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•TED TALKS•, Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work

Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work

Three and a half years ago, I made one of the best decisions of my life.

As my New Year's resolution, I gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight, and learned to eat mindfully. Now I eat whenever I'm hungry, and I've lost 10 pounds. This was me at age 13, when I started my first diet.

I look at that picture now, and I think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult. (Laughter) But I thought I needed to lose weight, and when I gained it back, of course I blamed myself. And for the next three decades, I was on and off various diets. No matter what I tried, the weight I'd lost always came back. I'm sure many of you know the feeling. As a neuroscientist, I wondered, why is this so hard?

Obviously, how much you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. What most people don't realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain, mostly without your awareness. Your brain does a lot of its work behind the scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put this politely? -- it's easily distracted. It's good that you don't have to remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. You don't forget how to walk because you're thinking about what to have for dinner. Your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what you consciously believe.

This is called your set point, but that's a misleading term, because it's actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. You can use lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it's much, much harder to stay outside of it. The hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight stable as conditions change. That's what a thermostat does, right? It keeps the temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. Now you can try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter, but that's not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up. Your brain works exactly the same way, responding to weight loss by using powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. If you lose a lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you started out fat or thin, your brain's response is exactly the same. We would love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not, but it can't. If you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your muscles burn less energy. Dr. Rudy Leibel of Columbia University has found that people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories less because their metabolism is suppressed. That's a lot of food. This means that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the same weight who has always been thin. From an evolutionary perspective, your body's resistance to weight loss makes sense.

When food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have protected them against the next shortage. Over the course of human history, starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. This may explain a very sad fact: Set points can go up, but they rarely go down. Now, if your mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was talking about. (Laughter) Successful dieting doesn't lower your set point. Even after you've kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps trying to make you gain it back. If that weight loss had been due to a long famine, that would be a sensible response. In our modern world of drive-thru burgers, it's not working out so well for many of us. That difference between our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that Dr. Yoni Freedhoff of the University of Ottawa would like to take some of his patients back to a time when food was less available, and it's also the reason that changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution to obesity. Sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent.

If you stay at a high weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may decide that that's the new normal. Psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most dieters.

Let's call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. The interesting thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend less time thinking about food. Controlled eaters are more vulnerable to overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat buffet. And a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. Children are especially vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging. Several long-term studies have shown that girls who diet in their early teenage years are three times more likely to become overweight five years later, even if they started at a normal weight, and all of these studies found that the same factors that predicted weight gain also predicted the development of eating disorders. The other factor, by the way, those of you who are parents, was being teased by family members about their weight. So don't do that. (Laughter) I left almost all my graphs at home, but I couldn't resist throwing in just this one, because I'm a geek, and that's how I roll.

(Laughter) This is a study that looked at the risk of death over a 14-year period based on four healthy habits: eating enough fruits and vegetables, exercise three times a week, not smoking, and drinking in moderation. Let's start by looking at the normal weight people in the study. The height of the bars is the risk of death, and those zero, one, two, three, four numbers on the horizontal axis are the number of those healthy habits that a given person had. And as you'd expect, the healthier the lifestyle, the less likely people were to die during the study. Now let's look at what happens in overweight people. The ones that had no healthy habits had a higher risk of death. Adding just one healthy habit pulls overweight people back into the normal range. For obese people with no healthy habits, the risk is very high, seven times higher than the healthiest groups in the study. But a healthy lifestyle helps obese people too. In fact, if you look only at the group with all four healthy habits, you can see that weight makes very little difference. You can take control of your health by taking control of your lifestyle, even If you can't lose weight and keep it off. Diets don't have very much reliability.

Five years after a diet, most people have regained the weight. Forty percent of them have gained even more. If you think about this, the typical outcome of dieting is that you're more likely to gain weight in the long run than to lose it. If I've convinced you that dieting might be a problem, the next question is, what do you do about it?

And my answer, in a word, is mindfulness. I'm not saying you need to learn to meditate or take up yoga. I'm talking about mindful eating: learning to understand your body's signals so that you eat when you're hungry and stop when you're full, because a lot of weight gain boils down to eating when you're not hungry. How do you do it? Give yourself permission to eat as much as you want, and then work on figuring out what makes your body feel good. Sit down to regular meals without distractions. Think about how your body feels when you start to eat and when you stop, and let your hunger decide when you should be done. It took about a year for me to learn this, but it's really been worth it. I am so much more relaxed around food than I have ever been in my life. I often don't think about it. I forget we have chocolate in the house. It's like aliens have taken over my brain. It's just completely different. I should say that this approach to eating probably won't make you lose weight unless you often eat when you're not hungry, but doctors don't know of any approach that makes significant weight loss in a lot of people, and that is why a lot of people are now focusing on preventing weight gain instead of promoting weight loss. Let's face it: If diets worked, we'd all be thin already. (Laughter) Why do we keep doing the same thing and expecting different results? Diets may seem harmless, but they actually do a lot of collateral damage. At worst, they ruin lives: Weight obsession leads to eating disorders, especially in young kids. In the U.S., we have 80 percent of 10-year-old girls say they've been on a diet. Our daughters have learned to measure their worth by the wrong scale. Even at its best, dieting is a waste of time and energy. It takes willpower which you could be using to help your kids with their homework or to finish that important work project, and because willpower is limited, any strategy that relies on its consistent application is pretty much guaranteed to eventually fail you when your attention moves on to something else. Let me leave you with one last thought.

What if we told all those dieting girls that it's okay to eat when they're hungry? What if we taught them to work with their appetite instead of fearing it? I think most of them would be happier and healthier, and as adults, many of them would probably be thinner. I wish someone had told me that back when I was 13. Thanks.

(Applause)

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Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work Sandra Aamodt|Sandra Aamodt||restrictive eating habits||| Sandra|Aamodt||fare dieta||| 桑德拉|桑德拉·阿莫特||||| |||Diäten||| |Aamodt||diyet yapmak||| Sandra|アーモット||ダイエット||| |Aamodt||||| Sandra Aamodt: Warum Diäten meist nicht funktionieren Sandra Aamodt: Γιατί η δίαιτα συνήθως δεν λειτουργεί Sandra Aamodt: Why dieting doesn't usually work Sandra Aamodt: Por qué las dietas no suelen funcionar Sandra Aamodt : Pourquoi les régimes ne fonctionnent généralement pas Sandra Aamodt: Perché le diete di solito non funzionano サンドラ・アモット:ダイエットがうまくいかない理由 산드라 아모트: 다이어트가 보통 효과가 없는 이유 Sandra Aamodt: Kodėl dietos paprastai neveikia Sandra Aamodt: Dlaczego diety zwykle nie działają Sandra Aamodt: Porque é que as dietas não costumam funcionar Сандра Аамодт: Почему диеты обычно не работают Sandra Aamodt: Diyet yapmak neden genellikle işe yaramaz? Сандра Аамодт: Чому дієта зазвичай не працює 桑德拉·阿莫特:为什么节食通常不起作用 桑德拉·阿莫特:為什麼節食通常不起作用

Three and a half years ago, I made one of the best decisions of my life. ||||||||||||Entscheidungen||| |||||||verdim|||||kararlarımı||| ||||||||||||decisões||| 3년 반 전, 저는 제 인생 최고의 결정 중 하나를 내렸습니다. Три з половиною роки тому я прийняв одне з найкращих рішень у своєму житті.

As my New Year’s resolution, I gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight, and learned to eat mindfully. |||New Year’s|goal||||restrictive eating habits||worrying|about||body weight|||||with full awareness |||del anno|risoluzione|||||||||peso|||||con attenzione ||||||||||||||||||마음 챙기며 ||||Vorsatz||||||sich Sorgen machen||||||||achtsam Olarak||||karar||bıraktım||||endişelenmeyi|hakkında|||||||dikkatlice ||||||||||||||||||专注地 ||||resolution||||||||||||||意識して ||||resolución||||hacer dieta||||||||||con atención 私の新年の決意として、ダイエットを諦め、体重を気にするのをやめ、意識的に食べることを学びました。 새해 결심으로 다이어트를 포기하고 체중에 대한 걱정을 멈추고 마음 편하게 식사하는 법을 배웠습니다. Como resolução de ano novo, desisti de fazer dieta, parei de me preocupar com meu peso e aprendi a comer com atenção. Now I eat whenever I’m hungry, and I’ve lost 10 pounds. |||||||||libras |||whenever I||||||weight units |||ne zaman||||||kilo |||||||||pounds |||sempre que|||||perso|pounds 今ではお腹が空いたときに食べていて、10ポンド減りました。 이제 저는 배고플 때마다 식사를 하고 체중이 10파운드나 줄었습니다. Agora eu como sempre que estou com fome e perdi 10 quilos. This was me at age 13, when I started my first diet. ||||||||我的|| |||||||began||| |||yaşımda||başladığımda||||| ||||||||||dieta これは私が13歳の時、初めてダイエットを始めた頃の私です。 Esta era eu aos 13 anos, quando comecei a minha primeira dieta.

I look at that picture now, and I think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult. ||||||||||||||||||fashion|fashion advice ||||la foto||||||||||||||consulto di moda|consulto |||||||||||||||||||Beratung ||||||||||||gerekirdi|||||||danışmanlık ||||||||||||||||||时尚咨询| |||||||||||||||||||consult Ahora miro esa foto y pienso: no necesitabas una dieta, necesitabas una consulta de moda. Je regarde cette photo aujourd'hui et je me dis que tu n'avais pas besoin d'un régime, mais d'une consultation en matière de mode. 今その写真を見ると、あなたはダイエットが必要だったわけではなく、ファッションの相談が必要だったと思います。 지금 그 사진을 보면 다이어트가 아니라 패션 컨설팅이 필요했던 것 같아요. Eu olho para essa foto agora, e penso, você não precisava de uma dieta, você precisava de uma consultoria de moda. (Laughter) But I thought I needed to lose weight, and when I gained it back, of course I blamed myself. ||||||||||||||||||held responsible| ||||||||||||ho riacquistato||||||ho incolpato|a mim ||||||||||||zunehmen||||||gab mir die Schuld| |||düşünmüştüm|||||kilo vermek||geri aldığımda||geri aldım||||||suçladım| ||||||||||||||||||责怪| ||||||||||||||||||I blamed| ||||||||||||||||||culpé| (Gelächter) Aber ich dachte, ich müsste abnehmen, und als ich wieder zunahm, gab ich mir natürlich die Schuld. (Rires) Mais je pensais qu'il fallait que je perde du poids, et quand je l'ai repris, je m'en suis bien sûr voulu. (笑い) でも体重を減らさなければならないと思っていて、戻ってきたときはもちろん自分を責めました。 (Risos) Mas pensei que precisava de perder peso e, quando o recuperei, é claro que me culpei. And for the next three decades, I was on and off various diets. |||||Jahrzehnten||||||| |||||on yıllar|||||ara sıra|çeşitli| ||||three|||was = ero|on||||diete |||||decades|||||||diete |||||thirty years||||||different|eating plans Und in den nächsten drei Jahrzehnten habe ich immer wieder verschiedene Diäten gemacht. そして次の30年間、私は様々なダイエットを繰り返していました。 E nas três décadas seguintes, eu estava dentro e fora de várias dietas. No matter what I tried, the weight I’d lost always came back. |önemli değil|ne yaparsam||denedim|||verdiğim|||geri geldi| Egal, was ich versuchte, das Gewicht, das ich verloren hatte, kam immer wieder zurück. 私が何を試しても、失った体重は必ず戻ってきました。 Não importa o que eu tentasse, o peso que eu tinha perdido sempre voltava. I’m sure many of you know the feeling. ||||||that| ||||||bu| 多くの人がこの気持ちを知っていると思います。 많은 분들이 그 느낌을 알고 계실 겁니다. Estou certo de que muitos de vós conhecem a sensação. As a neuroscientist, I wondered, why is this so hard? ||Neurowissenschaftler||||||| ||Nörobilimci olarak merak ettim, neden bu kadar zor?|Ben|merak ettim||||| ||neuroscientist||mi sono chiesto||||| ||brain scientist||was curious||||| En tant que neuroscientifique, je me suis demandé pourquoi c'était si difficile. 神経科学者として、私は疑問に思いました。なぜこれはこんなに難しいのか? 신경과학자로서 저는 이것이 왜 이렇게 어려운 일인지 궁금했습니다. Como neurocientista, perguntei-me: porque é que isto é tão difícil?

Obviously, how much you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. Clearly||||have mass|is determined by|||||||||calories burned||use up energy Açıkçası|||||bağlıdır|||||||||||harcarsın ||||weigh|depends||||||||||| ||||verifichi|verbo dipende|||||||||||burni Wie viel Sie wiegen, hängt natürlich davon ab, wie viel Sie essen und wie viel Energie Sie verbrennen. 明らかに、あなたの体重は、どれだけ食べるかとどれだけエネルギーを消費するかによって決まります。 물론 몸무게는 섭취량과 에너지 소모량에 따라 달라집니다. Obviamente, o seu peso depende da quantidade de comida que ingere e da energia que queima. 显然,你的体重取决于你吃多少以及你消耗多少能量。 What most people don’t realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain, mostly without your awareness. |||||||appetite|||||regulated||||primarily|||conscious understanding ||||realizzano|||la fame||l'energia|||controlled by|||||||awareness |||||||||||||||||||Bewusstsein |||||||açlık||enerji kullanımı|||||||||| |||||||hunger||||||||||||awareness |||||||||||||||||||conciencia Was die meisten Menschen nicht wissen, ist, dass Hunger und Energieverbrauch vom Gehirn gesteuert werden, meist ohne dass man sich dessen bewusst ist. Ce que la plupart des gens ne réalisent pas, c'est que la faim et la consommation d'énergie sont contrôlées par le cerveau, la plupart du temps sans que l'on s'en rende compte. ほとんどの人が気づいていないのは、空腹感やエネルギーの使用が脳によって制御されているということです。ほとんど無意識のうちに。 대부분의 사람들은 배고픔과 에너지 사용은 대부분 우리가 의식하지 못하는 사이에 뇌에 의해 제어된다는 사실을 깨닫지 못합니다. O que a maioria das pessoas não percebe é que a fome e o uso de energia são controlados pelo cérebro, principalmente sem a sua consciência. 大多数人没有意识到的是,饥饿感和能量消耗都是由大脑控制的,大部分时候你并不自知。 Your brain does a lot of its work behind the scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put this politely? ||||||||||the scenes|||||||||aware|||||||is easily overwhelmed ||||||||behind||scenes||||||||||||verbo ausiliare||||in a polite manner |||||||||||||||||||||||||bunu| ||||||||||Kulissen|||||||||bewusste|||||||höflich ausged |||||||||||||||||||의식적인||||||| ||||||||幕后||幕后||||||||||||||||礼貌地 ||||||||||scenes|||||||||||||||| Ihr Gehirn erledigt einen Großteil seiner Arbeit hinter den Kulissen, und das ist auch gut so, denn Ihr bewusster Verstand - wie soll man das höflich ausdrücken? Votre cerveau fait une grande partie de son travail en coulisses, et c'est une bonne chose, parce que votre esprit conscient - comment dire cela poliment ? あなたの脳は多くの作業を裏で行っており、それは良いことです。なぜなら、あなたの意識的な心 -- これはどうやって丁寧に表現しましょうか? 우리의 뇌는 보이지 않는 곳에서 많은 일을 하고 있으며, 이는 좋은 일입니다. 왜냐하면 우리의 의식적인 마음은 - 이걸 어떻게 정중하게 표현할 수 있을까요? O seu cérebro faz muito do seu trabalho nos bastidores, e isso é bom, porque a sua mente consciente - como dizemos isto educadamente? 你的大脑在幕后做了很多工作,这是很好的,因为你的意识思维 -- 怎么说呢? -- it’s easily distracted. ||산만해져 ||ablenkbar ||dikkatini dağıtır ||distraído ||easily sidetracked -- es lässt sich leicht ablenken. -- Il est facilement distrait. -- 簡単に気を散らせます。 -- distrai-se facilmente. It’s good that you don’t have to remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. ||||||||||||沉浸||沉浸||| |||||||||inhale and exhale||||wrapped|||| |iyi|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||get = you||||| ||||||||||||ficar|pegos|||| Es ist gut, dass man nicht daran denken muss, zu atmen, wenn man in einem Film gefangen ist. C'est une bonne chose que vous n'ayez pas à vous rappeler de respirer lorsque vous êtes pris dans un film. 映画に夢中になっているときに呼吸を忘れなくていいのは良いことです。 영화에 몰입할 때 숨 쉬는 것을 기억할 필요가 없다는 점이 좋습니다. É bom que você não precise se lembrar de respirar quando for pego em um filme. 当你沉迷于电影时,你不必记住呼吸,这很好。 You don’t forget how to walk because you’re thinking about what to have for dinner. On n'oublie pas de marcher parce qu'on pense à ce qu'on va manger. 夕食に何を食べるか考えているからといって、歩き方を忘れることはありません。 저녁 식사로 무엇을 먹을지 생각하느라 걷는 방법을 잊어버리지 마세요. Não se esquece de andar porque se está a pensar no que se vai comer ao jantar. 你不会因为考虑晚餐吃什么而忘记如何走路。 你不会忘记如何走路,因为你在考虑晚餐要吃什么。 Your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what you consciously believe. ||||||||||||||||deliberately|think |||||||||||deveria pesar|||||| |||||kendi|algı||ne olduğunu|||kilo almak||önemli değil|||bilinçli olarak| |||||||||||wiegen|||||bewusst| |||||||||||무게를 재다|||||| |||||||||||体重|||||| |||||独自の|||||||||何|||信じる Auch Ihr Gehirn hat seine eigene Vorstellung davon, was Sie wiegen sollten, unabhängig davon, was Sie bewusst glauben. Votre cerveau a également sa propre idée de ce que vous devriez peser, indépendamment de ce que vous croyez consciemment. あなたの脳は、あなたが意識的に信じていることに関わらず、あなたがどのくらいの体重であるべきかについて独自の感覚を持っています。 우리 뇌는 의식적으로 무엇을 믿든 간에 몸무게에 대한 자체적인 감각을 가지고 있습니다. Seu cérebro também tem sua própria noção do que você deve pesar, não importa no que você acredita conscientemente. 无论您有意识地相信什么,您的大脑也有自己应该称重的感觉。 无论你有意识地相信什么,你的大脑也有自己的体重感觉。

This is called your set point, but that’s a misleading term, because it’s actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. |||||||||deceptive||||||range of|||| |||||||||enganoso|||||||||| |||||||||irreführend|||||||||| |||||||||yanıltıcı|||||||||| |||||||||ingannevole|||||||||| |||||||||engañoso|||||||||| Dieser Wert wird als Sollwert bezeichnet, aber das ist ein irreführender Begriff, denn es handelt sich eigentlich um einen Bereich von etwa 10 oder 15 Pfund. C'est ce qu'on appelle le point de consigne, mais ce terme est trompeur, car il s'agit en fait d'une fourchette d'environ 10 ou 15 livres. これはあなたのセットポイントと呼ばれていますが、それは誤解を招く用語です。実際には約10ポンドまたは15ポンドの範囲です。 이를 설정 포인트라고 하지만 실제로는 약 10~15파운드의 범위이기 때문에 오해의 소지가 있는 용어입니다. Isso é chamado de ponto de ajuste, mas é um termo enganoso, porque na verdade é um intervalo de cerca de 10 ou 15 libras. 这称为您的设定点,但这是一个误导性术语,因为它实际上是大约 10 或 15 磅的范围。 这被称为你的设定点,但这是个误导性的术语,因为实际上是一个范围大约在10到15磅之间。 You can use lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it’s much, much harder to stay outside of it. ||||||||||||||Bereich|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||daha zor||||| |||lifestyle|選択肢|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||rango|||||||||| Sie können Ihr Gewicht innerhalb dieser Spanne durch Ihre Lebensgewohnheiten nach oben und unten bewegen, aber es ist viel, viel schwieriger, außerhalb dieser Spanne zu bleiben. Vous pouvez faire des choix de mode de vie pour faire varier votre poids à l'intérieur de cette fourchette, mais il est beaucoup, beaucoup plus difficile de rester en dehors de cette fourchette. ライフスタイルの選択を使って、その範囲内で体重を上下させることはできますが、その範囲外に留まるのは非常に、非常に難しいです。 생활 습관으로 체중을 그 범위 내에서 오르내릴 수는 있지만, 그 범위를 벗어나지 않는 것은 훨씬 더 어렵습니다. Você pode usar escolhas de estilo de vida para mover seu peso para cima e para baixo dentro dessa faixa, mas é muito, muito mais difícil ficar fora dela. 您可以选择生活方式来使体重在该范围内上下移动,但要保持在该范围之外就很难了。 你可以通过生活方式选择将体重在这个范围内上下移动,但要保持在范围之外要困难得多。 The hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight stable as conditions change. |brain region|||||||controls|||||||||||||||||||||||||which|||||||||||||regulatory system|||||||||||and energy|metabolic rate|||||unchanging||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||termostato||||||||||||metabolismo|||||estável||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||恆溫器|||||||||||||||||||| |Hypothalamus|||||||reguliert|||||||||||||||||||zunehmen||||||||||||||||||||reagiert|||||||anpassen||||Stoffwechsel|||||||| |시상하부|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||온도 조절기||||||||||||신진대사|||||||| |下丘脑|||||||调节||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||温控器||||||||||||新陈代谢|||||||| |視床下部|||||||調節する||||||||ダース|化学物質|信号||||||||||||||||||||||||||||温度調節器||||||||||||代謝|||||||状況が変わる| L'hypothalamus, la partie du cerveau qui régule le poids corporel, contient plus d'une douzaine de signaux chimiques qui indiquent à votre corps de prendre du poids, et plus d'une autre douzaine qui indiquent à votre corps de le perdre. Le système fonctionne comme un thermostat, répondant aux signaux du corps en ajustant la faim, l'activité et le métabolisme, afin de maintenir votre poids stable lorsque les conditions changent. 体重を調節する脳の一部である視床下部には、体に体重を増やすように指示する化学信号が12以上あり、体重を減らすように指示する信号も12以上あります。このシステムは、サーモスタットのように機能し、体からの信号に応じて食欲、活動量、代謝を調整し、条件に応じて体重を安定させます。 O hipotálamo, a parte do cérebro que regula o peso corporal, há mais de uma dúzia de sinais químicos no cérebro que dizem ao seu corpo para ganhar peso, mais de uma dúzia que diz ao seu corpo para perdê-lo, e o sistema funciona como um termostato, respondendo aos sinais do corpo ajustando a fome, a atividade e o metabolismo, para manter seu peso estável à medida que as condições mudam. 下丘脑是调节体重的大脑部分,在大脑中有十几种化学信号告诉您的身体增重,另有十几种告诉您的身体减重,这个系统就像一个恒温器,通过调整饥饿、活动和新陈代谢来响应来自身体的信号,以使体重在条件变化时保持稳定。 That’s what a thermostat does, right? |||temperature control device|| |||サーモスタット|| それがサーモスタットの役割なんだよね? É isso que um termóstato faz, certo? 这就是恒温器的作用,对吧? It keeps the temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. |||Temperatur|||||||||ändert| |||温度|||||||||| 外の天候が変わっても、家の中の温度を同じに保ちます。 Mantém a temperatura em sua casa a mesma que o clima muda lá fora. Now you can try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter, but that’s not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up. |||||||||||||||||the winter season||||||||temperature setting|||thermostat setting|||||turning on|||heating system|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ligando|||aquecedor|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||暖爐|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||Einstellung||||||||einschalten|||Heizung|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||난방기|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||开启||暖气炉||||||回升 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||作動する|||暖房装置||暖かくする|||戻る| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||encendiendo|||calefacción|||||| Sie können nun versuchen, die Temperatur in Ihrem Haus zu ändern, indem Sie im Winter ein Fenster öffnen, aber das wird die Einstellung des Thermostats nicht ändern, der daraufhin den Ofen anwirft, um den Raum wieder aufzuwärmen. Puedes intentar cambiar la temperatura de tu casa abriendo una ventana en invierno, pero eso no cambiará el ajuste del termostato, que responderá encendiendo la caldera para volver a calentar el lugar. Vous pouvez essayer de modifier la température de votre maison en ouvrant une fenêtre en hiver, mais cela ne changera pas le réglage du thermostat, qui réagira en allumant la chaudière pour réchauffer l'endroit. 今、冬に窓を開けることで家の温度を変えようとすることができますが、それはサーモスタットの設定を変えることにはならず、サーモスタットは暖房をオンにして元の温度を戻そうと反応します。 Agora você pode tentar mudar a temperatura em sua casa abrindo uma janela no inverno, mas isso não vai mudar a configuração do termostato, que responderá chutando o forno para aquecer o lugar novamente. 现在,您可以尝试在冬天打开窗户来改变家里的温度,但这不会改变恒温器的设置,恒温器会通过踢炉子来做出反应,使房间重新变暖。 Your brain works exactly the same way, responding to weight loss by using powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. ||||||||||||||||||||||||normal |||||||reagiert||||||||||||||||als normal ansieht| |||||||reacting||||||||||||||||deems| Ihr Gehirn arbeitet genau so und reagiert auf Gewichtsverlust, indem es leistungsstarke Werkzeuge einsetzt, um Ihren Körper wieder auf das zu bringen, was er für normal hält. あなたの脳は全く同じように働き、体重が減ったことに反応して、強力なツールを使って体を自分が考える正常な状態に戻そうとします。 O seu cérebro funciona exatamente da mesma forma, respondendo à perda de peso através da utilização de ferramentas poderosas para empurrar o seu corpo de volta ao que considera normal. If you lose a lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you started out fat or thin, your brain’s response is exactly the same. |||||||||reagiert|||||am Verhungern||ob||||||dünn|||Reaktion|||| |||||||||responds|||||deprived of food||regardless of||||||||brain||||| |||||||||反応する|||||飢えている||||始めた||||||||||| ||||||||||||||hambriento||si||empezaste||||||||||| Wenn Sie viel Gewicht verlieren, reagiert Ihr Gehirn so, als ob Sie hungern würden, und ob Sie nun dick oder dünn waren, die Reaktion Ihres Gehirns ist genau dieselbe. Si pierdes mucho peso, tu cerebro reacciona como si te estuvieras muriendo de hambre, y tanto si empezaste gordo como delgado, la respuesta de tu cerebro es exactamente la misma. もしあなたが大量に体重を減らすと、あなたの脳は空腹だと反応します。そして、あなたが元々太っていたか痩せていたかにかかわらず、脳の反応はまったく同じです。 Se você perder muito peso, seu cérebro reage como se estivesse morrendo de fome, e se você começou gordo ou magro, a resposta do seu cérebro é exatamente a mesma. 如果你减掉大量体重,你的大脑会像你在挨饿一样做出反应,无论你原来是胖还是瘦,你的大脑反应都是一样的。 We would love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not, but it can’t. ||||||||||ob|||||||||| |||||||||||||||weight loss||or not||| |||||||||||||||||ない||| Wir würden gerne glauben, dass Ihr Gehirn Ihnen sagen kann, ob Sie abnehmen müssen oder nicht, aber das kann es nicht. Nous aimerions croire que notre cerveau est capable de nous dire si nous avons besoin de perdre du poids ou non, mais ce n'est pas le cas. 私たちはあなたの脳が体重を減らす必要があるかどうかを判断できると思いたいですが、できません。 Gostaríamos de pensar que o nosso cérebro pode dizer se precisamos de perder peso ou não, mas não pode. 我们很想认为你的大脑可以知道你是否需要减肥,但实际上不行。 If you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your muscles burn less energy. ||||||||||||||燃焼する|より少ない| Si vous perdez beaucoup de poids, vous aurez faim et vos muscles brûleront moins d'énergie. もし多くの体重を失った場合、あなたはお腹がすき、筋肉はエネルギーをあまり消費しなくなります。 Se perder muito peso, fica com fome e os seus músculos queimam menos energia. 如果你真的减掉很多体重,你会变得更饥饿,你的肌肉燃烧的能量也会减少。 Dr. Rudy Leibel of Columbia University has found that people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories less because their metabolism is suppressed. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||降低 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||slowed down ||||Columbia Üniversitesi||||||kimler||||||||||||||||baskı altında ルビー博士|ルディ|ライベル博士||コロンビア|||||||||||彼らの||||||少なく|||代謝||抑制された ||Leibel|||||||||||||||||||||||| Dr. Rudy Leibel von der Columbia University hat festgestellt, dass Menschen, die 10 Prozent ihres Körpergewichts verloren haben, 250 bis 400 Kalorien weniger verbrennen, weil ihr Stoffwechsel unterdrückt ist. Le Dr Rudy Leibel, de l'Université de Columbia, a constaté que les personnes ayant perdu 10 % de leur poids corporel brûlent 250 à 400 calories de moins parce que leur métabolisme est inhibé. コロンビア大学のルディ・ライベル博士は、体重の10%を失った人々は代謝が抑制されるため、250から400カロリー少なく燃焼することを発見しました。 That’s a lot of food. それはたくさんの食べ物です。 Isso é muita comida. This means that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the same weight who has always been thin. |||||节食者||||||||||||||||| |||||Diätetiker||||||||||||||||| |||||다이어터||||||||||||||||| |||||ダイエッター||||この量||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||aynı||||||| Das bedeutet, dass ein erfolgreicher Diätetiker für immer so viel weniger essen muss als jemand mit demselben Gewicht, der schon immer schlank war. Cela signifie qu'une personne qui réussit son régime doit toujours manger beaucoup moins qu'une personne de même poids qui a toujours été mince. これは、成功したダイエッターが同じ体重で常に痩せている人よりも、永遠にこれだけ少なく食べなければならないことを意味します。 Isso significa que um dieter de sucesso deve comer muito menos para sempre do que alguém do mesmo peso que sempre foi magro. Это означает, что успешный диетолог должен постоянно есть на столько меньше, чем человек того же веса, который всегда был худым. 这意味着,一个成功的节食者必须永远比体重相同但一直很瘦的人吃得少得多。 这意味着一个成功的节食者必须永远比一个一直很瘦的体重相同的人少吃这么多。 From an evolutionary perspective, your body’s resistance to weight loss makes sense. ||||||抵抗力||||| ||evolutionary standpoint|viewpoint||body|||||| ||evrimsel|evolüsyonel bakış açısı|||||||anlamlı|anlamlı ||進化的な|||体の|||体重||意味する| Aus evolutionärer Sicht ist der Widerstand Ihres Körpers gegen eine Gewichtsabnahme sinnvoll. 進化の観点から見ると、あなたの体が体重減少に抵抗するのは理にかなっています。 De uma perspectiva evolutiva, a resistência do seu corpo à perda de peso faz sentido. 从进化的角度来看,你的身体对减肥的抵抗是有道理的。 从进化的角度来看,你的身体对减肥的抵抗是有道理的。

When food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have protected them against the next shortage. |||limited in availability||forebears||||saving|||gaining back||||||||||||||lack of food |||escassa|||||||||recuperar||||||||||||||escassez alimentar |||knapp||||||Energie sparen|||Wiedererlangen||||||verfügbar||||||||Mangel |||||||||절약하는||||||||||||||||| |||稀缺||||||节约|||恢复体重|||||||||||||| |||不足して||祖先||||節約する|||体重を取り戻す|||||||||守ることができた|||||不足 |||escasa|||||||||||||||||||||||escasez Als die Nahrung knapp war, hing das Überleben unserer Vorfahren davon ab, Energie zu sparen, und die Gewichtszunahme bei vorhandener Nahrung hätte sie vor der nächsten Knappheit geschützt. 食料が不足していた時、我々の祖先はエネルギーを節約することで生き延びることができ、食料が手に入ると体重を戻すことで次の不足から身を守ることができたでしょう。 Quando os alimentos eram escassos, a sobrevivência dos nossos antepassados dependia da conservação de energia, e recuperar o peso quando os alimentos estavam disponíveis tê-los-ia protegido contra a escassez seguinte. 当食物短缺时,我们祖先的生存依赖于保存能量,而当食物可用时恢复体重可以保护他们免受下一次短缺的影响。 当食物稀缺时,我们祖先的生存依赖于保存能量,当食物充裕时重新增重可以保护他们免受下一次短缺的伤害。 Over the course of human history, starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. ||||||hunger crisis||||||||excessive food consumption ||||||fome extrema||||||||excesso de comida ||||||Hunger||||||||Überessen ||||||||||||||暴饮暴食 の間に||過程||人類||飢餓||||||||過食 ||||||hambre||||||||comer en exceso 人類の歴史を通じて、飢饉は過食よりもはるかに大きな問題でした。 Ao longo da história humana, a fome tem sido um problema muito maior do que comer demais. 在人类历史上,饥饿是比暴饮暴食更严重的问题。 This may explain a very sad fact: Set points can go up, but they rarely go down. ||||||||||||||selten|| |||||||Set of points|||||||not often|| ||||çok|üzücü||||||||||| ||||||||||||||raramente|| Dies mag eine sehr traurige Tatsache erklären: Die Sollwerte können steigen, aber sie sinken selten. Cela explique peut-être une triste réalité : les points de fixation peuvent augmenter, mais ils diminuent rarement. これは非常に悲しい事実を説明するかもしれません:セットポイントは上昇しますが、下がることは稀です。 Isso pode explicar um fato muito triste: os pontos de ajuste podem aumentar, mas raramente diminuem. Now, if your mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was talking about. Wenn Ihre Mutter jemals gesagt hat, dass das Leben nicht fair ist, dann hat sie damit genau diese Dinge gemeint. Si votre mère vous a déjà dit que la vie était injuste, c'est de ce genre de choses qu'elle parlait. さて、もしあなたのお母さんが人生は公平ではないと言ったことがあるなら、彼女が話していたのはこういうことです。 Se a sua mãe alguma vez disse que a vida não é justa, era a isto que ela se referia. 现在,如果你的母亲曾经提到过生活是不公平的,那么她所说的就是这种事情。 (Laughter) Successful dieting doesn’t lower your set point. ||||düşürmez||| (Lachen) Eine erfolgreiche Diät senkt nicht Ihren Sollwert. (Rires) Un régime réussi n'abaisse pas le point de consigne. (笑) 成功したダイエットはあなたのセットポイントを下げません。 (Risos) Uma dieta bem sucedida não faz baixar o seu ponto de referência. Even after you’ve kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps trying to make you gain it back. Hatta|sonra||||kilo||||||||||||||||| ||||||||として|||||||||||||| Selbst wenn Sie Ihr Gewicht sieben Jahre lang gehalten haben, versucht Ihr Gehirn immer wieder, Sie dazu zu bringen, wieder zuzunehmen. Incluso después de haber mantenido el peso durante siete años, el cerebro sigue intentando que lo recuperes. Même si vous avez réussi à perdre du poids pendant sept ans, votre cerveau continue d'essayer de vous le faire reprendre. たとえ7年間も体重を維持していても、脳はあなたが体重を戻そうとするのを止めません。 Mesmo depois de manter o peso por até sete anos, seu cérebro continua tentando fazer você recuperá-lo. If that weight loss had been due to a long famine, that would be a sensible response. ||||||||||food scarcity|||||reasonable| ||||||||||饑荒|||||合理的| |||||||||||||||sinnvolle| ||||||||||饥荒|||||合理的| ||||||による||||飢饉|||||妥当な反応| ||||||||||hambruna|||||| Wäre dieser Gewichtsverlust auf eine lange Hungersnot zurückzuführen, wäre das eine vernünftige Reaktion. Si cette perte de poids avait été due à une longue famine, cette réponse serait sensée. もしその体重減少が長期の飢饉によるものであったなら、それは理にかなった反応でしょう。 Se essa perda de peso fosse devido a uma longa fome, seria uma resposta sensata. 如果减重是由于长时间的饥荒,那将是一个明智的反应。 In our modern world of drive-thru burgers, it’s not working out so well for many of us. ||||||得来速||||||||||| ||||||durch|Burger|||||||||| ||||||drive-through|fast food|||turning||||||| ||||||ドライブスルー|バーガー|||うまくいっていない||||||| ||||||por auto||||||||||| In unserer modernen Welt der Drive-Thru-Burger funktioniert das für viele von uns nicht mehr so gut. Dans notre monde moderne où les hamburgers sont servis au volant, cela ne fonctionne pas très bien pour beaucoup d'entre nous. ドライブスルーバーガーのある現代社会では、多くの人々にとってうまくいっていません。 Em nosso mundo moderno de hambúrgueres drive-thru, não está funcionando tão bem para muitos de nós. 在当今的汽车餐厅汉堡世界中,这对我们许多人来说并不那么有效。 在我们现代的快餐世界里,对许多人来说,这并不太有效。 That difference between our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that Dr. Yoni Freedhoff of the University of Ottawa would like to take some of his patients back to a time when food was less available, and it’s also the reason that changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution to obesity. ||||heritage||||plentiful|||||||||||||University of Ottawa||||||||||||||food supply||||||additionally||||||||||||||||||overweight condition |||||||||||||||Yoni|Freedhoff|||||Ottawa|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||祖先的||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||Ahnen-||||reichlich|||||||Yoni|Freedhoff|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Änderung||||||||||||Lösung||Fettleibigkeit ||||atalarımızın||||bol||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||조상(의)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||祖先的||||丰富的||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||祖先の||||豊富な||||||ドクター|ヨニ・フリードホフ|フリードホフ博士|||||オタワ大学|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||Yoni Freedhoff|Freedhoff||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Cette différence entre notre passé ancestral et notre présent d'abondance est la raison pour laquelle le Dr Yoni Freedhoff, de l'université d'Ottawa, aimerait ramener certains de ses patients à une époque où la nourriture était moins disponible, et c'est aussi la raison pour laquelle la solution la plus efficace pour lutter contre l'obésité consistera à modifier l'environnement alimentaire. 私たちの祖先の過去と豊かな現在の間のその違いは、オタワ大学のヨニ・フリードホフ博士が彼の患者の何人かを食べ物が入手しにくかった時代に戻したい理由であり、また食環境の変化が肥満に対する最も効果的な解決策になる理由でもあります。 Essa diferença entre nosso passado ancestral e nosso presente abundante é a razão pela qual o Dr. Yoni Freedhoff, da Universidade de Ottawa, gostaria de levar alguns de seus pacientes de volta a uma época em que a comida era menos disponível, e também é a razão pela qual mudar a comida ambiente vai realmente ser a solução mais eficaz para a obesidade. 我们祖先的过去和我们丰富的现在之间的这种差异是渥太华大学的 Yoni Freedhoff 博士想要带他的一些病人回到食物匮乏的时代的原因,这也是改变食物的原因环境确实将成为解决肥胖最有效的方法。 我们祖先的过去与我们现今充裕的生活之间的差异,是渥太华大学的尤尼·弗里德霍夫博士希望能带一些患者回到食物不那么丰富的时代的原因,也是改变食物环境真正将是肥胖最有效的解决方案的原因。 Sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent. Leider||vorübergehende||||| |||||||lasting change ||一時的な|||||永久的 Infelizmente||||||| 悲しいことに、一時的な体重増加は永続的なものになることがあります。 Infelizmente, um aumento de peso temporário pode tornar-se permanente. 可悲的是,暂时的体重增加可能会变成永久性的。 可悲的是,暂时的体重增加可能会变成永久的。

If you stay at a high weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may decide that that’s the new normal. ||||||||||muhtemelen||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||問題||||||||||||||| Wenn Sie zu lange auf einem hohen Gewicht bleiben, was für die meisten von uns wahrscheinlich eine Frage von Jahren ist, kann Ihr Gehirn beschließen, dass dies der neue Normalzustand ist. Si vous restez trop longtemps à un poids élevé, probablement une question d'années pour la plupart d'entre nous, votre cerveau peut décider que c'est la nouvelle normalité. もし長い間高い体重を維持していると、ほとんどの人にとって数年の問題になるかもしれませんが、あなたの脳はそれが新しい正常だと決めるかもしれません。 Se se mantiver num peso elevado durante muito tempo, provavelmente uma questão de anos para a maioria de nós, o cérebro pode decidir que esse é o novo normal. 如果你保持在一个很高的体重上太久,对于我们大多数人来说可能需要几年的时间,你的大脑可能会认为这是新的正常状态。 Psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most dieters. ||||||||||||||||||||||||节食者 |klassifizieren|Esser||||||||||||||||||||||Diätetiker |||||||||||hunger cues||||||||eating||self-control|||people on diets 心理学者|分類する|食べる人|||||||||||||||||||意志力|||ダイエットする人 I psicologi|classificano||||||||||||||||||||força de vontade||| Les psychologues classent les mangeurs en deux groupes : ceux qui se fient à leur faim et ceux qui essaient de contrôler leur alimentation par la volonté, comme la plupart des personnes au régime. 心理学者は食べる人を2つのグループに分類します。一方は自分の空腹に頼る人、もう一方は意志力を使って食事をコントロールしようとする人、つまりほとんどのダイエッターです。 Os psicólogos classificam os comedores em dois grupos, aqueles que confiam em sua fome e aqueles que tentam controlar sua alimentação através da força de vontade, como a maioria dos dieters. 心理学家将进食者分为两类,一类是依赖于饥饿感的人,另一类是试图通过意志力控制饮食的人,就像大多数节食者一样。

Let’s call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. |称||直觉|||| |||natural|intuitive eaters||| |||sezgisel|||| |||直感的な|食べる人|||コントロールされた食べ手 彼らを直感的な食事をする人と制御された食事をする人と呼びましょう。 让我们称他们为直觉型食者和受控型食者。 The interesting thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend less time thinking about food. ||||||||||||excess body weight|||||||| ||||||||daha az|muhtemelen||||||||||| ||||||食べる人||||||過体重|||||||| Interessant ist, dass intuitive Esser seltener übergewichtig sind und weniger Zeit damit verbringen, über Essen nachzudenken. 興味深いことに、直感的に食べる人は肥満になりにくく、食べ物について考える時間が少ないです。 O interessante é que os comedores intuitivos têm menos probabilidade de estar acima do peso e passam menos tempo pensando em comida. 有趣的是,直觉型食者更不容易超重,也花更少时间想食物。 Controlled eaters are more vulnerable to overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat buffet. ||||susceptible||excessive food consumption||||promotional content||large portions|||||||all-you-can-eat |||||||||||||||||||buffet à vontade ||||anfällig||Überessen||||||Größenanpass|||||||Buffet Kontrollü||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||超级|超大份量|||||||自助餐 |食べる人|||脆弱||||||広告||大盛り||||||| Kontrollierte Esser sind anfälliger für übermäßiges Essen als Reaktion auf Werbung, Übergrößen und das All-you-can-eat-Buffet. Les mangeurs contrôlés sont plus vulnérables à la suralimentation en réponse à la publicité, au surdimensionnement et au buffet à volonté. コントロールされた食事をする人は、広告や大盛り、食べ放題の影響で過食に陥りやすい。 Comedores controlados são mais vulneráveis a comer demais em resposta à publicidade, superdimensionamento e ao buffet livre. 受控型食者更容易在面对广告、超大份食物和自助餐时过度进食。 And a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. |||treat||||scoop of||||||||||||overeating episode||| |||indulgência||||uma bola||||||||||||excesso alimentar||| |||放縱||||||||||||||||暴食||| |||Genuss||||Portion||||||||||||||| |||사치||||||||||||||||폭식||| |||放纵||||勺||||||||||||暴饮||| |||indulgence||||一すくい||||||||||||暴飲暴食||| Und eine kleine Versuchung, wie das Essen einer Kugel Eis, führt bei kontrollierten Essern eher zu einer Essattacke. Y un pequeño capricho, como comerse una bola de helado, tiene más probabilidades de provocar un atracón de comida en los consumidores controlados. De plus, un petit plaisir, comme manger une boule de glace, est plus susceptible de conduire à une frénésie alimentaire chez les mangeurs contrôlés. そして、アイスクリームを一さじ食べるような小さな indulgence は、コントロールされた食事をする人々の中で、食べ過ぎに繋がる可能性が高いです。 E uma pequena indulgência, como comer uma bola de sorvete, é mais provável que leve a uma compulsão alimentar em comedores controlados. Children are especially vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging. |||||||||||暴食 |||||||||||Essanfällen |||||||||||binging ||||||サイクル|||||過食 |||||||||||exagero alimentar Kinder sind besonders anfällig für diesen Zyklus aus Diäten und anschließenden Essattacken. 子供たちは、このダイエットとその後の暴食のサイクルに特に脆弱です。 As crianças são especialmente vulneráveis a este ciclo de dieta e depois compulsão. Several long-term studies have shown that girls who diet in their early teenage years are three times more likely to become overweight five years later, even if they started at a normal weight, and all of these studies found that the same factors that predicted weight gain also predicted the development of eating disorders. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||饮食失调 Mehrere|||||||||||||||||||wahrscheinlicher|||übergewichtig|||||||||||||||||||||||vorhersagten|||||||||Essstörungen ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||belonging to|| |||||||女の子||||||ティーンエイジャー||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||予測した||||||||食事|摂食障害 Mehrere langfristige Studien haben gezeigt, dass Mädchen, die in ihren frühen Teenagerjahren Diäten machen, dreimal wahrscheinlicher fünf Jahre später übergewichtig sind, selbst wenn sie mit einem Normalgewicht begonnen haben, und alle diese Studien fanden heraus, dass die gleichen Faktoren, die eine Gewichtszunahme vorhersagten, auch die Entwicklung von Essstörungen vorhersagten. Plusieurs études à long terme ont montré que les filles qui suivent un régime au début de l'adolescence ont trois fois plus de risques de devenir obèses cinq ans plus tard, même si elles avaient un poids normal au départ, et toutes ces études ont montré que les mêmes facteurs qui prédisaient la prise de poids prédisaient également le développement de troubles de l'alimentation. いくつかの長期的な研究によると、思春期の初めにダイエットをする女の子は、5年後に太ってしまう可能性が3倍高く、体重が正常だった場合でも同様であり、これらの研究は体重増加を予測するのと同じ要因が摂食障害の発症も予測することを見出しました。 几项长期研究表明,在青少年时期节食的女孩五年后超重的可能性是正常体重的三倍,即使她们一开始体重正常,所有这些研究都发现,预测体重的因素与预测体重的因素相同。增益还预测饮食失调的发展。 The other factor, by the way, those of you who are parents, was being teased by family members about their weight. ||||||||||||||mocked|||||| ||||||||||||||zombado|||||| |||||||||||||||||üyeleri||| ||||||||||||||verspottet|||||| ||||||||||||||놀림을 받다|||||| 那个||||||||||||||取笑|||||| ||||||||||||||からかわれた|||||| Der andere Faktor, übrigens für diejenigen unter Ihnen, die Eltern sind, war, dass sie von Familienmitgliedern wegen ihres Gewichts gehänselt wurden. L'autre facteur, d'ailleurs, pour ceux d'entre vous qui sont parents, c'est que les membres de la famille se moquaient de leur poids. ちなみに、親の皆さんにとってもう一つの要因は、家族から体重についてからかわれることでした。 O outro fator, a propósito, aqueles de vocês que são pais, estavam sendo provocados por membros da família sobre seu peso. Другим фактором, кстати, тем из вас, кто является родителями, было то, что члены семьи дразнили их за вес. So don’t do that. Tun Sie das also nicht. だから、そんなことはしないでください。 (Laughter) (笑い) I left almost all my graphs at home, but I couldn’t resist throwing in just this one, because I’m a geek, and that’s how I roll. ||nearly|||charts|||||||||||||||enthusiast||||| ||||||||||||||||||||nerd||é assim||| |||||圖表|||||||丟掉||||||||極客|||||我的風格 |||||Diagramme||||||widerstehen|einwerfen||||||||Nerd||||| |离开|几乎|||图表|||||无法|忍不住||在|||||||极客||||| |||||グラフ||||||我慢する|入れる||||||||オタク|||||スタイル Ich habe fast alle meine Diagramme zu Hause gelassen, aber ich konnte nicht widerstehen, nur dieses eine einzubauen, denn ich bin ein Geek, und so bin ich nun mal. Me he dejado casi todos los gráficos en casa, pero no he podido resistirme a poner sólo éste, porque soy un friki y así me va. J'ai laissé presque tous mes graphiques à la maison, mais je n'ai pas pu résister à l'envie d'ajouter celui-ci, parce que je suis un geek et que c'est comme ça que je fonctionne. ほとんどすべてのグラフを家に置いてきたが、一つだけ我慢できずに追加した。なぜなら私はオタクだから、こういうスタイルでやっているからだ。 Deixei quase todos os meus gráficos em casa, mas não resisti em colocar só esse, porque sou geek, e é assim que eu rolo. 我几乎把所有图表都留在家里了,但我忍不住只扔了这张,因为我是个极客,这就是我的行事方式。

(Laughter) This is a study that looked at the risk of death over a 14-year period based on four healthy habits: eating enough fruits and vegetables, exercise three times a week, not smoking, and drinking in moderation. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||适度饮酒 ||||||||||||||||||||Gewohnheiten||||||Bewegung||||||||||in Maßen ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||controlled amounts |||||||||||死亡|||||||||||||||||||||喫煙||||適度な飲酒 (Rires) Il s'agit d'une étude qui a examiné le risque de décès sur une période de 14 ans en fonction de quatre habitudes saines : manger suffisamment de fruits et de légumes, faire de l'exercice trois fois par semaine, ne pas fumer et consommer de l'alcool avec modération. (笑い) これは、14年間にわたる死亡リスクを、果物と野菜を十分に食べること、週に3回の運動、喫煙をしないこと、適度な飲酒の4つの健康的な習慣に基づいて調査した研究です。 (Risos) Este é um estudo que analisou o risco de morte durante um período de 14 anos com base em quatro hábitos saudáveis: comer bastante frutas e vegetais, fazer exercícios três vezes por semana, não fumar e beber com moderação. Let’s start by looking at the normal weight people in the study. |始めましょう|||||||||| 研究に参加した通常体重の人々を見てみましょう。 Vamos começar olhando para as pessoas com peso normal no estudo. The height of the bars is the risk of death, and those zero, one, two, three, four numbers on the horizontal axis are the number of those healthy habits that a given person had. ||||||||||||||||||||x-axis|horizontal axis|||||||||||| |altura|||barras||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Achse|||||||Gewohnheiten||||| |||||||||||||||||sayılar|||||||||||||||| ||||柱子||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||死|||ゼロ||||||||横軸|軸|||||||||||| La hauteur des barres représente le risque de décès, et les nombres zéro, un, deux, trois et quatre sur l'axe horizontal correspondent au nombre d'habitudes saines qu'une personne donnée avait. 棒の高さは死亡のリスクを示しており、水平軸のゼロ、一、二、三、四の数字は特定の人が持っていた健康的な習慣の数です。 A altura das barras é o risco de morte, e aqueles zero, um, dois, três, quatro números no eixo horizontal são o número daqueles hábitos saudáveis que uma determinada pessoa tinha. 条形的高度代表死亡风险,横轴上的零、一、二、三、四数字是某个人拥有的健康习惯的数量。 And as you’d expect, the healthier the lifestyle, the less likely people were to die during the study. |||||||||||||ölmek|||| |||||健康的な|||||||||死ぬ||| そして予想通り、ライフスタイルが健康的であるほど、研究中に人々が死亡する可能性は低くなりました。 E, como seria de esperar, quanto mais saudável o estilo de vida, menor a probabilidade de as pessoas morrerem durante o estudo. Now let’s look at what happens in overweight people. |||||||übergewichtigen| |||||||sobrepeso| さて、肥満の人々に何が起こるのか見てみましょう。 Agora vamos ver o que acontece em pessoas com excesso de peso. The ones that had no healthy habits had a higher risk of death. ||||||||||||死 健康的な習慣がない人々は、死亡のリスクが高かった。 Adding just one healthy habit pulls overweight people back into the normal range. |||||引き戻す|||戻す|||| |||||||as pessoas||||| L'ajout d'une seule habitude saine ramène les personnes en surpoids dans la fourchette normale. たった一つの健康的な習慣を加えるだけで、肥満の人々は正常範囲に戻ることができます。 Adicionar apenas um hábito saudável puxa as pessoas com excesso de peso de volta à faixa normal. For obese people with no healthy habits, the risk is very high, seven times higher than the healthiest groups in the study. |||||||||||||||||gesündesten|||| |overweight individuals|||||||||||||||||||| |비만한|||||||||||||||||||| |肥満の||||||||||||||||最も健康な|||| 健康的な習慣を持たない肥満の人々にとって、そのリスクは非常に高く、研究の中で最も健康的なグループと比較して7倍高いです。 对于没有健康习惯的肥胖者来说,患病风险非常高,比研究中最健康人群高出七倍。 But a healthy lifestyle helps obese people too. |||||fettleibigen|| |||||肥満の|人々| しかし、健康的なライフスタイルは肥満の人々にも役立ちます。 In fact, if you look only at the group with all four healthy habits, you can see that weight makes very little difference. 実際、すべての健康的な習慣を持つグループだけを見ると、体重は非常に小さい違いをもたらすことがわかります。 You can take control of your health by taking control of your lifestyle, even If you can’t lose weight and keep it off. ||||||||||||||||||||保持|它|保持不變 Sie können Ihre Gesundheit selbst in die Hand nehmen, indem Sie Ihren Lebensstil selbst in die Hand nehmen, auch wenn Sie nicht abnehmen und Ihr Gewicht halten können. 体重を減らして維持できなくても、ライフスタイルをコントロールすることで健康をコントロールできます。 Você pode assumir o controle de sua saúde assumindo o controle de seu estilo de vida, mesmo que não consiga perder peso e mantê-lo. 即使您无法减肥并保持体重,您也可以通过控制您的生活方式来控制您的健康。 Diets don’t have very much reliability. |||||可靠性 |||||Zuverlässigkeit |||a lot of||consistency or effectiveness |||||信頼性が低い |||||confiabilidade Auf Diäten kann man sich nicht besonders gut verlassen. ダイエットはあまり信頼性がありません。

Five years after a diet, most people have regained the weight. ||||||||das Gewicht wieder zugen|| ||||||||取り戻した|その| ダイエットから5年後、ほとんどの人は体重を取り戻しています。 Forty percent of them have gained even more. そのうち40パーセントはさらに体重が増えてしまっています。 Quarenta por cento deles ganharam ainda mais. If you think about this, the typical outcome of dieting is that you’re more likely to gain weight in the long run than to lose it. |||||||||Diäten|||||||||||||||| ||||||典型的な|結果||||||||〜すること|||||||||| Si l'on y réfléchit bien, le résultat typique d'un régime est que l'on a plus de chances de prendre du poids à long terme que d'en perdre. これを考えると、ダイエットの典型的な結果は、長期的には体重が減るよりも増える可能性が高いということです。 Se você pensar sobre isso, o resultado típico da dieta é que você tem mais probabilidade de ganhar peso a longo prazo do que perdê-lo. 如果你考虑一下这一点,节食的典型结果是,从长远来看,你更有可能增加体重,而不是减肥。 If I’ve convinced you that dieting might be a problem, the next question is, what do you do about it? |||||diyet yapmak|||||||||||||| ||納得させた||||||||||||||||| もし私があなたにダイエットが問題かもしれないと納得させたのなら、次の質問はそれについてどうするかです。 如果我让您相信节食可能是一个问题,那么下一个问题是,您会采取什么措施?

And my answer, in a word, is mindfulness. |||||||正念 |||||||awareness |||一言で||||マインドフルネス 私の答えは、一言で言えばマインドフルネスです。 I’m not saying you need to learn to meditate or take up yoga. ||||||||meditieren|||| ||||||||meditate|||| ||||||||瞑想する||||ヨガ 瞑想を学ぶ必要があるとか、ヨガを始める必要があると言っているわけではありません。 I’m talking about mindful eating: learning to understand your body’s signals so that you eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re full, because a lot of weight gain boils down to eating when you’re not hungry. |||正念||||||||||||||||||||||||||归结||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||comes down to||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ne zaman||| |||意識的な||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Me refiero a la alimentación consciente: aprender a entender las señales del cuerpo para comer cuando se tiene hambre y parar cuando se está lleno, porque gran parte del aumento de peso se reduce a comer cuando no se tiene hambre. マインドフルイーティングについて話しています。つまり、あなたの体のサインを理解し、空腹の時に食べ、満腹の時に止めることを学ぶことです。なぜなら、体重が増える原因の多くは空腹でない時に食べることに起因するからです。 How do you do it? それをどうやって行いますか? Give yourself permission to eat as much as you want, and then work on figuring out what makes your body feel good. ||Erlaubnis||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||理解する||||||| Autorisez-vous à manger autant que vous le souhaitez, puis essayez de trouver ce qui fait du bien à votre corps. 好きなだけ食べることを自分に許可し、その後、自分の体が心地よく感じるものを見つけることに取り組んでください。 Sit down to regular meals without distractions. ||||||Ablenkungen ||||||interruptions or disturbances |||通常の|||気を散らすもの 気を散らさずに定期的な食事に座ってください。 Think about how your body feels when you start to eat and when you stop, and let your hunger decide when you should be done. |về||||||||||||||||||||||| 食べ始めるときと食べ終わるときに自分の体がどう感じるかを考えて、空腹がいつやめるべきかを決めるようにしましょう。 It took about a year for me to learn this, but it’s really been worth it. これを学ぶのに約1年かかりましたが、本当に価値がありました。 I am so much more relaxed around food than I have ever been in my life. 私は人生でこれまで以上に食べ物に対してリラックスしています。 I often don’t think about it. 私はしばしばそれについて考えません。 I forget we have chocolate in the house. ||||チョコレート||| 家にチョコレートがあることを忘れています。 It’s like aliens have taken over my brain. ||外星人||佔據||| ||Außerirdische||||| ||宇宙人||||| Es ist, als ob Aliens mein Gehirn übernommen hätten. C'est comme si des extraterrestres avaient pris le contrôle de mon cerveau. まるでエイリアンが私の脳を乗っ取ったかのようです。 It’s just completely different. まったく違います。 I should say that this approach to eating probably won’t make you lose weight unless you often eat when you’re not hungry, but doctors don’t know of any approach that makes significant weight loss in a lot of people, and that is why a lot of people are now focusing on preventing weight gain instead of promoting weight loss. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||signifikante|||||||||||||||||||||||||Gewichtsverlust fördern|| ||||||||おそらく||||||場合を除いて|||||||||医者||知らない||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Je dois dire que cette approche de l'alimentation ne vous fera probablement pas perdre de poids, à moins que vous ne mangiez souvent quand vous n'avez pas faim, mais les médecins ne connaissent aucune approche qui permette une perte de poids significative chez un grand nombre de personnes, et c'est pourquoi beaucoup de gens se concentrent aujourd'hui sur la prévention de la prise de poids plutôt que sur la promotion de la perte de poids. この食事アプローチは、空腹でないときによく食べるのでなければ、体重を減らすことは無いと言わざるを得ませんが、医者たちは多くの人において著しい体重減少をもたらすアプローチを知らず、そのため多くの人が体重減少を促進するのではなく、体重増加を防ぐことに焦点を当てているのです。 我应该说,这种饮食方法可能不会让你减肥,除非你经常在不饿的时候吃东西,但医生不知道有什么方法可以让很多人显着减肥,那就是为什么很多人现在专注于防止体重增加而不是促进减肥。 Let’s face it: If diets worked, we’d all be thin already. さあ|直面する||||||||| 認めましょう:もしダイエットが効果的なら、私たちは皆すでにスリムになっているでしょう。 (Laughter) Why do we keep doing the same thing and expecting different results? (笑い) どうして私たちは同じことを繰り返し、異なる結果を期待するのでしょうか? (笑声)为什么我们总是做同样的事情却期待不同的结果? Diets may seem harmless, but they actually do a lot of collateral damage. |||||||||||indirect| |||inofensivas||||||||| |||||||||||附帶| |||||||||||nebenläufigen| ||sembrare|innocue|||in realtà|||||| |||||||||||附带损害| |||無害な||||||||付随的損害|collateral damage Le diete possono sembrare innocue, ma in realtà provocano molti danni collaterali. ダイエットは無害に見えるかもしれませんが、実際には多くの collateral damage を引き起こします。 At worst, they ruin lives: Weight obsession leads to eating disorders, especially in young kids. ||||||对体重的|||||||| |schlimmstenfalls|||||Besessenheit||||Essstörungen|||| ||onlar|||||||||||| 最悪でも|||台無しにする|||執着|||||||| ||||||preoccupation with weight|||||||| Schlimmstenfalls ruinieren sie Leben: Gewichtsbesessenheit führt zu Essstörungen, besonders bei jungen Kindern. 最悪の場合、彼らは人生を台無しにします:体重への執着は、特に若い子供たちに摂食障害を引き起こします。 In the U.S., we have 80 percent of 10-year-old girls say they’ve been on a diet. Aux États-Unis, 80 % des filles de 10 ans disent avoir suivi un régime. アメリカでは、10歳の女の子の80%がダイエットをしていると言っています。 在美国,80% 的 10 岁女孩表示她们一直在节食。 Our daughters have learned to measure their worth by the wrong scale. |娘たち||||||||||尺度 |||||||valor|||| Nos filles ont appris à mesurer leur valeur selon une échelle erronée. 私たちの娘たちは、自分の価値を間違った尺度で測ることを学んでしまいました。 我们的女儿们已经学会用错误的尺度来衡量自己的价值。 Even at its best, dieting is a waste of time and energy. ||||다이어트||||||| さえ||||||||||| Selbst im besten Fall ist eine Diät eine Verschwendung von Zeit und Energie. Même dans le meilleur des cas, les régimes sont une perte de temps et d'énergie. たとえ最高の状態であっても、ダイエットは時間とエネルギーの無駄です。 It takes willpower which you could be using to help your kids with their homework or to finish that important work project, and because willpower is limited, any strategy that relies on its consistent application is pretty much guaranteed to eventually fail you when your attention moves on to something else. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||konstanten|Anwendung||||garantiert|||||||||||| ||self-control|||||||||||||||||significant|||||||||||||||||||guaranteed|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||依存する|||||||||||||||||||| Il faut de la volonté que vous pourriez utiliser pour aider vos enfants à faire leurs devoirs ou pour terminer ce projet important. Comme la volonté est limitée, toute stratégie qui repose sur son application constante est pratiquement assurée de ne pas fonctionner lorsque votre attention se porte sur autre chose. ダイエットには意志力が必要で、あなたはそれを子供の宿題を手伝ったり、その重要な仕事のプロジェクトを終わらせるために使うことができます。そして、意志力は限られているため、一貫してその応用に頼る戦略は、あなたの注意が他のことに移るときにほぼ確実に失敗することが保証されています。 它需要意志力,你可以用它来帮助你的孩子完成家庭作业或完成重要的工作项目,并且由于意志力是有限的,任何依赖于其一致应用的策略几乎肯定会在你的注意力转移时最终让你失败到别的东西。 Let me leave you with one last thought. Allow me||||||| 最後に、あなたに一つの考えを残させてください。

What if we told all those dieting girls that it’s okay to eat when they’re hungry? |如果|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||onlar| Et si nous disions à toutes ces filles au régime qu'il n'y a pas de mal à manger quand elles ont faim ? もしダイエットをしている女の子たちに、お腹が空いたときに食べるのが大丈夫だと言ったらどうなるでしょうか? What if we taught them to work with their appetite instead of fearing it? |||||||||食欲|||| |||lehren|||||||||Angst vor| |||||||||hunger|||| |||||||||食欲|||恐れる| Was wäre, wenn wir ihnen beibringen würden, mit ihrem Appetit zu arbeiten, anstatt ihn zu fürchten? Et si nous leur apprenions à travailler avec leur appétit au lieu de le craindre ? 彼らの食欲を恐れるのではなく、働きかけるように教えたらどうなるだろう? I think most of them would be happier and healthier, and as adults, many of them would probably be thinner. |||||||||||||||||||dünner ||||||||||||||||||olur| |||||||||||||||||||痩せている 私は彼らのほとんどがもっと幸せで健康になり、大人になった頃には、その多くがもっと痩せているだろうと思います。 I wish someone had told me that back when I was 13. ||||||あれ|その頃||| 13歳の時に誰かがそれを教えてくれたらよかったのに。 我希望有人在我 13 岁时告诉我这一点。 Thanks. ありがとう。

(Applause) 掌聲 (拍手)