×

Ми використовуємо файли cookie, щоб зробити LingQ кращим. Відвідавши сайт, Ви погоджуєтесь з нашими правилами обробки файлів «cookie».

image

Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Poland Rises in the East I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1921 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1)

Poland Rises in the East I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1921 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1)

On September 1st 1939

Poland will become the first country attacked by Nazi Germany

and this will cause many wars around the world to explode into a new world war,

but what was so special about Poland that it was worth another global war ?

Perhaps we can find a hint in the events of 1921,

when Poland achieves more or less the borders that it will have until that fateful day

18 years later.

Welcome to between two wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all facets of life :

the uncertainty, Hedonism and euphoria

and ultimately humanity's descent into the darkness of the Second World War ; I'm Indy Neidell.

As we saw previously the new post-world War nations in Eastern Europe

have been desperately battling the Bolshevik Russian attempt

to put the broken Russian Empire back together in a new form.

By the end of 1920 Ukraine and Belarus have, only months after their creation, fallen to the Bolsheviks,

but Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have defended their independence.

The outcome has been very uncertain especially for Poland and Lithuania.

They were in fact at war with each other, while they also fought the Bolsheviks.

The 1920 Versailles Treaty added substantial land dependencies to the small,

landlocked polish Republic that had been proclaimed in 1918 : parts of west Prussia

and all of Posen are now parts of Poland.

The northern expanse of west Prussia is divided from East prussia

to create the Polish corridor, giving Poland access to the Baltic Sea

and establishing the autonomous but a joined seaport at the now free city of Danzig.

On the 11th of July 1920,

the rest of East Prussia around Königsberg is allowed to decide by plebiscite where to go.

A majority of 97% vote to stay in Germany, and East Prussia is now a German island squeezed

in between Poland in the West and Lithuania in the East.

A sliver of the region on the northern side of the Memel River remains under the administration of the League of Nations,

awaiting a decision if it will go to Lithuania or stay in Germany.

By 1923, the decision still will not have been made and Lithuania decides to just take it.

On the south-western Polish-Czechoslovakian-German border,

Upper Silesia is partly ceded to Czechoslovakia

And the rest is also to decide by plebiscite where to belong.

Problem is, there's no clear sign which way the population there wants to go.

But before we get there, we have to backtrack a bit okay ?

If you watch the first episode of this series, Rise of the Nations,

we explained how the idea of national identity is, it's a very new concept here in the early 20th century.

We also explain how history was adapted to a nationalist narrative,

creating some very confusing historical discrepancies : the Poland of 1921

is a perfect example of how this now causes problems that already lead to war and will be a

central factor in the conflict that erupts in 1939 in this very place.

Now although Poland is only three years old in 1921,

it has existed in the past, at least in name.

For hundreds of years the region had been the dependencies of the Polish crown.

Now we should be careful of mixing that up with the idea of Poland as a nation state,

for the Poland of the past was nothing like the Poland of the present.

But there was something very special about that region that was remarkably modern already in the 14th century

Formerly, the region was called the crown of the kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania

colloquially the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth.

By 1619, this was one of the largest monarchies of Europe with an area of more than a million square kilometres and a population of

twelve million people, roughly 15% of Europe's population.

The language mix of this population was extremely diverse with an estimated

38% speaking some variety of Polish and more than 15% speaking some kind of German out of which a third were Yiddish speaking Jews.

Remember that for future episodes, it'll turn out to be very important.

But this in itself wasn't modern, diversity was the norm at that time.

The Commonwealth was special because it actually had the seeds

of constitutionalism and parliamentarianism at its heart

The monarch had only limited powers, which were checked by a bicameral legislature

the same which was elected by the nobility : szlachta.

Now at this time, other monarchies like England or Sweden

were drifting in this direction, but in the Commonwealth this was already a functioning system.

Starting with the 30 Years War,

the Commonwealth came under increasing pressure :

the Habsburgs, the Holy Roman imperial family, the Romanovs, the Russian imperial family

and two families with strong ties to the Commonwealth : the Vasas and the Hohenzollerns vied for control.

In fact, one of the bosses Sigismund III sat on the thrones of Poland, Lithuania and Sweden

simultaneously and the Hohenzollerns were part of the Commonwealth through their dependency Prussia.

When the Commonwealth reaches its greatest extent 1619,

these families start tearing the Commonwealth apart

through a long series of bloody wars and diplomatic shenanigans.

And by 1795, it is no more.

By then divided between the Habsburgs, the Hohenzollerns and the Romanovs.

By the end of the 19th century, this means that the region is part of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany

and in 1914, it becomes the northern part of the Eastern Front.

But before that war broke out, there was a growing movement for a new independent Poland.

A movement that gained significant traction towards the end of the 19th century.

By the turn of the 20th century, one man has emerged as the leader of that movement : Joseph Piłsudski.

He's a multilingual Russian citizen of Polish ethnicity with a vision of a resurrected Commonwealth

stretching from the Oder to the Baltic Highlands and from the Baltic Sea to Crimea.

It's important to know that Piłsudski's dream is not based on identity politics, rather,

he wants to resurrect a modernized, democratic version of the multi-ethnic Commonwealth.

He's opposed by the nationalists who envisioned a smaller but more ethnically pure Poland.

Piłsudski has begun raising a private Polish militia already before the World War.

And when it comes, he puts his forces at the disposal of the central powers, hoping that a defeat of Russia

will enable him to carve out a new nation and use the instability in Russia to expand it eastward.

When the Russian Revolution starts in 1917, he demands and gets a Polish nation.

Well, on paper.

It's not truly autonomous, not really even close

and he refuses to cooperate with the Germans and is imprisoned.

Days before the war ends, the Germans sent Piłsudski to Warsaw

in the hope that he will craft a friendly nation that will serve as a bulwark against bolshevik Russia.

This enables him to proclaim a new nation.

The name he chooses, the Second Republic of Poland is a historical reference :

the Polish name of the Commonwealth is more correctly translated as : the Republic.

So basically he's very clever, and cements the idea that Poland is ancient already in the name

and therefore creates a direct link to the Commonwealth.

Soon Piłsudski sets out on his adventure to recreate the Commonwealth,

launching a war against the also recently proclaimed Independent Nations of Lithuania,

Western Ukraine and the Ukrainian National Republic to forcibly incorporate them all into his new Republic.

What happens with the ukrainian adventure you can see in our episodes

covering the Russian Civil War and the Polish-Soviet war.

The Polish Lithuanian war turns out to be a rather messy affair as well, but has a somewhat more even outcome.

Just like Ukraine had, the Lithuanian faced several enemies at the same time :

in the east, the Bolsheviks are trying to force them into the Lithuanian Bielorussian Soviet republic,

in the West, while there's a confusing situation,

a certain Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, a German backed cossack warlord, yep,

has started an independent private war, but against who ?

Funny thing is, this is still an issue of debate in 2018,

did he want to help the Lithuanian against the Poles and the Bolsheviks ?

Expand Germany ? Or maybe even create a kingdom for himself ?

In any case, he's defeated and disappears into the backwaters of history.

But before that, he does distract the Lithuanians enough, to the Poles to use that confusion to incite insurgencies

against the Lithuanian government.

In 1919, as the Red Army advances into Belarus,

Poland steps in with support for the private militias that are popping up all over the place.

What follows is a long series of back-and-forth with confusing alliances,

uprisings, counter-uprisings and minor battles with unclear outcomes.

The major battles are actually between Poland and the Bolsheviks, but the Lithuanians constantly get caught in the crossfire.

What's actually going on is so confusing and so subjective, that, and this is serious,

if you compare Polish and Lithuanian history books,

the same battle is still today likely to be attributed to completely different wars.

And Polish and Lithuanian historiography doesn't even agree on the timeframe of all of this.

In the end, the chaos is to a certain degree helpful in keeping the Bolsheviks out.

And when the Polish army is in retreat in early 1920,

the Lithuanians take the opportunity to make peace with the Russians.

The Lithuanians secure their territory from the retreating Polish army in the summer of 1920

but when the Polish strike back after the Battle of Warsaw in September,

they claim that Lithuania is a Russian ally and attack the red army and the

Lithuanians at the same time, and defeat both at the Battle of Niemen River.

Lithuania is now open to invasion, but the League of Nations forces through the Suwałki agreement,

where the Poles agree to Lithuanian independence.

The agreement is not clear about the demarcation line in the Vilnius area though

and Pilsudski orders his army to take the city

under the guise of protecting the independence of ethnic poles in Vilnius.

So the capital of Lithuania is now in Poland.

The Lithuanian government will be set up in Kaunas instead,

and the Poles and Lithuanians will not have diplomatic relations until shortly before WWII.

Instead of becoming a Commonwealth, the two new nations have now become bitter enemies.

But Poland is not only facing problems in the East.

While the Paris Peace Conference gets underway,

ethnic poles in Posen, still in Germany, rise up against the Germans but are violently crushed.

This contributes to the incorporation of Posen into Poland under the Treaty of Versailles.

But the treaty doesn't finally decide the fate of neighboring Upper Silesia.

This region has a larger ethnic diversity with like 53% Polish speakers and 40% German speakers.

And the population is pretty much divided down the middle about where to go.

In early 1920, ethnic German militias, the SiPo, start a campaign to

violently dissuade the Polish speaking up for silesians from joining Poland.

The militias harassed Polish language newspapers and activists for Polish annexation.

The Polish population answers with demands to dissolve the SiPo.

On May 3rd, on the anniversary of the Polish Constitution,

the SiPo attack at Polish celebrations all over the region.

On June, July and August, tensions continue to rise.

On August 17, three days after the Polish Army's victory over the Bolsheviks at the miracle at the Vistula,

German newspapers spread the fake news that Warsaw has in fact fallen to the Soviets.

The SiPo uses the news to again attack what they now call Polish insurgents,

but the Polish strike back and in late August some 2,000 Polish militia

successively take control of one town after the other.

This is the first step in a concerted effort to take the whole region and force the disbanding of the SiPo.

On September 27th 1920, the actual second Silesian uprising begins : first, the Poles call a general strike.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

Poland Rises in the East I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1921 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1) Polen erhebt sich im Osten I ZWISCHEN 2 KRIEGEN I 1921 Teil 2 von 2 - YouTube (1) Polonia se alza en el Este I ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1921 Parte 2 de 2 - YouTube (1) La Pologne s'élève à l'Est I ENTRE 2 GUERRES I 1921 Partie 2 de 2 - YouTube (1) La Polonia insorge a est I TRA 2 GUERRE I 1921 Parte 2 di 2 - YouTube (1) 東方で台頭するポーランド I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1921 Part 2 of 2 - YouTube (1) 폴란드, 동방에서 부상하다 제1차 세계대전 1921년 2부 - YouTube (1) Polska powstaje na wschodzie I MIĘDZY 2 WOJNAMI I 1921 Część 2 z 2 - YouTube (1) A Polónia ergue-se no Leste I ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1921 Parte 2 de 2 - YouTube (1) Польша поднимается на Востоке I МЕЖДУ 2-мя войнами I 1921 Часть 2 из 2 - YouTube (1) Polonya Doğu'da Yükseliyor I 2 SAVAŞ ARASINDA I 1921 Bölüm 2 / 2 - YouTube (1) Польща повстає на Сході I МІЖ 2 ВІЙНАМИ I 1921 Частина 2 з 2 - YouTube (1) 波兰在东方崛起 I BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1921 第 2 部分(共 2 部分) - YouTube (1)

On September 1st 1939 Le 1er septembre 1939, la Pologne deviendra le premier pays attaqué par l'Allemagne nazie Em 1 de Setembro de 1939

Poland will become the first country attacked by Nazi Germany A Polônia será o primeiro país a ser atacado pela Alemanha Nazista

and this will cause many wars around the world to explode into a new world war, ce qui entraînera de nombreuses guerres à travers le monde à exploser en une nouvelle guerre mondiale. e isso causará muitas guerras pelo mundo que se tornarão em uma nova guerra mundial

but what was so special about Poland that it was worth another global war ? Mais qu'est-ce qui rendait la Pologne si spéciale, au point de mériter une autre guerre globale ? mas o que era tão especial na Polônia que a fez valer outra guerra global?

Perhaps we can find a hint in the events of 1921, |||||clue|||| Un indice se trouve peut-être dans les évènements de 1921, Talvez nós possamos achar a dica nos eventos de 1921

when Poland achieves more or less the borders that it will have until that fateful day ||||||||||||||命运的| ||達成する||||||||||||| quand la Pologne se dote des frontières qu'elle aura plus ou moins jusqu'à ce jour fatidique, 18 ans plus tard. quando a Polônia consegue, mais ou menos, as fronteiras que ela terá até aquele dia fatídico

18 years later. 18 anos depois.

Welcome to between two wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all facets of life : ||間の時代へようこそ|||||||||||||| Bem vindo ao "Entre duas guerras". Um sumário cronológico do período entre guerras cobrindo todas as facetas da vida:

the uncertainty, Hedonism and euphoria A incerteza, hedonismo, euforia

and ultimately humanity's descent into the darkness of the Second World War ; I'm Indy Neidell. |||descent||||||||||| et finalement, la chute de l'Humanité dans les ténèbres de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Je suis Indy Neidell. e, finalmente, a caída da humanidade na escuridão da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Eu sou Indy Neidell.

As we saw previously the new post-world War nations in Eastern Europe |||以前に||||||||| Comme nous l'avons vu précédemment, les nouvelles nations d'Europe de l'Est d'après-guerre Como nós já vimos anteriormente no novo pós Primeira Guerra, nações no Leste Europeu

have been desperately battling the Bolshevik Russian attempt luttaient désespérément contre les tentatives des bolcheviques de réunir l'Empire Russe brisé sous une forme nouvelle. tem batalhado desesperadamente contra a tentativa da Rússia Bolchevique

to put the broken Russian Empire back together in a new form. de juntar de novo o Império Russo mas de uma nova forma.

By the end of 1920 Ukraine and Belarus have, only months after their creation, fallen to the Bolsheviks, ||||||||||||成立||||布尔什维克 Fin 1920, l'Ukraine et la Biélorussie, ont été, quelques mois à peine après leur création, repris par les bolcheviques. No final de 1920, Ucrânia e Bielorrússia, apenas uma mês depois de sua criação, caíram para os Bolcheviques,

but Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have defended their independence. Mais la Pologne, la Finlande, la Lituanie, la Lettonie et l'Estonie ont défendu leur indépendance. mas a Polônia, Finlândia, Lituânia, Letônia e Estônia defenderam sua independência.

The outcome has been very uncertain especially for Poland and Lithuania. |结果||||||||| |outcome||||||||| |結果||||||||| L'issue fut très incertaine, particulièrement pour la Pologne et la Lituanie. O resultado foi bem incerto especialmente para a Polônia e Lituânia.

They were in fact at war with each other, while they also fought the Bolsheviks. Elles étaient, en effet, en guerre elles-mêmes tout en combattant aussi les bolcheviques. Elas estavam de fato em guerra uma contra a outra ao mesmo tempo que lutavam contra os Bolcheviques.

The 1920 Versailles Treaty added substantial land dependencies to the small, ||||大量的||||| ||||substantial||||| ||||かなりの|||||小さな Le traité de Versailles de 1920 attribuait d'importants territoires à la petite république de Pologne proclamée en 1918, mais enclavée. O Tratado de Versalhes em 1920 adicionou grandes dependências de terra à pequena,

landlocked polish Republic that had been proclaimed in 1918 : parts of west Prussia 内陆的||||||||||| 内陸の||||||||||| sem acesso ao mar, República polonesa que foi proclamada em 1918: partes da Prussia Ocidental

and all of Posen are now parts of Poland. |||ポーゼン||||| e toda região de Posen faziam partes da Polônia agora.

The northern expanse of west Prussia is divided from East prussia ||广阔区域|||||||| L'étendue nord de la Prusse-Occidentale est séparée de la Prusse-Orientale afin de créer le Corridor de Dantzig, A expansão nortenha da Prussia Ocidental é dividida da Prussia Oriental

to create the Polish corridor, giving Poland access to the Baltic Sea ||||走廊||||||| permettant à la Pologne de disposer d'un accès à la mer Baltique para criar o corredor polonês, dando à Polônia acesso ao Mar Báltico

and establishing the autonomous but a joined seaport at the now free city of Danzig. |||自治的||||港口|||||||但泽 |||自治的||||||||||| et d'établir son autonomie avec un port maritime dans la ville libre de Dantzig. e estabelecendo o porto autônomo, mas conjunto, da nova cidade livre de Danzig.

On the 11th of July 1920, Le 11 juillet 1920, Em 11 de Julho de 1920,

the rest of East Prussia around Königsberg is allowed to decide by plebiscite where to go. ||||||||||||公投||| ||||||||||||住民投票||| le reste de la Prusse-Orientale autour de Königsberg, est autorisé à décider qui rejoindre par plébiscite. o resto da Prussia Oriental ao redor de Königsberg é permitida a decidir, por meio de um plebiscito, a quem fazer parte.

A majority of 97% vote to stay in Germany, and East Prussia is now a German island squeezed A maioria de 97% votou para permanecer na Alemanha e a Prussia Oriental e agora é uma ilha alemã apertada

in between Poland in the West and Lithuania in the East. pela Polônia no oeste e Lituânia no leste.

A sliver of the region on the northern side of the Memel River remains under the administration of the League of Nations, |一部の地域|||||||||||||||管理下||||| Um pedaço da região ao norte do Rio Memel continua sob a administração da Liga das Nações,

awaiting a decision if it will go to Lithuania or stay in Germany. attendant une décision pour savoir s'il sera rattaché à la Lituanie ou s'il restera en Allemagne. aguardando uma decisão se ela irá para a Lituânia ou ficar na Alemanha.

By 1923, the decision still will not have been made and Lithuania decides to just take it. En 1923, la décision n'ayant toujours pas été prise, la Lituanie décide tout simplement de prendre la région. Em 1923, a decisão não terá sido tomada ainda e a Lituânia decide em só anexar ela de uma vez.

On the south-western Polish-Czechoslovakian-German border, A la frontière sud-ouest entre la Pologne, la Tchécoslovaquie et l'Allemagne, No sudoeste da fronteira Polonesa - Tchecoeslovaca -Alemã,

Upper Silesia is partly ceded to Czechoslovakia |西里西亚|||割让|| ||||given|| ||||割譲された|| la Haute-Silésie est en partie cédée à la Tchécoslovaquie a região da Alta Silésia é parcialmente cedia à Checoslováquia

And the rest is also to decide by plebiscite where to belong. et le reste de la région doit également décider par plébiscite à quel pays appartenir. e o resto também poderá decidir, via plebiscito, a quem ela pertence.

Problem is, there's no clear sign which way the population there wants to go. Le problème étant qu'il n'y a aucun signe permettant de savoir de quel côté penche la balance. O problema é que não tem uma direção clara para aonde a população quer ir.

But before we get there, we have to backtrack a bit okay ? ||||||||回溯||| ||||||||backtrack||| ||||||||少し戻る||| Mais avant d'en arriver là, nous devons un peu revenir en arrière. Mas antes de chegarmos lá, temos que voltar um pouco tá?

If you watch the first episode of this series, Rise of the Nations, Si vous avez regardé le premier épisode de cette série, "Rise of the Nations", Se você assistiu o primeiro episódio da série, "Rise of Nations",

we explained how the idea of national identity is, it's a very new concept here in the early 20th century. nous expliquions en quoi l'idée d'identité nationale est un concept nouveau en ce début de XXème siècle. nós explicamos como é a ideia de identidade nacional. É um conceito muito novo aqui no começo do século 20.

We also explain how history was adapted to a nationalist narrative, ||||||適応された||||物語 Nous expliquions également en quoi l'Histoire était adaptée pour correspondre à un roman national, Nós também explicamos como a história foi adaptada para ser uma narrativa nacionalista,

creating some very confusing historical discrepancies : the Poland of 1921 |||||差异||| |||||矛盾点||| criando algumas discrepâncias históricas confusas: a Polônia de 1921

is a perfect example of how this now causes problems that already lead to war and will be a é um exemplo perfeito de como isso agora causa problemas que já levaram à uma guerra e será um

central factor in the conflict that erupts in 1939 in this very place. ||||||勃発する||||| des facteurs centraux en 1939, lors des conflits à ce même endroit. fator central no conflito que surge em 1939 nesse mesmo lugar.

Now although Poland is only three years old in 1921, Bien que la Pologne soit âgée de seulement trois ans en 1921, elle a déjà existé par le passé, du moins de nom. Apesar de a Polônia ter apenas três anos em 1921,

it has existed in the past, at least in name. ela já existiu no passado, pelo menos em nome.

For hundreds of years the region had been the dependencies of the Polish crown. Por centenas de anos, a região esteve nas dependências da coroa polonesa.

Now we should be careful of mixing that up with the idea of Poland as a nation state, Cependant, nous devons faire attention à ne pas confondre cela avec l'idée d'une Pologne en tant qu'État-nation, Temos que ser cuidadosos em misturar isso com a ideia de uma Polônia como um Estado

for the Poland of the past was nothing like the Poland of the present. car la Pologne du passé n'avait rien à voir avec la Pologne du temps présent. já que a Polônia do passado não era nada como a Polônia do presente.

But there was something very special about that region that was remarkably modern already in the 14th century |||||||||||remarkably|||||| Mais il y avait quelque chose de très spécial, qui était déjà remarquablement moderne au XIVème siècle, Mas tinha algo muito especial sobre aquela região que já era notavelmente moderna no século 14.

Formerly, the region was called the crown of the kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania 以前は|||||||||||||||| Officiellement, la région était appellée la Couronne du royaume de Pologne et du grand-duché de Lituanie Formalmente, a região foi chamada de "A coroa do reino da Polônia e o Grão Ducado da Lituânia",

colloquially the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. ||||联邦 et familièrement, la République des Deux Nations. coloquialmente, Comunidade Polaco-Lituana.

By 1619, this was one of the largest monarchies of Europe with an area of more than a million square kilometres and a population of |||||||君主国|||||||||||||||| En 1619, c'était l'une des plus grandes monarchies d'Europe avec une superficie de plus d'1 million de kms² Em 1619, essa era uma das maiores monarquias da Europa com uma área de mais de um milhão de km² e uma população de

twelve million people, roughly 15% of Europe's population. ||||||人口 et une population de 12 millions d'habitants, soit environ 15% de la population entière de l'Europe. 12 milhões de pessoas, quase 15% da população europeia.

The language mix of this population was extremely diverse with an estimated Le mélange linguistique de cette population était extrêmement divers, A mistura de línguas dessa população era extremamente diversa com estimações de que

38% speaking some variety of Polish and more than 15% speaking some kind of German out of which a third were Yiddish speaking Jews. avec une estimation de 38% des locuteurs parlant une variété de polonais et plus de 15% des locuteurs une variété d'allemand, un tiers étant des Juifs parlant yiddish. 38% falavam em alguma variação de polonês e mais de 15% algum tipo de alemão dos quais um terço eram judeus falantes de Ídiche.

Remember that for future episodes, it'll turn out to be very important. Souvenez-vous de ceci pour les épisodes futurs, cela se révèlera très important ! Lembre-se disso para os próximos episódios, será muito importante.

But this in itself wasn't modern, diversity was the norm at that time. |||||||||常态||| |||||||||標準||| Mais ceci en soit n'était pas moderne, la diversité étant une norme en ces temps-là, Mas isso não era moderno. Diversidade era o normal na época.

The Commonwealth was special because it actually had the seeds la République des Deux Nations était spéciale car en elle germaient le constitutionnalisme et le parlementarisme. A Comunidade era especial pois ela tinha as sementes

of constitutionalism and parliamentarianism at its heart |宪政主义||议会主义||| do constitucionalismo e parlamentarismo no coração.

The monarch had only limited powers, which were checked by a bicameral legislature |||||||||||两院制|立法机构 Le monarque ne possédait que des pouvoirs limités, qui étaient contrôlés par un corps législatif à deux chambres, le Sejm, O monarca tinha poderes limitados, que eram observados por uma legislatura de duas câmaras

the same which was elected by the nobility : szlachta. |||||||贵族| ||||||||シュラフタ貴族 qui était élu par la noblesse, la szlachta. a mesma sendo eleita pela nobreza: szlachta.

Now at this time, other monarchies like England or Sweden A cette époque, d'autres monarchies comme l'Angleterre ou la Suède se dirigeaient vers un modèle semblable. Na mesma época, outras monarquias como Inglaterra e Suécia

were drifting in this direction, but in the Commonwealth this was already a functioning system. Mais dans la République, c'était déjà un système en fonctionnement. estavam indo na mesma direção, mas na Comunidade já era um sistema em funcionamento.

Starting with the 30 Years War, Avec la Guerre de Trente Ans comme commencement, Começando na Guerra dos 30 anos,

the Commonwealth came under increasing pressure : la République des Deux Nations a été soumise à une pression croissante. a Comunidade ficou sob muita pressão:

the Habsburgs, the Holy Roman imperial family, the Romanovs, the Russian imperial family Os Habsburgos, a família imperial do Sacro-Império Romano, os Romanovs, a família imperial Russa

and two families with strong ties to the Commonwealth : the Vasas and the Hohenzollerns vied for control. ||||||||||||||争夺|| |||||ties||||||||||| ||||||||||ヴァーサ家|||||| les maison Vasa et de Hohenzollern, étaient toutes en lice pour le contrôle. e duas famílias com laços fortes com a Comunidade: os Vasas e Hohenzollerns brigavam por controle.

In fact, one of the bosses Sigismund III sat on the thrones of Poland, Lithuania and Sweden A vrai dire, un Vasa, Sigismond III occupa simultanément les trônes de Pologne, Lituanie et Suède Na verdade, um dos Vasas, Sigismund III, sentou nos tronos da Polônia, Lituânia e Suécia

simultaneously and the Hohenzollerns were part of the Commonwealth through their dependency Prussia. 同时|||霍亨索伦家族|||||||||普鲁士 at the same time|||||||||||| 同時に|||||||||||| et la maison Hohenzollern firent partie de la République à travers leur dépendance : la Prusse. simultaneamente e os Hohenzollerns faziam parte da Comunidade por meio de sua dependência: Prússia.

When the Commonwealth reaches its greatest extent 1619, Quand la République atteint sa plus grande ampleur en 1619, ces familles entreprennent de la démanteler Quando a Comunidade atinge sua maior extensão em 1619,

these families start tearing the Commonwealth apart |||tearing||| essas famílias começam a rasgar a Comunidade em pedaços

through a long series of bloody wars and diplomatic shenanigans. |||||||||外交阴谋 |||||||||策略や策略 à travers une longue série de guerres sanglantes et de machinations politiques, et en 1795, elle n'est plus. por meio de uma série de guerras sangrentas e diplomacia travessa.

And by 1795, it is no more. E em 1795, ela já não existe mais.

By then divided between the Habsburgs, the Hohenzollerns and the Romanovs. D'ici là répartie entre les familles Habsbourg, Hohenzollern et Romanov. Ela foi dividida entre os Habsburgos, Hohenzollerns e os Romanovs.

By the end of the 19th century, this means that the region is part of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany A la fin du XIXème siècle, cela signifie que la région est intégrée à l'Autriche-Hongrie, à la Russie et à l'Allemagne. No final do século 19, isso significa que a região faz parte da Áustria-Hungria, Rússia e Alemanha

and in 1914, it becomes the northern part of the Eastern Front. Et en 1914, elle devient la partie nord du Front de l'Est. e em 1914, ela é a parte norte do Fronte Oriental.

But before that war broke out, there was a growing movement for a new independent Poland. Mais avant que cette guerre n'éclate, un mouvement s'élevait en faveur d'une nouvelle Pologne indépendante, Mas antes de a guerra estourar, existia um movimento crescente por uma nova Polônia independente.

A movement that gained significant traction towards the end of the 19th century. |||||勢い||||||| un mouvement qui gagna une pulsion importante vers la fin du XIXème siècle. Um movimento que ganhou tração significante no final do século 19.

By the turn of the 20th century, one man has emerged as the leader of that movement : Joseph Piłsudski. Au tournant du XXème siècle, une homme a émergé comme chef de ce mouvement : Józef Piłsudski, No virar do século 20, um homem emergiu como líder desse movimento: Joseph Piłsudski.

He's a multilingual Russian citizen of Polish ethnicity with a vision of a resurrected Commonwealth |||||||||||||复兴的| |||||||||||||復活した| un citoyen russe polyglotte d'ethnie polonaise et avec une vision d'une République des deux Nations restaurée, Ele é um cidadão russo multilíngue de etnicidade polonesa com a visão de uma Comunidade renascida

stretching from the Oder to the Baltic Highlands and from the Baltic Sea to Crimea. |||オーデル川||||||||||| s'étendant de l'Oder aux îles Baltiques et de la mer Baltique jusuq'à la Crimée. que se esticaria do Oder aos planaltos do Báltico e do Mar Báltico até a Crimeia.

It's important to know that Piłsudski's dream is not based on identity politics, rather, Il est important de noter que le rêve de Piłsudski n'est pas fondé sur une identité politique, É importante saber que o sonho de Piłsudski não é baseado em identidade política, mas sim,

he wants to resurrect a modernized, democratic version of the multi-ethnic Commonwealth. il souhaite plutôt reformer une version démocratique et modernisée de cette République multi-éthnique. ele quer ressuscitar uma moderna, versão democrática da Comunidade multi-étnica.

He's opposed by the nationalists who envisioned a smaller but more ethnically pure Poland. ||||||envisioned||||||| ||||||構想した||||||| Les nationalistes s'opposent à lui, ils envisagent une Pologne plus petite mais plus pure ethniquement. Ele é oposto por nacionalistas que almejavam uma Polônia menor e etnicamente pura.

Piłsudski has begun raising a private Polish militia already before the World War. Piłsudski a déjà commencé a rassembler une milice polonaise avant la Première Guerre mondiale ; Piłsudski começou a levantar uma milícia polonesa antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial.

And when it comes, he puts his forces at the disposal of the central powers, hoping that a defeat of Russia ||||||||||disposal||||||||defeat|| Quando ela chega, ele coloca suas forças na disposição dos Poderes Centrais, esperando que uma derrota da Rússia

will enable him to carve out a new nation and use the instability in Russia to expand it eastward. ||||开创|||||||||||||| ||||切り開く||||||||不安定さ|||||| et même de l'étendre en direction de l'est en profitant de l'instabilité en Russie. o permitirá esculpir uma nova nação e usar a instabilidade na Rússia para expandir ao leste.

When the Russian Revolution starts in 1917, he demands and gets a Polish nation. Quand la Révolution russe commence en 1917, il exige, et obtient, une nation polonaise, du moins, sur le papier, Quando a Revolução Russa começa em 1917, ele demanda e consegue uma nação polonesa.

Well, on paper. Bom, no papel.

It's not truly autonomous, not really even close elle n'est pas vraiment autonome, loin de là, de plus, Não é verdadeiramente autônoma, nem chega perto

and he refuses to cooperate with the Germans and is imprisoned. il refuse de coopérer avec les allemands, et est emprisonné. e ele se recusa a cooperar com os alemães e é preso.

Days before the war ends, the Germans sent Piłsudski to Warsaw ||||||||||华沙 ||||||||||ワルシャワへ Quelques jours avant la fin de la guerre, les allemands envoient Piłsudski à Varsovie, Dias antes de a guerra acabar, os alemães enviam Piłsudsk para Varsóvia

in the hope that he will craft a friendly nation that will serve as a bulwark against bolshevik Russia. |||||||||||||||抵御力量||| |||||||||||||||防波堤||| dans l'espoir qu'il crée une nation amicale qui servirait de rempart face à la Russie bolchevique. na esperança de ele construir uma nação amigável que servirá de muro contra a Rússia Bolchevique.

This enables him to proclaim a new nation. Cela lui permet de proclamer une nouvelle nation, le nom qu'il choisit, la Deuxième République de Pologne, Isso o permite proclamar uma nova nação.

The name he chooses, the Second Republic of Poland is a historical reference : ||||||||||||reference O nome que ele escolhe, A Segunda República Polonesa, é uma referência histórica.

the Polish name of the Commonwealth is more correctly translated as : the Republic. O nome polonês para "Comunidade" é traduzido mais corretamente como: A República.

So basically he's very clever, and cements the idea that Poland is ancient already in the name ||||||巩固|||||||||| ||||||強固にする|||||||||| Il est en fait très habile, et cimente l'idée que la Pologne est très ancienne de part son nom, Então, basicamente, ele é muito esperto e cimenta a ideia de que a Polônia já é antiga no nome

and therefore creates a direct link to the Commonwealth. et crée par conséquent un lien avec la République de Deux Nations. e, então, cria uma ligação direta à Comunidade.

Soon Piłsudski sets out on his adventure to recreate the Commonwealth, Bientôt, Piłsudski se lance dans son projet de recréation de la République, Logo Piłsudski vai para sua aventura de recriar a Comunidade,

launching a war against the also recently proclaimed Independent Nations of Lithuania, déclenchant une guerre contre les nations indépendantes également récemment déclarées lançando uma guerra contra as também recentemente proclamadas Nações Independentes da Lituânia,

Western Ukraine and the Ukrainian National Republic to forcibly incorporate them all into his new Republic. ||||||||强行|并入|||||| ||||||||強制的に|組み込む|||||| de Lituanie, d'Ukraine occidentale et de République populaire ukrainienne afin de les incorporer de force dans sa nouvelle République. Ucrânia Ocidental e República Nacional da Ucrânia para as incorporar forçadamente em sua nova República.

What happens with the ukrainian adventure you can see in our episodes Vous pouvez voir le résultat de l'aventure ukrainienne dans nos épisodes couvrant les guerre civile russe et soviéto-polonaise. O que acontece na aventura ucraniana você pode ver nos nossos episódios

covering the Russian Civil War and the Polish-Soviet war. que cobrem a Guerra Civil Russa e a guerra polonesa-Soviética.

The Polish Lithuanian war turns out to be a rather messy affair as well, but has a somewhat more even outcome. |||||||||||||||||somewhat|||outcome ||||||||||混乱した|||||||||| La guerre polono-lituanienne se révèle être également une entreprise assez compliquée, avec une issue un peu plus partagée. A guerra polonesa-lituana se torna um assunto bem bagunçado também, mas com um final mais equilibrado.

Just like Ukraine had, the Lithuanian faced several enemies at the same time : Tout comme l'Ukraine, les lituaniens font face a plusieurs ennemis à la fois : Assim como a Ucrânia, a Lituânia enfrentou vários inimigos ao mesmo tempo:

in the east, the Bolsheviks are trying to force them into the Lithuanian Bielorussian Soviet republic, |||||||||||||ベラルーシ人|| à l'est, les bolcheviques tentent de les incoporer de force à la République socialiste soviétique lituano-biélorusse, No leste, os Bolcheviques os tentam forçar a fazer parte da República Soviética da Bielorrússia,

in the West, while there's a confusing situation, à l'ouest, la situation est confuse. nos oeste, enquanto existe uma situação confusa,

a certain Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, a German backed cossack warlord, yep, |||||||德国支持的||军阀| |||||||||軍閥|うん Un certain Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, un chef de guerre cosaque soutenu par l'Allemagne, um certo Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, um senhor da guerra Cossaco apoiado por alemães, pois é,

has started an independent private war, but against who ? a déclenché une guerre privée indépendante. Mais contre qui ? começou uma guerra privada independente, mas contra quem?

Funny thing is, this is still an issue of debate in 2018, Chose amusante, cette question est toujours débattue en 2018. A coisa engraçada é que isso ainda é um problema em 2018,

did he want to help the Lithuanian against the Poles and the Bolsheviks ? Voulait-il aider les lituaniens contre les polonais et les bolcheviques ? ele queria ajudar os Lituanos contra os poloneses e os bolcheviques?

Expand Germany ? Or maybe even create a kingdom for himself ? Étendre le territoire allemand ? Ou peut-être se créer son propre royaume ? Expandir a Alemanha? Ou talvez até criar um reino para si?

In any case, he's defeated and disappears into the backwaters of history. |||||||||历史的边缘|| |||||||||歴史の片隅|| Dans tous les cas, il est vaincu et disparaît dans les méandres de l'Histoire De qualquer modo, ele é derrotado e desaparece nas profundezas da história.

But before that, he does distract the Lithuanians enough, to the Poles to use that confusion to incite insurgencies |||||分散注意力|||||||||||||叛乱 |||||distracts||||||||||||| |||||気をそらす||||||ポーランド人||||||扇動する|反乱を煽る Mas antes disso, ele consegue distrair os lituanos o bastante para que os poloneses usem essa confusão para incitar insurgências

against the Lithuanian government. contra o governo lituano.

In 1919, as the Red Army advances into Belarus, En 1919, alors que l'Armée rouge progresse en Biélorussie, Em 1919, enquanto o Exército Vermelho marcha na Bielorrússia,

Poland steps in with support for the private militias that are popping up all over the place. ||||||||民間軍事組織|||現れる||||| la Pologne intervient en soutenant les milices privées qui apparaissent un peu partout. a Polônia intervém com o apoio das milícias privadas que estouram por todo lado.

What follows is a long series of back-and-forth with confusing alliances, Il s'ensuit une longue série de va-et-vient, d'alliances confuses, de soulèvements, de contre-soulèvements O que se segue é uma longa série de vão e vens de alianças confusas,

uprisings, counter-uprisings and minor battles with unclear outcomes. et de batailles mineures aux issues incertaines. revoltas, contra-revoltas e batalhas menores com resultados incertos.

The major battles are actually between Poland and the Bolsheviks, but the Lithuanians constantly get caught in the crossfire. ||||||||||||||||||交火中 |||||||||||||||caught||| ||||||||||||||||||銃火の中 Les batailles majeures se déroulent en fait entre la Pologne et les bolcheviques mais se lituaniens se retrouvent constamment pris entre les deux feux. As maiores batalhas, na verdade, são entre os poloneses e Bolcheviques, mas os lituanos são constantemente pegos no meio do tiroteio.

What's actually going on is so confusing and so subjective, that, and this is serious, |||||||||主观的||||| |||||||||主観的な||||| Ce qui se passe réellement est si confus et subjectif que, et c'est très sérieux, O que está acontecendo é tão confuso e subjetivo que, e isso é sério,

if you compare Polish and Lithuanian history books, si on compare les livres d'histoire polonais et lituaniens, il est toujours probable aujourd'hui qu'une même bataille se você comparar livros de história lituanos e poloneses,

the same battle is still today likely to be attributed to completely different wars. soit attribuée à des guerres complètements différentes. a mesma batalha , ainda hoje, tem chance de ser atribuída a guerras totalmente diferentes.

And Polish and Lithuanian historiography doesn't even agree on the timeframe of all of this. ||||歴史記述|||||||||| Et les historiographies polonaises et lituaniennes ne s'accordent même pas sur les dates de tous ces évènements. Além disso, a historiografia polonesa e lituana não concordam na série temporal de tudo isso.

In the end, the chaos is to a certain degree helpful in keeping the Bolsheviks out. Au final, le chaos est, à un certain degré, utile pour contenir les bolcheviques. No final, o caos é, até um certo grau, útil para manter os Bolcheviques fora.

And when the Polish army is in retreat in early 1920, ||||||撤退中|撤退中|| |||||||retreat|| Et quand l'armée polonaise bat en retraite au début de l'année 1920, E quando o exército polonês está recuando no começo de 1920,

the Lithuanians take the opportunity to make peace with the Russians. les lituaniens profitent de l'occasion pour signer la paix avec les russes. os lituanos aproveitam a oportunidade para fazer a paz com os Russos.

The Lithuanians secure their territory from the retreating Polish army in the summer of 1920 Ils sécurisent leur territoire vis-à-vis de l'armée polonaise en retraite à l'été 1920 mais, Os lituanos asseguram o seu território do exército polonês que recuava no verão de 1920

but when the Polish strike back after the Battle of Warsaw in September, ||||||在之后|||||| quand les polonais contre-attaquent, après la bataille de Varsovie en septembre, mas quando os poloneses atacam de volta após a Batalha de Varsóvia em Setembro,

they claim that Lithuania is a Russian ally and attack the red army and the |||||||同盟国||||||| eles afirmam que a Lituânia é aliada Russa e atacam o Exército Vermelho e os

Lithuanians at the same time, and defeat both at the Battle of Niemen River. ||||||||||||ニエマン川| lituanos ao mesmo tempo e derrotam ambos na Batalha do Rio Niemen.

Lithuania is now open to invasion, but the League of Nations forces through the Suwałki agreement, ||||||||||||||苏瓦尔基| La Lituanie est maintenant ouverte à l'invasion, mais la Société des Nations force à l'adoption le Traité de Suwałki, A Lituânia agora está aberta para uma invasão, mas a Liga das Nações força por meio do acordo de Suwałki

where the Poles agree to Lithuanian independence. dans lequel les polonais doivent reconnaître l'indépendance de la Lituanie. onde os poloneses concordam na independência lituana.

The agreement is not clear about the demarcation line in the Vilnius area though |||||||划分|划分线||||| |||||||境界線|||||| Cependant, l'accord n'est pas clair quant à la ligne démarcation dans la zone de Vilnius, O acordo não é claro sobre a demarcação de terra na área de Vilnius

and Pilsudski orders his army to take the city et Piłsudski ordonne à son armée de prendre la ville, e Pilsudski ordena o seu exército a tomar a cidade

under the guise of protecting the independence of ethnic poles in Vilnius. ||伪装||||||||| ||名目で||||||||| sous couvert de protéger l'indépendance de l'ethnie polonaise à Vilnius. sob a premissa de proteger a independência dos poloneses em Vilnius.

So the capital of Lithuania is now in Poland. La capitale de la Lituanie se trouvant alors en Pologne, le gouvernement lituanien sera implanté à Kaunas Então a capital da Lituânia está agora na Polônia.

The Lithuanian government will be set up in Kaunas instead, O governo lituano mudará para Kaunas

and the Poles and Lithuanians will not have diplomatic relations until shortly before WWII. et les polonais et lituaniens n'auront plus de relations diplomatiques jusqu'à peu de temps avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. e os poloneses e lituanos não terão relações diplomáticas até antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Instead of becoming a Commonwealth, the two new nations have now become bitter enemies. ||||||||||||bitter| Au lieu de devenir une République, deux nouvelles nations sont devenues ennemis jurés. Ao invés de se tornar uma Comunidade, as novas duas nações se tornaram inimigas.

But Poland is not only facing problems in the East. Mais la Pologne ne faisait pas seulement face à des problèmes à l'est, Mas a Polônia não tem problemas apenas no Leste.

While the Paris Peace Conference gets underway, ||||||进行中 ||||||underway tandis que la conférence de paix de Paris prend place, les ethnies polonaises de Poznań, Enquanto a Conferência de Paz de Paris acontecem,

ethnic poles in Posen, still in Germany, rise up against the Germans but are violently crushed. |||波兹南|||||||||||| toujours en Allemagne, se soulèvent contre les allemands mais sont violemment réprimées. poloneses em Posen, ainda na Alemanha, se revoltam contra os alemães mas são violentamente reprimidos.

This contributes to the incorporation of Posen into Poland under the Treaty of Versailles. |寄与する|||編入||||||||| Cela contribue à l'incorporation de Poznań à la Pologne dans le traité de Versailles. Isso contribui para a incorporação de Posen à Polônia no tratado de Versalhes.

But the treaty doesn't finally decide the fate of neighboring Upper Silesia. Mais le traité ne se prononce pas sur le sort de la Haute-Silésie voisine, Mas o tratado não decide de vez o destino da vizinha Alta Silésia.

This region has a larger ethnic diversity with like 53% Polish speakers and 40% German speakers. ||||||||||話者||| cette région a une plus grande diversité ethnique, avec environ 53% de locuteurs polonais et 40% de locuteurs allemand. A região tem uma diversidade étnica maior com 53% falantes de polonês e 40% de alemão.

And the population is pretty much divided down the middle about where to go. La population est à peu près divisée en deux pour savoir à qui se rattacher A população também está dividida igualmente para qual lado ir.

In early 1920, ethnic German militias, the SiPo, start a campaign to ||民族|||||||| No começo de 1920, milícias de etnia alemã, os SiPo, começam uma campanha para

violently dissuade the Polish speaking up for silesians from joining Poland. |劝阻||||||||| |dissuade||||||||| |思いとどまらせる||||||||| violentamente dissuadir os poloneses de influenciar os residentes da Silésia de se juntar à Polônia.

The militias harassed Polish language newspapers and activists for Polish annexation. ||骚扰||||||||吞并 Les milices harassent les journaux polonais et les activistes de l'annexion polonaise. As milícias assediaram os jornais e ativistas poloneses que queriam a anexação polonesa.

The Polish population answers with demands to dissolve the SiPo. |||||||解散する||秘密警察 La population polonaise exige en retour la dissolution de la SiPo. A população polonesa responde com demandas para a dissolução do SiPo.

On May 3rd, on the anniversary of the Polish Constitution, Le 3 mai, jour anniversaire de la constitution polonaise, Em 3 de Maio, no aniversário da Constituição Polonesa,

the SiPo attack at Polish celebrations all over the region. la SiPo attaque pendant les festivités polonaises dans toute la région. o SiPo ataca as celebrações polonesas em toda a região.

On June, July and August, tensions continue to rise. En juin, juillet et août, les tensions continuent de monter, et le 17 août, Em Junho, Julho e Agosto, tensões continuam a aumentar.

On August 17, three days after the Polish Army's victory over the Bolsheviks at the miracle at the Vistula, trois jours après la victoire de l'armée polonaise contre les bolcheviques pendant le « Miracle de la Vistule », Em 17 de Agosto, três dias depois da vitória do exército polonês sobre os Bolcheviques no "Milagre em Vistula",

German newspapers spread the fake news that Warsaw has in fact fallen to the Soviets. des journaux allemands propagent la fausse nouvelle que Varsovie est, tombée aux mains des russes. jornais alemães espalharam notícias falsas de que Varsóvia foi de fato tomada pelos Soviéticos.

The SiPo uses the news to again attack what they now call Polish insurgents, |||||||||||||反乱者 Les SiPo utilisent la nouvelle pour attaquer ceux qu'ils appellent désormais des insurgés polonais, O SiPo usa as notícias para atacar de novo o que eles acham que são agora insurgentes poloneses,

but the Polish strike back and in late August some 2,000 Polish militia mas os poloneses contra-atacam e, no final de Agosto, cerca de 2000 soldados da milícia polonesa

successively take control of one town after the other. tomam, sucessivamente, o controle de cidade após cidade.

This is the first step in a concerted effort to take the whole region and force the disbanding of the SiPo. |||||||协调的||||||||||||| C'est la première étape, dans un effort concerté, vers la prise de contrôle de la région et la dissolution forcée des SiPo. Esse é o primeiro passo de um esforço para tomar a região inteira de forçar o SiPo a se dissolver.

On September 27th 1920, the actual second Silesian uprising begins : first, the Poles call a general strike. Em 27 de Setembro de 1920, a verdadeira Segunda Revolta da SIlesia começa: primeiro, os poloneses pedem paralisações gerais.