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The Story of the Middle Ages, 12. Later Crusades

12. Later Crusades

After the Holy Land was won, a government had to be organized to prevent the land from slipping back into the hands of the infidels.

The Crusaders knew only one way to rule a land—namely, the feudal way. That was the way Western Europe was ruled, so that was the form of government set up in Palestine. The land was divided into a number of fiefs, and each of these was given to a Crusading chief. In each fief the feudal law and a feudal government was then introduced. Jerusalem, with the country about, was formed into "the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," and was given to Godfrey of Bouillon, one of the most famous of the Crusaders. The rest of the land was formed into three principalities, each with its own feudal head, and with many vassal Crusaders. The peasants who tilled the soil before the Crusaders came were not driven off. They had long been Christians, though they worshiped more like the Greeks than like the Latins. The only difference in their position was that now they were to pay rent and taxes to Christian masters, and not to Turks and Saracens.

As soon as Jerusalem had fallen, most of the Crusaders began to make preparations for returning home. Soon Godfrey and his fellow rulers were left with mere handfuls of men to resist the attacks of the Mohammedans. If the latter had been united, they could easily at this time have driven the "Franks" into the sea. But the Mohammedans were quarreling among themselves, and besides had learned to fear the mail-clad Franks. So the Christians were given time to prepare their defence. Huge castles were everywhere built to protect the lands they had won. New companies of Crusaders, too, were constantly arriving to take the place of those who had returned home; and merchants from the Italian cities were coming to settle for the purpose of carrying on trade.

Soon, too, three special orders of knights were formed to protect the Holy Land, and care for the Christians. The first of these was the Knights of the Hospital, or the Knights of St. John; its chief purpose was to care for and protect sick pilgrims. The second was the Order of the Temple, or Knights Templar; they got their name because their headquarters were in the temple at Jerusalem. The third was the Order of the Teutonic Knights, which received its name because its members were Germans, while the members of the other orders were mostly French. The members of these orders were both monks and knights. They were bound like monks by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience; but they were also knights engaged in a perpetual crusade against the infidel. The Hospitallers wore a white cross on a black mantle; the Templars a red cross on a white mantle; and the Teutonic Knights a black cross on a mantle of white.

These "military orders" became very powerful and wealthy, and helped a great deal to keep the Holy Land in the hands of the Christians. For nearly half a century after Jerusalem was recovered there was no very great danger to the rule of the Franks. Then all Europe was startled by the news that one of the four Christian principalities had been conquered by the Saracens, and the Christians put to the sword. At once there was great fear lest the other states should fall also, and preparations were made for sending out a large number of Crusaders to their assistance.

This expedition started in the year 1147, and is known as the Second Crusade. The kings of two of the leading countries of Europe, Conrad III. of Germany and Louis VII. of France, led the forces. Their armies took the same route—down the river Danube and across to Constantinople—that the first Crusade had followed. Again there was terrible suffering on the way. The German army was almost entirely destroyed in Asia Minor; and although the French reached Palestine in safety, very little was accomplished in the way of strengthening the Christians there.

After the failure of this Crusade, there was no great change for forty years. Twice a year, in the spring and autumn, a number of vessels would sail from the cities of Italy and Southern France carrying pilgrims and adventurers to Palestine. In this way the strength of the Christian states was kept up, in spite of the number who were constantly returning. Then, towards the end of the period, rumors began to come of a great Mohammedan leader who had arisen in Egypt, and was threatening Palestine with new danger. He was called Saladin, and was one of the greatest rulers the Mohammedans ever had. He was foremost in battle, and wise and far-sighted in council. When he was victorious, he dealt generously with his enemies; and when defeated he was never cast down. He was ever simple in his habits, just and upright in his dealings, and true to his promises. He was, in short, as chivalrous a warrior, and as sincere a believer in his faith, as any of the Christian knights against whom he fought.

For Saladin, as well as for the Crusaders, the war for Palestine was a "holy war"; and soon his power was grown so great that he could attack them from all sides. "So great is the multitude of the Saracens and Turks," wrote one of the Crusaders in speaking of his armies, "that from the city of Tyre, which they are besieging, they cover the face of the earth as far as Jerusalem, like an innumerable army of ants." When the Christians marched out to battle, they were overthrown with terrible slaughter; and the King of Jerusalem, and the Grand Master of the Templars, were among the captives taken. Three months after this, Saladin laid siege to Jerusalem itself. For two weeks only the city held out; at the end of that time it was forced to sue for peace. The mercy which Saladin now showed to the conquered Christians was in strange contrast to the cruelty which the Crusaders had displayed when the city fell into their hands. There was no slaughter such as had occurred ninety years before, and the greater number of the defeated party were allowed to go free, on paying a ransom. But the crosses on the churches were torn down, the bells were destroyed, and the churches themselves were changed into Mohammedan mosques. Once more the Holy Land was in the hands of the unbeliever.

When news of these events reached Europe, it caused great excitement. The three most powerful rulers,—Frederick of Germany, Philip of France, and Richard the Lion-Hearted of England,—took the cross, and in the years 1189 and 1190 they led forth their followers to the Third Crusade.

The Emperor Frederick of Germany,—who was called "Barbarossa," on account of his red beard,—had been one of those who followed King Conrad in the Second Crusade; now although he was seventy years old, he was the first to start on the Third. He led his army by the old land route, but his forces were better organized, and there was not so much hardship as there had been before. Except for one battle which they had to fight with the Greek Emperor, all went well until the army reached Asia Minor. There, alas! The old Emperor was drowned, while swimming a river one hot day, to refresh himself and shorten his way. After that the German army went to pieces, and most of its members lost their lives in the mountains and deserts of Asia Minor, or were cut down by Turkish soldiers. In Germany the people refused to believe that their king was dead. Long after this, stories were told of the good Barbarossa, who slept from year to year in a rocky cavern high up on a lonely mountain side, with his head resting on his hand and his long red beard grown round the granite blocks by his side. There, the people said, he lay sleeping throughout the ages; but when the ravens should cease to fly about the mountain, the Emperor would wake to punish the wicked and bring back the golden age to the world.

When at last Philip of France and Richard of England were ready, they took ship to avoid the hardships of the journey by land. From the beginning, however, things went wrong. Richard and Philip were very jealous of each other, and could not get along together. Philip was only half-hearted in the Crusade, and longed to be back in France; while Richard allowed himself to be turned aside for a while to other things. When they reached the Holy Land, they found the Christians laying siege to Acre, one of the sea-ports near Jerusalem. The siege had already lasted more than a year, and for several months longer it dragged on. It was a dreary time for the Christians. "The Lord is not in the camp," wrote one of their number; "there is none that doeth good. The leaders strive with one another, while the lesser folk starve, and have none to help. The Turks are persistent in attack, while our knights skulk within their tents. The strength of Saladin increases daily, but daily does our army wither away. " At last Acre was taken,—mainly through the skill and daring of King Richard, who was one of the best warriors of that day, and knew well how to use the battering-rams, stone-throwers, moveable towers, and other military "engines" to batter down walls and take cities. Philip was already weary of the Crusade, and soon after returned to France. Richard remained for more than a year longer. In this time he won some military successes; but he could not take Jerusalem.

Finally news came to Richard from England that his brother John was plotting to make himself king. Richard was now obliged to return home. The only advantage he had gained for the Christians was a truce for three years, permitting pilgrims to go to the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem without hindrance.

Before he left, Richard warned Saladin that he would return to renew the war; but he never did. On his way home he was shipwrecked and was obliged to pass by land through Germany. There he was recognized by his enemies, and kept prisoner till he paid a heavy ransom. Then, after his release, he found himself engaged in troubles with his brother John, and in war with King Philip; and at last, in the year 1199, he died from an arrow wound while fighting in France.

The remaining Crusades are not of so much importance as the First and the Third. On the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders were persuaded by the Venetians to attack the Christian city of Constantinople. In this way the Greek Empire passed for fifty years into the hands of the Latin Christians. As a result of the Fifth Crusade, Jerusalem was recovered for a while; but this was accomplished through a treaty, and not as the result of victories won by arms. The Sixth Crusade was led by the good king, St. Louis of France. The Crusaders now sought to attack the Saracens in Egypt; but they were defeated, and the French king himself was captured and forced to pay a heavy ransom. The last Crusade was the Seventh, which was also led by St. Louis of France. Now the Crusaders attacked the Saracens in Tunis. Again the Crusade was a failure, and this time the French king lost his life, through a sickness which broke out in the army.

After this, for more than a century, popes and kings talked of crusades, and raised taxes and made preparations for them. But though they fought the heathen in Prussia, and the Mohammedans in Spain and in Hungary, no more crusades went to the Holy Land to win the sepulchre of Christ from the infidel. Men no longer thought that this was so important as it had once seemed to them; and no doubt they were right. It doesn't make so much difference who rules the land where Christ lived and died; the great question is whether Christ lives and rules in the hearts and lives of those who follow Him. Although the Crusades failed in what they were intended to accomplish, they had some very important results. For nearly two hundred years men were going and coming in great number to and from the Holy Land, seeing strange countries and strange peoples, and learning new customs. Before the Crusades, each district lived by itself, and its inhabitants scarcely ever heard of the rest of the world. During the Crusades this separation was broken down, and people from all parts of Christendom met together. In this way men came to learn more of the world, and of the people who dwelt in it; and their minds were broadened by this knowledge. Never after the Crusades, as a result, was the life of man quite so dark, so dreary, and so narrow, as it had been before. From this time on, the Middle Ages gradually changed their character; for influences were now at work to bring this period to an end, and bring about the beginning of Modern Times.

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12. Later Crusades 12. Spätere Kreuzzüge 12. Cruzadas posteriores 12. Croisades ultérieures 12. Crociate successive 12.後の十字軍 12. Vėlesni kryžiaus žygiai 12. Późniejsze krucjaty 12. Cruzadas posteriores 12. Пізніші хрестові походи 12. 后来的十字军东征 12.后来的十字军东征

After the Holy Land was won, a government had to be organized to prevent the land from slipping back into the hands of the infidels. |||||||||||||stop from returning||||falling away|||||||non-believers |||||||||||||||||slipping|||||||невірні بعد الاستيلاء على الأراضي المقدسة، كان لا بد من تنظيم حكومة لمنع انزلاق الأرض مرة أخرى إلى أيدي الكفار.

The Crusaders knew only one way to rule a land—namely, the feudal way. |Crusaders|||||||||specifically||| ||||||||||namely||| لم يعرف الصليبيون سوى طريقة واحدة لحكم الأرض، وهي الطريقة الإقطاعية. That was the way Western Europe was ruled, so that was the form of government set up in Palestine. كانت هذه هي الطريقة التي حكمت بها أوروبا الغربية، وكان هذا هو شكل الحكومة التي أقيمت في فلسطين. The land was divided into a number of fiefs, and each of these was given to a Crusading chief. |||||||||||||||||十字军的| |||||||||||||||||crusader| تم تقسيم الأرض إلى عدد من الإقطاعيات، وأعطيت كل واحدة منها لزعيم صليبي. In each fief the feudal law and a feudal government was then introduced. في كل إقطاعية تم تقديم القانون الإقطاعي والحكومة الإقطاعية. Jerusalem, with the country about, was formed into "the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," and was given to Godfrey of Bouillon, one of the most famous of the Crusaders. |||||||||||||||||戈弗雷||布永|||||||| |||||||||||||||||Godfrey of Bouillon||Bouillon||||||||crusade participants تم تشكيل القدس، بما في ذلك البلاد المحيطة بها، إلى "مملكة القدس اللاتينية"، وتم تسليمها إلى جودفري أوف بوالون، أحد أشهر الصليبيين. The rest of the land was formed into three principalities, each with its own feudal head, and with many vassal Crusaders. |||||||||公国||||||||||| |||||||||principalities||||||||||| |||||||||principati = principalities||||||||||| تم تشكيل بقية الأرض إلى ثلاث إمارات، لكل منها رأسها الإقطاعي الخاص بها، ولها العديد من الصليبيين التابعين. The peasants who tilled the soil before the Crusaders came were not driven off. |||耕种的|||||||||| |||cultivated|||||||||| |||cultivated|||||||||| ولم يتم طرد الفلاحين الذين حرثوا الأرض قبل مجيء الصليبيين. They had long been Christians, though they worshiped more like the Greeks than like the Latins. لقد كانوا مسيحيين لفترة طويلة، على الرغم من أنهم كانوا يعبدون مثل اليونانيين أكثر من عبادتهم مثل اللاتينيين. The only difference in their position was that now they were to pay rent and taxes to Christian masters, and not to Turks and Saracens. كان الاختلاف الوحيد في موقفهم هو أنهم أصبحوا الآن يدفعون الإيجار والضرائب للسادة المسيحيين، وليس للأتراك والمسلمين.

As soon as Jerusalem had fallen, most of the Crusaders began to make preparations for returning home. وبمجرد سقوط القدس، بدأ معظم الصليبيين في الاستعداد للعودة إلى ديارهم. Soon Godfrey and his fellow rulers were left with mere handfuls of men to resist the attacks of the Mohammedans. ||||||||||少数人||||||||| |||||||||only|small groups||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||Muslims وسرعان ما بقي جودفري ورفاقه من الحكام مع حفنة من الرجال لمقاومة هجمات المسلمين. If the latter had been united, they could easily at this time have driven the "Franks" into the sea. ||the second|||||||||||||||| ولو كان الأخيرون متحدين، لأمكنهم بسهولة في هذا الوقت دفع "الفرنجة" إلى البحر. But the Mohammedans were quarreling among themselves, and besides had learned to fear the mail-clad Franks. ||||||||||||||armor|armored knights| ||||сварилися|||||||||||| لكن المسلمين كانوا يتشاجرون فيما بينهم، وتعلموا علاوة على ذلك الخوف من الفرنجة الذين يرتدون الدروع. So the Christians were given time to prepare their defence. لذلك أُعطي المسيحيون الوقت الكافي لإعداد دفاعهم. Huge castles were everywhere built to protect the lands they had won. تم بناء قلاع ضخمة في كل مكان لحماية الأراضي التي احتلوها. New companies of Crusaders, too, were constantly arriving to take the place of those who had returned home; and merchants from the Italian cities were coming to settle for the purpose of carrying on trade. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||establish themselves||||||| كما كانت مجموعات جديدة من الصليبيين تصل باستمرار لتحل محل أولئك الذين عادوا إلى ديارهم. وكان التجار من المدن الإيطالية يأتون للاستقرار بغرض ممارسة التجارة.

Soon, too, three special orders of knights were formed to protect the Holy Land, and care for the Christians. |也|||订单|||||||||||||| وسرعان ما تشكلت ثلاث رتب خاصة من الفرسان لحماية الأرض المقدسة ورعاية المسيحيين. The first of these was the Knights of the Hospital, or the Knights of St. وكان أول هؤلاء فرسان المستشفى، أو فرسان القديس. John; its chief purpose was to care for and protect sick pilgrims. |||||||||||travelers to a holy place جون؛ وكان غرضها الرئيسي هو رعاية وحماية الحجاج المرضى. The second was the Order of the Temple, or Knights Templar; they got their name because their headquarters were in the temple at Jerusalem. ||||||||||圣殿骑士||||||||||||| ||||order|||temple|||Knight|||||||main office||||temple|| ||||||||||Тамплієри||||||||||||| والثاني هو وسام المعبد، أو فرسان الهيكل؛ لقد حصلوا على اسمهم لأن مقرهم الرئيسي كان في الهيكل في أورشليم. The third was the Order of the Teutonic Knights, which received its name because its members were Germans, while the members of the other orders were mostly French. |||||||条顿|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||Germanic|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||ドイツ騎士団|||||||||||||||||||| |||||||Тевтонський|||||||||||||||||||| والثالثة هي وسام الفرسان التوتونيين، الذي حصل على اسمه لأن أعضائه كانوا ألمان، بينما كان أعضاء الفرق الأخرى في الغالب فرنسيين. The members of these orders were both monks and knights. وكان أعضاء هذه الطوائف من الرهبان والفرسان. They were bound like monks by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience; but they were also knights engaged in a perpetual crusade against the infidel. |||||||||贞洁||||||||||||||| ||tied||||vows||lack of wealth|purity||submission|||||||||everlasting|||| ||||||||poverty|chastity||||||||||||||| وكانوا مقيدين كالرهبان بنذور الفقر والعفة والطاعة. لكنهم كانوا أيضًا فرسانًا منخرطين في حملة صليبية دائمة ضد الكفار. The Hospitallers wore a white cross on a black mantle; the Templars a red cross on a white mantle; and the Teutonic Knights a black cross on a mantle of white. |医院骑士团||||||||斗篷||圣殿骑士||||||||||||||||||| |Knights Hospitaller||||||||cloak||Knights Templar|||||||||||||||||cloak|| |госпітальєри||||||||||Тамплієри||||||||||||||||||| ارتدى فرسان الإسبتارية صليبًا أبيض على عباءة سوداء. فرسان الهيكل صليب أحمر على عباءة بيضاء؛ والفرسان التوتونيون صليب أسود على عباءة بيضاء.

These "military orders" became very powerful and wealthy, and helped a great deal to keep the Holy Land in the hands of the Christians. ||||||||||||a lot||||||||||| أصبحت هذه "الأوامر العسكرية" قوية جدًا وثرية، وساعدت كثيرًا في الحفاظ على الأرض المقدسة في أيدي المسيحيين. For nearly half a century after Jerusalem was recovered there was no very great danger to the rule of the Franks. ولمدة ما يقرب من نصف قرن بعد استعادة القدس لم يكن هناك خطر كبير على حكم الفرنجة. Then all Europe was startled by the news that one of the four Christian principalities had been conquered by the Saracens, and the Christians put to the sword. ||||||||||||||||||||萨拉逊||||屠杀||| ||||surprised||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||sorpresa||||||||||||||||||||||| ثم أذهلت أوروبا كلها عندما علمت أن المسلمين قد احتلوا إحدى الإمارات المسيحية الأربع، وتم قتل المسيحيين بالسيف. At once there was great fear lest the other states should fall also, and preparations were made for sending out a large number of Crusaders to their assistance. ||||||lest||||||||||||||||||||| وعلى الفور كان هناك خوف كبير من سقوط الولايات الأخرى أيضًا، وتم الاستعداد لإرسال عدد كبير من الصليبيين لمساعدتهم.

This expedition started in the year 1147, and is known as the Second Crusade. ||||||||||||crusade بدأت هذه الحملة عام 1147، وتعرف بالحملة الصليبية الثانية. The kings of two of the leading countries of Europe, Conrad III. ||||||||||康拉德| ||||||||||Conrad III|III ملوك اثنين من الدول الرائدة في أوروبا، كونراد الثالث. of Germany and Louis VII. ||||路易七世 ||||Louis the Seventh ألمانيا ولويس السابع. of France, led the forces. فرنسا بقيادة القوات. Their armies took the same route—down the river Danube and across to Constantinople—that the first Crusade had followed. |||||||||||over to||||||campaign|| |||||||||Danube|||||||||| سلكت جيوشهم نفس الطريق – أسفل نهر الدانوب وعبر القسطنطينية – الذي اتبعته الحملة الصليبية الأولى. Again there was terrible suffering on the way. ومرة أخرى كانت هناك معاناة رهيبة في الطريق. The German army was almost entirely destroyed in Asia Minor; and although the French reached Palestine in safety, very little was accomplished in the way of strengthening the Christians there. ||||||||||||||||||非常少||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||achieved|||||supporting||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||strengthening||| تم تدمير الجيش الألماني بالكامل تقريبًا في آسيا الصغرى. وعلى الرغم من أن الفرنسيين وصلوا إلى فلسطين بأمان، إلا أنه لم يتم إنجاز سوى القليل جدًا في طريق تعزيز المسيحيين هناك.

After the failure of this Crusade, there was no great change for forty years. ||defeat||||||||||| وبعد فشل هذه الحملة الصليبية، لم يحدث تغيير كبير لمدة أربعين عامًا. Twice a year, in the spring and autumn, a number of vessels would sail from the cities of Italy and Southern France carrying pilgrims and adventurers to Palestine. |||||||||||ships||||||||||||travelers to holy sites||explorers|| وكان يبحر مرتين في السنة، في فصلي الربيع والخريف، عدد من السفن من مدن إيطاليا وجنوب فرنسا محملة بالحجاج والمغامرين إلى فلسطين. Дважды в год, весной и осенью, из городов Италии и Южной Франции отплывали несколько судов, которые везли паломников и искателей приключений в Палестину. In this way the strength of the Christian states was kept up, in spite of the number who were constantly returning. وبهذه الطريقة تم الحفاظ على قوة الدول المسيحية، على الرغم من عدد الذين كانوا يعودون باستمرار. Then, towards the end of the period, rumors began to come of a great Mohammedan leader who had arisen in Egypt, and was threatening Palestine with new danger. |||||||rumors|||||||||||||||||||| ثم، في أواخر هذه الفترة، بدأت الشائعات تتوالى عن زعيم محمدي عظيم ظهر في مصر، وكان يهدد فلسطين بخطر جديد. He was called Saladin, and was one of the greatest rulers the Mohammedans ever had. |||萨拉丁||||||||||| |||Saladin||||||||||| كان يُدعى صلاح الدين، وكان من أعظم حكام المسلمين على الإطلاق. He was foremost in battle, and wise and far-sighted in council. |||||||||有远见的|| ||first|||||||visionary||council ||передовий||||||||| وكان متقدما في القتال، حكيما وبُعد النظر في المجالس. Он был передовым в бою, мудрым и дальновидным в совете. When he was victorious, he dealt generously with his enemies; and when defeated he was never cast down. |||||||||||||||从不|| |||||handled|generously||||||||||downcast| ||||||щедро||||||||||| ولما انتصر تعامل بسخاء مع أعدائه. وعندما هُزم لم يُطرح أبدًا. Когда он побеждал, то великодушно обходился с врагами, а когда терпел поражение, то никогда не был повержен. He was ever simple in his habits, just and upright in his dealings, and true to his promises. |||简单||||公正的|||||交易||||| |||||||||upright|||dealings||||| كان دائمًا بسيطًا في عاداته، وعادلًا، ومستقيمًا في معاملاته، ووفيًا لوعوده. He was, in short, as chivalrous a warrior, and as sincere a believer in his faith, as any of the Christian knights against whom he fought. |||||骑士般的|||||||||||||||||||| |||||noble and gallant|||||genuine||devout follower||||||||||||| |||||лицарський|||||щирий||||||||||||||| لقد كان، باختصار، محاربًا شهمًا، ومؤمنًا صادقًا في إيمانه، مثل أي من الفرسان المسيحيين الذين حاربهم. He was, in short, as chivalrous a warrior, and as sincere a believer in his faith, as any of the Christian knights against whom he fought.

For Saladin, as well as for the Crusaders, the war for Palestine was a "holy war"; and soon his power was grown so great that he could attack them from all sides. ||||||||这个||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||conflict|||||||||||||||||||||| بالنسبة لصلاح الدين، وكذلك للصليبيين، كانت الحرب من أجل فلسطين "حربا مقدسة". وسرعان ما تعاظمت قوته لدرجة أنه تمكن من مهاجمتهم من جميع الجهات. "So great is the multitude of the Saracens and Turks," wrote one of the Crusaders in speaking of his armies, "that from the city of Tyre, which they are besieging, they cover the face of the earth as far as Jerusalem, like an innumerable army of ants." ||||||||||||||十字军|||||||||||提尔||||围攻||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||Tyre||||surrounding, attacking|||||||||||||||||ants كتب أحد الصليبيين في حديثه عن جيوشه: "إن عدد المسلمين والأتراك كبير جدًا لدرجة أنهم من مدينة صور التي يحاصرونها، يغطون وجه الأرض حتى القدس، مثل جيش لا يحصى من النمل." When the Christians marched out to battle, they were overthrown with terrible slaughter; and the King of Jerusalem, and the Grand Master of the Templars, were among the captives taken. ||||||||||||жахливе побиття||||||||||||||||| وعندما خرج المسيحيون إلى المعركة، سقطوا بمذبحة رهيبة؛ وكان ملك القدس والسيد الأكبر لفرسان الهيكل من بين الأسرى الذين تم أسرهم. When the Christians marched out to battle, they were overthrown with terrible slaughter; and the King of Jerusalem, and the Grand Master of the Templars, were among the captives taken. Three months after this, Saladin laid siege to Jerusalem itself. |||||围攻|||| ||||||blockade||| وبعد ثلاثة أشهر، فرض صلاح الدين حصارًا على القدس نفسها. For two weeks only the city held out; at the end of that time it was forced to sue for peace. ||||||||||||||||||request peace|| لمدة أسبوعين فقط صمدت المدينة. وفي نهاية ذلك الوقت اضطرت إلى رفع دعوى من أجل السلام. 2週間の間、市だけが持ちこたえました。その時の終わりに、それは平和のために訴えることを余儀なくされました。 Город продержался всего две недели, по истечении которых был вынужден заключить мир. The mercy which Saladin now showed to the conquered Christians was in strange contrast to the cruelty which the Crusaders had displayed when the city fell into their hands. ||||||||||||||||||||||当时|||||| |||||||||||||comparison||||||||shown||||||| إن الرحمة التي أظهرها صلاح الدين الآن للمسيحيين المهزومين كانت تتناقض بشكل غريب مع القسوة التي أظهرها الصليبيون عندما سقطت المدينة في أيديهم. サラディンが征服されたクリスチャンに今示した慈悲は、都市が彼らの手に渡ったときに十字軍が示した残酷さとは奇妙に対照的でした。 There was no slaughter such as had occurred ninety years before, and the greater number of the defeated party were allowed to go free, on paying a ransom. ||||如此||||||||||||||||||离开||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||payment for release |||||||||||||||||||||||||||викуп لم تكن هناك مذبحة كتلك التي حدثت قبل تسعين عامًا، وتم السماح للعدد الأكبر من الطرف المهزوم بالإفراج عنهم مقابل دفع فدية. But the crosses on the churches were torn down, the bells were destroyed, and the churches themselves were changed into Mohammedan mosques. ||||||||||钟||||||||||| |||||||destroyed|||bells|||||||||||mosques لكن الصلبان التي كانت على الكنائس هدمت، وحطمت الأجراس، وتحولت الكنائس نفسها إلى مساجد محمدية. Once more the Holy Land was in the hands of the unbeliever. |||||||||||不信者 |||||||||||non-believer |||||||||||невірний ومرة أخرى أصبحت الأرض المقدسة في أيدي الكفار.

When news of these events reached Europe, it caused great excitement. وعندما وصلت أخبار هذه الأحداث إلى أوروبا، أحدثت ضجة كبيرة. The three most powerful rulers,—Frederick of Germany, Philip of France, and Richard the Lion-Hearted of England,—took the cross, and in the years 1189 and 1190 they led forth their followers to the Third Crusade. |||||德国的弗雷德里克|||||||理查德|||||||这个||||||||||||||| ||||||||Philip of France||||||||||||||||||||out|||||| أخذ الحكام الثلاثة الأقوى، فريدريك ملك ألمانيا، وفيليب ملك فرنسا، وريتشارد قلب الأسد ملك إنجلترا، الصليب، وفي عامي 1189 و1190 قادوا أتباعهم إلى الحملة الصليبية الثالثة.

The Emperor Frederick of Germany,—who was called "Barbarossa," on account of his red beard,—had been one of those who followed King Conrad in the Second Crusade; now although he was seventy years old, he was the first to start on the Third. ||弗雷德里克||||||巴巴罗萨||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||Red beard||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||Червона борода||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| كان إمبراطور ألمانيا فردريك، الذي كان يُلقب بـ "بربروسا" بسبب لحيته الحمراء، أحد الذين تبعوا الملك كونراد في الحملة الصليبية الثانية؛ والآن، على الرغم من أنه كان في السبعين من عمره، كان أول من بدأ في الثالثة. He led his army by the old land route, but his forces were better organized, and there was not so much hardship as there had been before. ||||||||path|||||||||||||suffering||||| |||||||||||||||||||||незручності||||| قاد جيشه عبر الطريق البري القديم، لكن قواته كانت أفضل تنظيمًا، ولم تكن هناك مصاعب كثيرة كما كانت من قبل. Except for one battle which they had to fight with the Greek Emperor, all went well until the army reached Asia Minor. |||||||||||||所有|||||||| باستثناء معركة واحدة كان عليهم خوضها مع الإمبراطور اليوناني، سارت الأمور على ما يرام حتى وصل الجيش إلى آسيا الصغرى. There, alas! هناك، للأسف! The old Emperor was drowned, while swimming a river one hot day, to refresh himself and shorten his way. ||||||||||||||||||路程 ||||submerged in water||||||||||||shorten journey|| لقد غرق الإمبراطور العجوز بينما كان يسبح في نهر في يوم حار، لينعش نفسه ويختصر طريقه. After that the German army went to pieces, and most of its members lost their lives in the mountains and deserts of Asia Minor, or were cut down by Turkish soldiers. |||||||||||||||||这支||||||||||||| |||||||collapsed|||||||||||mountains of Asia Minor|||||||||||| بعد ذلك انهار الجيش الألماني، ولقي معظم أفراده حتفهم في جبال وصحاري آسيا الصغرى، أو قُتِلوا على أيدي الجنود الأتراك. In Germany the people refused to believe that their king was dead. في ألمانيا، رفض الناس تصديق أن ملكهم قد مات. Long after this, stories were told of the good Barbarossa, who slept from year to year in a rocky cavern high up on a lonely mountain side, with his head resting on his hand and his long red beard grown round the granite blocks by his side. 长||||被动语态|||||||沉睡||||||||洞穴|||||||||||||||||||||||花岗岩|||| |||||||||||slept||||||||cave|||||||||||||||||||||||rocky blocks|rocks||| بعد ذلك بوقت طويل، رويت القصص عن بربروسا الطيب، الذي كان ينام من سنة إلى أخرى في كهف صخري مرتفع على جانب جبل منعزل، واضعًا رأسه على يده ولحيته الحمراء الطويلة تنمو حول كتل الجرانيت بجانبه. . There, the people said, he lay sleeping throughout the ages; but when the ravens should cease to fly about the mountain, the Emperor would wake to punish the wicked and bring back the golden age to the world. |||||||||||||乌鸦|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||crows||stop|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||鴉たち|||||||||||||||||||||||| هناك، قال الناس، كان ينام على مر العصور؛ ولكن عندما تتوقف الغربان عن الطيران حول الجبل، يستيقظ الإمبراطور ليعاقب الأشرار ويعيد العصر الذهبي للعالم.

When at last Philip of France and Richard of England were ready, they took ship to avoid the hardships of the journey by land. ||||||||||||||||||difficulties||||| وعندما أصبح فيليب ملك فرنسا وريتشارد ملك إنجلترا جاهزين أخيرًا، استقلا السفينة لتجنب مشاق الرحلة البرية. From the beginning, however, things went wrong. لكن منذ البداية سارت الأمور بشكل خاطئ. Richard and Philip were very jealous of each other, and could not get along together. كان ريتشارد وفيليب يشعران بالغيرة الشديدة من بعضهما البعض، ولم يتمكنا من الانسجام معًا. Philip was only half-hearted in the Crusade, and longed to be back in France; while Richard allowed himself to be turned aside for a while to other things. |||一半||||||渴望||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||longed||||||||||||||||||| ولم يكن فيليب إلا فاتراً في الحملة الصليبية، وكان يشتاق إلى العودة إلى فرنسا؛ بينما سمح ريتشارد لنفسه بالتحول جانبًا لبعض الوقت إلى أشياء أخرى. When they reached the Holy Land, they found the Christians laying siege to Acre, one of the sea-ports near Jerusalem. |||||||||||||阿克||||||| |||||||||||||Acre|||||harbors|| |||||||||||||アッコ||||||| وعندما وصلوا إلى الأراضي المقدسة، وجدوا المسيحيين يحاصرون عكا، أحد الموانئ البحرية القريبة من القدس. When they reached the Holy Land, they found the Christians laying siege to Acre, one of the sea-ports near Jerusalem. The siege had already lasted more than a year, and for several months longer it dragged on. |||||||||||||||continued slowly| |||||||||||||||тягнувся| لقد استمر الحصار بالفعل لأكثر من عام، واستمر لعدة أشهر أخرى. It was a dreary time for the Christians. |||gloomy|||| |||陰鬱な|||| لقد كان وقتًا كئيبًا بالنسبة للمسيحيين. "The Lord is not in the camp," wrote one of their number; "there is none that doeth good. ||||||||一个||||||||做善事的人| ||||||||||||||||does good| ||||||||||||||||робить добро| وكتب أحدهم: "الرب ليس في المحلة". "ليس من يعمل صلاحا. The leaders strive with one another, while the lesser folk starve, and have none to help. |||||||的|||||有||| ||compete努力||||||smaller||||||| يتصارع القادة مع بعضهم البعض، بينما يتضور القوم الأقل جوعًا، وليس لديهم من يساعدهم. The Turks are persistent in attack, while our knights skulk within their tents. |||||||||潜伏||| |||relentless||||||lurk or hide|||shelters |||||||||潜んでいる||| |||||||||ховатися||| الأتراك مستمرون في الهجوم، بينما يتسلل فرساننا داخل خيامهم. The strength of Saladin increases daily, but daily does our army wither away. " ||||||||确实|||| |||||||||||diminish| |||||||||||згасати| قوة صلاح الدين تتزايد يوميا، ولكن جيشنا يذبل يوميا. " The strength of Saladin increases daily, but daily does our army wither away. " At last Acre was taken,—mainly through the skill and daring of King Richard, who was one of the best warriors of that day, and knew well how to use the battering-rams, stone-throwers, moveable towers, and other military "engines" to batter down walls and take cities. ||||||||技能||||||谁||||||||||||||||||||投石器||攻城塔||||||攻城器械||||| |||||primarily|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stone throwers|mobile towers|||||machines||break down||||| ||||||||||大胆さ||||||||||||||||||||||破城槌||||||||||||||| أخيرًا، تم الاستيلاء على عكا، وذلك بفضل مهارة وجرأة الملك ريتشارد، الذي كان أحد أفضل المحاربين في ذلك الوقت، وكان يعرف جيدًا كيفية استخدام المدقاق، ورماة الحجارة، والأبراج المتحركة، وغيرها من الوسائل العسكرية. المحركات" لهدم الجدران والاستيلاء على المدن. Philip was already weary of the Crusade, and soon after returned to France. |||疲惫||||||||| |||tired of|||holy war|||||| |||うんざりしていた||||||||| |||втомлений||||||||| كان فيليب قد سئم بالفعل من الحملة الصليبية، وسرعان ما عاد إلى فرنسا. Richard remained for more than a year longer. بقي ريتشارد لأكثر من عام. In this time he won some military successes; but he could not take Jerusalem. |||||||victories|||||| وفي هذا الوقت حقق بعض النجاحات العسكرية. لكنه لم يستطع أن يأخذ القدس.

Finally news came to Richard from England that his brother John was plotting to make himself king. ||||||||||||conspiring|||| وأخيراً وصلت أخبار إلى ريتشارد من إنجلترا مفادها أن شقيقه جون كان يخطط لتنصيب نفسه ملكاً. Richard was now obliged to return home. اضطر ريتشارد الآن إلى العودة إلى المنزل. The only advantage he had gained for the Christians was a truce for three years, permitting pilgrims to go to the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem without hindrance. |||||||||||停战|||||||||||圣墓|||| |||||||||||ceasefire||||allowing|pilgrims||||||tomb|||| |||||||||||перемир'я||||дозволяючи||||||||||| الميزة الوحيدة التي حققها للمسيحيين كانت هدنة لمدة ثلاث سنوات، مما سمح للحجاج بالذهاب إلى كنيسة القيامة في القدس دون عائق. 彼がキリスト教徒のために得た唯一の利点は、巡礼者が支障なくエルサレムの聖墳墓に行くことを可能にする3年間の休戦でした。

Before he left, Richard warned Saladin that he would return to renew the war; but he never did. |||||||||||restart|||||| وقبل مغادرته، حذر ريتشارد صلاح الدين من أنه سيعود لتجديد الحرب؛ لكنه لم يفعل ذلك قط. 彼が去る前に、リチャードはサラディンに戦争を再開するために戻ると警告した。しかし、彼は決してしませんでした。 On his way home he was shipwrecked and was obliged to pass by land through Germany. ||||||shipwrecked|||||travel through|||| ||||||потрапив у корабельну аварію||||||||| وفي طريقه إلى منزله تحطمت سفينته واضطر إلى المرور برا عبر ألمانيا. 家に帰る途中、彼は難破し、ドイツを陸路で通過することを余儀なくされました。 There he was recognized by his enemies, and kept prisoner till he paid a heavy ransom. |he was||identified||||||||||||ransom |||||||||||||||викуп وهناك تعرف عليه أعداؤه، واحتجزوه سجيناً حتى دفع فدية كبيرة. Then, after his release, he found himself engaged in troubles with his brother John, and in war with King Philip; and at last, in the year 1199, he died from an arrow wound while fighting in France. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||伤口|||| |||freedom||||||||||||||||||||||||||||wound|||| ثم، بعد إطلاق سراحه، وجد نفسه متورطًا في مشاكل مع أخيه يوحنا، وفي حرب مع الملك فيليب؛ وأخيراً توفي عام 1199 متأثراً بجراحه أثناء القتال في فرنسا.

The remaining Crusades are not of so much importance as the First and the Third. ||Crusades|||||||||||| الحروب الصليبية المتبقية ليست بنفس أهمية الأولى والثالثة. On the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders were persuaded by the Venetians to attack the Christian city of Constantinople. ||||||||||Venetian leaders||||||| في الحملة الصليبية الرابعة، أقنع البنادقة الصليبيين بمهاجمة مدينة القسطنطينية المسيحية. On the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders were persuaded by the Venetians to attack the Christian city of Constantinople. In this way the Greek Empire passed for fifty years into the hands of the Latin Christians. وبهذه الطريقة انتقلت الإمبراطورية اليونانية لمدة خمسين عامًا إلى أيدي المسيحيين اللاتينيين. In this way the Greek Empire passed for fifty years into the hands of the Latin Christians. As a result of the Fifth Crusade, Jerusalem was recovered for a while; but this was accomplished through a treaty, and not as the result of victories won by arms. ||||||||||||||||achieved through treaty|||agreement|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||договор угода|||||||||| نتيجة للحملة الصليبية الخامسة، تم استرداد القدس لفترة من الوقت؛ لكن هذا تم من خلال معاهدة وليس نتيجة انتصارات بالسلاح. The Sixth Crusade was led by the good king, St. |第六|||||||| الحملة الصليبية السادسة قادها الملك الصالح القديس . Louis of France. لويس فرنسا. The Crusaders now sought to attack the Saracens in Egypt; but they were defeated, and the French king himself was captured and forced to pay a heavy ransom. سعى الصليبيون الآن إلى مهاجمة المسلمين في مصر؛ لكنهم هُزموا، وتم القبض على الملك الفرنسي نفسه وأجبر على دفع فدية كبيرة. The last Crusade was the Seventh, which was also led by St. وكانت الحملة الصليبية الأخيرة هي السابعة، والتي قادها أيضًا القديس يوحنا. Louis of France. لويس فرنسا. Now the Crusaders attacked the Saracens in Tunis. |||||||突尼斯 |||||||Tunis |||||||Туніс الآن هاجم الصليبيون المسلمين في تونس. Again the Crusade was a failure, and this time the French king lost his life, through a sickness which broke out in the army. |||||||||||||||||illness|||||| مرة أخرى كانت الحملة الصليبية فاشلة، وهذه المرة فقد الملك الفرنسي حياته بسبب المرض الذي اندلع في الجيش.

After this, for more than a century, popes and kings talked of crusades, and raised taxes and made preparations for them. وبعد ذلك، ولأكثر من قرن من الزمان، تحدث الباباوات والملوك عن الحروب الصليبية، ورفعوا الضرائب وقاموا بالاستعدادات لها. But though they fought the heathen in Prussia, and the Mohammedans in Spain and in Hungary, no more crusades went to the Holy Land to win the sepulchre of Christ from the infidel. 但是|||||||普鲁士||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||unbeliever |||||異教徒||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||язичник||||||||||||||||||||||гробниця|||||невірний ولكن على الرغم من أنهم حاربوا الوثنيين في بروسيا، والمسلمين في أسبانيا والمجر، لم تعد هناك حروب صليبية تتوجه إلى الأراضي المقدسة لانتزاع قبر المسيح من الكفار. Men no longer thought that this was so important as it had once seemed to them; and no doubt they were right. لم يعد الناس يعتقدون أن هذا الأمر مهم للغاية كما بدا لهم من قبل؛ ولا شك أنهم كانوا على حق. Men no longer thought that this was so important as it had once seemed to them; and no doubt they were right. It doesn't make so much difference who rules the land where Christ lived and died; the great question is whether Christ lives and rules in the hearts and lives of those who follow Him. |||||||||||||||||||||||统治|||||||||| لا يوجد فرق كبير بين من يحكم الأرض التي عاش فيها المسيح ومات؛ السؤال الكبير هو ما إذا كان المسيح يحيا ويحكم في قلوب وحياة من يتبعونه. Although the Crusades failed in what they were intended to accomplish, they had some very important results. ||||||||||achieve, attain, fulfill|||||| على الرغم من أن الحملات الصليبية فشلت فيما كانت تهدف إلى تحقيقه، إلا أنها حققت بعض النتائج المهمة للغاية. For nearly two hundred years men were going and coming in great number to and from the Holy Land, seeing strange countries and strange peoples, and learning new customs. |||||||||来来往往||||||||||||||||||| لما يقرب من مائتي عام كان الرجال يذهبون ويأتون بأعداد كبيرة من وإلى الأراضي المقدسة، ويرون بلدانًا غريبة وشعوبًا غريبة، ويتعلمون عادات جديدة. Before the Crusades, each district lived by itself, and its inhabitants scarcely ever heard of the rest of the world. |||||生活|||||||||||||| قبل الحروب الصليبية، كانت كل منطقة تعيش بمفردها، وكان سكانها نادرًا ما يسمعون عن بقية العالم. During the Crusades this separation was broken down, and people from all parts of Christendom met together. ||||separation||||||||||Christian world|| خلال الحروب الصليبية، انهار هذا الانفصال، واجتمع الناس من جميع أنحاء العالم المسيحي معًا. In this way men came to learn more of the world, and of the people who dwelt in it; and their minds were broadened by this knowledge. |||||||||||||||||||||思想||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||expanded||| |||||||||||||||||||||||розширили||| وبهذه الطريقة، أصبح الناس يتعلمون المزيد عن العالم، وعن الناس الذين يعيشون فيه؛ واتسعت عقولهم بهذه المعرفة. Never after the Crusades, as a result, was the life of man quite so dark, so dreary, and so narrow, as it had been before. 从未||||||||||||||黑暗||阴沉的||||||||之前 ||||||||||||||||gloomy|||restricted||||| ونتيجة لذلك، لم تكن حياة الإنسان بعد الحروب الصليبية أبدًا مظلمة وكئيبة وضيقة إلى هذا الحد، كما كانت من قبل. その結果、十字軍の後には、以前のように、人間の生活が非常に暗く、悲惨で、狭かったことはありませんでした。 From this time on, the Middle Ages gradually changed their character; for influences were now at work to bring this period to an end, and bring about the beginning of Modern Times. ||||||||||||influences||||||||||||||||||| منذ ذلك الوقت، غيرت العصور الوسطى طابعها تدريجيًا؛ لأن التأثيرات كانت تعمل الآن لإنهاء هذه الفترة وإحداث بداية العصر الحديث. From this time on, the Middle Ages gradually changed their character; for influences were now at work to bring this period to an end, and bring about the beginning of Modern Times.