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Steve's YouTube Videos, The worst thing about being a polyglot

The worst thing about being a polyglot

The other day on Twitter, I saw this video of an Iraqi Christian speaking in

standard Arabic, Fusha, and I was very encouraged to see that I understand,

or I understood basically everything he was saying, helped a little by

the subtitles, but I heard the words.

I could understand him, even though I haven't spent that much time on standard

Arabic, but time I've spent on Arabic, I've spent on Lebanese Arabic in the

last year or so, plus I've been working on my Turkish, not to mention my Farsi.

And so then this made me think about this whole issue of, you know, what are the

pros and cons of learning many languages?

And of course, in my case, it's not just the three languages that I've been

working on over the last few years.

But, you know, throughout the period of time that I've been learning languages,

these languages are there in my brain.

And what are the advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons of

learning different languages?

So I want to talk a little bit about that.

First point is, to me, a language is, or learning a language is not just

about being able to say a few things to someone, say, in a restaurant

or, uh, in a store or whatever.

It's more about learning about those languages, the history behind those

languages, the cultures, and so forth.

It's a form of discovering the world that I live in.

People who share this planet with me, uh, you know, while I'm Here sort of alive.

So to that extent, obviously, the more languages I learn, the more doors

open up, the more things I learn.

And going back to this Iraqi Christian, what's the history

of the Christians in Iraq?

Well, it turns out they're one of the oldest Christian churches in the

world, which is not surprising since Christianity began in the Middle East.

And spread eastward before it spread westward.

Also, when you talk about Iraqi Christians, you're talking about Iraq.

You're talking about a part of the world that was under the Sasanian or

Persian empire for a long, long time.

So it brings you into that Persian world, which I've also been learning about.

So I'm just kind of stressing the fact that discovering different languages

is about discovering so many different things that obviously the more you

have, the more languages you have, the more different things you learn about.

Even though you may not get into tremendous depth in any of them, but

by, you know, the connection to Arabic.

So we have Christian Arabs.

We also have Muslim Arabs.

And of course, as we learn about the Muslim world, as I do, I learn

about Khorasan, for example, which was an area in central Asia where

there was this tremendous flowering of culture, uh, in the sort of.

8th, 9th, 10th century to some extent in Baghdad, but more so

in what is now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eastern Iran.

They in turn influenced and had a large amount of power within

the, uh, Abyssinian, you know, uh, Caliphate in, in Baghdad.

And there are elements of Turkish culture there.

And so I'm also learning Turkish, the Turkish language.

So not to mention the fact that that part of the, uh, Muslim world was

translating Greek science, uh, science from India, uh, Arabic science.

So there was a great blending of cultures taking place there.

Something that I was completely unaware of.

And I should add that because of their work and translating these

ancient texts, it contributed to the development of science in

Europe in the Renaissance period.

So we access this, or at least I do.

So for me, from that perspective, the more the merrier.

However, what about from the point of view of learning languages?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having many languages in your

brain or trying to learn them?

First of all, I want to address the issue of whether.

We should learn many languages at the same time or concentrate on one.

I kind of vacillate back and forth.

I think there are some pros and cons there.

Obviously, if you focus on one, if you're in a hurry to learn it,

you're going to learn it faster.

On the other hand, if you have two or three on the go, you're enjoying

that experience of exploring and being able to refresh, moving

from one language where you might feel you're not getting anywhere.

You start up that other language and you discover new things.

So it's simply a matter of taste.

So I won't address the issue of whether.

It's best to study one language, you know, for a period of time, concentrate,

focus, or to, you know, have two or three on the go at the same time.

I'm inclining now towards the first solution, but I think people should

experiment, but rather in terms of the ease or difficulty of learning.

So to my mind, if you have a lot of languages, I think the

brain becomes more flexible.

So in an extreme case, you only have your native language, then

the brain, your brain has sort of solidified around pronunciation,

around structures, vocabulary that are part of your native language.

So the new language is strange.

When you have more languages, you have a wider range of knowledge.

Sounds, call it phonemes, in your brain, you have a wider range of

structures, things are not so strange.

And therefore, you can accept them more easily, you don't

resist them, you're more flexible.

So to that extent, I think that's a big advantage of having lots of languages.

I also think that, uh, we become more confident as we have learned.

You know, more and more languages.

We have now more and more sounds, more and more structures.

We're more confident that we can do it.

We're more convinced that we can do it so that our attitude is more

positive than with our first language, when we're not entirely sure we can

ever get fluent in another language.

So to that extent, it's, it's, you know, the more, the merrier.

But having a lot of languages is not without its problems.

So we sometimes hear people say, beware of cognates.

In other words, words that look the same as in another language,

but have a different meaning.

I have never found that to be a problem.

Overwhelmingly, the cognates are going to have more or less the same meaning,

uh, because you know, the words in the new language that are similar

to words that you know, I find it easier to remember them, even if they

have a slightly different meaning.

So the word in.

Turkish means but, whereas in Persian and Arabic it means only, but it's

an easy one to remember because you're familiar with that sound.

It has a slightly different meaning.

So cognates to me is not a problem.

The bigger problem though, is the interference from languages you know.

So when I am struggling to say something, I find myself in my Turkish discussions.

I often say, and very often I'll say enfin.

From French, which is kind of like, you know, so often, and I'll just say

often because there's some pressure to say something in a foreign language.

I say often, I found, uh, based on my research that if we have many languages

in our brain, they're there all the time.

So this one researcher pointed out that, and he's Belgian.

So if he's speaking English and he uses the word dog, but

the word chien is still there.

So there is a need.

When we're speaking a new language to suppress the words

or structures that don't belong.

And apparently that's a big part of what we do.

When we go to speak in a new language, we trot out words that come to mind.

We trot out structures that we're confident that we can use because

we've used them before, but at the same time we have to suppress.

We have to suppress things that don't belong.

Those things might be from our native language, but very often

they're from an unrelated language.

I sometimes find my brain going to Korean when I'm trying,

trying to say something and.

Persian or, you know, totally unrelated and for no good reason,

but I have no real control over the, what, what the brain is doing.

So this need to suppress things that don't belong could be a bit

of a pitfall when you have a lot of languages bouncing around in your brain.

On the other hand, it turns out that our ability to learn languages and

even our sort of executive function in the brain is Very much improved by

the sort of learning many languages.

So apparently this connectivity between different parts of the brain, and

again, I will leave the link so you can research it yourself because it's

full of abbreviations and acronyms and terms that I don't understand.

But the general idea seems to me to be that if you have two languages or even

more languages that, That is increased connectivity in the brain, which is good

for the executive function of the brain.

It's good for learning languages.

In other words, it improves your ability to learn languages.

So over and above what I said earlier about my experience that I have more

flexibility when it comes to sounds, more flexibility when it comes to structures,

more willing to accept new ways of saying things, more confident that I can learn.

There's something that happens in the brain that is very positive

when it comes to learning.

And in fact, if you look up these links, you'll see that

it is positive also in terms of maintaining the health of your brain.

And if that is true for bilinguals, I, I assume it's got to be at

least true and perhaps more so the case with multilinguals.

So if you have a lot of languages in your brain, yeah, there could

be some interference, maybe more interference because you have more

languages there, but it does improve your ability to learn languages.

Yeah.

to produce the utterances in the new language.

And it has a, you know, a healthy effect on your brain, it turns out.

However, you know, as with so much in language learning, I can't prove

that learning many languages makes you a better language learner,

that it's better for your brain.

Obviously, if I see studies that come to those conclusions, I feel

happy and I share them with you and it may or may not be the case.

It doesn't affect my attitude when I learn a language.

When I learn a language, overwhelmingly, I'm going to learn it.

I try to enjoy what I'm doing.

So if I feel like moving to a new language, I move.

If I feel like spending more time, say, uh, at LingQ, this morning, for

example, I was going through the, uh, sentence mode and rearranging the

sentences, the words in sentence mode.

And then, because it's easier to write Turkish than to write Arabic, and where

I have sort of resisted writing in Arabic or Persian, in Turkish it's not

difficult because it's the Latin alphabet.

So I found myself now trying to write by hand those very sentences that I

had gone through in sentence mode.

So, again, I found it enjoyable.

So if it's enjoyable, I'm happy doing it.

I'm, you know, acquiring fewer words.

And I've always said that the, the, the Key battle is to acquire more

words, but you also have to focus in on, you know, getting better at the

language, how the language works.

And, uh, I was very much enjoying, you know, by hand writing out the sentences.

And I think there, again, the message is do what you like to do.

If you enjoy your involvement with the language, you're going to learn.

If you prefer to stay with one language, that's fine.

If you want to explore many languages, that's fine.

But I did feel I should share with you what I consider to be the.

Uh, advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages are that you can explore more worlds, discover more about our world.

Possibly you're more open to new sounds and new structures.

On the other hand, you have to be a little careful that you don't lose your focus.

That you might find a little more interference from the

languages that you have learned.

But overwhelmingly, I think having a lot of languages is a positive thing.

So for listening.

Bye for now.

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The worst thing about being a polyglot La|pire|||||polyglotte The|most negative|aspect|aspect of|being|a|многоязычным |a pior|coisa||ser||um poliglota Die|||||| ||||||多語者 Die|schlimmste|das Schlimmste||sein|einem|Polyglot 그|||에 대한|다국어 구사자|| ||||||çok dilli ||||||多语者 その|最悪の|||||多言語話者 |peor||||un|políglota Das Schlimmste daran, ein Polyglott zu sein The worst thing about being a polyglot Lo peor de ser políglota Le pire dans le fait d'être polyglotte La cosa peggiore dell'essere poliglotta ポリグロットであることの最悪な点 다국어를 구사하는 것의 가장 나쁜 점 Najgorsza rzecz w byciu poliglotą A pior coisa de ser poliglota Хуже всего быть полиглотом Çok dilli olmanın en kötü yanı Найгірше в тому, щоб бути поліглотом 成为多语言人士最糟糕的事情 成為多語言者最糟糕的事情 成為多語言者最糟糕的事情

The other day on Twitter, I saw this video of an Iraqi Christian speaking in ||||Twitter|||||||un chrétien irakien|chrétien irakien|| the|the other|recent|on|Twitter platform|I|came across|this video|clip|of|an|an Iraqi|Christian person|speaking|in ||dia||Twitter|||||||cristão iraquiano|cristão iraquiano|falando| |||在||||||||||| ||||Twitter|||||von||irakischen|Christen|| |||||||||||이라크인||| ||||推特|||||||伊拉克基督徒|基督徒|| |||||||||||イラクの||| ||||||vi|||||cristiano iraquí||| दूसरे दिन ट्विटर पर मैंने एक इराकी ईसाई का यह वीडियो देखा, जिसमें वह बोल रहा था, No outro dia, no Twitter, vi este vídeo de um cristão iraquiano a falar em

standard Arabic, Fusha, and I was very encouraged to see that I understand, standard arabe|arabe|l'arabe standard|||||encouragé||||| standard Arabic|Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic||I|I was|extremely|motivated|||that||أفهم padrão árabe||árabe padrão|||||encorajado||||| ||古典阿拉伯语|||||||||| |Arabisch|Fusha|||||ermutigt||||| ||Fusha|||||||||| 标准阿拉伯语||现代标准阿拉伯语|||||感到鼓舞||||| |||||||labai džiugino||||| |アラビア語|フスハ|||||とても励まされた||||| estándar||árabe estándar|||||animado||||| मानक अरबी, फ़ुशा, और मुझे यह देखकर बहुत प्रोत्साहन मिला कि मैं समझता हूँ, árabe padrão, Fusha, e senti-me muito encorajado por ver que percebo,

or I understood basically everything he was saying, helped a little by ||||||كان||||| ||compris||||||||| alternative|I|grasped|essentially|all||was|speaking|||| ||anladım|əsasən||||deyirdi|bir az kömək etdi||bir az|bir az या मैं मूल रूप से वह सब कुछ समझ गया जो वह कह रहा था, इससे थोड़ी मदद मिली ou percebi basicamente tudo o que ele estava a dizer, ajudado um pouco por

the subtitles, but I heard the words. |les sous-titres||||| the|captions|however||audible|the|spoken |as legendas||||| |Untertitel||||| |altyazılar||||| |字幕||||| |субтитри|||почув|| |altyazılar|||eşitdim||sözləri |字幕||||| उपशीर्षक तो मैंने सुने, लेकिन शब्द मैंने सुने।

I could understand him, even though I haven't spent that much time on standard ||||даже||||||||| |||||||n'ai pas|passé||||| I|was able to|understand||despite|despite that||||||||standard ||||mesmo assim||||passado|tanto|tanto|||o padrão |||||||nicht|||||| |||||||||||||المعيار (1) ||||навіть|хоча|||||||| |bacardım|anlayardım||baxmayaraq ki||||keçirmişəm|||||standart(1) Consegui compreendê-lo, apesar de não ter passado muito tempo a trabalhar com a norma

Arabic, but time I've spent on Arabic, I've spent on Lebanese Arabic in the ||||||арабском (2)||||||| ||||||||||libanais||| ||||time||||||Lebanese Arabic|Arabic||the ||||||árabe libanês||||libanês||| ||||||||||libanesisch||| ||||||||||레바논||| ||||||||||黎巴嫩阿拉伯语||| ||||||||||ліванську||| ||||||アラビア語||||レバノンアラビア語|レバントアラビア語|| ||||||||||libanés||| अरबी, लेकिन मैंने अरबी पर जो समय बिताया है, वह मैंने लेबनानी अरबी पर बिताया है Árabe, mas o tempo que dediquei ao árabe, dediquei-o ao árabe libanês no

last year or so, plus I've been working on my Turkish, not to mention my Farsi. ||||en plus||||||turc|||sans parler de||persan |2022|||also|I have||studying|improving|possessive adjective|Turkish language|not||as well as||Persian language ||||mais um|eu tenho|||||turco|||||farsi |||||||||||||||Farsçam ||||seit||||||Türkisch|ganz zu schweigen von||von||Persisch |||||||||||||||페르시아어 |||||||||||||||波斯语 paskutiniais metais||||||||||||||| |||||||працював||||||не кажучи вже про||перську ||||||||||トルコ語|||||ペルシャ語 작년부터 터키어와 페르시아어는 말할 것도 없고 터키어를 공부하고 있습니다. no último ano, mais ou menos, e tenho estado a trabalhar no meu turco, para não falar no meu farsi.

And so then this made me think about this whole issue of, you know, what are the ||||||||||вопрос|||||| |therefore||this topic|||||||||||what||the |||||||||toda esta|questão|||||| |||||||über||||||||| ||||||||||питання|||||| ||||||||||問題|||||| 그래서 저는 이 모든 문제에 대해 생각하게 되었습니다. E então isso fez-me pensar sobre toda esta questão de, sabe, quais são as

pros and cons of learning many languages? advantages||disadvantages||learning|many|languages vantagens||desvantagem|||| 優點|與|缺點|||| Vorteile||Nachteile|||| ||缺点|||| ||плюси|||| 利点||欠点|||| pros||contras|||| कई भाषाएँ सीखने के फायदे और नुकसान क्या हैं? Prós e contras de aprender muitas línguas?

And of course, in my case, it's not just the three languages that I've been और हां, मेरे मामले में, यह सिर्फ तीन भाषाएं नहीं हैं जिन्हें मैं सीख रहा हूं। 물론 제 경우에는 세 가지 언어뿐만이 아닙니다. E, claro, no meu caso, não são apenas as três línguas que tenho

working on over the last few years. ||||||年 |||||last several| पिछले कुछ वर्षों से इस पर काम किया जा रहा है। a trabalhar nos últimos anos.

But, you know, throughout the period of time that I've been learning languages, |||during|||of|||||| |||ao longo de||período de||||||| |||während||||||||| |||durante tutto||||||||| |||per visą||||||||| |||протягом||період||||||| |||ずっと||||||||| |||durante todo||||||||| लेकिन, आप जानते हैं, जब से मैं भाषाएं सीख रहा हूं, 하지만 제가 언어를 배우는 기간 내내 그랬어요, Mas, sabe, durante todo o período de tempo em que tenho estado a aprender línguas,

these languages are there in my brain. |||present||possessive pronoun| estas|||||| ये भाषाएँ मेरे मस्तिष्क में हैं। 이 언어들은 제 머릿속에 존재합니다. estas línguas estão no meu cérebro.

And what are the advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons of ||||||недостатки|плюсы||минусы| ||||benefits||drawbacks|benefits||cons| ||||vantagens||desvantagens|||| ||||Vorteile||Nachteile|||| ||||||dezavantajları|||| ||||优点||缺点|||| ||||privalumai||trūkumai|||| ||||переваги||недоліки|переваги||| ||||利点|||||| ||||||desventajas|||| और इसके क्या फायदे और नुकसान हैं, पक्ष और विपक्ष क्या हैं? E quais são as vantagens e desvantagens, os prós e os contras de

learning different languages? विभिन्न भाषाएँ सीखना? aprender línguas diferentes?

So I want to talk a little bit about that. तो मैं इसके बारे में थोड़ी बात करना चाहता हूं। Por isso, gostaria de falar um pouco sobre isso.

First point is, to me, a language is, or learning a language is not just |pirmas punktas||||||||||||| |First point||||||||||||| |||||eine|Sprache||||||ist|nicht nur| ||||||言語|||||||| O primeiro ponto é que, para mim, uma língua é, ou aprender uma língua não é apenas

about being able to say a few things to someone, say, in a restaurant |būti||||||||žmogui|||| darüber||||||||zu||||| |||||||||||||no restaurante 예를 들어 식당에서 누군가에게 몇 마디 할 수 있는 것에 대해 말입니다. sobre ser capaz de dizer algumas coisas a alguém, digamos, num restaurante

or, uh, in a store or whatever. ||||||что угодно |äh||||| |ıh||||| ||||||ou algo assim ou, uh, numa loja ou qualquer outra coisa.

It's more about learning about those languages, the history behind those |||||||||історія за| ||||||||a história|| É mais uma questão de aprender sobre essas línguas, a história por detrás delas

languages, the cultures, and so forth. |||und so weiter||usw. |||||など ||as culturas|e assim por diante|e assim por diante|e assim por diante भाषाएँ, संस्कृतियाँ, इत्यादि। 언어, 문화 등입니다. as línguas, as culturas, etc.

It's a form of discovering the world that I live in. ||||exploring|||||| ||uma forma||descobrir|||||| Es ist||||entdecken|||||| ||一种|||||||| ||||atradimo|||||| ||形態|||||||| 그것은 내가 살고 있는 세상을 발견하는 한 형태입니다. É uma forma de descobrir o mundo em que vivo.

People who share this planet with me, uh, you know, while I'm Here sort of alive. |||||||||||||||живой |||||||||||||||living |||||||||||||de maneira||vivo ||||Planet||||||||||| ||||惑星||||||||ここに|||生きている |||||||||||||más o menos|| 저와 함께 이 지구를 공유하는 사람들은 제가 여기 살아 있는 동안에는 거의 살아 있습니다. Pessoas que partilham este planeta comigo, uh, sabem, enquanto estou aqui mais ou menos vivo.

So to that extent, obviously, the more languages I learn, the more doors |||степени||||||||| |||degree||||||||| então|até||até certo ponto|obviamente||||||||oportunidades |||程度||||||||| So(1)|||in diesem Maße|offensichtlich||||||||Türen |||程度上||||||||| |||tam tikra prasme|akivaizdu|||||||| |||в тій мірі||||||||| |||程度||||||||| तो इस हद तक, जाहिर है, मैं जितनी अधिक भाषाएं सीखूंगा, उतने अधिक दरवाजे खुलेंगे 그래서 당연히 더 많은 언어를 배울수록 더 많은 문이 열립니다. Por isso, nessa medida, é óbvio que quanto mais línguas aprendo, mais portas

open up, the more things I learn. |to a greater extent||greater the number|I learn|I|discover open up, the more things I learn. 마음을 열면 열수록 더 많은 것을 배울 수 있습니다. mais me abro, mais coisas aprendo.

And going back to this Iraqi Christian, what's the history |||||伊拉克的|||| |||||||||história dele |||||іракський|християнин||| और इस इराकी ईसाई की बात करें तो इसका इतिहास क्या है? 이 이라크 기독교인으로 돌아가서, 어떤 역사가 있죠? E voltando a este cristão iraquiano, qual é a história

of the Christians in Iraq? ||Christian community||in Iraq ||os cristãos||Iraque ||der Christen||im Irak ||基督徒||伊拉克 ||||Іраку ||イラクのキリスト教徒||イラクの ||||Irak इराक में ईसाइयों का क्या हुआ? dos cristãos no Iraque?

Well, it turns out they're one of the oldest Christian churches in the ||happens|it appears|||||||congregations|| |ela|resulta||elas são||||||igrejas cristãs|| Nun ja||||||||||Kirchen|| 好吧|||||||||||| ||||||||найстаріших||церквами|| ||||||||最古の|||| 글쎄요, 그들은 세계에서 가장 오래된 기독교 교회 중 하나 인 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. Bem, acontece que é uma das igrejas cristãs mais antigas do mundo.

world, which is not surprising since Christianity began in the Middle East. Christianity's origin||||expected||||||| ||||||Cristianismo|começou|||Oriente Médio|Oriente Médio ||||überraschend||||||| ||||||基督教||||| ||||не дивно||||||| ||||||キリスト教||||| ||||||el cristianismo||||| यह कोई आश्चर्य की बात नहीं है, क्योंकि ईसाई धर्म की शुरुआत मध्य पूर्व में हुई थी। O que não é surpreendente, uma vez que o cristianismo começou no Médio Oriente.

And spread eastward before it spread westward. ||на восток|||| ||||||vers l'ouest |spread eastward|toward the east||||to the west |espalhou-se|para leste||||para o oeste Und (1)|sich ausbreiten|nach Osten|||sich ausbreiten|westwärts ||||||batıya doğru ||||||向西 ||東へ||||西へ |se extendió|hacia el este||||hacia el oeste और पश्चिम की ओर फैलने से पहले पूर्व की ओर फैल गया। 그리고 서쪽으로 퍼지기 전에 동쪽으로 퍼졌습니다. E espalhou-se para leste antes de se espalhar para oeste.

Also, when you talk about Iraqi Christians, you're talking about Iraq. |||||iraquianos||||| इसके अलावा, जब आप इराकी ईसाइयों के बारे में बात करते हैं, तो आप इराक के बारे में बात कर रहे होते हैं। Além disso, quando se fala de cristãos iraquianos, está-se a falar do Iraque.

You're talking about a part of the world that was under the Sasanian or ||||||||||||sassanide| ||||||||||||Sasanian Empire| ||||||||||||sasanida| ||||||||||||sasanidischen| ||||||||||||Sasaniler dönemi| ||||||||||||萨珊王朝| ||||||||||||ササン朝| ||||||||||||sasanio| आप दुनिया के उस हिस्से की बात कर रहे हैं जो सासानी या 사사 니아 또는 사사 니아 아래 있던 세계의 일부에 대해 이야기하고 있습니다. Está a falar de uma parte do mundo que esteve sob o domínio sasaniano ou

Persian empire for a long, long time. Persian Empire|||||| persa|império persa||||| Persisches|Reich||||| 波斯|||||| |imperija||||| ペルシャ帝国|||||| फारसी साम्राज्य पर बहुत लम्बे समय तक शासन किया। 페르시아 제국은 오랫동안 지속되었습니다. Império Persa durante muito, muito tempo.

So it brings you into that Persian world, which I've also been learning about. ||įveda||||||||||| ||||||||die ich||||| ||||||ペルシャ語||||||| ||||||persa|||||||sobre तो यह आपको उस फ़ारसी दुनिया में ले जाता है, जिसके बारे में मैं भी सीख रहा हूँ। 그래서 페르시아의 세계로 여러분을 안내해 드리고, 저도 페르시아에 대해 배우고 있습니다. Por isso, leva-nos a esse mundo persa, sobre o qual também tenho estado a aprender.

So I'm just kind of stressing the fact that discovering different languages |||||подчеркиваю|||||| |||||emphasizing|||||| |||||enfatizando|||||| |||||強調|||||| Also|||||betonen|||||| |||||vurguluyorum|||||| |||||sottolineando|||||| |||||强调|||||| |||||pabrėžiu|||||| |||||強調している|||||| तो मैं बस इस तथ्य पर जोर दे रहा हूं कि विभिन्न भाषाओं की खोज 그래서 저는 다른 언어를 발견하는 것이 매우 중요하다는 사실을 강조하고 있습니다. Por isso, estou apenas a sublinhar o facto de que descobrir línguas diferentes

is about discovering so many different things that obviously the more you ||||||||明らかに||| 는 다양한 것들을 발견하는 것이기 때문에 é descobrir tantas coisas diferentes que, obviamente, quanto mais se

have, the more languages you have, the more different things you learn about. quanto mais línguas tivermos, mais coisas diferentes aprenderemos.

Even though you may not get into tremendous depth in any of them, but |||||||огромную|глубину||||| |||||||great|||||| mesmo assim|||||||tremenda|profundidade||||| |||||verstehen||tiefgreifende|Tiefe||||| |||||||巨大的|||||| |||||||didelės|gilių žinių||||| |||||||величезну|||||| |||||||膨大な|||||| भले ही आप इनमें से किसी में भी बहुत गहराई तक नहीं पहुंच पाएं, लेकिन 그 중 어느 것 하나도 엄청나게 깊이 들어가지는 않더라도 Mesmo que não se aprofunde muito em nenhum deles, mas

by, you know, the connection to Arabic. ||||связь|| ||||||アラビア語 ||||зв'язок|| आप जानते हैं, अरबी भाषा से इसका संबंध है। 아랍어와의 연결성 때문이죠. pela ligação ao árabe.

So we have Christian Arabs. ||||Arab Christians |||os árabes cristãos|árabes cristãos |||christliche|arabische Christen ||||阿拉伯基督徒 ||||араби ||||árabes cristianos Portanto, temos árabes cristãos.

We also have Muslim Arabs. |||мусульмане|арабы |||Muslim identity| |||árabes muçulmanos| |||muslimische| ||||阿拉伯人 |||мусульманських| हमारे यहां मुस्लिम अरब भी हैं। 무슬림 아랍인들도 있습니다. Também temos árabes muçulmanos.

And of course, as we learn about the Muslim world, as I do, I learn ||||||||||||||aprendemos |||як|||||мусульманському|||||| 물론 우리가 무슬림 세계에 대해 배우면서 저와 마찬가지로 다음을 배웁니다. E, claro, à medida que vamos aprendendo sobre o mundo muçulmano, como eu faço, vou aprendendo

about Khorasan, for example, which was an area in central Asia where |Khorasan region|||||||||| |Khorasan|||a qual|era|||||| |||||||||||在那裡 |Khorasan|||||||||| |Khorasan|||||||||| |呼罗珊|||||||||| |Хорасан|||||||||| |ホラーサーン|||||||||| |Jorasán|||||||||| sobre Khorasan, por exemplo, que era uma área na Ásia Central onde

there was this tremendous flowering of culture, uh, in the sort of. |||great|blossoming||||||| |||tremenda|floração||cultura|||||de |gab|dieses||Blüte||Kultur||in||| ||||繁荣||||||| ||||цвітіння||||||| ||||文化の花開き||||||| ||||florecimiento||||||| 문화가 엄청나게 꽃을 피웠죠. houve este tremendo florescimento da cultura, uh, no tipo de.

8th, 9th, 10th century to some extent in Baghdad, but more so ||||||||Bagdad||| ||||||to some degree||Baghdad||| |||século|||em certa medida||Bagdá|mas|| |||Jahrhundert|in gewissem Maße||bis zu einem gewissen Grad||Bagdad||| ||||||misura||||| 第||||||在某种程度上||巴格达||| ||||||||Багдад||| ||||||程度||バグダード||| ||||||medida||Bagdad||| 8, 9, 10 세기 바그다드에서 어느 정도는 아니지만 그 이상 Século VIII, IX, X, até certo ponto em Bagdade, mas mais ainda

in what is now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Eastern Iran. ||||Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Tajikistan||Iranian territory ||||Turquemenistão|Uzbequistão|Tajiquistão|oriental|Irã oriental ||||Turkmenistan|Usbekistan|Tadschikistan|Ostiran|Ostiran ||||Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Tagikistan|| ||||土库曼斯坦|乌兹别克斯坦|塔吉克斯坦||伊朗 ||||Туркменістан|Узбекистан|Таджикистан||Іран ||||トルクメニスタン|ウズベキスタン|タジキスタン|| |||||Uzbekistán|Tayikistán|| 현재 투르크메니스탄, 우즈베키스탄, 타지키스탄, 이란 동부에 있는 지역입니다. no que é hoje o Turquemenistão, o Uzbequistão, o Tajiquistão e o Irão Oriental.

They in turn influenced and had a large amount of power within |||influenced|||||amount|||within ||por sua vez|influenciaram||||||||dentro de sie|||beeinflussten|||||eine große Menge|||innerhalb |||||||||||all'interno |||paveikė|||||didelė dalis||| |中で||影響を与えた|||||||| |||||||||||dentro de Estes, por sua vez, influenciavam e detinham um grande poder no seio da

the, uh, Abyssinian, you know, uh, Caliphate in, in Baghdad. ||Abyssinian Caliphate||||Caliphate in Baghdad||| ||abissínio||||Califado abissínio||| ||Abyssinische||||Kalifat||| ||Abyssina||||||| ||阿比西尼亚||||哈里发||| ||アビシニア||||アビシニアのカリフ制|||バグダード ||abisinio||||califato||| उह, एबिसिनियन, आप जानते हैं, उह, बगदाद में खिलाफत। 바그다드에 있는 아비시니안, 그러니까 칼리프 왕국 말이죠. o, uh, Abissínio, sabe, uh, Califado em, em Bagdade.

And there are elements of Turkish culture there. |||Elemente|||| |||elements|||culture|in that place |||要素||トルコの|| 그리고 거기에는 터키 문화의 요소도 있습니다. E há elementos da cultura turca.

And so I'm also learning Turkish, the Turkish language. Taip|||||||| ||||learning|Turkish||| |||||トルコ語||トルコ語| Por isso, também estou a aprender turco, a língua turca.

So not to mention the fact that that part of the, uh, Muslim world was |||言うまでもなく||||||||||| então(1)|||||||||do||||| Para não mencionar o facto de que essa parte do mundo muçulmano era

translating Greek science, uh, science from India, uh, Arabic science. translating|Greek|science||||||| traduzindo|grega|||||||| übersetzen|Griechische|||||||| перекладаючи|грецьку|||||||| 翻訳する||科学||||||アラビア語| ||||||||árabe| ग्रीक विज्ञान, उह, विज्ञान को भारत, उह, अरबी विज्ञान से अनुवाद करना। 그리스 과학, 인도 과학, 아랍 과학을 번역하는 일을 하고 있습니다. traduzindo a ciência grega, a ciência da Índia, a ciência árabe.

So there was a great blending of cultures taking place there. |||||смешение||||| |||||mixing||cultures||| |havia||||mistura||culturas|ocorrendo|| |da||||Verschmelzung|||stattfindend|| |||||mescolanza||||| |||||融合||||| Отже|там|було|||злиття||||відбувалося|там |||||融合||||| |||||mezcla|||que|lugar| इस प्रकार वहां संस्कृतियों का बहुत अच्छा सम्मिश्रण हो रहा था। 그래서 그곳에서는 다양한 문화가 혼합되어 있었습니다. Assim, havia ali uma grande mistura de culturas.

Something that I was completely unaware of. |||||не знал| |||||not aware| |||||inconsciente| etwas|||war||unbewusst| |||||inconsapevole| |||був|повністю|не усвідомлював| |||||気づいていなかった| |||||inconsciente| कुछ ऐसा जिसके बारे में मैं पूरी तरह से अनभिज्ञ था। 제가 전혀 몰랐던 사실입니다. Algo que eu desconhecia por completo.

And I should add that because of their work and translating these ||||||||||翻訳| |||||||o trabalho deles|||| 그리고 덧붙여 말씀드리고 싶은 것은 이분들의 노력과 번역 덕분에 E devo acrescentar que, graças ao seu trabalho e à tradução destes

ancient texts, it contributed to the development of science in |||способствовало|||||| |||played a role|||||| |||contribuiu|||||| alten|Texten||trug bei|||Entwicklung||| |||促进了|||||| давні|тексти||сприяло|||розвитку||наука| |textos|||||||| प्राचीन ग्रंथों में कहा गया है कि इसने विज्ञान के विकास में योगदान दिया है। 고대 텍스트, 그것은 과학 발전에 기여했습니다. textos antigos, contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da ciência em

Europe in the Renaissance period. Europe|||Renaissance period|period ||||período renascentista |||Renaissance| |||文艺复兴| |||Відродження| |||ルネサンス| Europa|||Renacimiento| पुनर्जागरण काल में यूरोप. A Europa no período do Renascimento.

So we access this, or at least I do. ||greifen auf|||||| ||||o||al menos|| Então (1)||acessamos||||pelo menos|| 그래서 우리는 여기에 액세스하거나 적어도 저는 액세스합니다.

So for me, from that perspective, the more the merrier. |||||точки зрения|больше|||тем веселее |||||||||mieux |||||||more||more people |||||ponto de vista|o|||mais feliz ||||||je|||desto besser |||||||||meglio |||||这个角度||||越多越好 |||||перспективи||||краще |||||その視点||||楽しいほど良い |||||perspectiva||||mejor será 그런 관점에서 저는 많으면 많을수록 좋다고 생각합니다.

However, what about from the point of view of learning languages? |||||||з точки зору||| no entanto|o que||do ponto de vista||ponto de vista||||| हालाँकि, भाषा सीखने के दृष्टिकोण से क्या होगा?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having many languages in your |||benefits|||||||| |||переваги||недоліки||||||

brain or trying to learn them? ||||aprender| क्या आप अपने मस्तिष्क पर नियंत्रण रखना चाहते हैं या उन्हें सीखने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं?

First of all, I want to address the issue of whether. ||||||||вопрос|| ||||||||||si ||||||address||topic||if or not primeiro||||||abordar||questão||se ||||||ansprechen||||ob ||||||||||是否 ||||||||||чи ||||||||||かどうか सबसे पहले मैं इस मुद्दे पर बात करना चाहता हूं कि क्या. 우선, 저는 이 문제를 해결하고 싶습니다.

We should learn many languages at the same time or concentrate on one. ||||||||||sich konzentrieren|| ||||languages|||same||||| ||||||||||зосередитися|| ||||||||||concentrar-se||

I kind of vacillate back and forth. |||колеблюсь||| |||hésite||| |||waver|back|| |meio que||vacilo|para trás||para frente ich|so ein bisschen||schwanke hin und her|||vorwärts |||vacillo||| |||犹豫不决||| |||вагатися|||вперед |||揺れ動く|||前後に |||vacilo||| मैं एक तरह से आगे-पीछे डोलता रहता हूँ। 앞뒤로 흔들리는 편입니다.

I think there are some pros and cons there. |||||плюсы||| ||||a few|||| |||||vantagens||| ||||||und|| |||||плюси||мінуси| |||||||欠点|

Obviously, if you focus on one, if you're in a hurry to learn it, ||||||||||hâte||| obviously||||||||||pressed for time||| ||||||||||com pressa||| Offensichtlich|||konzentrierst|||||||||| очевидно||||||||||поспішаєте||| 明らかに||||||||||||| ||||||||||tienes prisa|||

you're going to learn it faster. |||||更快

On the other hand, if you have two or three on the go, you're enjoying

that experience of exploring and being able to refresh, moving ||||||||rejuvenate|emotionally impactful ||||||||renovar|emocionante ||||||||erfrischen| ||||||||刷新| ||||||||освіжити|рухатися |||探検する|||||リフレッシュする| 탐험하고 새로 고침하고 감동할 수 있는 경험입니다.

from one language where you might feel you're not getting anywhere. ||language|||might||you are||getting|making progress ||||||sentir||||em lugar nenhum з|однієї|мови|в якій|ти|можете|відчувати|ти|не|досягати|ніде ||||||||||進展していない 한 가지 언어에서 벗어나지 못한다고 느낄 수 있습니다.

You start up that other language and you discover new things. ||||||||открываешь|| |start|||||||find out|| tu||||||||descobre|| 다른 언어를 시작하면 새로운 것을 발견하게 됩니다.

So it's simply a matter of taste. ||||||goût ||just|||| ||||справа|| ||||questão|| So it's simply a matter of taste. 따라서 단순히 취향의 문제일 뿐입니다.

So I won't address the issue of whether. |||address|||| |||||||si Então|||abordarei||||se |||||||かどうか 따라서 이 문제에 대해서는 다루지 않겠습니다.

It's best to study one language, you know, for a period of time, concentrate, |preferable||study||language|||||period|||

focus, or to, you know, have two or three on the go at the same time.

I'm inclining now towards the first solution, but I think people should |склоняюсь|||||||||| |penche|||||||||| |leaning|||||option one||||| |tendendo||em direção a|||||||| |tendiere||zur ersten Lösung|||||||| |倾向|||||||||| |схиляюся||до|||рішення||||| |傾いている|||||||||| |inclinándome|||||||||| I'm inclining now towards the first solution, but I think people should 저는 지금 첫 번째 해결책으로 기울고 있지만 사람들은 다음과 같이해야한다고 생각합니다. 我现在倾向于第一个解决方案,但我认为人们应该

experiment, but rather in terms of the ease or difficulty of learning. ||plutôt||||||||| learning experiment||rather|||||||level of difficulty|| ||mais especificamente|||||facilidade||dificuldade|| ||eher|||||Leichtigkeit|||| 实验(1)||而是|||||容易程度|||| експеримент||||плані|||легкості|||| 実験(1)|||||||容易さ|||| ||más bien||||||||| 실험이 아니라 학습의 용이성이나 난이도 측면에서 접근해야 합니다.

So to my mind, if you have a lot of languages, I think the |||opinion||||||||||

brain becomes more flexible. |||гибким |||flexible |||flexível |wird||flexibel |变得||灵活 |||柔軟になる

So in an extreme case, you only have your native language, then |||extremen|||||||| |||extreme|situation|||||first|| |||||||||рідна|| 극단적인 경우, 모국어만 사용하는 경우라면

the brain, your brain has sort of solidified around pronunciation, |||||||укоренилось|| |||||||hardened|on|pronunciation ||o seu|||||se solidificou|em torno de|pronúncia |||||||verfestigt||Aussprache |||||||solidificato|| |||||||固化了|| |||||||закріпилася||вимові |||||||固まった|| |||||una especie de||solidificado|| 뇌가 발음을 중심으로 굳어졌기 때문입니다,

around structures, vocabulary that are part of your native language. |||qui|||||| about|structures|vocabulary|||||||language |estruturas|||||||| |Strukturen|||||||| |结构|||||||| |структури|||||||| 모국어의 일부인 구조, 어휘를 중심으로 학습할 수 있습니다.

So the new language is strange. |||language||strange Então|||||

When you have more languages, you have a wider range of knowledge. ||||||||более широкий||| ||||||||broader|variety|| ||||||possui||maior|variedade||conhecimento ||||||||größeren|Bereich|| |||||||||gamma|| |||||||||||знань ||||||||より広い||| |||||||||rango||

Sounds, call it phonemes, in your brain, you have a wider range of Phonemes|||sound units||||||||| |||os fonemas||||||||| |||Phoneme (1)|||||||größeren|| |||音素||||||||| |називай||фонеми|||||||ширший|діапазон| |||音素|||||||より広い||

structures, things are not so strange.

And therefore, you can accept them more easily, you don't ||||||||du| |so|||receive|||with less difficulty|| |тому|||приймати||||| |portanto||||||||

resist them, you're more flexible. 抵抗|||| widerstehst|||| 抵抗する|||| протистояти|||| ||||mais adaptável

So to that extent, I think that's a big advantage of having lots of languages. ||||||||significant|advantage|||||languages |||nesse grau||||||||ter muitas||| So(1)|||||||||||||| |||misura||||||||||| |||||||||перевага||||| その点|||||||||||||| 그런 점에서 다양한 언어가 있다는 것은 큰 장점이라고 생각합니다.

I also think that, uh, we become more confident as we have learned. |||||wir|||selbstbewusster|||| ||||||become||confident||||learned ||||||||впевненими|||| |||||||mais|mais confiantes||||

You know, more and more languages.

We have now more and more sounds, more and more structures. nós||||||sons||||

We're more confident that we can do it. ||sure||||| ||впевнені||||| ||mais confiantes||||| 우리는 할 수 있다는 자신감이 생겼습니다.

We're more convinced that we can do it so that our attitude is more |||||||||||отношение|| ||certain|||||||||attitude|| |mais|convencidos||||||então|que||atitude||mais positiva Wir sind||überzeugt|||||||||Einstellung|| ||更有信心||||||||||| ||переконані||||||||||| 우리는 할 수 있다는 확신이 더 강해져서 우리의 태도가 좀 더

positive than with our first language, when we're not entirely sure we can ||||||||nicht|ganz||| ||||first|language||||entirely|sure|| |||||||||повністю||| |||||||||totalmente|certo|| 모국어보다 긍정적일 때, 우리가 완전히 확신할 수 없을 때

ever get fluent in another language. ||fluido||| ||fließend||| ||proficient||another| ||вільно||| alguma vez||||| 다른 언어에 유창해질 수 있습니다.

So to that extent, it's, it's, you know, the more, the merrier. |||||||||||越多越好 |||||||||||más alegre |||||||||||賑やか então|||até certo ponto|||||||o| |||||||||||краще

But having a lot of languages is not without its problems. |||||языков||||| |||||languages|||without|its| |||||idiomas|||||

So we sometimes hear people say, beware of cognates. ||||||остерегайтесь||заимствованные слова ||||||attention||cognats ||at times||people||be cautious||related words ||||||cuidado com||falsos amigos ||||||Achtung||Wortverwandte ||||||||동족어 ||||||||falsi amici ||||||||同源词 ||||люди||остерігайтеся|| ||||||注意||同根語 ||||||ten cuidado||cognados 그래서 사람들은 때때로 동족을 조심하라는 말을 듣습니다.

In other words, words that look the same as in another language, ||||||||||une autre| ||words||||||||another| |||palavras semelhantes|||||||| 즉, 다른 언어와 동일하게 보이는 단어입니다,

but have a different meaning. |有||| ||||definition

I have never found that to be a problem. ||||||||problema |||знаходив|це||бути||

Overwhelmingly, the cognates are going to have more or less the same meaning, в подавляющем большинстве||заимствованные слова|||||||||| de manière écrasante|||||||||||| mostly|||||||||||same|meaning de forma esmagadora|||||||||||| überwiegend|||||||||||| soprattutto|||||||||||| 压倒性地||同源词|||||||||| переважно||партнери|||||||менше||| 圧倒的に|||||||||||| abrumadoramente||cognados|||||||||| 압도적으로 동족은 거의 같은 의미를 갖게 될 것입니다, 绝大多数情况下,同源词的意思大体相同,

uh, because you know, the words in the new language that are similar ||||||||new|language|||

to words that you know, I find it easier to remember them, even if they ||||||||simpler||recall|||| ||||||||||запам'ятати|||| |palabras|||||||||||||

have a slightly different meaning. ||немного|| ||somewhat|different| ||leggermente|| ||ligeiramente|| ||трохи||

So the word in. 所以||单词|

Turkish means but, whereas in Persian and Arabic it means only, but it's |||而||波斯语||||||| |||contrast||||||||| |||enquanto que||||||||| 터키어는 그러나를 의미하지만 페르시아어와 아랍어에서는 오직을 의미합니다.

an easy one to remember because you're familiar with that sound. |||||||vertraut||| ||||remember|because||familiar|||noise

It has a slightly different meaning. |||немного|| |||slightly|different| |||ligeiramente||

So cognates to me is not a problem. |сродственные слова|||||| |Kognate|||||| |cognates||||||problem |||||問題ではない||

The bigger problem though, is the interference from languages you know. ||||||влияние|||| |bigger|problem||||influence||languages|| |||embora|||interferência|||| ||||||Einfluss|||| |||però||||||| ||||||干扰|||| ||||||втручання|||| ||||||干渉|||| اگرچہ سب سے بڑا مسئلہ ان زبانوں کی مداخلت ہے جو آپ جانتے ہیں۔

So when I am struggling to say something, I find myself in my Turkish discussions. |||||||||me retrouve||||| ||||struggling|||something|||||||conversations ||||lutando para||||||||||discussões em turco |||||||etwas|ich|finde mich|||||Gesprächen ||||||||||||||讨论 ||||намагаюся||||||||||дискусіях ||||luchando||||||||||discusiones en turco 그래서 무언가를 말하기 힘들 때면 터키어 토론에 빠져들곤 합니다. اس لیے جب میں کچھ کہنے کے لیے تگ و دو کرتا ہوں تو میں اپنے آپ کو اپنے ترک مباحثوں میں پاتا ہوں۔

I often say, and very often I'll say enfin. ||||||||наконец ||||||||finalement |||||frequently||say|well ||||||||finalmente ||||||||schließlich ||||||||finalmente ||||||||最后 ||||||||нарешті ||||||||ついに ||||||||pues bien 저는 종종 '엔핀'이라고 말하곤 합니다. میں اکثر کہتا ہوں، اور اکثر میں enfin کہوں گا۔

From French, which is kind of like, you know, so often, and I'll just say ||das|||||||||||| فرانسیسی سے، جو اس طرح کی ہے، آپ جانتے ہیں، اکثر، اور میں صرف یہ کہوں گا۔

often because there's some pressure to say something in a foreign language. ||||||||||non-native| ||||||||||extranjera| ||||pressão||||||| اکثر اس وجہ سے کہ غیر ملکی زبان میں کچھ کہنے کا دباؤ ہوتا ہے۔

I say often, I found, uh, based on my research that if we have many languages ||||||on|||study|||||| |||||||||investigación|||||| ||frequentemente|||||||pesquisa|||||| میں اکثر کہتا ہوں، میں نے اپنی تحقیق کی بنیاد پر پایا کہ اگر ہمارے پاس بہت سی زبانیں ہیں۔

in our brain, they're there all the time. ہمارے دماغ میں، وہ ہر وقت موجود ہوتے ہیں۔

So this one researcher pointed out that, and he's Belgian. |||исследователь|||||| ||||||||he is|from Belgium ||||apontou||||| ||||wies darauf hin|||||Belgier |||||||||벨기에 사람 |||研究员||||||比利时人 |||||||||ベルギー人 |||||||||belga 벨기에 출신인 한 연구원이 이 점을 지적했습니다. تو اس ایک محقق نے اس کی نشاندہی کی، اور وہ بیلجیئم کا ہے۔

So if he's speaking English and he uses the word dog, but |||||||uses|||the animal| |||hablando|||||||| تو اگر وہ انگریزی بول رہا ہے اور وہ لفظ dog استعمال کرتا ہے، لیکن

the word chien is still there. ||собака||| ||chien||| ||dog||| ||cão||| ||Hund||| ||cane||| ||犬||| ||犬||| ||perro|||

So there is a need. Also|||| تو ضرورت ہے۔

When we're speaking a new language to suppress the words |||||||сuppress|| |||||||hold back|| |||||||suprimir|| |||||||unterdrücken|| |||||||suppressere|| |||||||抑制|| |||||||抑える|| 새로운 언어를 사용하여 단어를 억제할 때 جب ہم الفاظ کو دبانے کے لیے ایک نئی زبان بول رہے ہوتے ہیں۔ 当我们说一种新语言时,为了抑制这些词

or structures that don't belong. ||||принадлежат ||die||gehören ||||fit in ||||属する ||||pertencem یا ڈھانچے جن کا تعلق نہیں ہے۔

And apparently that's a big part of what we do. Und|anscheinend|||||||| |it seems|||||||| |どうやら|||||||| |aparentemente|||||||| 그리고 그것이 우리가 하는 일의 큰 부분인 것 같습니다. اور بظاہر یہ جو ہم کرتے ہیں اس کا ایک بڑا حصہ ہے۔

When we go to speak in a new language, we trot out words that come to mind. ||||||||||выносим|||||| ||||||||||bring out|produce||||| ||||||||||apresentamos|||||| |||||||||wir|holen|||||| ||||||||||跑出来|||||| ||||||||||出す|||||| 새로운 언어로 말할 때 우리는 떠오르는 단어를 읊조립니다. جب ہم کسی نئی زبان میں بات کرنے جاتے ہیں تو ذہن میں آنے والے الفاظ کو تراشتے ہیں۔

We trot out structures that we're confident that we can use because |trottons|||||||||| wir|präsentieren|||die||zuversichtlich||||| |||構造|||||||| |apresentamos|||||||||| ||||||sicuri||||| ہم ایسے ڈھانچے کو باہر نکالتے ہیں جن کے بارے میں ہمیں یقین ہے کہ ہم استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔

we've used them before, but at the same time we have to suppress. |||||||||wir|||unterdrücken |utilized|||||||||||hold back ||||||||||||抑える 하지만 동시에 억제해야 합니다. ہم نے پہلے بھی ان کا استعمال کیا ہے، لیکن اسی وقت ہمیں دبانا ہوگا۔

We have to suppress things that don't belong. |||remove|||| |||||||属する |||suprimir||||

Those things might be from our native language, but very often وہ چیزیں ہماری مادری زبان سے ہو سکتی ہیں، لیکن اکثر

they're from an unrelated language. |||несвязанного| |||not connected| |||não relacionada| |||unverwandten| |||non correlato| |||无关的| 관련 없는 언어에서 온 것입니다. وہ ایک غیر متعلقہ زبان سے ہیں.

I sometimes find my brain going to Korean when I'm trying, |||||||Korean language||| 노력하다 보면 가끔 머릿속이 한국어로 돌아가는 것을 발견하곤 합니다, جب میں کوشش کر رہا ہوں تو کبھی کبھی مجھے لگتا ہے کہ میرا دماغ کوریا کی طرف جاتا ہے،

trying to say something and.

Persian or, you know, totally unrelated and for no good reason, |||||||||buena| ||||völlig|unrelated|und|||| ||||completely|||||| ペルシャ語|||||||||| ||||totalmente|totalmente irrelevante||||| 페르시아어 또는 전혀 관련이 없고 정당한 이유도 없는 단어입니다, فارسی یا، آپ جانتے ہیں، مکمل طور پر غیر متعلق اور بغیر کسی معقول وجہ کے،

but I have no real control over the, what, what the brain is doing. 하지만 뇌가 하는 일을 실제로 제어할 수 있는 방법은 없습니다. لیکن میرا اس پر کوئی حقیقی کنٹرول نہیں ہے کہ دماغ کیا کر رہا ہے۔

So this need to suppress things that don't belong could be a bit ||||||||принадлежат|||| So(1)||||unterdrücken|||||||| ||||抑える|||||||| اس لیے ان چیزوں کو دبانے کی ضرورت ہے جن کا تعلق نہیں ہے۔

of a pitfall when you have a lot of languages bouncing around in your brain. ||ловушка|||||||||||| ||piège|||||||||||| ||trap||||||||interacting|||| ||armadilha||||||||circulando|||| ||Falle||||||||herumwirbeln|||| ||함정|||||||||||| ||trappola||||||||battendo|||| ||陷阱||||||||碰撞|||| ||落とし穴||||||||行き交う|||| ||trampa||||||||rebotando|||| 머릿속에 많은 언어가 떠돌아다니면 함정에 빠질 수 있습니다. ایک نقصان جب آپ کے دماغ میں بہت سی زبانیں اچھل رہی ہوں۔

On the other hand, it turns out that our ability to learn languages and |||||stellt sich|||||||| ||||それ||||||||| دوسری طرف، یہ پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ہماری زبانیں سیکھنے کی صلاحیت اور

even our sort of executive function in the brain is Very much improved by ||||исполнительной||||||||| ||||cognitive||||||||| ||tipo||função executiva||||||||muito melhorada| |||||Funktion|||||||verbessert| ||||집행||||||||| ||||执行功能||||||||显著改善| |||||機能|||||||| 뇌의 실행 기능조차도 다음과 같이 매우 향상됩니다. یہاں تک کہ دماغ میں ہماری طرح کے ایگزیکٹو فنکشن میں بہت بہتری آئی ہے۔ 甚至我们大脑中的执行功能也得到了很大的改善

the sort of learning many languages. 여러 언어를 학습하는 것과 비슷합니다.

So apparently this connectivity between different parts of the brain, and |||связанность||||||| |||connection||||||| |||conectividade||||||| |offensichtlich||Verbindung||||||| |||连接性||||||| |どうやら||接続性||||||| |||conectividad||||||| تو بظاہر دماغ کے مختلف حصوں کے درمیان یہ رابطہ، اور

again, I will leave the link so you can research it yourself because it's |||||Link|damit||||||| دوبارہ، میں لنک چھوڑ دوں گا تاکہ آپ خود اس کی تحقیق کر سکیں کیونکہ یہ ہے۔

full of abbreviations and acronyms and terms that I don't understand. ||аббревиатур||аббревиатур|||||| ||shortened forms||abbreviated terms|||||| ||abreviações||siglas|||||| ||Abkürzungen||Abkürzungen|||||| ||약어||약어|||||| ||abbreviazioni||acronimi|||||| ||缩写||缩写词|||||| ||略語||略語|||||| ||||siglas||||||

But the general idea seems to me to be that if you have two languages or even 하지만 일반적인 생각은 두 가지 언어가 있거나 심지어는 لیکن عام خیال مجھے یہ لگتا ہے کہ اگر آپ کے پاس دو زبانیں ہیں یا

more languages that, That is increased connectivity in the brain, which is good |||||erhöhte||||||| |||||increased|connectivity||||which||beneficial |||||aumentada|conectividade cerebral|||||| زیادہ زبانیں جو کہ دماغ میں رابطے میں اضافہ کرتی ہیں، جو کہ اچھی بات ہے۔

for the executive function of the brain. ||exekutive|Funktion||| ||実行|||| ||executiva|||| 뇌의 실행 기능에 도움이 됩니다. دماغ کے انتظامی کام کے لیے۔

It's good for learning languages. یہ زبانیں سیکھنے کے لیے اچھا ہے۔

In other words, it improves your ability to learn languages. |||es|verbessert||||| ||||enhances||||| ||||向上させる||||| |||||||||idiomas دوسرے الفاظ میں، یہ آپ کی زبانیں سیکھنے کی صلاحیت کو بہتر بناتا ہے۔

So over and above what I said earlier about my experience that I have more |||выше||||||||||| So(1)|||||||||||||| |それでは||||||||||||| |||além de||||||||||| 그래서 앞서 제 경험에 대해 말씀드린 것 이상으로 تو اس سے بڑھ کر جو میں نے اپنے تجربے کے بارے میں پہلے کہا تھا کہ میرے پاس اور بھی ہے۔

flexibility when it comes to sounds, more flexibility when it comes to structures, гибкость|||||||||||| Flexibilität|wenn||||||||||| adaptability|||||||||||| ||||||||||||構造 flexibilidade sonora||||||||||||estruturas جب آواز کی بات آتی ہے تو لچک، ڈھانچے کی بات کرنے پر زیادہ لچک،

more willing to accept new ways of saying things, more confident that I can learn. |disposto||||||||||||| |bereit|||||||||zuversichtlicher|||| |意欲的||||||||||||| |dispuesto||||||||||||| |disposto||||||||||||| باتیں کہنے کے نئے طریقوں کو قبول کرنے کے لیے زیادہ تیار، زیادہ اعتماد کہ میں سیکھ سکتا ہوں۔

There's something that happens in the brain that is very positive ||||||||||beneficial ||||||||||muito positiva دماغ میں کچھ ایسا ہوتا ہے جو بہت مثبت ہوتا ہے۔

when it comes to learning.

And in fact, if you look up these links, you'll see that Und(1)||||||||Links||| ||||||||links|||

it is positive also in terms of maintaining the health of your brain. |||||||维持||||| ||||in Bezug auf|||Erhaltung||||| |||||||preserving||||| |||||em termos||manter||saúde||| |||||||поддержания||||| یہ آپ کے دماغ کی صحت کو برقرار رکھنے کے معاملے میں بھی مثبت ہے۔

And if that is true for bilinguals, I, I assume it's got to be at ||||||билингвы|||||||| ||||||bilingual individuals|||||||| |||||||||presumo||||| ||||||den Zweisprachigen|||nehme an|es|||| ||||||bilingue|||suppongo||||| ||||||双语者||||||||第一点 ||||||バイリンガル|||仮定する||||| ||||||los bilingües||||||||

least true and perhaps more so the case with multilinguals. |||||||||многоязычными |||||||||les multilingues |||||||||multilingual individuals pelo menos|||talvez||||||os multilíngues |||||||||Mehrsprachigen |||||||||multilingue |||||||||多语者 |||おそらく||||||多言語話者 |||||||||multilingües 다국어를 사용하는 경우에는 더욱 그렇습니다.

So if you have a lot of languages in your brain, yeah, there could

be some interference, maybe more interference because you have more ||干扰||||||| ||Störungen||||||| ||interference||||since||| |||||干渉|||| |||||interferência|||| کچھ مداخلت کریں، شاید زیادہ مداخلت کیونکہ آپ کے پاس زیادہ ہے۔

languages there, but it does improve your ability to learn languages. ||aber|||||||| |||||improves||ability||| |||||||habilidad|||

Yeah.

to produce the utterances in the new language. |производить|||||| |||statements||||language |||as expressões|||| |produzieren|die|Äußerungen (1)|||| |||발화|||| |||frasi|||| |||话语|||| |||発話|||| |||enunciados||||

And it has a, you know, a healthy effect on your brain, it turns out. |||||||健康的||||||| ||||||||efeito saudável|||||resulta| ||||あなた||||||||それは|判明する| |||||||saludable||||||| ||||||||эффект||||||

However, you know, as with so much in language learning, I can't prove ||||||||||||доказать ||||||||language|||| no entanto||||||||||||comprovar |||wie|||||||ich||beweisen ||||||||||||証明する |||||||||||no puedo| 하지만 언어 학습의 많은 부분과 마찬가지로, 저는 증명할 수 없습니다. تاہم، آپ جانتے ہیں، جیسا کہ زبان سیکھنے میں بہت کچھ ہے، میں ثابت نہیں کر سکتا

that learning many languages makes you a better language learner, |||||||||学习者 |||||||||lerner |||||||||aprendiz de línguas

that it's better for your brain. کہ یہ آپ کے دماغ کے لیے بہتر ہے۔

Obviously, if I see studies that come to those conclusions, I feel |||||||||结论|| |||||die||||Schlussfolgerungen|| |||||||||conclusiones (1)|| |||||||||conclusões|| |||||||||結論|| 분명히 이러한 결론에 도달하는 연구를 보면 다음과 같은 느낌이 듭니다. ظاہر ہے، اگر میں ایسے مطالعات کو دیکھتا ہوں جو ان نتائج پر پہنچتے ہیں، تو میں محسوس کرتا ہوں۔

happy and I share them with you and it may or may not be the case. |||||||||||||||情况 |und|ich|teile|||||||||||| 행복할 수도 있고 그렇지 않을 수도 있습니다. خوش ہوں اور میں ان کو آپ کے ساتھ بانٹتا ہوں اور ایسا ہو سکتا ہے یا نہیں۔

It doesn't affect my attitude when I learn a language. ||||态度||||| Es||beeinflusst||Einstellung||||| ||||態度||||| ||||atitude||||| جب میں کوئی زبان سیکھتا ہوں تو اس سے میرے رویے پر کوئی اثر نہیں پڑتا۔

When I learn a language, overwhelmingly, I'm going to learn it. |||||definitely||going||| |||||de forma avassaladora||||| |||||überwältigend||||| |||||绝对地||||| |||||圧倒的に||||| |||||abrumadoramente||||| 언어를 배울 때는 압도적으로 그 언어를 배우려고 합니다. جب میں کوئی زبان سیکھتا ہوں، بہت زیادہ، میں اسے سیکھنے جا رہا ہوں۔

I try to enjoy what I'm doing. Ich|||||| میں جو کچھ کر رہا ہوں اس سے لطف اندوز ہونے کی کوشش کرتا ہوں۔

So if I feel like moving to a new language, I move. |wenn|||||||||| لہذا اگر مجھے کسی نئی زبان میں منتقل ہونے کی طرح محسوس ہوتا ہے تو میں منتقل ہوجاتا ہوں۔

If I feel like spending more time, say, uh, at LingQ, this morning, for ||||||||||LingQ||| اگر مجھے لگتا ہے کہ میں زیادہ وقت گزارنا چاہتا ہوں، تو آج صبح LingQ پر کہیں۔

example, I was going through the, uh, sentence mode and rearranging the ||||||||||переставляя| ||||||||||réorganisant| ||||||||first mode||reorganizing| exemplo(1)||||analisando||||modo verbal||reorganizando| ||||||||Modus||umstellen| ||||||||||riordinando| ||||||||||重新排列| ||||||||||再配置| |||pasando|||||modo||reordenando| 예를 들어, 저는 문장 모드를 살펴본 후

sentences, the words in sentence mode. Sätze|die|||| ||||I'm sorry, but I need the specific sentence you would like me to translate. Please provide the sentence you have in mind.|mode

And then, because it's easier to write Turkish than to write Arabic, and where |||||||||||Arabisch||wo (1) |||||||Turkish|||write||| |||||||トルコ語||||アラビア語||

I have sort of resisted writing in Arabic or Persian, in Turkish it's not Ich|habe|||widerstanden||||||||| |||||||||Persian|||| ||||抵抗してきた|||||ペルシャ語|||| ||||resistido||||||||| ||||resistido||||||||| 저는 아랍어나 페르시아어로 글을 쓰는 것을 거부해왔지만, 터키어로는 그렇지 않습니다. میں نے عربی یا فارسی میں مزاحمتی تحریر کی ہے، ترکی میں ایسا نہیں ہے۔

difficult because it's the Latin alphabet. |||||字母表 ||||Latein| ||||Latin|the first ||||alfabeto latino|alfabeto latino

So I found myself now trying to write by hand those very sentences that I ||||||||von Hand|||||die ich|

had gone through in sentence mode. ||||had gone through| ||passado por|||

So, again, I found it enjoyable. |||fand|| |||||agradável

So if it's enjoyable, I'm happy doing it. |||enjoyable||happy|doing|

I'm, you know, acquiring fewer words. |||приобретаю|| |||gaining|less|words |||adquirindo|menos palavras|palavras |||erwerbe|| |||获得|更少| |||習得している|| 단어 수가 줄어들고 있습니다.

And I've always said that the, the, the Key battle is to acquire more |||||||||битва|||приобрести| |||||||||battle|||acquire| ||||||||chave|batalha chave|||| |||||||||||um|| |||||||||关键战役|||| ||||||||||||獲得する| 그리고 저는 항상 핵심 전투는 더 많은 데이터를 확보하는 것이라고 말했죠.

words, but you also have to focus in on, you know, getting better at the ||||have|||||||getting|better||

language, how the language works. |||language|functions

And, uh, I was very much enjoying, you know, by hand writing out the sentences. |||||||||von||||| ||||||||||||||as frases

And I think there, again, the message is do what you like to do. ||||||||tu|||||

If you enjoy your involvement with the language, you're going to learn. ||||занятость||||||| ||||implication||||||| ||||participation|||language|||| ||||participação com||||||| Wenn||||Engagement||||||| ||||coinvolgimento||||||| ||||参与||||||| ||||関わり||||||| ||||participación||||||| اگر آپ زبان کے ساتھ اپنی شمولیت سے لطف اندوز ہوتے ہیں، تو آپ سیکھنے جا رہے ہیں۔

If you prefer to stay with one language, that's fine. |||||with||language|| ||prefere||||||| اگر آپ ایک زبان کے ساتھ رہنے کو ترجیح دیتے ہیں تو یہ ٹھیک ہے۔

If you want to explore many languages, that's fine. ||||erkunden|||| |||||many|languages|| ||||探求する||||

But I did feel I should share with you what I consider to be the. Aber||||es|||||was||betrachte||| |||||||||what||consider||| |||||||||||考える||| لیکن میں نے محسوس کیا کہ مجھے آپ کے ساتھ شیئر کرنا چاہئے جو میں سمجھتا ہوں۔

Uh, advantages and disadvantages. |advantages||disadvantages |vantagens|| اوہ، فوائد اور نقصانات.

Advantages are that you can explore more worlds, discover more about our world. |||||||миров||||| |||||||universes|learn||||world Vantagens|||||||mundos||||| |||||||Welten||||| |||||||世界||||| |||||探検する|||||||

Possibly you're more open to new sounds and new structures. おそらく|||||||||構造 |||||||||estruturas novas

On the other hand, you have to be a little careful that you don't lose your focus. ||||||||||cuidadoso||||||concentração

That you might find a little more interference from the |||||||干扰|| ||may|||||interference|| |||||||干渉|| |||||||interferência|| کہ آپ کو اس کی طرف سے کچھ اور مداخلت مل سکتی ہے۔

languages that you have learned. |||have|

But overwhelmingly, I think having a lot of languages is a positive thing. |压倒性地||||||||||| |mostly||believe|possessing|||||||positive| |圧倒的に||||||||||| |de forma esmagadora||||||||||| 하지만 압도적으로 많은 언어가 있다는 것은 긍정적인 일이라고 생각합니다.

So for listening. ||listening

Bye for now. ||now