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Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), From Aerobatics to Terror Bombing - Civil Aviation | Between 2 Wars | 1927 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1)

From Aerobatics to Terror Bombing - Civil Aviation | Between 2 Wars | 1927 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1)

Lindbergh, Earhart, barnstorming and more - the 1920s saw major changes in the skies

as airplanes, once only the province of the military or the eccentric went mainstream.

This was the golden age of aviation.

Welcome to Between 2 Wars, a chronological summary of the interwar years

covering all facets of life - the uncertainty, hedonism and euphoria

and ultimately humanity's descent into the darkness of The Second World War. I'm Indy Nydell.

In our episode about the development of aviation shortly after The Great War

we left off with the normalization of aircraft in a non-military context,

and the founding of the first commercial airlines.

In the 1920s, the development of aviation truly takes off, resulting in the Golden Era of Aviation.

After the war, many nations were stuck with thousands of military airplanes

for which they no longer had any use.

In America for example the government was stuck with a bunch of Curtis JN-4 'Jenny' biplanes

originally used for training pilots.

These they cheaply sold or auctioned, allowing air force veterans

or other enthusiasts to buy their own plane for as little as $200.

This soon allowed the general public to be introduced to the art of aviation.

One phenomenon that came out of this civilian purchase of aircraft is barnstorming.

At first, this was mostly former military pilots who would fly from town to town.

It was a nomad lifestyle and they were often referred to as "gypsy-flyers".

It also allowed many without a military background to reach the skies,

and many famous barnstormers were women or men and women of color.

After a few flybys to create some hype with the locals, they would land on or near a barn somewhere -

hence the name barnstormers - to perform aerial stunts and have people pay to fly along for a while.

Towns came to a standstill wherever they showed up,

as the entire community rushed to the chosen barn to behold the flying acrobatics.

Many people in rural areas had never seen a real-life airplane flying before

especially in the late 1910s and early 1920s.

The pilots would show off their flying skills - and keep in mind:

they did not have to have any qualifications like pilot's licences

or take into account any safety regulations, as there were none.

Anyhow, they did all kinds of tricks, like loop-the-loops and nosedives or spins,

some took it a step further by wing-walking, playing tennis on them or even switching planes mid-air.

As the decade unfolded, more and more of them explored new ways to stand out from the crowd

Some tried stuff like.. like flying through a barn's open door

which often resulted in a dead pilot and many dollars of property damage.

In fact, 470 accidents were reported between 1921 and 1923, resulting in 221 deaths.

The Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America argued that

the high rate of accidents was because of a lack of federal control.

This, and a growth of the aviation industry in general contributed to new regulation in 1925 and 1926

For the first time, aircraft had to be inspected and approved for airworthiness

and airmen had to pass a written and a physical test before they would be allowed to take to the skies.

Also, the minimum height off the ground where pilots now would be allowed to perform their stunts

was higher than was practical for a viewing audience on the ground

which put a real damper on barnstorming.

Though the regulations did not entirely extinguish barnstorming, which would continue into the 40s,

it greatly impacted and restricted civil aviation, and barnstorming will soon be a dying art.

Some pilots though took their daredevil skills to the next level.

More even than barnstorming, aviation records and the heroes that set and broke them

familiarized the Americans with the potential of aviation.

Frenchman Josef Sadi-Lecointe was the first to sustain a speed over 200 mph over several hours in 1922,

and in 1923 he broke the ceiling record by flying at an altitude of 11.145 meters.

But though records in speed, altitude and range had been frequently broken in the 1910s

new records occurred less and less frequently as the 1920s and 1930s rolled along.

But when they were broken - it was spectacular!

While Sadi-Lecointe set the speed record at 205 mph in 1921

Italian Mario de Bernardi was over a 100 mph faster in 1928, flying 318.5 mph in his Macci M.52

But there were many other aerial firsts to be achieved.

In 1924 a team of American army air service pilots completed the first

aerial East-West circumnavigation of the Earth.

And in 1927, Charles Lindbergh set out to be the first to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

He bought his own 'Jenny' in 1923, with which he went barnstorming in Texas, Nebraska and Minnesota

He and his partner Heston Benson traded plane rides for room and board at local inns and hotels

He would charge a local $5 for a 15 minute flight, while his partner Benson

performed wing-walks and encouraged the audience to buy rides from Lindbergh.

Lindbergh later wrote:

He enlisted in the US Air Force and passed his exams in March 1925, commissioned 2nd lieutenant

In 1926 he taught at a flight school in St. Louis area and flew airmail flights

That is when the had idea of competing for the Orteig prize

offered in 1919 for the first solo non-stop flight between Paris and New York of $25.000

Many pilots had already died trying.

Lindbergh carefully planned and calculated his flight

although the press did frame him "Lucky Lindy" afterwards.

With the help of some St. Louis businessman, he bought a custom designed Ryan NYP "New York to Paris" aircraft

a high-wing monoplane with a for the time gigantic tank containing 2.750 lbs of fuel.

After renaming the plane "The Spirit of St. Louis", he took off in the morning of May 20th 1927 form New York.

His venture had attracted some real attention by then, as many saw him as an all-American pioneer of aviation.

The nation held its breath for the duration of the flight, and after 33 hours and 30 minutes

of dizziness and sleep deprivation Charles Lindbergh made it to Paris.

He instantly became a figure of mythical proportions, but more importantly showed the world

what could be expected of aviation, causing investors to sink loads of money

into the aviation industry and boosting the credibility of civil aviation.

For the first time, people began to seriously imagine intercontinental air travel, even for the average Joe.

It wasn't just Lindbergh though, who triggered people's imaginations

and changed public perception of air travel.

After his success, many women aspired to be the first female to cross the Atlantic.

Some of them just went as a passenger of a male pilot, but what mattered to them - and the public -

was just to be the first woman to cross by plane, which caused enormous excitement in and of itself.

Some tried and died, some had to be rescued; the 5th to try was the famous British aviatrix Elsie Mackay

She even tried to make the crossing in February, for which people called her insane

as planes were not very well suited for icy circumstances at the time.

Several days after her departure parts of her plane washed ashore on the Irish coast.

In the spring of 1928, no woman had still ever crossed the Atlantic by plane.

A 55 years old wealthy woman named Amy Guest decided: she fly or be flown.

She bought a plane in secret and planned to enter trip in front of the British Parliament in London.

After her family got wind of her plans though, they've persuaded her to not do it

but instead have someone else take her place.

It was a woman called Amelia Earhart, a young pilot who had flown since 1921.

She had set the female altitude world record already in 1922, flying 14.000 ft high.

In April 1928 she joined pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot Louis Gordon

They departed from Newfoundland with their Fokker F.VIIb/3m on June 17th

20 hours and 40 minutes later they landed in South Wales in the UK,

Earhart became the first woman to ever cross the Atlantic in an airplane.

While she didn't fly the plane herself, she would later be the first woman

to actually make a solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932.

And then she would disappear in 1937, attempting a trip circumnavigating the Earth.

With Lindbergh and Earhart as well as many others the new modern era

of civil and commercial aviation began - and the sky was the limit!

Lindbergh himself would go on to promote aviation as a reliable form of transport,

touring with "The Spirit of St. Louis" through North and South America.

Actually one of the first ways in which aviation impacted public life was in the postal service.

By 1925, 14 million letters and packages were sent yearly in the US.

The 1925 Air Mail Act lay the foundation for the establishment of commercial airmail services

setting airmail rates and authorizing the government to sell airmail contracts to private enterprises.

The 1926 law went further: it established official airways

and required the government to build civil airports and develop navigational aids.

In 1927, the Department of Commerce constructed hundreds of light beacons,

95 emergency landing fields and 17 radio stations to provide pilots with weather information.

Still, airmail was heavily subsidized by the government, and was not lucrative on its own.

Under Postmaster General Harry S. New though air service began to enter a... more mature state.

He had airmail carriers also double as passenger transports:

that way they would make more money, making longer flights financially viable,

which led to the establishment of the first American passenger airlines.

The Ford trimotor 580 was used by almost all the US airlines.

These planes, introduced in 1928, could carry 14 or 15 passengers

together with their baggage - and packages and mail.

Western Air Express experimented to see if airlines could profit from passenger fares alone

and 5.000 passengers were flown from Los Angeles to San Francisco in a year.

But the company could not make ends meet without the airmail subsidies.

It was not until 1930 that the system was reorganized, and passenger aviation

began to be available to the masses at a reasonable price - and even then

for a long time to come - in fact, not until after WWII -

commercial air travel was neither cheaper, nor faster, nor safer, nor more comfortable than rail travel.

Planes had to fly around high mountains, it was dangerous to fly at night,

they had to stop often for fuel or maintenance.

Additionally it was very uncomfortable to fly in the badly isolated, loud, unpressurized planes.

But sure there were already people travelling by air, albeit next to some postal sacks,

and the first airfields began equipping their ports with passenger terminals and waiting rooms.

Besides, thanks to people like Lindbergh and Earhart, the potential was fully recognized everywhere.

The number of airline passengers in the US was less than 6.000 in 1926,

but grew to some 173.000 three years later.

The 1920s was when aviation became mainstream.

It was a time of development, innovation, investment, experimentation... and dreams.

Harry Guggenheim, son of a multimillionaire, established a foundation

to train aeronautical engineers in universities.

This delivered new technology like that which allowed James Doolittle to fly without visual bearings,

but only navigating with instruments, like a very accurate barometer,

artificial horizon, gyroscope and a radio direction beacon.

Similarly, the NACA - the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics - which will later become NASA

was the American government sponsor of the aviation industry's technology.

They invented an NACA cowling in 1927, which was basically a hood for the airplane's cylinder heads

but it reduced drag by as much as 60% and really streamlined aircraft,

which improved fuel efficiency and speed.

The cowling and other inventions like retractable landing gear

allowed aviation to become ever more commercially viable.

It soon allowed first successful airline plane, the DC-3, to be launched in 1935.

I have been talking a lot about America in this episode, I know,

From Aerobatics to Terror Bombing - Civil Aviation | Between 2 Wars | 1927 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1) |特技飞行||恐怖|||||||| Vom Kunstflug zur Terror-Bombardierung - Zivilluftfahrt | Zwischen 2 Kriegen | 1927 Teil 2 von 2 - YouTube (1) De las acrobacias aéreas a los bombardeos terroristas - Aviación civil | Entre 2 guerras | 1927 Parte 2 de 2 - YouTube (1) De la voltige à l'attentat - Aviation civile | Entre 2 guerres | 1927 Partie 2 sur 2 - YouTube (1) 曲技飛行からテロ爆撃へ - 民間航空｜2つの戦争の間｜1927 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1) 곡예비행에서 테러 폭격까지 - 민간 항공 | 두 전쟁 사이 | 1927년 2부 - YouTube (1) Nuo akrobatinio skraidymo iki teroro sprogdinimų - Civilinė aviacija | Tarpukario aviacija | 1927 m. 2 dalis iš 2 - "YouTube" (1) Da acrobacia aérea ao bombardeamento terrorista - Aviação Civil | Entre 2 Guerras | 1927 Parte 2 de 2 - YouTube (1) Akrobasiden Terör Bombardımanına - Sivil Havacılık | 2 Savaş Arası | 1927 Bölüm 2 / 2 - YouTube (1) Від вищого пілотажу до терористичних бомбардувань - Цивільна авіація | Між двома війнами | 1927 р. Частина 2 з 2 - YouTube (1) 从特技飞行到恐怖轰炸——民用航空两次战争之间 | 1927 年第 2 部分（共 2 部分） - YouTube (1)

Lindbergh, Earhart, barnstorming and more - the 1920s saw major changes in the skies 林德伯格|厄尔哈特|巡回表演|||||||||| |アーハート|バンストーミング|||||||||| Линдберг, Эрхарт, барнсторминг, и много чего ещё - крупные изменения случились в небе 1920х,

as airplanes, once only the province of the military or the eccentric went mainstream. |||||||||||古怪的人|| |||||||||||偏屈者|| когда аэропланы - ранее удел лишь военных да чудаков - стали достоянием масс. 飞机曾经只是军方或怪人的专属领域，如今却成为了主流。

This was the golden age of aviation. Это был золотой век авиации.

Welcome to Between 2 Wars, a chronological summary of the interwar years Вы смотрите "Меж Двух Войн", хронологический обзор межвоенной эпохи

covering all facets of life - the uncertainty, hedonism and euphoria |||||||享乐主义||极乐 где мы рассказываем о всех сторонах жизни - от неуверенности, сладострастия и эйфории,

and ultimately humanity's descent into the darkness of The Second World War. I'm Indy Nydell. и до поры, когда человечество погрузилось во мрак Второй Мировой. Я - Инди Найделл.

In our episode about the development of aviation shortly after The Great War В выпуске, посвящённом развитию авиации сразу после Великой Войны,

we left off with the normalization of aircraft in a non-military context, |上次||||标准化||||||| мы закончили рассказом об обустройстве авиации в мирных условиях

and the founding of the first commercial airlines. и основании первых коммерческих авиакомпаний.

In the 1920s, the development of aviation truly takes off, resulting in the Golden Era of Aviation. В 1920е авиастроение переживает настоящий подъём, приведший к Золотому Веку Авиации.

After the war, many nations were stuck with thousands of military airplanes После войны, у многих стран скопились тысячи военных аэропланов,

for which they no longer had any use. которые попросту некуда было девать.

In America for example the government was stuck with a bunch of Curtis JN-4 'Jenny' biplanes |||||||||||||||双翼飞机 Так, у американских властей осталось множество бипланов Curtis JN-4 "Дженни"

originally used for training pilots. |||训练|飞行员 предназначавшихся для обучения лётчиков.

These they cheaply sold or auctioned, allowing air force veterans |||||拍卖|||| Их распродавали по дешёвке или выставляли на аукцион, давая возможность ветеранам ВВС

or other enthusiasts to buy their own plane for as little as $200. и другим желающим приобрести себе самолёт за каких-нибудь $200.

This soon allowed the general public to be introduced to the art of aviation. Это вскоре позволило широкой публике приобщиться к искусству управления самолётом.

One phenomenon that came out of this civilian purchase of aircraft is barnstorming. В частности, распродажа самолётов гражданским породила явление, называемое "барнсторминг".

At first, this was mostly former military pilots who would fly from town to town. Поначалу речь шла о военных лётчиках в отставке, летавших от города к городу.

It was a nomad lifestyle and they were often referred to as "gypsy-flyers". |||游牧|||||||||| |||遊牧民|||||||||| За такой кочевой образ жизни их нередко величали "летучими цыганами".

It also allowed many without a military background to reach the skies, Кроме них, в небо смогли подняться и многие из тех, кто не имел отношения к армии,

and many famous barnstormers were women or men and women of color. |||飞行表演者||||||有色人种的女性|| |||バンストーマー|||||||| и немало известных барнстормеров были женщинами или цветными обоих полов.

After a few flybys to create some hype with the locals, they would land on or near a barn somewhere - |||飞越||||炒作||||||||或在|||| |||フライバイ||||盛り上がり|||||||||||小屋| Сделав пару пролётов, чтоб нагнать у местных ажиотаж, барнстормер садился где-нибудь у амбара

hence the name barnstormers - to perform aerial stunts and have people pay to fly along for a while. 因此|||||||特技||||||||为了|| - отсюда и пошло название (barnstormer = штурмовик амбаров) - а затем показывал воздушные трюки и катал желающих за плату.

Towns came to a standstill wherever they showed up, ||||停滞不前|||| В городах, где они появлялись, жизнь замирала -

as the entire community rushed to the chosen barn to behold the flying acrobatics. ||||||||||观看|||杂技表演 все спешили к тому самому амбару, чтобы полюбоваться на чудеса аэробатики.

Many people in rural areas had never seen a real-life airplane flying before |||乡村的|||||||||| В сельской местности многие никогда ещё не видывали настоящих самолётов,

especially in the late 1910s and early 1920s. особенно в конце 1910х - начале 1920х.

The pilots would show off their flying skills - and keep in mind: Лётчики демонстрировали свои умения - и тут важно вот что:

they did not have to have any qualifications like pilot's licences им не требовалось ни иметь какие-либо документы, вроде лётных прав,

or take into account any safety regulations, as there were none. ||||||规定|||| ни соблюдать правила безопасности - ведь таковых ещё просто не существовало.

Anyhow, they did all kinds of tricks, like loop-the-loops and nosedives or spins, |||||||例如|||||俯冲||旋转 ||||||||||||急降下|| Итак, они выделывали всяческие трюки: мёртвые петли, пике, штопоры; кто-то заходил дальше,

some took it a step further by wing-walking, playing tennis on them or even switching planes mid-air. 一些|||||||翼行||||||||||| а именно - на крылья; играл там в теннис, а то и пересаживался на другой самолёт прямо в воздухе.

As the decade unfolded, more and more of them explored new ways to stand out from the crowd |||展开|||||||||||||| В продолжение десятилетия, всё больше людей искали новые способы выделиться на общем фоне.

Some tried stuff like.. like flying through a barn's open door ||||||||谷仓的|| Кто-то пробовал, например... пролететь сквозь распахнутые двери амбара,

which often resulted in a dead pilot and many dollars of property damage. ||結果した|||||||||| что нередко приводило к гибели лётчика и немалому ущербу имуществу.

In fact, 470 accidents were reported between 1921 and 1923, resulting in 221 deaths. По правде говоря, только с 1921 по 1923 годы было зафиксировано 470 аварий с 221 жертвами.

The Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America argued that |航空商会|商会|||||| |航空の||||||| Американское отделение Торговой Палаты по Воздухоплаванию настаивало,

the high rate of accidents was because of a lack of federal control. что высокое число происшествий связано с отсутствием федерального контроля.

This, and a growth of the aviation industry in general contributed to new regulation in 1925 and 1926 Это, как и развитие авиапромышленности в целом, привело на принятию в 1925 и 1926 новых правил.

For the first time, aircraft had to be inspected and approved for airworthiness ||||||||||||适航性 ||||||||||||適航性 Впервые самолёту требовалось пройти техосмотр чтобы быть допущенным к эксплуатацию,

and airmen had to pass a written and a physical test before they would be allowed to take to the skies. а лётчику - сдать письменный экзамен и пройти медосмотр, чтобы ему позволили подняться в небо.

Also, the minimum height off the ground where pilots now would be allowed to perform their stunts Кроме того, минимальная высота над землёй, на которой отныне разрешалось выполнять трюки, 此外，飞行员现在被允许表演特技的最低离地高度

was higher than was practical for a viewing audience on the ground |||||||观众|||| стала слишком велика для того, чтобы зрители могли что-то хорошо разглядеть, 高于地面观众的实际观看高度

which put a real damper on barnstorming. ||||抑制因素||巡回表演 ||||ダンパー|| что это сильно осложнило жизнь барнстормерам.

Though the regulations did not entirely extinguish barnstorming, which would continue into the 40s, ||||||消灭||||||| И хотя новые правила не положили барнстормингу конец - он просуществовал до 40х -

it greatly impacted and restricted civil aviation, and barnstorming will soon be a dying art. ограничения круто повлияли на гражданскую авиацию, а барнсторминг стал вымирающим искусством.

Some pilots though took their daredevil skills to the next level. |||||特技飞行员||||| |||||無謀な||||| Кое-кто из пилотов вывел свои лихаческие умения на новый уровень.

More even than barnstorming, aviation records and the heroes that set and broke them Куда больше чем благодаря барнстормингу, молва об возможностях авиации в Америке разносилась

familiarized the Americans with the potential of aviation. 使美国人熟悉||||||| благодаря авиационным рекордам и тем смельчакам, что их ставили.

Frenchman Josef Sadi-Lecointe was the first to sustain a speed over 200 mph over several hours in 1922, ||||||||保持|||||||| ||||||||維持する|||||||| Француз Жозеф Сади-Лекуант первым пролетел несколько часов на скорости более 300 км/ч в 1922,

and in 1923 he broke the ceiling record by flying at an altitude of 11.145 meters. |||||||||||高度|| а в 1923 году он побил рекорд потолка, достигнув высоты в 11.145 метров.

But though records in speed, altitude and range had been frequently broken in the 1910s Но хоть всё новые рекорды в скорости, высоте и дальности в 1910х ставились довольно часто

new records occurred less and less frequently as the 1920s and 1930s rolled along. на протяжении 1920х и 1930х их удавалось побить всё реже и реже.

But when they were broken - it was spectacular! Зато когда удавалось - вот это было событие!

While Sadi-Lecointe set the speed record at 205 mph in 1921 Если Сади-Лекуант достиг рекорда в 205 миль / 330 км в час в 1921, то итальянец Марио де Бернарди

Italian Mario de Bernardi was over a 100 mph faster in 1928, flying 318.5 mph in his Macci M.52 обогнал его на более чем 100 миль в час в 1928, достигнув 318.5 миль/час (512.5 км/ч) на своём Макки М.52

But there were many other aerial firsts to be achieved. А ещё оставалось множество неприсвоенных титулов небесных первопроходцев.

In 1924 a team of American army air service pilots completed the first В 1924 году, команда американских военных лётчиков совершила первый

aerial East-West circumnavigation of the Earth. |||环绕地球||| кругосветный перелёт в направлении с востока на запад.

And in 1927, Charles Lindbergh set out to be the first to make a solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. А в 1927 Чарльз Линдберг поставил себе цель первым в одиночку без посадки пересечь Атлантический Океан.

He bought his own 'Jenny' in 1923, with which he went barnstorming in Texas, Nebraska and Minnesota Собственную "Дженни" Линдберг купил в 1923, и барнстормил на ней по Техасу, Небраске и Миннесоте.

He and his partner Heston Benson traded plane rides for room and board at local inns and hotels |||||||||||||||旅馆|| 他和他的搭档赫斯顿·本森用飞机换取当地旅馆和酒店的食宿

He would charge a local $5 for a 15 minute flight, while his partner Benson

performed wing-walks and encouraged the audience to buy rides from Lindbergh.

Lindbergh later wrote:

He enlisted in the US Air Force and passed his exams in March 1925, commissioned 2nd lieutenant |||||||||||||任官した|| Он вступил в ВВС США, в 1925 сдал экзамены, получив звание второго лейтенанта

In 1926 he taught at a flight school in St. Louis area and flew airmail flights В 1926 году он работал инструктором в лётной школе Сент-Луиса и развозил воздушную почту.

That is when the had idea of competing for the Orteig prize ||||||||||オルテイグ| Именно тогда ему пришла в голову идея побороться за приз Ортейга, обещанного в 1919 году первому,

offered in 1919 for the first solo non-stop flight between Paris and New York of $25.000 кто совершит одиночный беспосадочный перелёт между Нью-Йорком и Парижем, в размере $25.000.

Many pilots had already died trying. Многие пилоты уже сложили головы в борьбе за награду.

Lindbergh carefully planned and calculated his flight Линдбег основательно спланировал и просчитал всё для своего полёта,

although the press did frame him "Lucky Lindy" afterwards. хоть пресса и дала ему кличку "Счастливчик Линди" после его успеха.

With the help of some St. Louis businessman, he bought a custom designed Ryan NYP "New York to Paris" aircraft При поддержке предпринимателя из Сент-Луиса, он приобрёл построенный на заказ самолёт Ryan NYP (New York to Paris),

a high-wing monoplane with a for the time gigantic tank containing 2.750 lbs of fuel. |高翼||单翼飞机||||||||包含||| высокоплан с гигантским по тем временам топливным баком на 1.25 тонны топлива.

After renaming the plane "The Spirit of St. Louis", he took off in the morning of May 20th 1927 form New York. |改名する||||||||||||||||||| Окрестив самолёт "Духом Сент-Луиса", он вылетел из Нью-Йорка 20 мая 1927 года.

His venture had attracted some real attention by then, as many saw him as an all-American pioneer of aviation. Его задумка уже была на слуху, многие видели в нём всеамериканского небесного первопроходца.

The nation held its breath for the duration of the flight, and after 33 hours and 30 minutes |||||||飞行期间|||||||| |||||||間|||||||| Страна затаила дыхание на время его полёта, и после 33 часов и 30 минут

of dizziness and sleep deprivation Charles Lindbergh made it to Paris. |头晕||睡眠|缺乏|||||| |めまい|||不足|||||| недосыпа и головокружения Чарльз Линдберг достиг-таки Парижа.

He instantly became a figure of mythical proportions, but more importantly showed the world ||||||神话般的|神话般的比例|||||| Он в тут же стал живой легендой, но что ещё важнее - продемонстрировал миру

what could be expected of aviation, causing investors to sink loads of money чего можно ждать от авиации, чем побудил инвесторов вкладывать кучу денег

into the aviation industry and boosting the credibility of civil aviation. |||||||信誉||| в авиапромышленность, и упрочнил доверие к гражданской авиации.

For the first time, people began to seriously imagine intercontinental air travel, even for the average Joe. Впервые многие всерьёз поверили, что межконтинентальные полёты станут доступны и обычным людям.

It wasn't just Lindbergh though, who triggered people's imaginations |||||||人们的| Но не один лишь Линдберг будоражил умы людей,

and changed public perception of air travel. меняя общественное мнение о воздушном транспорте.

After his success, many women aspired to be the first female to cross the Atlantic. На волне его успеха, многие женщины захотели стать первой женщиной, перелетевшей Атлантику.

Some of them just went as a passenger of a male pilot, but what mattered to them - and the public - Кто-то оправлялся пассажиркой лётчиков-мужчин: но для них - и для общественности - важно было

was just to be the first woman to cross by plane, which caused enormous excitement in and of itself. просто стать первой, кто пересечёт океан в самолёте - это уже вызвало дикий ажиотаж.

Some tried and died, some had to be rescued; the 5th to try was the famous British aviatrix Elsie Mackay |||||||||||||||||女飞行员|| |||||||||||||||||女性パイロット|| Кто-то погиб, кого-то пришлось спасать; пятой в очереди стала известная британская лётчица Элзи Маккей.

She even tried to make the crossing in February, for which people called her insane Она даже отважилась отправиться в полёт в феврале, за что её прозвали сумасшедшей,

as planes were not very well suited for icy circumstances at the time. поскольку самолёты того времени не были особо приспособлены для морозных условий.

Several days after her departure parts of her plane washed ashore on the Irish coast. Через несколько дней после вылета обломки её самолёта прибило к берегам Ирландии.

In the spring of 1928, no woman had still ever crossed the Atlantic by plane. Уже шла весна 1928, а ни одна женщина так и не пересекла Атлантику на самолёте.

A 55 years old wealthy woman named Amy Guest decided: she fly or be flown. |||||||||||||飞 55-летняя богачка по имени Эми Гест решила: она полетит либо сама, либо как пассажир.

She bought a plane in secret and planned to enter trip in front of the British Parliament in London. ||||||||||旅行|||||||| Тайком она купила самолёт, намереваясь взлететь прямо от британского парламента в Лондоне. 她秘密购买了一架飞机，计划从伦敦英国议会前开始旅行。

After her family got wind of her plans though, they've persuaded her to not do it 之后|||得知|||||||||||| Прознав про этот замысел, семья убедила её не лететь самой, 但当她的家人得知她的计划后，他们劝她不要这么做

but instead have someone else take her place. а лучше дать другой женщине занять её место.

It was a woman called Amelia Earhart, a young pilot who had flown since 1921. Эту женщину звали Амелия Эрхарт: молодая лётчица, летавшая с 1921 года.

She had set the female altitude world record already in 1922, flying 14.000 ft high. Она уже установила рекорд высоты среди женщин, поднявшись в 1922 году на 14.000 футов / 4.300 м.

In April 1928 she joined pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot Louis Gordon В апреле 1928, она вошла в состав экипажа пилота Уилмера Штульца и второго пилота Луи Гордона.

They departed from Newfoundland with their Fokker F.VIIb/3m on June 17th |||纽芬兰||||||||| 17 июня они вылетели из Ньюфаундленда на Фоккере F.VIIb/3m.

20 hours and 40 minutes later they landed in South Wales in the UK, 20 часов 40 минут спустя они приземлились в Южном Уэльсе, в Британии.

Earhart became the first woman to ever cross the Atlantic in an airplane. Эрхарт стала первой женщиной, пересекшей Атлантику на самолёте.

While she didn't fly the plane herself, she would later be the first woman И хоть сама она самолёт не вела, впоследствии она стала-таки первой женщиной

to actually make a solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932. совершившей одиночный перелёт через Атлантический Океан - в 1932.

And then she would disappear in 1937, attempting a trip circumnavigating the Earth. |||||||||地球を一周する|| Позже, в 1937, она пропала без вести, пытаясь совершить кругосветный перелёт.

With Lindbergh and Earhart as well as many others the new modern era С Лидберга и Эрхарт, а также многих других, началась современная эра

of civil and commercial aviation began - and the sky was the limit! гражданской и коммерческой авиации - и все горизонты были открыты!

Lindbergh himself would go on to promote aviation as a reliable form of transport, Сам Линдберг стал продвигать авиацию как надёжный вид транспорта,

touring with "The Spirit of St. Louis" through North and South America. гастролируя вместе с "Духом Сент-Луиса" по Северной и Южной Америке.

Actually one of the first ways in which aviation impacted public life was in the postal service. Вообще-то, одной из первых отраслей, куда авиация внесла значительный вклад, стала доставка почты.

By 1925, 14 million letters and packages were sent yearly in the US. К 1925, в США аэропочтой доставлялось 14 миллионов писем и посылок в год.

The 1925 Air Mail Act lay the foundation for the establishment of commercial airmail services На основании Акта о Воздушной Почте от 1925 года появились платные услуги авиапочты:

setting airmail rates and authorizing the government to sell airmail contracts to private enterprises. акт устанавливал тарифы и наделял власти правом продавать лицензии частным компаниям.

The 1926 law went further: it established official airways В 1926 закон расширили: он устанавливал маршруты, а также обязывал власти

and required the government to build civil airports and develop navigational aids. возводить гражданские аэропорты и развивать средства навигации.

In 1927, the Department of Commerce constructed hundreds of light beacons, |||||||||灯塔 |||||||||灯台 В 1927 году минторг США построил сотни светомаяков,

95 emergency landing fields and 17 radio stations to provide pilots with weather information. 95 аварийных аэродромов и 17 радиостанций, оповещавших пилотов о погодных условиях.

Still, airmail was heavily subsidized by the government, and was not lucrative on its own. |航空邮件|||补贴|||||||盈利||| ||||補助されて|||||||||| И всё же, аэропочта нуждалась в крупных субсидиях от правительства, не принося прибыли сама по себе.

Under Postmaster General Harry S. New though air service began to enter a... more mature state. Впрочем, под началом генерального почтмейстера Гэри С. Нью, авиатранспорт начал... созревать.

He had airmail carriers also double as passenger transports: При Нью, почтовые самолёты стали заодно выполнять роль пассажирских: 他让航空邮件运送者兼任客运人员：

that way they would make more money, making longer flights financially viable, |||||||||||可行的 |||||||||||可能 так они приносили бóльшую прибыль, делая полёты окупаемыми, 这样他们就能赚更多的钱，让长途飞行在经济上可行，

which led to the establishment of the first American passenger airlines. а это привело к учреждению первых американских пассажирских авиакомпаний.

The Ford trimotor 580 was used by almost all the US airlines. ||三引擎|||||||| ||トライモーター|||||||| Форд Тримотор 580 использовался почти все авиакомпаниями США.

These planes, introduced in 1928, could carry 14 or 15 passengers Эти самолёты, появившиеся в 1928, перевозили по 14-15 пассажиров

together with their baggage - and packages and mail. вместе с их багажом - а также посылками и почтой.

Western Air Express experimented to see if airlines could profit from passenger fares alone ||||||||||||票价| ||||||||||||運賃| Вестерн Эйр Экспресс изучал возможность сделать прибыльными перевозки одних только пассажиров

and 5.000 passengers were flown from Los Angeles to San Francisco in a year. |||运送||||||||| и 5000 человек в том году пролетели по маршруту Лос Анжелес - Сан Франциско.

But the company could not make ends meet without the airmail subsidies. |||||使得||||||补贴 |||||||||||補助金 И всё же без субсидий на аэропочту компании не удавалось свести концы с концами. 但如果没有航空邮件补贴，该公司就无法维持收支平衡。

It was not until 1930 that the system was reorganized, and passenger aviation Лишь с 1930 систему реорганизовали, и пассажирские авиапелёты

began to be available to the masses at a reasonable price - and even then стали доступны широким слоям населения по приемлемым ценам - и даже после этого

for a long time to come - in fact, not until after WWII - ещё на протяжении долгого времени - по сути, только после окончания Второй Мировой -

commercial air travel was neither cheaper, nor faster, nor safer, nor more comfortable than rail travel. летать самолётами не было ни дешевле, ни быстрее, не безопасней, ни удобней, чем ездить поездами. 商业航空旅行既不比铁路旅行便宜，也不比铁路旅行快捷，也不比铁路旅行安全，也不比铁路旅行舒适。

Planes had to fly around high mountains, it was dangerous to fly at night, Самолётам приходилось облетать высокие горы, ночные полёты оставались опасными,

they had to stop often for fuel or maintenance. требовалось постоянно садиться для дозаправки и техосмотра.

Additionally it was very uncomfortable to fly in the badly isolated, loud, unpressurized planes. ||||||||||||无加压| ||||||||||||非加圧| Да и летать в плохо изолированных, шумных, негерметичных кабинах было весьма неудобно.

But sure there were already people travelling by air, albeit next to some postal sacks, |||||||||尽管||||| |||||||||ただし||||| И всё же люди уже летали самолётами, пусть и сидя рядом с мешками писем, 但可以肯定的是，已经有人乘飞机出行了，尽管旁边还有一些邮袋，

and the first airfields began equipping their ports with passenger terminals and waiting rooms. |||空港|||||||||| и первые аэродромы начали оборудовать пассажирскими терминалами и залами ожидания.

Besides, thanks to people like Lindbergh and Earhart, the potential was fully recognized everywhere. К тому же, благодаря личностям вроде Линдберга и Эрхарт, потенциал авиации осознавали везде.

The number of airline passengers in the US was less than 6.000 in 1926, Число пассажиров авиалиний в США составляло менее 6.000 в 1926,

but grew to some 173.000 three years later. но достигло 173.000 три года спустя.

The 1920s was when aviation became mainstream. В 1920х авиация стала мейнстримом.

It was a time of development, innovation, investment, experimentation... and dreams. 1920е стали эрой развития, изобретений, инвестиций, экспериментов и... эрой мечтателей.

Harry Guggenheim, son of a multimillionaire, established a foundation |||||数百万富翁||| |||||億万長者||| Гэрри Гуггенхайм, сын мультимиллионера, учредил фонд

to train aeronautical engineers in universities. ||航空工程||| с целью обучения авиационных инженеров в университетах.

This delivered new technology like that which allowed James Doolittle to fly without visual bearings, ||||||||||||||参考系 Благодаря этому появились технологии вроде тех, что позволили Джеймсу Дулитлу летать вслепую,

but only navigating with instruments, like a very accurate barometer, ||||仪器|||||气压计 |||||||||気圧計 ориентируясь по одним лишь приборам вроде очень точного барометра,

artificial horizon, gyroscope and a radio direction beacon. 人工|水平仪|陀螺|||||无线电方向标 ||ジャイロスコープ||||| авиагоризонта, гироскопов и радиокомпаса.

Similarly, the NACA - the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics - which will later become NASA |||||顾问委员会|||航空学||||| Также и NACA - Национальный Консультативный Комитет по Воздухоплаванию, ставший позже NASA

was the American government sponsor of the aviation industry's technology. стал органом, через который правительство спонсировало разработку авиационных технологий.

They invented an NACA cowling in 1927, which was basically a hood for the airplane's cylinder heads ||||罩壳||||||罩子|||飞机的|气缸| ||||カウリング||||||||||| В 1927 году в NACA изобрели обтекатель - по сути просто кожух, закрывавший цилиндры двигателя,

but it reduced drag by as much as 60% and really streamlined aircraft, ||||||||||流线型| ||||||||||効率化した| но он уменьшил сопротивление воздуха на 60%, сделав самолёт по-настоящему обтекаемым,

which improved fuel efficiency and speed. что улучшило расход топлива и скорость.

The cowling and other inventions like retractable landing gear ||||||可收回的||起落架 ||||||引き込み式|| Обтекатель и другие изобретения, вроде убираемого шасси,

allowed aviation to become ever more commercially viable. постепенно делали авиацию всё более рентабельной.

It soon allowed first successful airline plane, the DC-3, to be launched in 1935. Вскоре благодаря им появился первый успешный пассажирский самолёт, DC-3, выпущенный в 1935.

I have been talking a lot about America in this episode, I know, В этом выпуске я много говорил об Америке, признаю,