cities and fortresses throughout Syria which are in our power. ||||||||||||||||堡垒|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||fortresses|||||||||||strongholds||||||| ||невігласи||||||||||||||фортеці|||||||||||||||||| والحقيقة أننا، لجهلنا بذلك، أرسلنا العديد من جنودنا إلى المدن والحصون. لأن في أيدينا مئة وخمسة وستين مدينة وحصنًا في جميع أنحاء سوريا. But a little before they reached the city, we attacked them at three leagues' distance, with seven hundred soldiers. |||||||||||||units of distance||||| |||||||||||||三里||||| |||||||||||||ліг||||| ولكن قبل أن يصلوا إلى المدينة بقليل، هاجمناهم على مسافة ثلاثة فراسخ، بسبعمائة جندي. God surely fought for us against them; for on that day we conquered them and killed an innumerable multitude; and we carried back to the army more than two hundred of their heads, in order that the people might rejoice on that account. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||欢喜|在|| |||||||||||||||||countless number|countless crowd|||||||||||||||||||||celebrate||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||rejoice||| لقد قاتل الله عنا ضدهم؛ لأننا في ذلك اليوم غلبناهم وقتلنا جمعا لا يحصى. وأرجعنا إلى الجيش أكثر من مائتين من رؤوسهم، لكي يفرح الشعب بذلك.

"These things which I write to you are only a few, dearest, of the many deeds which we have done. ||||写||||||||||||哪些||| "هذه الأشياء التي أكتبها إليك هي مجرد جزء بسيط من الأعمال الكثيرة التي قمنا بها. And because I am not able to tell you, dearest, what is in my mind, I charge you to do right, to carefully watch over your land, to do your duty as you ought to your children and your vassals. ||||||||||什么|||||我|||||||||||||||||||||||| ولأنني لا أستطيع أن أخبرك، يا عزيزي، بما يدور في ذهني، فإنني أطلب منك أن تفعل الصواب، وأن تراقب أرضك بعناية، وأن تقوم بواجبك كما ينبغي تجاه أطفالك وأتباعك. You will certainly see me just as soon as I can possibly return to you. سوف تراني بالتأكيد بمجرد أن أتمكن من العودة إليك. Farewell. " goodbye وداع. " The capture of Antioch was the hardest task that the Crusaders had to perform; and it was not until three months later that the city was finally safe in their hands. كان الاستيلاء على أنطاكية من أصعب المهام التي كان على الصليبيين القيام بها؛ ولم تصبح المدينة آمنة في أيديهم إلا بعد ثلاثة أشهر. Many of the Crusaders became discouraged meanwhile and started home. ||||||||开始| ||||||in the meantime||| في هذه الأثناء أصيب العديد من الصليبيين بالإحباط وعادوا إلى ديارهم. Many of the Crusaders became discouraged meanwhile and started home. At this trying time, a priest declared that it had been revealed to him in a dream, thrice repeated, that the head of the spear which had pierced our Lord's side lay buried near one of the altars of a church near by; and it was further revealed, he said, that if this was found and borne at the head of the army, victory would surely follow. 在|||||||||||||||||三次|||的|||||||||||||||||祭坛||||附近||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||disclosed||||||three times|||||||||||||||hidden underground|||||sacred tables|||||||||furthermore||||||||||carried|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||three times|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||carried|||||||||| في هذا الوقت العصيب، أعلن كاهن أنه قد أُعلن له في الحلم، وتكرر ثلاث مرات، أن رأس الرمح الذي اخترق جنب ربنا كان مدفونًا بالقرب من أحد مذابح كنيسة قريبة؛ وقال إنه تبين أيضًا أنه إذا تم العثور على هذا وحمله على رأس الجيش فإن النصر سيأتي بالتأكيد. After long search, and much prayer and fasting, the "holy lance" was found. ||||||||||聖槍|| وبعد بحث طويل، وصلاة وصوم كثيرين، تم العثور على "الحربة المقدسة". Then there was great joy and new courage among the Christians; and when next they marched against the Turks, the Crusaders fought more fiercely than ever. |||||||||||||||||||||||with great intensity|| ثم كان هناك فرح عظيم وشجاعة جديدة بين المسيحيين. وعندما ساروا بعد ذلك ضد الأتراك، قاتل الصليبيون بشراسة أكثر من أي وقت مضى. "Thanks to the Lord's Lance," writes one of their number, "none of us were wounded,—no, not so much as by an arrow. "بفضل الرمح الرباني،" كتب أحدهم، "لم يصب أحد منا بجراح، لا، ليس بقدر ما أصيب بسهم. I, who speak these things, saw them for myself, since I was bearing the Lord's Lance." وأنا الذي أتكلم بهذه الأشياء رأيتها بنفسي، حيث كنت أحمل رمح الرب." The Crusaders continued to fight valiantly until Antioch was theirs, and the armies which had marched to its relief were defeated and scattered. |||||勇敢地||||||||||||||||| |||||bravely|||||||||||||assistance, support||||dispersed |||||勇敢に|||||||||||に向けて||救援|||| |||||valientemente||||||||||||||||| وواصل الصليبيون القتال ببسالة حتى أصبحت أنطاكية لهم، وانهزمت الجيوش التي سارت لنجدتها وتشتتت. The Crusaders continued to fight valiantly until Antioch was theirs, and the armies which had marched to its relief were defeated and scattered.

The Crusaders were now free to march on to Jerusalem. |十字军|||||||| أصبح للصليبيين الآن الحرية في السير إلى القدس. There men and animals suffered much from lack of food and water. هناك عانى الرجال والحيوانات كثيرًا من نقص الغذاء والماء. "Many," an old writer says, "lay near the dried-up springs unable to utter a cry because of the dryness of their tongues; and there they remained, with open mouths, and hands stretched out to those whom they saw had water." |||||||||||||||||||干燥||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||water sources|||make a sound||||||lack of moisture|||mouths|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||they remained|||||||||||||| "كثيرون،" كما يقول كاتب قديم، "رقدوا بالقرب من الينابيع اليابسة غير قادرين على إطلاق صرخة بسبب جفاف ألسنتهم؛ وبقيوا هناك، بأفواه مفتوحة، وأيدي ممدودة لمن رأوا أن لديهم ماء". ". Again the priests saw visions; and it was promised to the Crusaders that if the army marched barefoot around the city for nine days, the city would fall. |||||||||||||||||赤脚|||||||||| ||||prophetic dreams|||||||||||||without shoes|||||||||| ومرة أخرى رأى الكهنة رؤى. وقد وُعد الصليبيون أنه إذا سار الجيش حافي القدمين حول المدينة تسعة أيام فسوف تسقط المدينة.

So, a procession was formed, and the Crusaders marched around the city, with white-robed priests and bishops, cross in hand, at their head, chanting hymns and praying as they went. ||游行||||这 该||||||||穿袍的|||||||||||圣歌|||||走了 ||procession||||||||||||clothed in robes||||||||||singing|songs||||| ||procession|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| فتشكل موكب، وطاف الصليبيون حول المدينة، وعلى رؤوسهم كهنة وأساقفة يرتدون ثيابا بيضاء، وهم يرتلون الترانيم ويصلون أثناء سيرهم. As the procession passed by, the Mohammedans mocked at them from the walls; and some beat a cross, crying out: "Look, Franks! ||||||||||||||||||呼喊||| |||||||ridiculed|||||||||||||| |||||||嘲笑した|||||||||||||| |||||||насміхалися|||||||||||||| |||||||zombaram|||||||||||||| وأثناء مرور الموكب سخر المسلمون منهم من على الجدران. وقام البعض بضرب الصليب وهم يصرخون: "انظر يا فرانكس! It is the holy cross on which your Christ was slain! " ||||||||||killed إنه الصليب المقدس الذي قتل عليه مسيحكم! " After this the chiefs ordered an attack on the city from two sides. وبعد ذلك أمر الزعماء بشن هجوم على المدينة من الجانبين. The Mohammedans were now beaten back from the walls by the showers of stones thrown by the hurling machines, while blazing arrows carried fire to the roofs of the buildings in the city. ||||defeated|||||||rains||||||catapults|||fiery|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||throwing|||blazing|||||||||||| تم الآن صد المسلمين عن الأسوار بوابل من الحجارة التي ألقتها آلات القذف، بينما حملت السهام المشتعلة النار إلى أسطح المباني في المدينة. Battering rams, too, were at work breaking great holes in the solid walls, and scaling ladders were placed, by which the Christians swarmed over the ramparts. ||||||||||||||攀爬|梯子|||||||蜂拥|||城墙 breaking down|Battering rams|||||||||||||scaling|scaling devices|||||||climbed quickly|||defensive walls Battering||||||||||||||scaling||||||||||| وكانت الكباش أيضًا تعمل على إحداث ثقوب كبيرة في الجدران الصلبة، ووُضعت سلالم للتسلق، حيث اندفع المسيحيون فوق الأسوار. So, at last, the city fell. وهكذا سقطت المدينة أخيراً.

Jerusalem,—the holy Jerusalem, which held the tomb of Christ—was now once more in the hands of the Christians. ||||||||||||||||||这| أورشليم، القدس المقدسة، التي كانت تضم قبر المسيح، أصبحت الآن مرة أخرى في أيدي المسيحيين. But what a terrible day was that! ولكن يا له من يوم رهيب كان ذلك! How little of the meek and just spirit of Christ did his followers show! ||||温柔的||公正||||||| ||||humble||||||||| ||||謙虚な||||||||| ||||gentle||||||||| ||||manso|||espírito|||||| كم أظهر أتباعه القليل من روح المسيح الوديع والعادل! How little of the meek and just spirit of Christ did his followers show! "When our men had taken the city, with its walls and towers," writes one of the Crusaders, "there were things wondrous to be seen. |||||||||||||||||||东西|奇妙的||| ||||||||||||||||||||wondrous||| ||||||||||||||||||||maravilhosas de ver||| ||||||||||||||||||||wondrous = wonderful||| كتب أحد الصليبيين: "عندما استولى رجالنا على المدينة بأسوارها وأبراجها، كانت هناك أشياء عجيبة يمكن رؤيتها. For some of the enemy—and this is a small matter—were deprived of their heads; others, riddled through with arrows, were forced to leap down from the towers; and others, after long torture, were burned in the flames. ||||||这个|||||||||||布满箭孔||||||||||||||||折磨||||| ||||||||||||deprived of|||||pierced with arrows|||||||jump|||||||||suffering|||||fire ||||||||||||deprived|||||riddled|||||||to leap|||||||||||||| لأن بعض الأعداء – وهذا أمر صغير – حرموا من رؤوسهم. واضطر آخرون، مثقوبين بالسهام، إلى القفز من الأبراج؛ وآخرون احترقوا في النيران بعد تعذيب طويل. In all the streets and squares there were to be seen piles of heads, and hands, and feet; and along the public ways foot and horse alike made passage over the bodies of the slain. " ||||||||||||||||||||||道路|||||||||||| |||||squares||||||mounds||||||||along||||||||||||||| |||||||||||piles|||||||||||||||alike|||||||| في جميع الشوارع والميادين كانت هناك أكوام من الرؤوس والأيدي والأقدام؛ وعلى طول الطرق العامة، كانت الأقدام والخيول تمر فوق جثث القتلى. " In this way the Crusaders fulfilled their vow to "wrest the Holy Sepulchre from the infidel." |||||||||夺回|||圣墓||| |||||||promise||seize control of|||tomb||| |||||||||奪い取る|||||| |||||||||to wrest|||||| وبهذه الطريقة حقق الصليبيون تعهدهم "بانتزاع كنيسة القيامة من الكفار". How many hundreds of thousands of lives, both Christian and Mohammedan, were lost to gain this end! 多少||||||生命|||||||||| فكم من مئات الآلاف من الأرواح، مسيحيين ومسلمين، ضاعت من أجل تحقيق هذه الغاية! How many hundreds of thousands of lives, both Christian and Mohammedan, were lost to gain this end! What agonies of battle, what sufferings on the way, what numbers of women made widows and children left fatherless! |痛苦|||||||||||||寡妇们||||失去父亲的 |agony|||||||||||||women without husbands|||| يا لها من آلام المعركة، ويا لها من آلام في الطريق، وكم من النساء أصبحن أرامل، وكم من الأطفال تركوا بلا آباء! What agonies of battle, what sufferings on the way, what numbers of women made widows and children left fatherless! And all this that the tomb of Christ might not remain in the hands of a people who did not accept His religion! |||||grave||||||||||||||||| وكل هذا حتى لا يبقى قبر المسيح في أيدي قوم لم يقبلوا دينه! How pityingly the Christ must have looked down upon this struggle with His mild, sweet eyes! |可怜地|||||注视着||||||||| |with compassion||||||||||||gentle|| |pietosamente|||||||||||||| كم كان المسيح ينظر بشفقة إلى هذا الصراع بعينيه اللطيفتين اللطيفتين! How far away this bloodshed and war seems from the teachings of Him whose birth was heralded by the angels' cry: "Peace on earth, good will towards men! " ||||||||||||||||||||||||良好的||| ||||bloodshed||||||||||||announced|||||||||kindness, favor, goodwill|| ||||bloodshed||||||||||||annunciata||||||||||| وكم يبدو سفك الدماء والحرب هذا بعيدًا عن تعاليم ذاك الذي بشرت الملائكة بميلاده: "في الأرض السلام، وبالناس المسرة!". "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy," said Christ; but this teaching, alas, the Crusaders seemed not to know. |||仁慈的||||||||||||||||| Blessed|||compassionate people||||receive|compassion|||||||||||| |||merciful||||obtain|||||||alas|||||| قال المسيح: "طوبى للرحماء فإنهم يرحمون". ولكن يبدو أن الصليبيين، للأسف، لم يعرفوا هذا التعليم. "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy," said Christ; but this teaching, alas, the Crusaders seemed not to know.