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The Story of the Middle Ages, 13. Life of the Castle

13. Life of the Castle

Before we consider what the influences were which brought the Middle Ages to a close, we must see more clearly what the life of that period was like.

We will first read about the life of the castle, where lordly knights and gentle ladies dwelt. Then we will see what was the manner of life of the peasants who dwelt in the villages, and the merchants and craftsmen who dwelt in the cities and towns. Finally we will visit the monasteries, and see what was the life of the monks and nuns, who gave their lives to the service and praise of God.

If you visit France, Germany, and other European countries to-day, you will find everywhere the ruins of massive stone castles, rearing their tall towers on the hilltops, and commanding the passage of roads and rivers. At the present time these are mostly tumbled down, and overgrown with moss and ivy, and nobody cares to live within their dark walls. But in the Middle Ages it was not so. Then they were the safest places in which to live; so in spite of their cold and gloom, they became the centers of the life of the time. It was from the castles that the feudal barons ruled their lands. It was there that the people found refuge from the attacks of the Northmen and Hungarians. It was from the castles that the Crusaders set out for the Holy Land. In them chivalry was born and flourished; at their gates tournaments, jousts, and other knightly festivals took place; and in their halls the wandering singers, who were building up a new literature, found the readiest welcome and the most eager and appreciative listeners.

Let us fancy ourselves back in the eleventh or twelfth century, and examine a castle. We shall find the country very different, we may be sure, from what it is to-day. Great thick forests stand where now there are flourishing towns; and everything has a wilder, more unsettled look. Here is a castle, in France, that will suit our purpose. It was built by one of the vassals of William the Conqueror, and has been the scene of many sieges and battles. See how everything is arranged so as to make easy its defence. It is built on the top of a steep hill; and around its walls a deep ditch or moat is dug. At the outer edge of the moat we see a strong fence or palisade of heavy stakes set in the ground. Just inside this is a path, along which the sentries march in time of war. The gate, too, is doubly and triply guarded. In front of it is a drawbridge across the moat—indeed, there are two; and the space between is guarded by a protecting wall. In later days these drawbridges were made stronger and more complicated, and heavy towers with walls of masonry were built, the better to protect the entrance.

When we have passed these outer works, we come to a heavy wooden door between two tall towers which mark the entrance to the walls. We pass through this, and find ourselves within the gateway. But we are still far from being in the castle. In the narrow vaulted passage-way before us, we see suspended a heavy iron grating, called the portcullis, which may come rattling down at any moment to bar our passage. And beyond this is another door; and beyond this another portcullis. The entrance to the castle is indeed well guarded; and the porter who keeps watch at the gate, and has to open and shut all these barriers, is at times a busy man.

At last we are past the gateway and find ourselves in an open courtyard. The thick walls of the castle surround us on all sides, and at their top we see the battlements and loopholes through which arrows may be shot at the enemy. Here and there the wall is protected by stone towers, in which are stairways leading to the battlements above. In the first courtyard we find the stables, where the lord of the castle keeps his horses. Here, too, is space for the shelter of the villagers in time of war; and here, perhaps, is the great brick oven in which bread is baked to feed the lord and all his followers.

Going on we come to a wall or palisade, which separates the courtyard we are in from one lying beyond it. In later times this wall, too, was made much stronger than we find it here. Passing through a gateway, we come into the second courtyard. Here again we find a number of buildings, used for different purposes. In one are the storerooms and cellars, where provisions are kept to enable the dwellers in the castle to stand a siege. Next to this is a building shaped like a great jug, with a large chimney at the top, and smaller ones in a circle round about. This is the kitchen, in which the food is cooked for the lord of the castle and his household. The cooking, we may be sure, is usually simple,—most of the meats being roasted on spits over open fires, and elaborate dishes, with sauces and spices, being unknown. Most castles have, in addition, a small church or chapel in this courtyard, in which the inhabitants may worship.

The most important building of all is still to be described. There at the end of the courtyard we see the tall "keep" of the castle, which the French called "donjon," and in whose basement there are "dungeons" indeed, for traitors and captured enemies. This is the true stronghold of the baron, and it is a secure retreat. Think of all the hard fighting there must be before the enemy can even reach it. The drawbridges must be crossed, the gates must be battered down, and the portcullises pried up; the first courtyard must be cleared; the dividing wall must be carried; the second courtyard also must be cleared of its defenders. And when the enemy, bruised and worn, at last arrive at the keep, their work is just begun. There the lord and his followers will make their last stand, and the fighting will be fiercer than ever.

The walls of the keep are of stone, eight to ten feet thick; and from the loopholes in its frowning sides peer skilled archers and crossbowmen, ready to let fly their bolts and arrows at all in sight. A long, long siege will be necessary, to starve out its defenders. If this is not done, movable towers must be erected, battering rams placed, stone-hurling machines brought up, blazing arrows shot at the roof and windows, and tunnels dug to undermine the walls. In this way the castle may be burned, or an entrance at last be gained. But even then there will be fierce fighting in the narrow passageways, in the dimly-lighted halls, and on the winding stairways which lead from story to story. It will be long, indeed, before our lord's banner is torn from the summit of the tower, and his enemy's is placed in its stead! And even when all is lost, there still remain hidden stairways in the castle walls, underground passages opening into the moat, and the gate in the rear, through which the lord and his garrison may yet escape to the woods and open fields; and so continue the battle another day.

But let us inquire rather concerning the life of the castle in time of peace. Where and how does the lord and his household live? How are his children educated? And with what do they amuse themselves in the long days when there is no enemy to attack their walls, and no distant expedition in which to engage?

Sometimes the lord and his family live in the upper stories of the huge donjon, where arms and supplies are always stored. But this is so gloomy, with its thick walls and narrow windows, that many lords build more comfortable "halls" in their courtyards, and prefer to live in these. Let us look in upon such a "hall," whether it is in the donjon, or in a separate building. There we find a great wide room, large enough to hold all the inhabitants of the castle, when the lord wishes to gather them about him. This is the real center of the life of the castle. Here the lord eats and sleeps; here the great banquets are given; here he receives his vassals to do homage; here he plays chess and backgammon with his companions; and here in the evening the inmates gather, perchance to listen to the songs and tales of wandering minstrels.

Within the castle are many people, occupying themselves in many ways. In the courtyards are servants and dependents caring for the horses, cooking in the kitchen, and busily engaged in other occupations. Elsewhere are those whose duty it is to guard the castle—the porter at the gate, the watchman on the tower, and the men-at-arms to defend the walls in case of attack. Besides these we see many boys and young men who are evidently of too noble birth to be servants, and yet are too young to be warriors. Who can they be?

These are the sons of the lord of the castle, and of other lords, who are learning to be knights. Their training is long and careful. Until he is seven years old, the little noble is left to the care of his mother and the women of the castle. At the age of seven his knightly education begins. Usually the boy is sent away from home to the castle of his father's lord, or some famous knight, there to be brought up and trained for knighthood. From the age of seven till he reaches the age of fourteen, the boy is called a page or "varlet," which means "little vassal." There he waits upon the lord and lady of the castle. He serves them at table, and he attends to them when they ride forth to the chase. From them he learns lessons of honor and bravery, of love and chivalry. Above all, he learns how to ride and handle a horse.

When the young noble has become a well-grown lad of fourteen or fifteen, he is made a "squire." Now it is his duty to look after his lord's horses and arms. The horses must be carefully groomed every morning, and the squire must see that their shoes are all right. He must also see that his lord's arms and armor are kept bright and free from rust. When the lord goes forth to war, his squire accompanies him, riding on a big strong horse, and carrying his lord's shield and lance. When the lord goes into battle, his squire must stay near, leading a spare steed and ready to hand his master fresh weapons at any moment. After several years of this service, the squire may himself be allowed to use weapons and fight at his lord's side; and sometimes he may even be allowed to ride forth alone in search of adventures. In this manner the squire learns the business of a knight, which is fighting. But he also learns his amusements and accomplishments.

Let us approach a group of squires in the castle hall, when their work is done, and they are tired of chess and backgammon. They are discussing, perhaps, as to which is the more interesting, hunting or falconry; and we may hear a delicate featured squire hold forth in this way:

"What can be prettier than a bright-eyed, well- trained falcon hawk? And what can be pleasanter than the sport of flying it at the birds? Take some fine September morning, when the sky is blue and the air is fresh, and our lord and lady ride forth with their attendants. Each carries his falcon on his gloved left hand, and we hurry forward in pursuit of cranes, herons, ducks, and other birds. When one is sighted, a falcon is unhooded, and let fly at it. The falcon's bells tinkle merrily as it rises. Soon it is in the air above the game, and swift as an arrow it darts upon the prey, plunging its talons into it, and crouching over it until the hunter gallops up to recover both falcon and prey. This is the finest hunting. And what skill is necessary, too, in rearing and training the birds! Ah, falconry is the sport for me! " But this does not seem to be the opinion of most of the group. Their views are expressed by a tall, strongly-built squire, who says:

"Falconry is all right for women and boys, but it is not the sport for men. What are your falcons to my hounds and harriers! The education of one good boar-hound, I can tell you, requires as much care as all your falcons; and when you are done the dog loves you, and that is more than you can say for your hawks. And the chase itself is far more exciting. The hounds are uncoupled, and set yelping upon the scent, and away we dash after them, plunging through the woods, leaping glades and streams in our haste. At last we reach the spot where the game has turned at bay, and find an enormous boar, defending himself stoutly and fiercely against the hounds. Right and left he rolls the dogs. With his back bristling with rage, he charges straight for the huntsmen. Look out, now; for his sharp tusks cut like a knife! But the huntsmen are skilled, and the dogs play well their part. Before the beast can reach man or horse, he is pierced by a dozen spears, and is nailed to the ground, dead! Isn't this a nobler sport than hawking? " So, we may be sure, most of the knights and squires will agree. But the ladies, and many of the squires and knights, will still love best the sport of falconry.

In this way the squire spends his days until he reaches the age of twenty or twenty-one. He has now proved both his courage and his skill, and at last his lord says that he has "earned his spurs. " So the squire is to be made a knight; and this is the occasion for great festivities. In company with other squires who are candidates for knighthood, he must go through a careful preparation. First comes the bath, which is the mark of purification. Then he puts on garments of red, white, and black. The red means the blood he is willing to shed in defence of the Church and of the oppressed; the white means that his mind is pure and clean; and the black is to remind him of death, which comes to all.

Next comes the "watching of the arms." All night the squires keep watch, fasting and praying, before the altar in the church on which their arms have been placed; and though they may stand or kneel, they must on no account sit or lie down. At the break of day the priest comes. After they have each confessed their sins to him, they hear mass and take the holy sacrament. Perhaps, too, the priest preaches a sermon on the proud duties of a knight, and the obligations which they owe to God and the Church.

At last the squires assemble in the courtyard of the castle, or in some open place outside the walls. There they find great numbers of knights and ladies who have come to grace the occasion of their knighting. Each squire in turn now takes his place on a carpet which is spread on the ground, and his friends and relatives assist in girding on his armor and his sword. Then comes the most trying moment of all. His father or his lord advances and gives him what is called the "accolade." At first this was a heavy blow with the fist, given upon the squire's neck; but later it was with the flat of a sword upon his shoulder. At the same time the person who gives the accolade cries out:

"In the name of God, and St. Michael, and St. George, I dub thee knight! Be brave and loyal! " The squire is now a knight, but the festival is not yet over. The new-made knights must first give an exhibition of their skill in riding and handling their horses, and in striking with their lances marks which are set up for them to ride at. Then comes fencing with their swords on horseback. The day is wound up with a great feast, and music and the distribution of presents.

Then, at last, the guests depart; and the new-made knights go off to bed, to dream of Saracens to be fought in the Holy Land, and dragons to be slain, and wicked knights to be encountered,—and above all, of beautiful maidens to be rescued and served with loyalty and love.

So they dream the dreams of chivalry; and when they awaken, the better ones among them will seek to put their dreams into action.

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13. Life of the Castle 13. Das Leben des Schlosses 13. La vida del castillo 13. La vie du château 13. Vita del castello 13.城の生活 13. A vida do castelo 13. Жизнь замка 13. Kalenin Yaşamı 13. Життя замку 13.城堡的生命 13.城堡的生命

Before we consider what the influences were which brought the Middle Ages to a close, we must see more clearly what the life of that period was like. قبل أن نفكر في التأثيرات التي أدت إلى نهاية العصور الوسطى، يجب أن نرى بشكل أكثر وضوحًا كيف كانت الحياة في تلك الفترة. 中世を終わらせた影響を考える前に、その時代の生活がどのようなものであったかをより明確に理解する必要があります。

We will first read about the life of the castle, where lordly knights and gentle ladies dwelt. |||||||||||贵族的||||| |||||||||fortified residence||noble, regal, aristocratic||||| سنقرأ أولاً عن حياة القلعة، حيث كان يسكن الفرسان اللوردات والسيدات اللطيفات. Then we will see what was the manner of life of the peasants who dwelt in the villages, and the merchants and craftsmen who dwelt in the cities and towns. ||||||||||||||||||||||artisans||||||| ثم سنرى كيف كانت حياة الفلاحين الذين سكنوا القرى، والتجار والحرفيين الذين سكنوا المدن والقرى. Finally we will visit the monasteries, and see what was the life of the monks and nuns, who gave their lives to the service and praise of God. ||||||||||||||||female monks||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||монахині||||||||||| وأخيرا سنزور الأديرة ونرى كيف كانت حياة الرهبان والراهبات الذين بذلوا حياتهم في خدمة الله وتسبيحه.

If you visit France, Germany, and other European countries to-day, you will find everywhere the ruins of massive stone castles, rearing their tall towers on the hilltops, and commanding the passage of roads and rivers. ||||||||国家|||||||||||||耸立||||||山顶|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||rising up||||||summits, peaks, heights||overseeing, dominating|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||そびえ立つ|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||височіють||||||вершини пагорбів|||||||| إذا قمت بزيارة فرنسا وألمانيا ودول أوروبية أخرى اليوم، فسوف تجد في كل مكان أنقاض القلاع الحجرية الضخمة، التي ترتفع أبراجها الشاهقة على قمم التلال، وتتحكم في مرور الطرق والأنهار. At the present time these are mostly tumbled down, and overgrown with moss and ivy, and nobody cares to live within their dark walls. 在|这|||||||||长满杂草||苔藓||常春藤||||||||| |||||||collapsed|||overrun with vegetation||green plant||climbing plant||||||||| |||||||повалені|||||мох||||||||||| في الوقت الحاضر، معظمها متهدمة ومغطاة بالطحالب واللبلاب، ولا يهتم أحد بالعيش داخل جدرانها المظلمة. But in the Middle Ages it was not so. لكن في العصور الوسطى لم يكن الأمر كذلك. Then they were the safest places in which to live; so in spite of their cold and gloom, they became the centers of the life of the time. ||||最安全|||||||||||||||||||||的|| ||||most secure|||||||||||||darkness, dreariness||||hubs|||||| |||||||||||||||||похмурість|||||||||| ثم كانت أكثر الأماكن أمانًا للعيش فيها؛ فأصبحت، على الرغم من بردها وكآبتها، مراكز الحياة في ذلك الوقت. It was from the castles that the feudal barons ruled their lands. ||||||||nobles||| من القلاع حكم البارونات الإقطاعيون أراضيهم. It was there that the people found refuge from the attacks of the Northmen and Hungarians. |||||||shelter, safety|||||||| وهناك وجد الناس ملجأً من هجمات الشماليين والمجريين. It was from the castles that the Crusaders set out for the Holy Land. 它||||||||||||| ومن القلاع التي انطلق منها الصليبيون إلى الأرض المقدسة. In them chivalry was born and flourished; at their gates tournaments, jousts, and other knightly festivals took place; and in their halls the wandering singers, who were building up a new literature, found the readiest welcome and the most eager and appreciative listeners. |||||||||||骑士比武|||||||||||||||||||||||最热情|||||||感激的| ||knighthood||||thrived||||tournaments|tournaments|||chivalric|celebrations, events, gatherings||||||||roaming, traveling, itinerant|||||||||||most enthusiastic|||||enthusiastic||grateful, enthusiastic, receptive|listeners |||||||||||馬上槍試合||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||процвітав|||||турніри|||||||||||||||||||||||найбільш охочий|||||||вдячні| وفيهم ولدت الفروسية وازدهرت. وكانت تقام عند أبوابهم البطولات والمبارزات وغيرها من احتفالات الفرسان؛ وكان المغنون المتجولون، الذين كانوا ينشئون أدبًا جديدًا، يجدون في قاعاتهم أشد الترحيب وأكثر المستمعين حماسًا وتقديرًا.

Let us fancy ourselves back in the eleventh or twelfth century, and examine a castle. ||imagine||||||||||inspect|| دعونا نتخيل أنفسنا في القرن الحادي عشر أو الثاني عشر، ونفحص القلعة. Let us fancy ourselves back in the eleventh or twelfth century, and examine a castle. We shall find the country very different, we may be sure, from what it is to-day. سنجد أن البلد مختلف تمامًا، كما قد نكون متأكدين، عما هو عليه اليوم. Great thick forests stand where now there are flourishing towns; and everything has a wilder, more unsettled look. ||||||||||||||更荒凉||不安定| ||||||||thriving||||||wilder, untamed||less stable| ||||||||||||||дикі||| توجد غابات كثيفة كبيرة حيث توجد الآن مدن مزدهرة؛ وكل شيء له مظهر أكثر وحشية وأكثر اضطرابًا. На месте процветающих городов стоят огромные густые леса, все выглядит более диким и неустроенным. Here is a castle, in France, that will suit our purpose. ||||||||fit|| هذه قلعة في فرنسا تناسب هدفنا. It was built by one of the vassals of William the Conqueror, and has been the scene of many sieges and battles. |||||||||||||||这个||||围攻|| |||||||||||||||||||sieges|| تم بناؤه من قبل أحد أتباع ويليام الفاتح، وكان مسرحًا للعديد من الحصارات والمعارك. See how everything is arranged so as to make easy its defence. |||||以便|||||| انظر كيف يتم ترتيب كل شيء بحيث يسهل الدفاع عنه. It is built on the top of a steep hill; and around its walls a deep ditch or moat is dug. ||||||||||||||||沟渠|||| ||||||||steep||||||||moat||defensive water feature||excavated, created, formed إنه مبني على قمة تل شديد الانحدار. ويحفر حول أسواره خندقًا عميقًا أو خندقًا. At the outer edge of the moat we see a strong fence or palisade of heavy stakes set in the ground. |||||||||||||栅栏||||||| ||outer|||||||||palisade||fence|||wooden posts|||| |||||||||||||柵||||||| |||||||||||||палісад||||||| عند الحافة الخارجية للخندق نرى سياجًا قويًا أو حاجزًا من الأوتاد الثقيلة المثبتة في الأرض. Just inside this is a path, along which the sentries march in time of war. |||||||||哨兵||||| ||||||beside|||guards||||| |||||||||哨兵||||| |||||||||сторожі||||| يوجد داخل هذا المسار الذي يسير عليه الحراس في زمن الحرب. The gate, too, is doubly and triply guarded. ||||双重||三重| ||||twice||three times| ||||||потроєно| البوابة أيضًا محمية بشكل مضاعف وثلاثي. In front of it is a drawbridge across the moat—indeed, there are two; and the space between is guarded by a protecting wall. ||||||吊桥||||||||||||||||| ||||||draw bridge|||water ditch|||||||||||||| ||||||мостовий підйомник||||||||||||||||| أمامه جسر متحرك عبر الخندق - في الواقع، هناك جسران؛ والمسافة بينهما محمية بجدار حماية. In later days these drawbridges were made stronger and more complicated, and heavy towers with walls of masonry were built, the better to protect the entrance. ||||吊桥|||||||||||||砖石|||||||| |||||||||||||towers||||stone construction||||||||entry point |||||||||||||||||石造りの壁|||||||| ||||мостові підйомники|||||||||||||кам'яна кладка|||||||| وفي الأيام اللاحقة، أصبحت هذه الجسور المتحركة أقوى وأكثر تعقيدًا، وتم بناء أبراج ثقيلة بجدران حجرية لحماية المدخل بشكل أفضل.

When we have passed these outer works, we come to a heavy wooden door between two tall towers which mark the entrance to the walls. وبعد أن اجتازنا هذه الأعمال الخارجية وصلنا إلى باب خشبي ثقيل بين برجين طويلين يمثلان مدخل الجدران. We pass through this, and find ourselves within the gateway. |||||||||entrance نمر عبر هذا ونجد أنفسنا داخل البوابة. But we are still far from being in the castle. لكننا ما زلنا بعيدين عن التواجد في القلعة. In the narrow vaulted passage-way before us, we see suspended a heavy iron grating, called the portcullis, which may come rattling down at any moment to bar our passage. |||拱顶||||||||||||||吊闸|||||||||||| |||arched|||||||hanging above||||barrier gate|||iron grating||||clattering, crashing|||||||| |||アーチ状の||||||||||||||落とし格子|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||решітка|||гратчаста брама|||||||||||| في الممر المقبب الضيق الذي أمامنا، نرى شبكة حديدية ثقيلة معلقة، تسمى البوابة، والتي قد تهتز في أي لحظة لمنع مرورنا. And beyond this is another door; and beyond this another portcullis. ووراء هذا باب آخر؛ وبعد هذا بورتكوليس آخر. The entrance to the castle is indeed well guarded; and the porter who keeps watch at the gate, and has to open and shut all these barriers, is at times a busy man. |||||||||||守门人||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||gatekeeper||||||||||||close||||||sometimes||| مدخل القلعة يخضع لحراسة جيدة بالفعل. والبواب الذي يراقب البوابة، والذي عليه أن يفتح ويغلق كل هذه الحواجز، يكون أحيانًا رجلًا مشغولًا.

At last we are past the gateway and find ourselves in an open courtyard. |||||||||||||open courtyard أخيرًا تجاوزنا البوابة ووجدنا أنفسنا في فناء مفتوح. The thick walls of the castle surround us on all sides, and at their top we see the battlements and loopholes through which arrows may be shot at the enemy. ||||||||在||||||||||城垛||射箭孔||||||||| ||||||enclose us||||||||||||defensive walls||arrow slits||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||胸壁||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||бійниці||вікна для стрільби||||||||| تحيط بنا أسوار القلعة السميكة من كل جانب، وفي أعلاها نرى الأسوار والثغرات التي يمكن من خلالها إطلاق السهام على العدو. Here and there the wall is protected by stone towers, in which are stairways leading to the battlements above. |||||||||||||楼梯||||| |||||||||||||stairs|that go to|||parapets| |||||||||||||||||бійниці|над في بعض الأماكن، يكون الجدار محميًا بأبراج حجرية، وفيها سلالم تؤدي إلى الأسوار المحصنة في الأعلى. In the first courtyard we find the stables, where the lord of the castle keeps his horses. |||||||barns for horses||||||||| |||||||стайні||||||||| في الفناء الأول نجد الاسطبلات التي يحتفظ فيها سيد القلعة بخيوله. Here, too, is space for the shelter of the villagers in time of war; and here, perhaps, is the great brick oven in which bread is baked to feed the lord and all his followers. ||||||||||||||||||||oven material|baking chamber|||||cooked|||||||| وهنا أيضًا مساحة لإيواء القرويين في زمن الحرب؛ وربما يكون هنا فرن الطوب الكبير الذي يُخبز فيه الخبز لإطعام السيد وجميع أتباعه.

Going on we come to a wall or palisade, which separates the courtyard we are in from one lying beyond it. ||||||||||||||||||位于|| ||||||||wooden fence|||||||||||| ||||||||柵壁|||||||||||| نواصل السير حتى نصل إلى جدار أو حاجز يفصل الفناء الذي نحن فيه عن الفناء الذي يقع خلفه. In later times this wall, too, was made much stronger than we find it here. وفي أوقات لاحقة، أصبح هذا الجدار أيضًا أقوى بكثير مما نجده هنا. Passing through a gateway, we come into the second courtyard. |||entrance|||||| مروراً بالبوابة، نصل إلى الفناء الثاني. Passing through a gateway, we come into the second courtyard. Here again we find a number of buildings, used for different purposes. ||||||||被使用||| هنا مرة أخرى نجد عددًا من المباني المستخدمة لأغراض مختلفة. In one are the storerooms and cellars, where provisions are kept to enable the dwellers in the castle to stand a siege. ||||||||||||||居民||||以便||| ||||||storage rooms||supplies||||||residents|||||||siege ||||||||||||||мешканці||||||| يوجد في إحداها المخازن والأقبية، حيث يتم حفظ المؤن لتمكين سكان القلعة من الصمود في وجه الحصار. Next to this is a building shaped like a great jug, with a large chimney at the top, and smaller ones in a circle round about. |||||||||大|||||||||||||||| |||||||||large|jug-shaped container||||smokestack||||||||||| ||||||||||глечик||||||||||||||| وبجانب هذا بناء على شكل إبريق كبير، وفي الأعلى مدخنة كبيرة، ومدخنة أصغر في دائرة مستديرة. This is the kitchen, in which the food is cooked for the lord of the castle and his household. ||||||||||||||||||house وهذا هو المطبخ الذي يُطهى فيه الطعام لسيد القلعة وأهل بيته. The cooking, we may be sure, is usually simple,—most of the meats being roasted on spits over open fires, and elaborate dishes, with sauces and spices, being unknown. |||||肯定||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||cooked||roasting rods|||||complex dishes|||sauces||seasonings|| ||||||||||||||||串焼き器|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||запечений||вертель|||||||||||| قد نكون متأكدين من أن الطهي عادة ما يكون بسيطًا، فمعظم اللحوم تُشوى على البصاق على نار مفتوحة، والأطباق المتقنة مع الصلصات والتوابل غير معروفة. Most castles have, in addition, a small church or chapel in this courtyard, in which the inhabitants may worship. |||||||||chapel||||||||| بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تحتوي معظم القلاع على كنيسة صغيرة أو كنيسة صغيرة في هذا الفناء يمكن للسكان العبادة فيها.

The most important building of all is still to be described. |||||||yet|||described المبنى الأكثر أهمية على الإطلاق لا يزال يتعين وصفه. There at the end of the courtyard we see the tall "keep" of the castle, which the French called "donjon," and in whose basement there are "dungeons" indeed, for traitors and captured enemies. ||||||||||||的|||||||堡垒|||||||地牢|||叛徒||| |||||||||||||||||||donjon||||basement|||prison cells|||betrayers||| |||||||||||天守閣||||||||天守閣||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||донжон||||||||||||| هناك في نهاية الفناء نرى "القلعة" الطويلة للقلعة، والتي أطلق عليها الفرنسيون اسم "دونجون"، والتي يوجد في الطابق السفلي منها بالفعل "زنزانات" للخونة والأعداء المأسورين. This is the true stronghold of the baron, and it is a secure retreat. ||||堡垒|||男爵|||||| ||||fortress||||||||safe|safe haven ||||砦|||||||||隠れ家 |||||||барона|||||| هذا هو المعقل الحقيقي للبارون، وهو ملاذ آمن. Think of all the hard fighting there must be before the enemy can even reach it. فكر في كل القتال العنيف الذي يجب أن يحدث قبل أن يتمكن العدو من الوصول إليه. Think of all the hard fighting there must be before the enemy can even reach it. The drawbridges must be crossed, the gates must be battered down, and the portcullises pried up; the first courtyard must be cleared; the dividing wall must be carried; the second courtyard also must be cleared of its defenders. |吊桥|||跨越|||||攻破||||吊闸|撬起|||||||||||必须|||||||必须||||| |||||||||broken down||||portcullis|forced open|||||||||||||||||||||||guardians of the second courtyard |||||||||||||鉄格子門|こじ開ける||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||гратки|підняті||||||||||||||||||||||| يجب عبور الجسور المتحركة، ويجب هدم البوابات، ورفع البوابات؛ يجب تطهير الفناء الأول؛ يجب أن يتم تنفيذ الجدار الفاصل. ويجب أيضًا تطهير الفناء الثاني من المدافعين عنه. And when the enemy, bruised and worn, at last arrive at the keep, their work is just begun. ||||||||||||堡垒||||| ||||injured and weary||worn out||||||||||| وعندما يصل العدو، المصاب بالكدمات والمهالك، أخيرًا إلى المحمية، يكون عملهم قد بدأ للتو. There the lord and his followers will make their last stand, and the fighting will be fiercer than ever. |||||||进行||||||||||| هناك سيقف السيد وأتباعه في موقفهم الأخير، وسيكون القتال أشرس من أي وقت مضى.

The walls of the keep are of stone, eight to ten feet thick; and from the loopholes in its frowning sides peer skilled archers and crossbowmen, ready to let fly their bolts and arrows at all in sight. |||||||||||||||||||阴沉||窥视||||弩手||||||箭矢|||朝|所有|| |||||||||||||||||||scowling||look out||bowmen||crossbow soldiers||||||bolts|||||| |||||||||||||||||||похмурих||||||||||||стріли|||||| جدران المحمية من الحجر، ويبلغ سمكها ثمانية إلى عشرة أقدام؛ ومن الثغرات الموجودة في جوانبه العابسة يتجلى الرماة ورماة الأقواس المهرة، المستعدون لإطلاق سهامهم وسهامهم على مرمى البصر. Каменные стены крепости толщиной от восьми до десяти футов, а из бойниц в ее нахмуренных боках выглядывают опытные лучники и арбалетчики, готовые пустить болты и стрелы во всех, кто попадется под руку. A long, long siege will be necessary, to starve out its defenders. سيكون من الضروري فرض حصار طويل جدًا لتجويع المدافعين عنها. If this is not done, movable towers must be erected, battering rams placed, stone-hurling machines brought up, blazing arrows shot at the roof and windows, and tunnels dug to undermine the walls. ||||完成|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||mobile||||constructed|ramming device||||throwing stones||||fiery|||||||||tunnels|dug||weaken or collapse|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||弱体化させる|| ||||||||||батарей|||||||||||||||||||||| وإذا لم يتم ذلك، فلا بد من إقامة أبراج متحركة، ووضع المدقاق، وإحضار آلات رمي الحجارة، وإطلاق السهام المشتعلة على الأسطح والنوافذ، وحفر الأنفاق لتقويض الجدران. In this way the castle may be burned, or an entrance at last be gained. بهذه الطريقة قد يتم حرق القلعة أو فتح مدخل لها في النهاية. But even then there will be fierce fighting in the narrow passageways, in the dimly-lighted halls, and on the winding stairways which lead from story to story. |||||||||||||||昏暗的灯光||||||||||||楼层 |||||||||||corridors|||poorly lit||||||curving||||||| |||||||||||проходи|||||||||||||||| ولكن حتى ذلك الحين سيكون هناك قتال عنيف في الممرات الضيقة، في القاعات ذات الإضاءة الخافتة، وعلى السلالم المتعرجة التي تؤدي من قصة إلى أخرى. It will be long, indeed, before our lord's banner is torn from the summit of the tower, and his enemy's is placed in its stead! ||||||||||||||||塔||||||||替代品 ||||||||flag||ripped down|||peak|||||||||||in its place ||||||||||||||||||||||||місці سوف يمر وقت طويل بالفعل قبل أن يتم تمزيق راية سيدنا من قمة البرج، ويتم وضع راية عدوه مكانها! And even when all is lost, there still remain hidden stairways in the castle walls, underground passages opening into the moat, and the gate in the rear, through which the lord and his garrison may yet escape to the woods and open fields; and so continue the battle another day. ||||||||||楼梯|||||||||||||||||||||||驻军|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||routes||||water-filled ditch||||||back||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||守備隊|||||||||||||||| وحتى عندما يتم فقدان كل شيء، لا تزال هناك سلالم مخفية في جدران القلعة، وممرات تحت الأرض تفتح على الخندق، والبوابة في الخلف، والتي يمكن من خلالها للسيد وحاميته الهروب إلى الغابة والحقول المفتوحة؛ وهكذا تستمر المعركة في يوم آخر.

But let us inquire rather concerning the life of the castle in time of peace. |||询问||||||||||| |||ask about||about||||||||| |||досліджувати||||||||||| ولكن دعونا نتساءل بالأحرى عن حياة القلعة في زمن السلم. Where and how does the lord and his household live? أين وكيف يعيش الرب وأهل بيته؟ How are his children educated? وكيف يتم تعليم أبنائه؟ And with what do they amuse themselves in the long days when there is no enemy to attack their walls, and no distant expedition in which to engage? |||||娱乐|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||entertain||||||||||||||||||||||engage وبماذا يستمتعون في الأيام الطويلة التي لا يوجد فيها عدو يهاجم أسوارهم، ولا حملة بعيدة ينخرطون فيها؟

Sometimes the lord and his family live in the upper stories of the huge donjon, where arms and supplies are always stored. ||||||||||upper levels||||||||provisions|||kept safe في بعض الأحيان يعيش اللورد وعائلته في الطوابق العليا من الدونجون الضخم، حيث يتم تخزين الأسلحة والإمدادات دائمًا. But this is so gloomy, with its thick walls and narrow windows, that many lords build more comfortable "halls" in their courtyards, and prefer to live in these. |||||||dense||||||||||||||enclosed spaces|||||| ولكن هذا كئيب للغاية، بجدرانه السميكة ونوافذه الضيقة، حيث يقوم العديد من اللوردات ببناء "قاعات" أكثر راحة في ساحاتهم، ويفضلون العيش فيها. Let us look in upon such a "hall," whether it is in the donjon, or in a separate building. ||查看|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||донжон||||| دعونا ننظر إلى مثل هذه "القاعة"، سواء كانت في الدونجون، أو في مبنى منفصل. There we find a great wide room, large enough to hold all the inhabitants of the castle, when the lord wishes to gather them about him. ||||||||||||||||||||||||围绕在他身边| هناك نجد غرفة كبيرة واسعة، كبيرة بما يكفي لاستيعاب جميع سكان القلعة، عندما يرغب السيد في جمعهم حوله. This is the real center of the life of the castle. هذا هو المركز الحقيقي لحياة القلعة. Here the lord eats and sleeps; here the great banquets are given; here he receives his vassals to do homage; here he plays chess and backgammon with his companions; and here in the evening the inmates gather, perchance to listen to the songs and tales of wandering minstrels. |||||睡觉||||盛宴||||||||||||||||||||||||||囚犯||或许||倾听|给|||||的||吟游诗人 |||||||||feasts||||||||||feudal loyalty||||||board games||||||||||residents||perhaps|||||||stories|||traveling musicians |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||もしかすると|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||данина||||||нарди||||||||||в'язні||можливо|||||||||блукаючих|менестрелі هنا الرب يأكل وينام. هنا تُقام الولائم العظيمة؛ هنا يستقبل أتباعه لتكريمهم؛ وهنا يلعب الشطرنج وطاولة الزهر مع رفاقه؛ وهنا في المساء يجتمع النزلاء للاستماع إلى أغاني وحكايات المنشدين المتجولين.

Within the castle are many people, occupying themselves in many ways. ||||||占据|||| ||||||engaging themselves|||| يوجد داخل القلعة العديد من الأشخاص الذين يشغلون أنفسهم بعدة طرق. In the courtyards are servants and dependents caring for the horses, cooking in the kitchen, and busily engaged in other occupations. ||||||people relying on|||||||||||||| وفي الساحات خدم ومعالون يرعون الخيول ويطبخون في المطبخ وينشغلون بمهن أخرى. Elsewhere are those whose duty it is to guard the castle—the porter at the gate, the watchman on the tower, and the men-at-arms to defend the walls in case of attack. |||||||||||||在其他地方||||守望者|||||||||||||||| In other locations||||||||||||gatekeeper|||||guard||||||||||||||||attack وفي أماكن أخرى، هناك أولئك الذين تقع على عاتقهم مهمة حراسة القلعة: العتال عند البوابة، والحارس على البرج، والرجال المسلحون للدفاع عن الجدران في حالة الهجوم. Besides these we see many boys and young men who are evidently of too noble birth to be servants, and yet are too young to be warriors. ||||||||||||的|||||||||||||| |||||||||||clearly||||||||||||||| |||||||||||очевидно||||||||||||||| إلى جانب هؤلاء، نرى العديد من الأولاد والشبان الذين من الواضح أنهم من أصل نبيل جدًا بحيث لا يمكنهم أن يكونوا خدمًا، ومع ذلك فهم أصغر من أن يكونوا محاربين. Who can they be? |||他们可能是谁 من يمكن أن يكونوا؟

These are the sons of the lord of the castle, and of other lords, who are learning to be knights. هؤلاء هم أبناء سيد القلعة، وأباطرة آخرين، الذين يتعلمون أن يكونوا فرسانًا. Their training is long and careful. تدريبهم طويل ودقيق. Until he is seven years old, the little noble is left to the care of his mother and the women of the castle. |||||||||||||||||||women||| حتى يبلغ السابعة من عمره، يُترك النبيل الصغير لرعاية والدته ونساء القلعة. At the age of seven his knightly education begins. ||||||||starts في سن السابعة يبدأ تعليمه الفارس. Usually the boy is sent away from home to the castle of his father's lord, or some famous knight, there to be brought up and trained for knighthood. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||骑士身份 ||||||||||fortress|||||||||||||||||noble rank عادةً ما يتم إرسال الصبي بعيدًا عن المنزل إلى قلعة سيد والده، أو أحد الفرسان المشهورين، هناك ليتم تربيته وتدريبه على لقب الفروسية. From the age of seven till he reaches the age of fourteen, the boy is called a page or "varlet," which means "little vassal." |||||||||||||||||侍从||小家臣|||| |||||||arrives at||||||||||||little vassal|||| |||||||||||||||||||小従者|||| |||||||||||||||||||слуга|||| من سن السابعة حتى بلوغه سن الرابعة عشرة، يُطلق على الصبي اسم الصفحة أو "فارليت"، والتي تعني "التابع الصغير". С семи до четырнадцати лет мальчик называется пажом или "варлетом", что означает "маленький вассал". There he waits upon the lord and lady of the castle. ||等待|||||||| هناك ينتظر سيد وسيدة القلعة. He serves them at table, and he attends to them when they ride forth to the chase. |||||||照顾||||||||| |||||||attends to|||||||||hunting expedition ||||||||||||||||狩り ||||||||||||||||полювання يخدمهم على المائدة، ويعتني بهم عندما ينطلقون للمطاردة. From them he learns lessons of honor and bravery, of love and chivalry. ||||||||||||knightly behavior ويتعلم منهم دروس الشرف والشجاعة والحب والفروسية. Above all, he learns how to ride and handle a horse. وفوق كل شيء، يتعلم كيفية ركوب الخيل والتعامل معه.

When the young noble has become a well-grown lad of fourteen or fifteen, he is made a "squire." ||||||||||||||||||侍从 |||||||||young man|||||||||young nobleman ||||||||||||||||||дружинник عندما يصبح النبيل الشاب فتى ناضجًا في الرابعة عشرة أو الخامسة عشرة من عمره، يصبح "مرافقًا". Now it is his duty to look after his lord's horses and arms. الآن من واجبه أن يعتني بخيول سيده وأذرعه. The horses must be carefully groomed every morning, and the squire must see that their shoes are all right. |||||打理||||||||||||| |||||cleaned||||||||||||| ||||||||||従者|||||||| |||||дбайливо доглянуті||||||||||||| يجب العناية بالخيول بعناية كل صباح، ويجب أن يتأكد مرافقها من أن أحذيتها على ما يرام. He must also see that his lord's arms and armor are kept bright and free from rust. ||||||||||||||||corrosion, oxidation, deterioration ويجب عليه أيضًا التأكد من أن أذرع سيده ودروعه تظل لامعة وخالية من الصدأ. When the lord goes forth to war, his squire accompanies him, riding on a big strong horse, and carrying his lord's shield and lance. |||出征|||||||||||大强壮的||||||||| |||||||||follows him||||||||||||||spear عندما يخرج السيد إلى الحرب، يرافقه مرافقه، راكبًا حصانًا قويًا كبيرًا، ويحمل درع سيده ورمحه. When the lord goes into battle, his squire must stay near, leading a spare steed and ready to hand his master fresh weapons at any moment. |||||||||待在附近|||||备用马||||||||||| |||||||||||||extra|horse|||||||new|||| ||||||||||||||馬||||||||||| عندما يذهب السيد إلى المعركة، يجب أن يبقى مرافقه قريبًا، يقود جوادًا احتياطيًا وجاهزًا لتسليم سيده أسلحة جديدة في أي لحظة. After several years of this service, the squire may himself be allowed to use weapons and fight at his lord's side; and sometimes he may even be allowed to ride forth alone in search of adventures. بعد عدة سنوات من هذه الخدمة، قد يُسمح لمرافقه باستخدام الأسلحة والقتال إلى جانب سيده؛ وأحيانًا قد يُسمح له بالركوب بمفرده بحثًا عن المغامرات. In this manner the squire learns the business of a knight, which is fighting. بهذه الطريقة يتعلم المرافق عمل الفارس وهو القتال. But he also learns his amusements and accomplishments. |||||娱乐活动|| |||||entertainments and skills||achievements |||||розваги||досягнення لكنه يتعلم أيضًا ملاهيه وإنجازاته.

Let us approach a group of squires in the castle hall, when their work is done, and they are tired of chess and backgammon. ||||||侍从||||||||||||||||| ||||||young knights|||||||||||||||||board game ||||||従者たち||||||||||||||||| دعونا نقترب من مجموعة من المرافقين في قاعة القلعة، عندما ينتهون من عملهم، وقد سئموا من لعبة الشطرنج وطاولة الزهر. They are discussing, perhaps, as to which is the more interesting, hunting or falconry; and we may hear a delicate featured squire hold forth in this way: |||||||||||||猎鹰术||||||||||||| |||||||||||||bird hunting||||||delicate|delicate features|||||| |||||||||||||鷹狩り||||||||||||| |||||||||||||підстрілка||||||||дворянин||||| ربما يناقشون ما هو الأكثر إثارة للاهتمام، الصيد أم الصيد بالصقور؛ وقد نسمع مرافقًا مميزًا وحساسًا يتحدث بهذه الطريقة: Возможно, они обсуждают, что интереснее - охота или соколиная охота, и мы можем услышать, как деликатный сквайр высказывается в этом духе:

"What can be prettier than a bright-eyed, well- trained falcon hawk? |||更美丽的|比||||||猎鹰| |||more beautiful|||||||falcon hawk|falcon "ما الذي يمكن أن يكون أجمل من الصقر ذو العيون الساطعة والمدرب جيدًا؟ And what can be pleasanter than the sport of flying it at the birds? |||||||||||对着|| ||||more pleasant|||activity|||||| وماذا يمكن أن يكون أجمل من رياضة الطيران بها عند الطيور؟ Take some fine September morning, when the sky is blue and the air is fresh, and our lord and lady ride forth with their attendants. ||||||the|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||crisp|||||||||| attendants استمتع بصباح جميل من شهر سبتمبر، عندما تكون السماء زرقاء والهواء منعشًا، وينطلق سيدنا وسيدتنا مع مرافقيهما. Each carries his falcon on his gloved left hand, and we hurry forward in pursuit of cranes, herons, ducks, and other birds. ||||||戴手套的||||||||||鹤|苍鹭|||| ||||||gloved hand||||||||chase||cranes|wading birds|||| ||||||||||||||||鶴||||| ||||||||||||||погоня||журавлів|чаплі|||| يحمل كل منهم صقره على يده اليسرى التي ترتدي القفاز، ونحن نسرع للأمام لملاحقة الكركي ومالك الحزين والبط والطيور الأخرى. When one is sighted, a falcon is unhooded, and let fly at it. |||||||去掉头罩||||| |||visible||||uncovered||||| |||||||без каптура||||| عندما تتم رؤية الصقر، يتم فك غطاء الصقر وتركه يطير عليه. The falcon's bells tinkle merrily as it rises. |猎鹰的||叮当声|快乐地||| |falcon's||jingle|cheerfully||| |сокола||дзвінчать|радісно||| ترن أجراس الصقر بمرح وهو يرتفع. Soon it is in the air above the game, and swift as an arrow it darts upon the prey, plunging its talons into it, and crouching over it until the hunter gallops up to recover both falcon and prey. |||||||||||||||飞翔||||||爪子||||蹲伏||||||飞奔||||两者||| ||||||||||quick|||||darts|||target animal|diving||talons||||hunched||||||rides quickly|||||||target animal |||||||||||||||||||||鉤爪||||||||||||||||| وسرعان ما يحلق في الهواء فوق اللعبة، وينطلق سريعًا كالسهم نحو الفريسة، ويغرس مخالبه فيها، ويجلس فوقها حتى يركض الصياد لاستعادة الصقر والفريسة معًا. This is the finest hunting. هذا هو أفضل الصيد. And what skill is necessary, too, in rearing and training the birds! |||||||raising|||| وما هي المهارة الضرورية أيضًا لتربية الطيور وتدريبها! Ah, falconry is the sport for me! " |bird hunting sport|||activity|| آه، الصيد بالصقور هو الرياضة بالنسبة لي! " But this does not seem to be the opinion of most of the group. ولكن لا يبدو أن هذا هو رأي معظم المجموعة. Their views are expressed by a tall, strongly-built squire, who says: يتم التعبير عن آرائهم من خلال مرافق طويل القامة وقوي البنية، والذي يقول:

"Falconry is all right for women and boys, but it is not the sport for men. "الصقارة مناسبة للنساء والفتيان، لكنها ليست رياضة للرجال. What are your falcons to my hounds and harriers! ||||||猎犬||猎犬 |||birds of prey|||dogs||hunting dogs ||||||||鷹匠の犬 |||соколи|||||гончаки ما هي الصقور الخاصة بك لكلاب الصيد والكلاب! The education of one good boar-hound, I can tell you, requires as much care as all your falcons; and when you are done the dog loves you, and that is more than you can say for your hawks. ||||||猎犬||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||鹰 ||||||hound dog||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||falcons أستطيع أن أقول لك إن تعليم كلب خنزير جيد يتطلب نفس القدر من العناية الذي تتطلبه كل الصقور الخاصة بك؛ وعندما تنتهي، فإن الكلب يحبك، وهذا أكثر مما يمكنك قوله للصقور. And the chase itself is far more exciting. والمطاردة نفسها أكثر إثارة بكثير. The hounds are uncoupled, and set yelping upon the scent, and away we dash after them, plunging through the woods, leaping glades and streams in our haste. |||未连接|||尖叫||||||||||||||跳跃|空地||||| |||uncoupled|||barking loudly|||trail||||run quickly|||rushing into||||jumping|clearings|||||urgency ||||||吠え立てる|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||стрибки|галявини||||| انفصلت كلاب الصيد، وبدأت في الصراخ على الرائحة، ثم اندفعنا بعيدًا خلفها، غاصين عبر الغابة، وقافزين في الفسحات والجداول في عجلة من أمرنا. At last we reach the spot where the game has turned at bay, and find an enormous boar, defending himself stoutly and fiercely against the hounds. ||||||||||||cornered|||||wild pig|defending||bravely and fiercely|||||dogs ||||||||||||||||||||сильно і відважно||||| أخيرًا وصلنا إلى المكان الذي توقفت فيه اللعبة، ووجدنا خنزيرًا ضخمًا، يدافع عن نفسه بقوة وشراسة ضد كلاب الصيد. Right and left he rolls the dogs. ||||rolls|| يمينا ويسارا يدحرج الكلاب. With his back bristling with rage, he charges straight for the huntsmen. ||||||||||这|猎人们 accompanied by|||standing stiff||anger, fury||rushes at||||hunters مع ظهره المليء بالغضب، يندفع مباشرة نحو الصيادين. Look out, now; for his sharp tusks cut like a knife! ||||||tusks|||| ||||||牙|||| ||||||ікла|||| انتبه الآن؛ لأنيابه الحادة مقطوعة كالسكين! But the huntsmen are skilled, and the dogs play well their part. لكن الصيادين ماهرون، والكلاب تؤدي دورها بشكل جيد. Before the beast can reach man or horse, he is pierced by a dozen spears, and is nailed to the ground, dead! |||||||||||||||||钉住|||| ||||||||||pierced|||twelve|||||||| |||||||||||||||||прибитий|||| قبل أن يتمكن الوحش من الوصول إلى الإنسان أو الحصان، يُطعن بعشرات الرماح، ويُسمَّر على الأرض، ويموت! Isn't this a nobler sport than hawking? " |||更高尚||| |||more noble|||falconry أليست هذه رياضة أنبل من رياضة الصقور؟ " So, we may be sure, most of the knights and squires will agree. ||||||||||侍从|| ||||||||||дворяни|| لذلك، ربما نكون على يقين من أن معظم الفرسان ورفاقه سيوافقون على ذلك. But the ladies, and many of the squires and knights, will still love best the sport of falconry. لكن السيدات والعديد من الملاكين والفرسان سيظلون يحبون رياضة الصيد بالصقور.

In this way the squire spends his days until he reaches the age of twenty or twenty-one. ||||||||||达到||||||| ||||landowner||||||||||||| وبهذه الطريقة يقضي المربي أيامه حتى يبلغ العشرين أو الحادية والعشرين من عمره. He has now proved both his courage and his skill, and at last his lord says that he has "earned his spurs. " |||||||||||||||||||||recognition of achievement |||||||||||||||||||||шпори لقد أثبت الآن شجاعته ومهارته، وأخيرًا قال سيده إنه "اكتسب مهماته". So the squire is to be made a knight; and this is the occasion for great festivities. ||||成为||||||||||||庆典 ||||||||||||||||celebrations ||||||||||||||||урочистості لذلك يجب أن يصبح المرافق فارسًا؛ وهذه هي المناسبة للاحتفالات العظيمة. In company with other squires who are candidates for knighthood, he must go through a careful preparation. |||||||||||必须||||| |||||||aspirants for knighthood||||||||| بالاشتراك مع المرافقين الآخرين المرشحين للحصول على لقب الفروسية، يجب عليه الخضوع لإعداد دقيق. First comes the bath, which is the mark of purification. |||||||||cleansing |||||||||очищення فالأول يأتي الاغتسال، وهو علامة التطهير. Then he puts on garments of red, white, and black. ||||clothes||||| ثم يلبس ثياباً من الأحمر والأبيض والأسود. The red means the blood he is willing to shed in defence of the Church and of the oppressed; the white means that his mind is pure and clean; and the black is to remind him of death, which comes to all. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||来临|| |||||||||shed|||||||||downtrodden||||||||clean, untainted, innocent||||||||||||||| اللون الأحمر يعني الدم الذي يرغب في سفكه دفاعًا عن الكنيسة والمظلومين؛ الأبيض يعني أن عقله نقي ونظيف. والأسود هو تذكيره بالموت الذي يأتي على الجميع.

Next comes the "watching of the arms." 接下来||the|观察||| ||||||weapons بعد ذلك تأتي "مراقبة الأسلحة". All night the squires keep watch, fasting and praying, before the altar in the church on which their arms have been placed; and though they may stand or kneel, they must on no account sit or lie down. |||||||||||祭坛|||||||||||||||||||必须|在|||||| |||||||||||altar|||||||||||||||||||||||||| يراقب المرافقون طوال الليل، ويصومون ويصلون، أمام المذبح في الكنيسة التي وُضعت عليها أذرعهم؛ وعلى الرغم من أنه يجوز لهم الوقوف أو الركوع، فلا يجب عليهم الجلوس أو الاستلقاء بأي حال من الأحوال. At the break of day the priest comes. 在||||||| ||dawn||||| عند استراحة النهار يأتي الكاهن. After they have each confessed their sins to him, they hear mass and take the holy sacrament. ||||忏悔||罪||||听到|弥撒||领受|||圣餐 ||||||wrongdoings|||||religious service|||||holy communion ||||зізналися||||||||||||сакрамент وبعد أن يعترف كل منهم له بخطاياه، يسمعون القداس ويتناولون القربان المقدس. Perhaps, too, the priest preaches a sermon on the proud duties of a knight, and the obligations which they owe to God and the Church. ||||讲道||讲道|||||||||的||||||||| ||||delivers||speech by priest||||||||||obligations|||are obligated to||||| ||||проповідує||проповідь|||||||||||||||||| وربما يلقي الكاهن أيضًا عظة عن واجبات الفارس التي يفخر بها، والالتزامات التي يدين بها تجاه الله والكنيسة. おそらくまた、司祭は騎士の誇り高い義務と、彼らが神と教会に負っている義務について説教します。 也许,牧师还讲述骑士骄傲的责任,以及他们对上帝和教会的义务。

At last the squires assemble in the courtyard of the castle, or in some open place outside the walls. |||young knights||||||||||||||| أخيرًا، يجتمع الإقطاعيون في باحة القلعة، أو في مكان مفتوح خارج الأسوار. 最后,侍从们在城堡的 courtyard 聚集,或者在城墙外的某个开放场所。 There they find great numbers of knights and ladies who have come to grace the occasion of their knighting. ||||||||||||||||||授勋仪式 |||||||||||||||event|||ceremony of knighthood ||||||||||||||||||вдостоєння лицарства هناك يجدون أعدادًا كبيرة من الفرسان والسيدات الذين أتوا لتكريم مناسبة حصولهم على لقب الفروسية. 在那里,他们发现许多骑士和女士来为他们的封骑而庆祝。 Each squire in turn now takes his place on a carpet which is spread on the ground, and his friends and relatives assist in girding on his armor and his sword. ||||||||||||||||||||||||束缚|||||| |squire|||||||||||||||||||||||putting on|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||装着する|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||обладунки|||||| يأخذ كل مرافق بدوره مكانه على سجادة منتشرة على الأرض، ويساعده أصدقاؤه وأقاربه في ربط درعه وسيفه. Then comes the most trying moment of all. ||这个|最艰难的|||| ||||difficult||| ثم تأتي اللحظة الأكثر صعوبة على الإطلاق. His father or his lord advances and gives him what is called the "accolade." |||||||||||||荣誉 |||||moves forward||||||||knighthood |||||||||||||叙任の儀 |||||||||||||визнання يتقدم والده أو سيده ويمنحه ما يسمى "الوسام". At first this was a heavy blow with the fist, given upon the squire's neck; but later it was with the flat of a sword upon his shoulder. |||||||||||||乡绅的|||||||这个||||||| ||||||blow|||hand clenched||||squire's|neck||||||||||||| ||||||удар|||||||священника|||||||||||||| في البداية كانت هذه ضربة قوية بقبضة اليد على رقبة المرافق؛ ولكن في وقت لاحق كان مع سيف مسطّح على كتفه. At the same time the person who gives the accolade cries out: وفي الوقت نفسه يصرخ الشخص الذي يمنح الجائزة:

"In the name of God, and St. "بسم الله والقديس Michael, and St. مايكل، وسانت. George, I dub thee knight! ||我封你为|| ||declare|| جورج، أنا ألقبك بالفارس! Be brave and loyal! " كن شجاعا ومخلصا! " The squire is now a knight, but the festival is not yet over. أصبح المرافق الآن فارسًا، لكن المهرجان لم ينته بعد. The new-made knights must first give an exhibition of their skill in riding and handling their horses, and in striking with their lances marks which are set up for them to ride at. |新的||||||||||||||||||||||长矛||哪个|||||||| ||||||||demonstration|||||||maneuvering|||||striking|||spears|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||списи|||||||||| يجب على الفرسان الجدد أولاً أن يقدموا عرضًا لمهارتهم في ركوب خيولهم والتعامل معها، وفي ضرب علامات رماحهم التي تم إعدادها لهم لركوبها. 新しく作られた騎士は、最初に彼らの馬に乗って扱い、彼らが乗るために設定された槍のマークで打つ彼らのスキルを展示しなければなりません。 Then comes fencing with their swords on horseback. ||击剑||||| ||swordplay||||| ثم يأتي المبارزة بسيوفهم على ظهور الخيل. The day is wound up with a great feast, and music and the distribution of presents. ||||||||||音乐||这||| |||concluded|||||celebration||musical performance|||distribution|| ويختتم اليوم بوليمة كبيرة وموسيقى وتوزيع الهدايا.

Then, at last, the guests depart; and the new-made knights go off to bed, to dream of Saracens to be fought in the Holy Land, and dragons to be slain, and wicked knights to be encountered,—and above all, of beautiful maidens to be rescued and served with loyalty and love. |||||离开||||||||||||||||||||||龙|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||leave|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||faced, battled, confronted||||||young women|||||||loyalty|| ثم أخيرًا يغادر الضيوف. ويذهب الفرسان الجدد إلى فراشهم، ليحلموا بمقاتلة المسلمين في الأرض المقدسة، وذبح التنانين، ومواجهة الفرسان الأشرار، وفوق كل شيء، العذارى الجميلات اللاتي سيتم إنقاذهن وخدمتهن. الولاء والحب.

So they dream the dreams of chivalry; and when they awaken, the better ones among them will seek to put their dreams into action. ||||||||||醒来||更好的人||||||||||| ||||||||||wake up|||||||pursue|||||| فتحلم أحلام المروءة؛ وعندما يستيقظون، سيسعى الأفضل بينهم إلى وضع أحلامهم موضع التنفيذ. それで彼らは騎士道の夢を夢見ます。そして彼らが目覚めたとき、彼らの中のより良い人々は彼らの夢を実行に移そうとします。