داستان کشف اتم و ذرات سازندهی آن (2)
story|discovery|atom|and|particles|||it
Die Geschichte der Entdeckung des Atoms und seiner Bestandteile (2)
La storia della scoperta dell'atomo e delle sue particelle costituenti (2)
Het verhaal van de ontdekking van het atoom en zijn samenstellende deeltjes (2)
Historia odkrycia atomu i jego cząstek (2)
A história da descoberta do átomo e suas partículas constituintes (2)
Berättelsen om upptäckten av atomen och dess beståndsdelar (2)
Atomun ve onu oluşturan parçacıkların keşfinin öyküsü (2)
The story of the discovery of the atom and its building particles (2)
اما هرچقدر از هسته دورتر میشدن انرژیشون بیشتر بود.
but|the more|from|nucleus|farther|they became|their energy|more|was
But the farther they got from the nucleus, the more energy they had.
برای همین هروقت الکترون میخواست از یه مدار به مدار بالاتر بره،
for|this reason|whenever|electron|||from|a|orbit|to|orbit|higher|to go
That's why whenever an electron wanted to move from one orbit to a higher orbit,
باید یه مقدار مشخصی انرژی بهش داده میشد.
must|a|amount|specific|energy|to it|given|it was
a specific amount of energy had to be given to it.
یا برعکس، هروقت الکترون میخواست از یه مدار به مدار پایینتر بره،
or|conversely|whenever|electron|||from|a|orbit|to|orbit|||he goes
Or conversely, whenever an electron wanted to move from one orbit to a lower orbit,
یه مقدار مشخصی انرژی آزاد میکرد.
a|amount|specific|energy|free||
it would release a specific amount of energy.
این مدل، تا حدودی تونست مشکلات مدل رادرفورد رو برطرف کنه،
this|model|until|somewhat|he was able|problems|model|Rutherford|it|resolved|he does
This model somewhat managed to address the problems of the Rutherford model,
اما هنوزم ایراداتی داشت.
but|still|flaws|he had
but it still had some flaws.
به خاطر پیچیدگیهای بحث کوانتوم، وارد جزییاتش نمیشم چون هم ویدیو
for|sake of|||discussion|quantum|entering|its details|I won't|because|both|video
Due to the complexities of quantum discussion, I won't go into details because both the video
خیلی طولانی میشه هم ممکنه خیلی خستهکننده بشه.
very|long|it becomes|both|it might|very|||it becomes
will become very long and it might also become very boring.
به قول خود نیلز بور: «اگه مکانیک کوانتوم هنوز شما رو
to|saying|self|Niels|Bohr|if|mechanics|quantum|still|you|(object marker)
As Niels Bohr himself said: "If quantum mechanics hasn't deeply shocked you yet,
عمیقا شوکه نکرده، پس هنوز درکش نکردید!»
deeply|shocked|not done|then|still|understanding it|not done
then you haven't understood it!"
این مدل اتمی بور که معروفه به مدل منظومهی شمسی، برای اتمای
this|model|atomic|Bohr|that|is known|as|model|||system|for|atoms
This Bohr atomic model, which is known as the solar system model, worked well for simple atoms like hydrogen.
ساده مثل هیدروژن خوب جواب میداد اما برای اتمهای سنگینتر جوابگو نبود.
simple|like|hydrogen|well|answer|gave|but|for|||||responsive|was not
However, it was not adequate for heavier atoms.
یه ایراد دیگهای که داشت این بود که با اصل عدم
a|flaw|||that|had|this|was|that|with|principle|non
Another flaw it had was that it contradicted the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which is one of the important principles of quantum mechanics.
قطعیت هایزنبرگ که یکی از اصول مهم مکانیک کوانتومه تناقض داشت.
هرچند هنوزم برای نمایش اتمها از مدل اتمی بور استفاده میشه، یعنی هسته توی مرکز اتم و
although|still|for|display|atom|||||||||||||and
Although the Bohr atomic model is still used to represent atoms, meaning the nucleus is at the center of the atom and
الکترونهایی که مثل سیارات منظومهی شمسی دور هسته میچرخن.
||that|like|planets|||system|around|nucleus||
the electrons orbit around the nucleus like planets in the solar system.
به خاطر ایرادات مدل بور، دانشمندان دیگهای روی مدل کوانتومی
to|because of|flaws|model|Bohr|scientists|||on|model|quantum
Due to the flaws in the Bohr model, other scientists have worked on the quantum model
اتم کار کردن تا این مشکلات رو برطرف کنن.
of the atom to address these issues.
کسی که بیشتر از بقیه موفق بود، اروین شرودینگر دانشمند اتریشی بود.
someone|who|more|than|others|successful|was|Erwin|Schrödinger|scientist|Austrian|was
The one who was more successful than the others was Erwin Schrödinger, the Austrian scientist.
سال 1926 شرودینگر پیشنهاد کرد که الکترونها بهجای اینکه
year|Schrödinger|proposal|made|that|||||that
In 1926, Schrödinger proposed that instead of
روی مدارهای ثابتی اطراف هسته بچرخن، رفتار موجی دارن.
on|orbits|fixed|around|nucleus|they orbit|behavior|wave|they have
orbiting in fixed paths around the nucleus, electrons have wave-like behavior.
قبلا زیاد از این صحبت کردم که آزمایش یانگ نشون داد که نور
before|a lot|about|this|talk|I talked|that|experiment|Young|show|he showed|that|light
I have talked a lot about how Young's experiment showed that light
هم خاصیت ذرهای داره هم خاصیت موجی، و اینکه الکترونها هم همین دوگانگی رو دارن.
both|property|||has|also|property|wave-like|and|that|||also|this|duality|it|have
It has both particle and wave properties, and electrons also have this duality.
شرودینگر با یه سری محاسبات ریاضی نشون داد که الکترونها
Schrödinger|with|a|series|calculations|mathematical|show|he gave|that||
Schrödinger showed with a series of mathematical calculations that electrons
توی مناطق مشخصی اطراف هسته، احتمال حضور بیشتری دارن.
in|regions|specific|around|nucleus|probability|presence|more|they have
have a higher probability of being in specific regions around the nucleus.
یعنی ما نمیتونیم بگیم هر الکترون دقیقا کجاست بلکه میتونیم
that is|we|||say|each|electron|exactly|where it is|but||
This means we cannot say exactly where each electron is, but we can
از احتمال حضور الکترون توی هر نقطه صحبت کنیم.
from|probability|presence|electron|in|every|point|talk|we do
Let's talk about the probability of an electron being in any point.
به این مناطقی که الکترونها احتمال داره پیدا بشن، میگن اوربیتال.
to|these|regions|that|||probability|it has|find|they become|they say|orbital
The regions where electrons are likely to be found are called orbitals.
چهار نوع اوربیتال داریم به نام s و p و d و f که هرکدومشون یه شکلیان.
four|types|orbitals|we have|to|name|s|and|p|and|d|and|f|that|each of them|a||
There are four types of orbitals named s, p, d, and f, each having a different shape.
مثلا اوربیتال s کرویه، یا اوربیتال p به شکل دمبله.
for example|orbital|s|spherical|or|orbital|p|to|shape|dumbbell
For example, the s orbital is spherical, while the p orbital is dumbbell-shaped.
تا اینجا پروتون و الکترون کشف شده بودن اما آزمایشهای بیشتر
until|here|proton|and|electron|discovered|been|were|but|||more
Up to this point, protons and electrons had been discovered, but further experiments
نشون میداد که یه ذرهی دیگه هم باید وجود داشته باشه.
show|||that|a|||another|also|must|existence|have|it is
showed that there must be another particle.
بین سالهای 1920 تا 30 دانشمندان مختلف با آزمایشاتی که انجام دادن
between|||to|scientists|various|with|experiments|that|performed|they gave
Between the years 1920 and 1930, various scientists, through the experiments they conducted,
متوجه شدن که وقتی که اتمهای سبک رو با ذرات آلفا بمباران میکنیم
realized|they became|that|when|that|||light|them|with|particles|alpha|bombarding||
realized that when we bombard light atoms with alpha particles
یه پرتوی پرقدرتی تولید میشه که تحت تاثیر میدانهای الکتریکی و
a|ray|powerful|produced|it becomes|that|under|influence|||electric|and
A powerful ray is produced that is not affected by electric and
مغناطیسی قرار نمیگیره، پس از نظر بار الکتریکی باید خنثی باشه.
||||so|from|perspective|charge|electric|must|neutral|it is
magnetic fields, so it must be electrically neutral.
اولش دانشمندا فکر میکردن که این پرتو باید از جنس پرتوهای گاما باشه،
at first|scientists|thought|||that|this|ray|must|of|type|rays|gamma|it is
At first, scientists thought that this ray should be of the gamma ray type,
یعنی یه جور امواج الکترومغناطیسیه، مثل نور.
meaning|a|kind|waves|electromagnetic|like|light
which means it is a kind of electromagnetic wave, like light.
اما سال 1932 یه فیزیکدان انگلیسی به نام جیمز چدویک (James Chadwick)
but|year|a|physicist|English|to|name|James|Chadwick||
But in 1932, a British physicist named James Chadwick
که شاگرد ارنست رادرفورد بود، متوجه شد که سرعت این پرتوها از سرعت نور خیلی کمتره
that|student|Ernest|Rutherford|was|realized|became|that|speed|these|rays|from|speed|light|much|less
who was a student of Ernest Rutherford, realized that the speed of these rays is much less than the speed of light.
پس نمیتونه از جنس امواج الکترومغناطیس باشه، خاصیت ذرهایش باید خیلی بیشتر باشه.
so|||from|type|waves|electromagnetic|be|property|||must|much|more|be
So they cannot be of the nature of electromagnetic waves; their particle properties must be much greater.
بعد از کلی آزمایش و تحقیق مشخص شد که این ذراتی که این پرتوها رو تشکیل میدن
after|of|a lot of|experiments|and|research|clear|became|that|these|particles|that|these|rays|them|form|they give
After a lot of experiments and research, it became clear that these particles that make up these rays.
جرمشون تقریبا به اندازهی جرم پروتونه، بار الکتریکی هم ندارن.
their mass|almost|to|||mass|proton|charge|electric|also|they don't have
Their mass is almost equal to that of a proton, and they have no electric charge.
اسم این ذرات رو گذاشتن نوترون، یعنی مشخص شد هستهی اتم
name|this|particles|the|they put|neutron|meaning|determined|it became|||atom
These particles were named neutrons, meaning it was determined that the nucleus of an atom
علاوه بر پروتون، نوترون هم داره. اما داستان همینجا تموم نشد.
in addition|to|proton|neutron|also|it has|but|story|right here|finished|it didn't
has not only protons but also neutrons. However, the story doesn't end here.
تا اینجا فکر میکردیم پروتون و نوترون هم مثل الکترون یه ذرهی بنیادیه،
until|here|thought|||protons|and|neutrons|also|like|electrons|a|||fundamental
Up to this point, we thought that protons and neutrons were fundamental particles just like electrons.
یعنی خودش از ذرات کوچیکتری تشکیل نشده.
that means|itself|from|particles|smaller|formed|not formed
That means it is not made up of smaller particles.
اما اشتباه میکردیم. کارهای دانشمندای بعدی نشون داد که پروتون و نوترون هم
but|mistake|||works|scientists|next|show|he/she/it showed|that|protons|and|neutrons|also
But we were mistaken. The work of later scientists showed that protons and neutrons also
خودشون از ذرههای کوچیکتری به نام کوارک تشکیل شدن.
themselves|from|||smaller|to|name|quark|formed|they became
are made up of smaller particles called quarks.
الان نظر بیشتر دانشمندا اینه که کوارکها ذرات بنیادی ان
now|opinion|more|scientists|this is|that|||particles|fundamental|they are
Now the majority of scientists believe that quarks are fundamental particles.
اما یه نظر دیگهای هم وجود داره که کوارک از ذرات
but|a|opinion|||also|existence|has|that|quark|from|particles
But there is another opinion that quarks are made up of smaller particles.
کوچیکتری تشکیل شده ولی ما هنوز کشفش نکردیم.
smaller|formation|become|but|we|still|its discovery|we haven't done
However, we have not discovered them yet.
داستان اتم همچنان ادامه داره، هرچی جلوتر میریم پیچیدهتر میشه،
story|atom|still|continuation|has|the more|forward|||||it becomes
The story of the atom continues; the further we go, the more complex it becomes.
آزمایشها سختتر و طولانیتر میشن.
||||and|||they become
Experiments are getting harder and longer.
دیگه مثل زمانی که میخواستیم الکترون رو کشف کنیم،
no longer|like|time|when|||electron|it|discovery|we do
It's not like when we wanted to discover the electron,
با یدونه لامپ کاتدی کارمون راه نمیفته!
with|one|lamp|cathode|our work|way|it doesn't work
a single cathode lamp won't cut it!
الان به یه آزمایشگاه به عظمت سرن نیاز داریم تا بتونیم
now|to|a|laboratory|to|greatness|CERN|need|we have|so that|we can
Now we need a laboratory as vast as CERN to be able to
بیشتر تو دل اتمها فرو بریم و چیزای جدیدتری کشف کنیم.
more|in|heart|||deep|we go|and|things|newer|discovery|we do
delve deeper into atoms and discover new things.
نکتهی جالبش اینه که هرچی شناختمون از این بلوکهای سازندهی جهان یعنی اتمها
||interesting|this is|that|the more|our understanding|of|these|||||universe|that is||
The interesting point is that the more we understand these building blocks of the universe, namely atoms,
بیشتر میشه، اطلاعات بیشتری هم به دست میاریم از بیگبنگ و زمان تولد جهان.
more|it becomes|information|more|also|to|hand|we get|from|||and|time|birth|universe
the more information we gain about the Big Bang and the birth of the universe.
بهتر میتونیم درک کنیم که اون موقع چه اتفاقاتی افتاده که دنیای الان ما این شکلی شده.
better|||understanding|we do|that|that|time|what|events|happened|that|world|now|our|this|shape|has become
We can better understand what happened back then that shaped our current world.
اگه این ویدیو رو دوست داشتی لطفا یه لایک مهمونم کن،
if|this|video|it|like|you had|please|a|like|you treat me|
If you liked this video, please give me a like.
تا ویدیوی بعدی یادت باشه که بدون هیچ ترسی سوال بپرس!
until|video|next|remember|it is|that|without|any|fear|question|ask
Until the next video, remember to ask questions without any fear!
PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=1.73 PAR_CWT:AvJ9dfk5=4.05
en:AvJ9dfk5
openai.2025-02-07
ai_request(all=34 err=0.00%) translation(all=65 err=1.54%) cwt(all=753 err=19.79%)