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It`s Okay To Be Smart, These Butt-Tickling Ants Are Endangered Butterfly Bodyguards | IN OUR NATURE

These Butt-Tickling Ants Are Endangered Butterfly Bodyguards | IN OUR NATURE

The Serengeti is one of the richest ecosystems on Earth, but surviving out here is not easy.

You've got lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, crocs, and that's just the stuff with sharp

teeth.

You've also got giant elephants, rhinos, buffalo to worry about too.

Hippos, you definitely don't want to run into the hippos.

They kill more people every year than sharks, which is a fact that continues to blow my

mind.

And that's just the big stuff.

There are countless little bugs who just love the opportunity to take a big old belly full

of your blood, or maybe lay a few parasite eggs under your skin.

What's going on?

Just a swarm of Tsetse flies inside the vehicle.

Nothing to worry about.

Surviving out here is hardcore, but it's easier if you don't go it alone.

Today, we're going to look at some stories where species cooperate to help each other

survive.

If you know what you're looking for, you can find these relationships everywhere.

And we're also going to look at what happens when these alliances get a little out of balance.

Teamwork makes the dream work and it's a good way not to die.

You guys know what makes this show work?

Post-production team?

Yeah, I was going to say, producer Amanda?

I'll acknowledge, my jokes are a big part of it guys.

I know, but it's teamwork.

And what makes teamwork work?

I can't just ask you guys to do stuff for me.

I have to do something for you in return.

You scratch my back.

I'll scratch yours.

You know, I'm not really comfortable with scratching

your back, Trace.

Joe, it's an expression.

Cooperation within species, that's one thing, right?

But what about cooperation between species?

Insects, pollinating flowers, and that kind of thing?

Totally.

That's a classic example, right?

The flower gives the insect some pollen or nectar to eat and the insect helps the flower

make baby flowers.

The technical term for this kind of relationship is called a mutualism.

It's sort of any relationship where both species get a benefit.

And if you go looking for these mutualisms and just about any ecosystem on Earth, you

can get some pretty weird examples.

Acacia trees are an iconic site across the African Savannah.

These fractal, river-like branches and broad, wide canopies with all their leaves clustered

up top, as if they're reaching for the sun, you get to know how they get that shape.

The gardener does it.

One of those snippers that you can get at the hardware store, the really big one.

There's just one person doing that all day long.

I want that job.

It's actually because of this: Nature's hedge trimmers.

Acacia trees look like that because that's how high a giraffe can reach.

Those are the only leafs left.

Once you get up close to an Acacia, you're really going to wonder why anything would

go through the trouble of trying to eat it Out here, we're surrounded by Acacias.

And the one thing I've noticed about them is they are covered in thorns, but the giraffes

are still eating on them like it's not a problem.

They just don't care.

Giraffes are so well adapted with that long tongue and they sort of get that tongue through

the thorns and can still get out the leafs.

In the Serengeti, everything is mean.

Some Acacias are a little meaner than others.

It's not a meal I would take, but we have another type of Acacia over here.

It's still covered in thorns.

This one's really interesting.

This is called a whistling thorn, and it's adapted a really interesting relationship

with ants.

So these are little ant houses.

Basically.

You can see them all around.

Ant houses built right into the tree.

This little Acacia grows these nodules, especially when they're young like this and inside of

those nodules live ants, an entire colony of ants in this tree.

You got ants in your plants?

Dad joke, check.

You only have to change one word in a dad joke to make it a bad joke.

One letter even.

Young plants need all the protection they can get out here with all the browsers.

And this is like a super evolution of protection.

This is just swarming with ants, and this would send a very clear signal.

If you're a giraffe trying to munch on this, I have a feeling you'd pick a different plant.

The minute you disturb the plant, all these ants are going to come rushing out.

I mean, the thorns are a big message, but the ants are a double no for me.

So let me make sure I've got this.

You said mutualism requires bolt species to get a benefit.

The plant gets protection from hungry stuff and the ants get a tree house.

Exactly.

And there's even more going on here.

That's incredible.

So the plant gives them a place to live, And in return, it gets protection.

But there's even more because the plant, if you look down there, provides little nodules

that the cream sugar...

It just came in and took a little drop of nectar off the base.

It's incredible.

Not only does this Acacia give the ants a place to live, it actually feeds them too,

in return for protection.

What's really crazy to me is neither of these organisms is conscious that they're in this

mutualistic relationship, the plants, they don't even have brains.

I know, they just evolved this way, adapting and trying to survive and you get this.

It's crazy.

I love natural selection.

You should get that on a T-shirt.

So anything that tries to take a bite, these ants are going to say, "No thanks, not at

our house".

This is a great example of [crosstalk 00:05:47] both getting a benefit.

When there's so many other things, why would you waste your time?

The last thing you'd want is ants on your tongue.

We'll leave him alone.

We're not hungry.

Go about your ant business.

But why is it called a whistling thorn?

Excellent question.

So it turns out, in addition to being an awesome photographer and filmmaker and safari guide,

Jahawi is also a really talented musician too.

The interesting thing is that when you get really good wind coming through here, through

these little nodules, it acts like a whistle.

So all of a sudden the whole tree starts to whistle.

All those little holes that the ants are coming in and out of are like a little flute.

It's creates a flute.

That's why it's called a whistling thorn.

A thorn!

Guys.

Okay.

It wasn't very windy.

I'm sorry.

I don't control the weather, but it is totally true.

I would never lie to my teammates.

So the Serengeti is also home to one of the most iconic and awesome mutualisms in the

animal kingdom.

Those are these birds.

They're called honeyguides.

And I guess their name kind of tells you what they do.

The bird locates a beehive, but it can't get to the honey on account of all the angry bees.

So it calls to the honey badger in however honey badgers and honeyguides communicate,

I don't know.

I don't speak bird.

Come on over.

I got some food.

I'll be right there.

And the honey badger follows the honeyguide over to the hive.

Somehow, both species know that there are these delicious treats at the end of this

trip.

So the honey badger breaks open the hive, eats its fill of delicious honey.

Then the bird comes in, gets its own meal of wax and larva and honey, all because the

honey badger did the hard work.

Sure, the honey badger don't give a you know what, but it can lend a helping hand.

A helping paw.

Classic mutualism.

Each species is getting a benefit.

Okay, I've got one more.

And this one gets at a big unanswered question underlying all of these mutualistic relationships.

You guys ever wonder how a giraffe scratches its neck?

That is your big unanswered question?

Okay.

Actually, no, that is not the question.

But I'm asking this one before I get to the important one.

How do they scratch their neck?

They don't, they actually have these little birds do it for them.

These cute little flappy flaps, flappy flaps?

I don't think we call birds flappy flaps.

Flappy flaps.

I like it.

These cute little feathery friends are called oxpeckers and their name also tells you what

they do, but they don't just live on oxen.

You'll pretty much find them on the backs of any four-legged, plant-eating animal on

the Savannah.

So they sit on the backs of grazing animals, and they eat ticks and worms and even grow

stuff like scabs and ear wax and those little buggers you get in the corner of your eye.

I mean, that happens to animals too.

Yeah.

Fun fact, they actually will roost in the nether regions of giraffes too.

That is a very fun fact.

The oxpecker gets their food and their yummies and the host gets cleaned off and stays healthy.

And sometimes the oxpeckers will even warn their hosts that predators are nearby.

Hey, there's a lion!

But in like, bird speak.

This is an obvious win-win mutualism, right?, Well, it's actually not always that simple.

And this is the big unanswered question.

What keeps these mutualisms going?

Yeah.

I mean, now that you mention it, it seems like it would be pretty easy for one half

of the relationship to become a freeloader.

Right?

Getting a benefit without having to do any other work.

I was thinking the same thing, like if a butterfly decides to get the nectar, but it doesn't

do any pollinating or if the ants, live rent free inside the Acacia, but they stop protecting

the plant from hungry animals somehow.

Right.

Mutualisms require a balance, but it might, sometimes, be easier to cheat.

Actually when scientists study these oxpeckers, they noticed that when there wasn't enough

bugs and worms and nasty stuff to eat.

They would pack new wounds in the backs of their hosts and drink their blood.

What, like vampire birds?

We're talking about Nosferatu?

But there is a way to keep this in balance.

The host never quite lets the oxpecker get comfortable enough to do its job.

They're always swatting and shaking and flicking their ear so the bird never gets totally comfortable

unless it's doing its good grooming behavior.

So the host keeps the relationship as a mutualism and doesn't let the bird become a parasite.

Right.

And we can totally see these organisms working together, but not all of the mutualisms that

are out there are easy to find.

Some of them are a little more complex, easy ones are like trees, right?

They grow fruits so animals will eat them and distribute seeds.

Yeah.

Something that you can't see, but there's like plants give off oxygen and animals give

off carbon dioxide.

Exactly.

All of these relationships are pretty easy to find, easy to understand, but some mutualisms

aren't so easy to see and they can be way more intricate and complex.

Just off the 101 highway around San Francisco lives this butterfly.

It's beautiful, it's shimmery, flits around flower to flower living his little butterfly

life.

I didn't know something so pretty could be so tiny.

It is a cute little butterfly.

Yeah.

It's called the mission blue.

And if you see one in the wild, you're super lucky.

But what I want to show you today, doesn't really involve looking for the adult butterfly.

It's about the caterpillar.

To find these caterpillars, we had to go to one of only three places in the world where

these butterflies live.

Not actually that hill, it's this other hill over here, San Bruno mountain.

We're talking about a seriously rare habitat.

You couldn't just go there any time.

Mission blue caterpillars, they're only feeding for a few weeks of their year long lifecycle.

So we had to come to this specific mountain, on this specific day, and we would check in

daily to see if volunteers and park rangers had spotted any mission blue caterpillar's

on the three species of plant that they live on for their entire life.

This is like the definition of a micro habitat.

Yes!

And everything had to come together perfectly.

So one day we got this call from our guide, Kira.

She found caterpillars on the lupins, that's the type of plant.

And the next day we're on San Bruno mountain on a caterpillar.

I don't like to be this close to the ground.

I don't think I've ever spent this much time looking at one plant.

Welcome to my world.

I have no idea what I'm looking for, but I feel like I should at least try to look.

We spent the next half day down in the dirt, looking for a very well camouflaged caterpillar

that was like the size of my pinky nail.

And luckily for us, we found some.

These creatures spend almost their entire existence on a single plant.

But when you see an adult mission blue flying around, that part of its life, is maybe two

weeks max.

It's been alive for a year.

It's been alive for a year on the same plant.

So its entire life is wrapped up on what's going on in this one.

Talk about a small world.

So these caterpillars are on these lupins, but they weren't alone.

They have this mutualistic secret weapon.

These guys, these are native California formicine ants.

And if you watch closely, you can see them tapping their little antenna on the caterpillar's

back.

It's like a little massage and it stimulates the caterpillar to squeeze out some sweet

honeydew.

It's a nutritious amino acid cocktail that the ants, they eat it to survive.

I feel like honeydew is a very generous word for what that looks like?

They're squeezing sugar juice out of their butts.

Talk about pour some sugar on me.

Def Leppard was... caterpillars.

Okay, but that is not all that is going on here.

The caterpillar's really only have one job.

Which is to eat and get fat and poop like babies do.

As a dad, I'm very familiar with the concept.

These big fat juicy caterpillars are delicious for predators, not just as a snack, but also

for caterpillar shaped incubators for parasitic wasps.

The wasps will actually lay eggs inside the caterpillar and when they hatch, the wasp

larvae eat their way out.

Amazing.

The caterpillars actually keep the ants around and give them the honeydew because the ants

will fight off the parasitic wasps, thus protecting the caterpillar's and their honeydew goodness.

Okay, let me get this straight.

You've got this caterpillar that lives on this one hillside on this very specific plant

that is friends with ants that are fighting off parasitic wasps that just want to lay

eggs and in its big chunky body?

Yep.

That's it.

Yep.

And the caterpillar then grows up big and strong to become a tiny butterfly and start

the whole cycle again, thanks to the ants.

But it gets even weirder because if you think about it, the caterpillar is a parasite on

the lupin because it's eating the lupin's leaves.

Once the caterpillar pupates and becomes a butterfly, it then switches its relationship

to mutualistic, drinking the nectar and pollinating the plants.

It's super complex and cool, and if any, one thread of this little web disappears, everything

falls apart.

Wow, that is amazing!

Trace, how did you even get this footage?

We have a friend up in the bay area who, this is all he does.

It's incredible stuff.

And to be able to see this interaction and to get it on camera, it's pretty darn rare.

While we were putting this piece together, I kept asking experts and local volunteers

and guides about footage and clips, and it's not really something that people film.

This story that we're telling, these images of that ant tending its caterpillar teammate.

This might be some of the best footage of this interaction in existence, and it's an

important record of this relationship because these butterflies are actually at risk.

I don't want to touch it or disturb it too much because they are endangered.

We have to watch where we step.

I have to watch where all of our body parts are because we don't want to crush them.

One of the things that actually helped make them endangered, not just human activity in

terms of development, but also trampling.

It's one of the ways that you can kill them.

You gotta be really careful.

That legitimately gave me chills.

Did I forget to say that part?

Yeah.

It's endangered too.

And not only does the mission blue have this super complex web of relationships that all

hinge on each other in this one place on the whole planet, but MB2 has been on the endangered

species list since 1976, and it's hanging on by a thread.

In 1998, this unknown fungus attacked the lupins, the one plant that it lives on, and

almost wiped out the whole mission blue species.

It's been super tough.

The mission blue was actually named for San Francisco's Mission District.

Now one of the most popular neighborhoods in the city and we humans have sort of stranded

it on the outskirts of human developments and these little islands of nature.

And now to keep them in existence, we have to step in and take some responsibility for

them and their mutualistic web of partners.

Today, park rangers with the San Mateo Parks Department, the Golden Gate National Recreation

Area, the National Park Service and volunteers all over the place are trying to save the

mission blue.

Every year they plant lupins and in that tiny window of time where the adults are flying

around, but haven't laid eggs yet the Rangers capture them and release them in other parts

of the bay area to spread them around.

It is complicated because you're out, you aren't chasing around butterflies with a butterfly

net.

And then it's a matter of very carefully containing them, putting them on ice, in coolers, and

then driving them, moving them from one island of wild space in the bay area to another because

they can't cross these floss, the city, they need our help.

One of the things we've been focusing on in terms of conservation is getting more of these

different species of lupins planted and growing so that if, and when a meltdown like that

happens, that there's an alternative food source available and that the butterflies

don't palm it, the butterflies track right along with what the plants are doing.

There's some variation throughout the site and that's what you want.

There's more variability, more diversity that builds for a stronger, more resilient butterfly

population.

So by protecting the butterflies, they're protecting the lupins, the ants, it's everything.

Yeah.

Choosing which species to save from extinction isn't just about the species, it's also about

these relationships.

Without the butterflies, the lupins suffer, the ants suffer, and you could argue that

wasps might suffer too, their larvae.

They need to eat.

They're all connected.

When I watch this, I'm thinking, what is this footage going to be in the future?

Is it a time capsule of a future extinct species?

Or is this capturing the efforts that saved the mission blue?

When people start to develop a more intimate connection with the landscape around them,

with these wild spaces, it really reduces any sense of loneliness because if you can

look around and say, oh, I know that that's a lupin, and I know that the butterflies live

here, and I know that that's a California poppy, or I know that that's a golden violet

and there's another rare butterfly that utilizes that.

All of a sudden, you're not just out here walking along the trail, you're out here with

thousands of other things doing their thing and it's a much more exciting place to be.

It's an alive place.

Mutualism and symbiosis is really the lifeblood of billions of individual life forms all over

our planet.

And I could even argue that you, Emily, and you, Joe, are walking examples of mutualism.

Your gut bacteria needs a nice place to live and some food and in exchange, you get help

digesting your lunch.

These relationships, they give me so much more respect for the power of natural selection

and evolution.

I mean, there's no direction or intent, right?

These ants and these caterpillars, they're not conscious that they're helping each other.

Yet nature is still able to weave these beautiful and intricate webs.

Absolutely!

And one of the reasons that we made this series is that we wanted to look at nature more holistically,

right?

It's not just individual animals or specific places, but relationships.

Even conservationists have forgotten this in the past.

Sometimes looking at things, species by species.

And we can't forget these links.

It's not just lions.

It's not just bison.

It's not just humans.

We are all connected.

But you look at a small thing and you're like, well, that must be simple.

But in reality, they're both equally complicated.

It requires the entire mountain for them to exist.

So they're big.

They're the size of the mountain.

And next time we'll be bringing you another story of these intricate webs in nature.

One that connects a pile of elephant dung in Africa to a football stadium in California.

There's bugs.

Hey guys, quick question.

Have you checked out Out Of Our Elements yet?

That's a new series on PBS Terra that explores the molecular stories underpinning our everyday,

natural world.

From the first molecule in the universe to the water that we drink, Out Of Our Elements

shows that if you look closely enough, what may seem familiar can actually be extraordinary.

You can check it out in the link down in the description and be sure to tell them that

I sent you.

Learn languages from TV shows, movies, news, articles and more! Try LingQ for FREE

These Butt-Tickling Ants Are Endangered Butterfly Bodyguards | IN OUR NATURE ||Kitzelnden|||||||| Diese arschkitzelnden Ameisen sind gefährdete Schmetterlingswächter | IN UNSERER NATUR Estas hormigas que pican el culo son guardaespaldas de mariposas en peligro de extinción | EN NUESTRA NATURALEZA Ces fourmis piqueuses de fesses sont les gardes du corps des papillons en voie de disparition | DANS NOTRE NATURE Queste formiche che fanno il solletico alle chiappe sono guardie del corpo delle farfalle in via di estinzione | NELLA NOSTRA NATURA お尻をくすぐるアリは絶滅危惧種の蝶のボディガード|IN OUR NATURE Šios užpakaliuką kutenančios skruzdėlės yra nykstančių drugelių asmens sargybiniai | MŪSŲ NATŪRA Deze kont-kietelende mieren zijn bedreigde vlinder lijfwachten | IN ONZE NATUUR Te łaskoczące mrówki są zagrożonymi ochroniarzami motyli | W NASZEJ PRZYRODZIE Estas formigas que fazem cócegas nas nádegas são guarda-costas de borboletas em vias de extinção | NA NOSSA NATUREZA Эти щекочущие муравьи - телохранители бабочек, находящиеся под угрозой исчезновения | В НАШЕЙ ПРИРОДЕ Dessa rumpkittlande myror är utrotningshotade fjärilsbodyguards | I VÅR NATUR Bu Kıç Gıdıklayan Karıncalar Nesli Tükenmekte Olan Kelebek Korumaları | DOĞAMIZDA 这些屁股痒痒的蚂蚁是濒临灭绝的蝴蝶保镖我们的本性 這些屁股癢癢的螞蟻是瀕臨滅絕的蝴蝶保鑣我們的本性

The Serengeti is one of the richest ecosystems on Earth, but surviving out here is not easy. El Serengeti es uno de los ecosistemas más ricos de la Tierra, pero sobrevivir aquí no es fácil. セレンゲティは地球上で最も豊かな生態系のひとつだが、ここで生き延びるのは容易ではない。 De Serengeti is een van de rijkste ecosystemen op aarde, maar hier overleven is niet eenvoudig.

You've got lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, crocs, and that's just the stuff with sharp |||Geparden|||Krokodile||||||| Tienes leones, guepardos, leopardos, hienas, cocodrilos, y eso es sólo lo que tiene filo. ライオン、チーター、ヒョウ、ハイエナ、クロコがいる。

teeth.

You've also got giant elephants, rhinos, buffalo to worry about too. También hay que preocuparse por los elefantes gigantes, los rinocerontes y los búfalos. 巨大なゾウやサイ、バッファローの心配もしなければならない。

Hippos, you definitely don't want to run into the hippos. Nilpferde||||||||| Nilpferde wollen Sie auf keinen Fall treffen. Hipopótamos, definitivamente no querrás toparte con los hipopótamos. カバには絶対に遭遇したくない。 Бегемоти, ви точно не захочете зіткнутися з бегемотами.

They kill more people every year than sharks, which is a fact that continues to blow my Sie töten jedes Jahr mehr Menschen als Haie, eine Tatsache, die mich immer wieder überrascht. Cada año matan a más personas que los tiburones, un hecho que me sigue sorprendiendo. サメは毎年、サメよりも多くの人を殺している。

mind.

And that's just the big stuff. Y eso es sólo lo importante. そして、それは大きなものだけだ。

There are countless little bugs who just love the opportunity to take a big old belly full Hay innumerables bichitos a los que les encanta la oportunidad de tomar un gran 腹いっぱい食べるのが大好きな小さな虫は数え切れないほどいる。 Есть бесчисленное множество маленьких жуков, которые просто обожают возможность наесться большим старым животом.

of your blood, or maybe lay a few parasite eggs under your skin. de tu sangre, o tal vez poner algunos huevos de parásito bajo tu piel. あるいは、皮膚の下に寄生虫の卵を産み付けるかもしれない。

What's going on? どうしたんだ?

Just a swarm of Tsetse flies inside the vehicle. ||||Tsetsefliegen|||| Sólo un enjambre de moscas tsetsé dentro del vehículo. ただ、車内にはツェツェバエの大群がいた。 Slechts een zwerm Tseetseevliegen vliegt in het voertuig. Просто рой цеце летит внутрь машины.

Nothing to worry about. 何も心配することはない。

Surviving out here is hardcore, but it's easier if you don't go it alone. ここで生き残るのは筋金入りだが、一人でなければ簡単だ。 Hier overleven is hardcore, maar het is makkelijker als je het niet alleen doet.

Today, we're going to look at some stories where species cooperate to help each other Hoy vamos a ver algunas historias en las que las especies cooperan para ayudarse mutuamente

survive.

If you know what you're looking for, you can find these relationships everywhere. Si sabes lo que buscas, puedes encontrar estas relaciones en todas partes. 探しているものがわかっていれば、こうした関係はどこにでもある。

And we're also going to look at what happens when these alliances get a little out of balance. Y también vamos a ver qué ocurre cuando estas alianzas se desequilibran un poco. そして、これらの同盟関係が少しバランスを崩したときに何が起こるかについても見ていくつもりだ。 И мы также собираемся посмотреть, что происходит, когда эти союзы немного выходят из равновесия.

Teamwork makes the dream work and it's a good way not to die. El trabajo en equipo hace que el sueño funcione y es una buena forma de no morir. チームワークが夢を実現させる。 Работа в команде заставляет мечту работать, и это хороший способ не умереть.

You guys know what makes this show work? ¿Saben qué hace que este programa funcione? 君たちは、この番組がうまくいっている理由を知っているか?

Post-production team? Postproduktions-Team? ポストプロダクション・チーム?

Yeah, I was going to say, producer Amanda? |||||||Produzentin Amanda Sí, iba a decir, ¿productora Amanda? プロデューサーのアマンダ?

I'll acknowledge, my jokes are a big part of it guys. |anerkennen||||||||| Lo reconozco, mis bromas son una gran parte de ello chicos. 僕のジョークが大きな部分を占めていることは認めるよ。

I know, but it's teamwork.

And what makes teamwork work? チームワークを機能させるものは何か?

I can't just ask you guys to do stuff for me. No puedo pediros que hagáis cosas por mí. 君たちに頼みごとをするわけにはいかないんだ。

I have to do something for you in return. Tengo que hacer algo por ti a cambio. お返しに何かしてあげないといけない。

You scratch my back. Me rascas la espalda. あなたは私の背中を掻く。

I'll scratch yours. 私が引っ掻く

You know, I'm not really comfortable with scratching |||||wohlfühlend|| Sabes, no me siento muy cómodo rascándome 引っ掻くのは苦手なんだ

your back, Trace. ||verfolgen トレース、君の背中だ。

Joe, it's an expression. ジョー、それは表現なんだ。

Cooperation within species, that's one thing, right? Die Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der Arten ist eine Sache, oder? La cooperación entre especies es una cosa, ¿no? 種の中での協力、それはひとつのことだろう?

But what about cooperation between species? Aber wie sieht es mit der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Arten aus? Pero, ¿qué ocurre con la cooperación entre especies? しかし、種間の協力についてはどうだろうか?

Insects, pollinating flowers, and that kind of thing? |bestäubend|||||| 昆虫とか、花の受粉とか、そういうこと?

Totally. まったくだ。

That's a classic example, right? 典型的な例だろう?

The flower gives the insect some pollen or nectar to eat and the insect helps the flower

make baby flowers. ベビーフラワーを作る

The technical term for this kind of relationship is called a mutualism. |||||||||||Wechselbeziehung De technische term voor dit soort relaties wordt mutualisme genoemd.

It's sort of any relationship where both species get a benefit. Es una especie de relación en la que ambas especies obtienen un beneficio. 両方の種族が利益を得るような関係だ。

And if you go looking for these mutualisms and just about any ecosystem on Earth, you |||||||Wechselbeziehungen|||||||| Y si vas en busca de estos mutualismos y casi cualquier ecosistema en la Tierra, que En als je op zoek gaat naar deze mutualismen en zowat elk ecosysteem op aarde, dan ben je

can get some pretty weird examples. kann man ziemlich seltsame Beispiele finden. puede obtener ejemplos bastante extraños. はかなり奇妙な例を得ることができる。

Acacia trees are an iconic site across the African Savannah. ||||ikonisch||||| Akazienbäume sind ein Wahrzeichen der afrikanischen Savanne. Las acacias son un icono de la sabana africana. アカシアの木はアフリカのサバンナを象徴する場所だ。 Деревья акации являются знаковым местом в африканской саванне.

These fractal, river-like branches and broad, wide canopies with all their leaves clustered |fraktale|||||||Blätterdächer||||| Diese fraktalen, flussähnlichen Äste und die breiten, weiten Baumkronen mit den vielen Blättern, die sich aneinanderreihen Estas ramas fractales y fluviales y las amplias copas con todas sus hojas agrupadas フラクタルな、川のような枝と、すべての葉が集まった広く広いキャノピー。 Эти фрактальные, похожие на реку ветви и широкие, широкие навесы со всеми их листьями, сгруппированными

up top, as if they're reaching for the sun, you get to know how they get that shape. arriba, como si buscaran el sol, se llega a saber cómo consiguen esa forma. まるで太陽に向かって伸びているかのような上半身は、どうやってあの形になったのかがわかる。

The gardener does it. |der Gärtner|| Lo hace el jardinero. 庭師がやるんだ。

One of those snippers that you can get at the hardware store, the really big one. |||Eine dieser Scheren|||||||||||| Eine dieser Scheren, die man im Baumarkt kaufen kann, die ganz großen. Una de esas tijeras que puedes comprar en la ferretería, de las grandes. 金物屋で売っているスニッパーのひとつで、すごく大きいやつだ。 Een van die snippers die je bij de bouwmarkt kunt krijgen, de hele grote. Один из тех ножниц, которые можно купить в хозяйственном магазине, очень большой.

There's just one person doing that all day long. Sólo hay una persona haciendo eso todo el día.

I want that job. Quiero ese trabajo.

It's actually because of this: Nature's hedge trimmers. |||||||Heckenscheren der Natur En realidad es por esto: Los cortasetos de la naturaleza.

Acacia trees look like that because that's how high a giraffe can reach. Las acacias tienen ese aspecto porque es la altura que puede alcanzar una jirafa.

Those are the only leafs left. ||||Blätter| Das sind die einzigen verbliebenen Blätter. Esas son las únicas hojas que quedan.

Once you get up close to an Acacia, you're really going to wonder why anything would Una vez que te acercas a una Acacia, realmente te vas a preguntar por qué algo podría アカシアを間近で見ると、なぜこんなものが......と思うことだろう。

go through the trouble of trying to eat it Out here, we're surrounded by Acacias. ||||||||||||||Akazienbäume pasar por la molestia de tratar de comer aquí, estamos rodeados de Acacias. ここはアカシアに囲まれているんだ。

And the one thing I've noticed about them is they are covered in thorns, but the giraffes Y la única cosa que he notado acerca de ellos es que están cubiertos de espinas, pero las jirafas

are still eating on them like it's not a problem. siguen comiendo en ellos como si no fuera un problema.

They just don't care. Simplemente no les importa.

Giraffes are so well adapted with that long tongue and they sort of get that tongue through Las jirafas están tan bien adaptadas con esa lengua larga y como que pasan esa lengua a través de

the thorns and can still get out the leafs. las espinas y aún puede sacar las hojas.

In the Serengeti, everything is mean. |||||durchschnittlich In der Serengeti ist alles gemein. En el Serengeti, todo es mezquino. セレンゲティでは、すべてが意地悪なのだ。

Some Acacias are a little meaner than others. Algunas Acacias son un poco más malas que otras. アカシアの中には少し意地悪なものもある。

It's not a meal I would take, but we have another type of Acacia over here. No es una comida que yo tomaría, pero aquí tenemos otro tipo de Acacia. でも、こっちには別の種類のアカシアがあるんだ。 Я бы не стала есть, но у нас есть другой вид акации.

It's still covered in thorns. まだ棘だらけだ。 Он все еще покрыт шипами.

This one's really interesting. Это действительно интересно.

This is called a whistling thorn, and it's adapted a really interesting relationship ||||Pfeifenakazie|Dorn||||||| Esto se llama una espina silbante, y ha adaptado una relación realmente interesante Это называется свистящий шип, и он адаптировал действительно интересные отношения.

with ants.

So these are little ant houses. Así que estos son pequeños hormigueros.

Basically.

You can see them all around.

Ant houses built right into the tree. アリの家は木に埋め込まれている。

This little Acacia grows these nodules, especially when they're young like this and inside of Esta pequeña Acacia crece estos nódulos, especialmente cuando son jóvenes como este y dentro de この小さなアカシアはこのような結節を作る。 Эта маленькая акация выращивает эти узелки, особенно когда они такие молодые и внутри

those nodules live ants, an entire colony of ants in this tree. |Knoten|||||||||| その結節にはアリが住んでおり、この木にはアリのコロニー全体がある。 в этих узелках живут муравьи, целая колония муравьев на этом дереве.

You got ants in your plants? ¿Tienes hormigas en tus plantas? 植物にアリがいるのか?

Dad joke, check. Chiste de papá, comprobado. オヤジジョーク、チェック。

You only have to change one word in a dad joke to make it a bad joke. Basta con cambiar una palabra en un chiste de padres para que sea un chiste malo. パパ・ジョークの単語をひとつ変えるだけで、悪いジョークになる。 Вам нужно всего лишь изменить одно слово в шутке про папу, чтобы она стала плохой шуткой.

One letter even. Incluso una letra. 一文字でも。

Young plants need all the protection they can get out here with all the browsers. ||||||||||||||Fressfeinde Las plantas jóvenes necesitan toda la protección que puedan conseguir aquí con todos los navegadores. 若い植物は、ブラウザーが多いここでは、あらゆる保護が必要だ。 Jonge planten hebben alle bescherming nodig die ze hier kunnen krijgen met alle browsers. Молодым растениям нужна вся защита, которую они могут получить здесь со всеми браузерами.

And this is like a super evolution of protection. そして、これはプロテクションの超進化のようなものだ。

This is just swarming with ants, and this would send a very clear signal. Esto es sólo un enjambre de hormigas, y esto enviaría una señal muy clara. これはまさにアリが群がっている状態であり、非常に明確なシグナルを発している。 Это просто кишит муравьями, и это было бы очень четким сигналом.

If you're a giraffe trying to munch on this, I have a feeling you'd pick a different plant. ||||||essen||||||||||| Si fueras una jirafa intentando masticar esto, tengo la sensación de que elegirías otra planta. もしあなたがキリンなら、これをムシャムシャ食べようとしたら、別の植物を選ぶような気がする。 Если бы вы были жирафом, пытающимся полакомиться этим, у меня такое чувство, что вы бы выбрали другое растение.

The minute you disturb the plant, all these ants are going to come rushing out. En cuanto alteres la planta, todas estas hormigas saldrán corriendo. 植物の邪魔をした途端、アリが大挙して押し寄せてくる。 Как только вы потревожите растение, все эти муравьи выскочат наружу.

I mean, the thorns are a big message, but the ants are a double no for me. Quiero decir, las espinas son un gran mensaje, pero las hormigas son un doble no para mí. つまり、棘は大きなメッセージだが、蟻は私にとってはダブル・ノーなのだ。 Я имею в виду, что шипы — это большое послание, но муравьи — это двойное «нет» для меня.

So let me make sure I've got this. Así que déjame asegurarme de que tengo esto. では、これを確認しておこう。

You said mutualism requires bolt species to get a benefit. ||||Bolt-1||||| Dijiste que el mutualismo requiere que las especies perno obtengan un beneficio. あなたは相互主義にはボルトの種が利益を得ることが必要だと言った。

The plant gets protection from hungry stuff and the ants get a tree house. La planta se protege del hambre y las hormigas tienen una casa en el árbol. 植物は飢えたものから守られ、アリは木の家を手に入れる。

Exactly.

And there's even more going on here. Y aún hay más. そして、ここにはまだ続きがある。

That's incredible.

So the plant gives them a place to live, And in return, it gets protection. Die Pflanze bietet ihnen also einen Platz zum Leben, und im Gegenzug erhält sie Schutz. Así que la planta les da un lugar para vivir, Y a cambio, obtiene protección.

But there's even more because the plant, if you look down there, provides little nodules Pero hay aún más porque la planta, si miras ahí abajo, proporciona pequeños nódulos しかし、それ以上に、この植物は、下を見ると小さな結節を提供している。

that the cream sugar... そのクリームシュガーは

It just came in and took a little drop of nectar off the base. Sólo entró y tomó una gotita de néctar de la base. それはちょうど入ってきて、根元から蜜を少し落としただけだった。 Он просто пришел и взял с основания маленькую каплю нектара.

It's incredible.

Not only does this Acacia give the ants a place to live, it actually feeds them too, Esta acacia no sólo proporciona a las hormigas un lugar donde vivir, sino que también las alimenta, このアカシアはアリに住む場所を与えるだけでなく、実際にアリにも餌を与える、

in return for protection.

What's really crazy to me is neither of these organisms is conscious that they're in this 私にとって本当にクレイジーなのは、どちらの生物も自分がこの中にいることを意識していないことだ。

mutualistic relationship, the plants, they don't even have brains. wechselseitig||||||||

I know, they just evolved this way, adapting and trying to survive and you get this. 彼らは適応し、生き残るためにこのように進化したんだ。

It's crazy.

I love natural selection.

You should get that on a T-shirt. Вы должны получить это на футболке.

So anything that tries to take a bite, these ants are going to say, "No thanks, not at Así que cualquier cosa que intente morder, estas hormigas van a decir: "No, gracias, no en...". そのため、蟻が齧ろうとするものには、「遠慮する。

our house". 私たちの家」。

This is a great example of [crosstalk 00:05:47] both getting a benefit.

When there's so many other things, why would you waste your time? 他にもいろいろあるのに、どうして時間を無駄にするんだ?

The last thing you'd want is ants on your tongue. 舌にアリがつくのは一番避けたいことだ。

We'll leave him alone. 彼を放っておこう。

We're not hungry. No tenemos hambre. 腹は減っていない。

Go about your ant business. Kümmern Sie sich um Ihr Ameisengeschäft. Ocúpate de tus asuntos de hormiga. アリの仕事をしろ Займитесь своими муравьиными делами.

But why is it called a whistling thorn? しかし、なぜ口笛とげと呼ばれるのか? Но почему его называют свистящим шипом?

Excellent question.

So it turns out, in addition to being an awesome photographer and filmmaker and safari guide, つまり、素晴らしい写真家であり、映画制作者であり、サファリガイドでもあることがわかった、

Jahawi is also a really talented musician too. Jahawi(1)||||||| ジャハウィも本当に才能のあるミュージシャンだ。

The interesting thing is that when you get really good wind coming through here, through Lo interesante es que cuando tienes muy buen viento que viene a través de aquí, a través de

these little nodules, it acts like a whistle. この小さな結節は、笛のような働きをする。

So all of a sudden the whole tree starts to whistle. Entonces, de repente, todo el árbol empieza a silbar. すると突然、木全体が口笛を吹き始めた。

All those little holes that the ants are coming in and out of are like a little flute.

It's creates a flute. |||Es erzeugt eine Flöte.

That's why it's called a whistling thorn.

A thorn! ¡Una espina!

Guys.

Okay.

It wasn't very windy. 風はあまり強くなかった。

I'm sorry.

I don't control the weather, but it is totally true. 私は天候をコントロールできないが、まったくその通りだ。

I would never lie to my teammates. ||||||Mannschaftskameraden

So the Serengeti is also home to one of the most iconic and awesome mutualisms in the セレンゲティには、世界でも最も象徴的で素晴らしい相互作用のひとつがある。 Таким образом, Серенгети также является домом для одного из самых знаковых и удивительных мутуализмов в мире.

animal kingdom.

Those are these birds.

They're called honeyguides. ||Honigführer 彼らはハニーガイドと呼ばれている。

And I guess their name kind of tells you what they do. Y supongo que su nombre te dice lo que hacen. その名前が彼らの仕事を物語っていると思う。

The bird locates a beehive, but it can't get to the honey on account of all the angry bees. ||findet||Bienenstock|||||||||||||| El pájaro localiza una colmena, pero no puede llegar a la miel por culpa de todas las abejas enfurecidas.

So it calls to the honey badger in however honey badgers and honeyguides communicate, ||||||||||||Honiganzeiger| Así que llama al tejón de la miel como se comunican los tejones y los guías de la miel, だから、ハニーバガーとハニーガイドがどのようにコミュニケーションをとるかで、ハニーバガーに呼びかけるのだ、

I don't know.

I don't speak bird.

Come on over. Komm mal|| Ven aquí. こっちに来て。

I got some food. Tengo algo de comida.

I'll be right there. Voy para allá. すぐに行くよ。

And the honey badger follows the honeyguide over to the hive. |||Honigdachs|||Honiganzeiger||||Bienenstock Y el tejón de la miel sigue al guía hasta la colmena. そして、ハニーアナグマはハニーガイドの後を追って巣箱に向かう。

Somehow, both species know that there are these delicious treats at the end of this |||||||||Leckereien||||| どういうわけか、どちらの種族もこの先には美味しいご馳走があることを知っている。 Каким-то образом оба вида знают, что в конце этой трапезы есть вкусные угощения.

trip.

So the honey badger breaks open the hive, eats its fill of delicious honey. Así que el tejón de la miel abre la colmena y se come su deliciosa miel. そこでハニー・アグマは巣を壊し、おいしい蜂蜜をお腹いっぱい食べる。

Then the bird comes in, gets its own meal of wax and larva and honey, all because the そして、鳥がやってきて、ワックスや幼虫や蜂蜜を自分の食事にする。 Затем прилетает птица, получает свою порцию воска, личинок и меда, и все потому, что

honey badger did the hard work.

Sure, the honey badger don't give a you know what, but it can lend a helping hand. Sicher|||||||verdammt||||||leihen||| Sicher, der Honigdachs interessiert sich nicht für irgendetwas, aber er kann eine helfende Hand reichen. Seguro que al tejón melero no le importa nada, pero puede echar una mano. 確かに、ハニー・バッジャーは何もしてくれないが、手を貸すことはできる。

A helping paw. Eine helfende Pfote. Una pata que ayuda. 助けの手。 Помогающая лапа.

Classic mutualism. Klassischer Mutualismus. 古典的な相互主義。

Each species is getting a benefit.

Okay, I've got one more. じゃあ、もう1つ。

And this one gets at a big unanswered question underlying all of these mutualistic relationships. |||||||||||||mutualistischen| Y ésta aborda una gran pregunta sin respuesta que subyace a todas estas relaciones mutualistas. そしてこの一件は、これらすべての相互主義的関係の根底にある、答えのない大きな疑問に迫っている。

You guys ever wonder how a giraffe scratches its neck? |ihr|||||||| ¿Os habéis preguntado alguna vez cómo se rasca el cuello una jirafa? キリンがどうやって首を掻くのか、不思議に思ったことはないかい? Ви коли-небудь замислювалися над тим, як жирафа чухає шию?

That is your big unanswered question? それがあなたの大きな疑問なのですか?

Okay.

Actually, no, that is not the question.

But I'm asking this one before I get to the important one. Pero pregunto esta antes de llegar a la importante. でも、大事なことを聞く前にこのことを聞いているんだ。

How do they scratch their neck?

They don't, they actually have these little birds do it for them. そうではなく、小鳥たちにやってもらっているのだ。

These cute little flappy flaps, flappy flaps? |||flatternden|Flügel|| Estas lindas solapas, ¿solapas? このかわいいフラッピー・フラップ、フラッピー・フラップ? Deze schattige flappy flappen, flappy flappen? Эти милые маленькие лоскутки, хлопчатобумажные лоскуты?

I don't think we call birds flappy flaps. No creo que a los pájaros les llamemos aletas.

Flappy flaps.

I like it.

These cute little feathery friends are called oxpeckers and their name also tells you what |niedlichen||federigen||||Madenhacker||||||| Estos simpáticos amiguitos emplumados se llaman pájaros carpinteros y su nombre también indica lo que son.

they do, but they don't just live on oxen. lo hacen, pero no sólo viven de los bueyes.

You'll pretty much find them on the backs of any four-legged, plant-eating animal on |||||||||irgendeinem|||||| Se encuentran en el lomo de cualquier animal de cuatro patas que se alimente de plantas. Вы можете найти их на спине любого четвероногого растительноядного животного.

the Savannah.

So they sit on the backs of grazing animals, and they eat ticks and worms and even grow |||||||weidenden|||||Zecken||Würmer|||wachsen Так они сидят на спинах пасущихся животных, едят клещей и червей и даже растут

stuff like scabs and ear wax and those little buggers you get in the corner of your eye. ||Krusten|||||||Dinger|||||||| cosas como costras y cera de los oídos y esos bichitos que te salen en el rabillo del ojo. かさぶたとか、耳垢とか、目尻にできる小さな虫とかね。 такие вещи, как струпья и ушная сера, и эти маленькие жучки, которые появляются в уголках глаз.

I mean, that happens to animals too. Eso también les pasa a los animales. つまり、それは動物にも起こることなんだ。

Yeah.

Fun fact, they actually will roost in the nether regions of giraffes too. |||||nisten|||unteren|||Giraffen| Como dato curioso, también se posan en las regiones inferiores de las jirafas. 面白いことに、実はキリンもねぐらにする。 Leuk weetje, ze zullen ook in de lagere regionen van giraffen gaan slapen.

That is a very fun fact.

The oxpecker gets their food and their yummies and the host gets cleaned off and stays healthy. |Ochsenpicker|||||||||Wirt|||||| ウシツツキは餌とおいしいものを手に入れ、宿主は汚れを落として健康を維持する。 De ossenpik krijgt hun eten en hun yummies en de gastheer wordt schoongemaakt en blijft gezond.

And sometimes the oxpeckers will even warn their hosts that predators are nearby. ||||||||||||in der Nähe Y a veces los pájaros carpinteros incluso avisan a sus anfitriones de que hay depredadores cerca. そして時には、捕食者が近くにいることを宿主に警告することもある。

Hey, there's a lion!

But in like, bird speak. Aber|||| Aber sozusagen, Vogel sprechen. でも、鳥の言葉のようにね。

This is an obvious win-win mutualism, right?, Well, it's actually not always that simple. Das ist ein offensichtlicher Gewinn-Gewinn-Mutualismus, oder? Nun, es ist eigentlich nicht immer so einfach.

And this is the big unanswered question. Und das ist die große unbeantwortete Frage. そして、これが大きな未解決の問題である。

What keeps these mutualisms going? このような相互主義を支えているものは何だろうか?

Yeah.

I mean, now that you mention it, it seems like it would be pretty easy for one half そう言われてみれば、片割れにとっては簡単なことのように思えるが......。

of the relationship to become a freeloader. ||||||Schmarotzer フリーローダーとなる関係の。

Right?

Getting a benefit without having to do any other work. Obtener una prestación sin tener que hacer ningún otro trabajo. 他の仕事をすることなく利益を得る。

I was thinking the same thing, like if a butterfly decides to get the nectar, but it doesn't Yo estaba pensando lo mismo, como si una mariposa decide obtener el néctar, pero no lo hace 私も同じことを考えていた。蝶が蜜を取ろうと決めたのに、取らなかったとしたら......。

do any pollinating or if the ants, live rent free inside the Acacia, but they stop protecting polinizar o si las hormigas, viven libres de alquiler dentro de la Acacia, pero dejan de proteger 受粉をしたり、もしアリがアカシアの中で自由に生活していたら、アリはアカシアを守るのをやめるだろう。

the plant from hungry animals somehow. la planta de los animales hambrientos de alguna manera. 飢えた動物から植物を守るためだ。

Right.

Mutualisms require a balance, but it might, sometimes, be easier to cheat. |||||||||||betrügen Los mutualismos requieren un equilibrio, pero a veces es más fácil hacer trampas.

Actually when scientists study these oxpeckers, they noticed that when there wasn't enough En realidad, cuando los científicos estudian estos oxpeckers, se dieron cuenta de que cuando no había suficiente 実際、科学者たちがこのオシゲラを研究したところ、オシゲラの数が十分でないことに気づいた。

bugs and worms and nasty stuff to eat. 虫とかミミズとか、嫌なものを食べるんだ。

They would pack new wounds in the backs of their hosts and drink their blood. Hacían nuevas heridas en las espaldas de sus anfitriones y bebían su sangre. 彼らは宿主の背中に新しい傷を詰め、その血を飲む。

What, like vampire birds? 吸血鬼の鳥とか?

We're talking about Nosferatu? ¿Estamos hablando de Nosferatu? We hebben het over Nosferatu?

But there is a way to keep this in balance. Pero hay una forma de mantener el equilibrio. しかし、このバランスを保つ方法はある。

The host never quite lets the oxpecker get comfortable enough to do its job. El anfitrión nunca deja que el oxpecker se sienta lo suficientemente cómodo como para hacer su trabajo. ホストはオスペッカーが仕事をするのに十分な快適さを決して与えない。

They're always swatting and shaking and flicking their ear so the bird never gets totally comfortable ||schnipsen||||schnipsen||||||||| Siempre están golpeando, sacudiendo y agitando la oreja para que el pájaro nunca se sienta del todo cómodo. 彼らはいつも耳を叩いたり、揺すったり、はじいたりするので、鳥は完全に落ち着くことができない。

unless it's doing its good grooming behavior. |||||Pflegeverhalten| a menos que esté haciendo su buen comportamiento de aseo. 毛づくろいをしているとき以外は。

So the host keeps the relationship as a mutualism and doesn't let the bird become a parasite. ||||||||||||||||Parasitismus Así que el huésped mantiene la relación como un mutualismo y no deja que el ave se convierta en un parásito. つまり、宿主は相互扶助の関係を保ち、鳥を寄生させないのだ。

Right.

And we can totally see these organisms working together, but not all of the mutualisms that そして、我々はこれらの生物が協力し合っているのを見ることができる。

are out there are easy to find. を見つけるのは簡単だ。

Some of them are a little more complex, easy ones are like trees, right? もう少し複雑なものもあるし、簡単なものは木のようなものだろう?

They grow fruits so animals will eat them and distribute seeds. 果実を育てるので動物に食べられ、種がばらまかれる。

Yeah.

Something that you can't see, but there's like plants give off oxygen and animals give

off carbon dioxide. de dióxido de carbono.

Exactly.

All of these relationships are pretty easy to find, easy to understand, but some mutualisms

aren't so easy to see and they can be way more intricate and complex. |||||||||||kompliziert|| しかし、そう簡単には見えない。

Just off the 101 highway around San Francisco lives this butterfly. |||Autobahn|||||| サンフランシスコ周辺の高速道路101号線のすぐ脇に、この蝶が生息している。

It's beautiful, it's shimmery, flits around flower to flower living his little butterfly ||||flattert|||||||| Es hermosa, es brillante, revolotea de flor en flor viviendo su pequeña mariposa Het is prachtig, het glinstert, fladdert van bloem tot bloem en leeft zijn kleine vlinder

life.

I didn't know something so pretty could be so tiny. こんなに可愛いものがこんなに小さいなんて知らなかった。

It is a cute little butterfly. かわいい小さな蝶だ。

Yeah.

It's called the mission blue. |||Mission| ミッションブルーと呼ばれている。

And if you see one in the wild, you're super lucky. そして、もし野生のものを見かけたら、あなたは超ラッキーだ。

But what I want to show you today, doesn't really involve looking for the adult butterfly. Pero lo que quiero mostrarte hoy, no implica realmente buscar la mariposa adulta. しかし、今日お見せしたいのは、蝶の成虫を探すことではない。

It's about the caterpillar. |||Raupe イモムシの話だ。

To find these caterpillars, we had to go to one of only three places in the world where このイモムシを見つけるためには、世界で3か所しかないイモムシの生息地に行かなければならなかった。

these butterflies live.

Not actually that hill, it's this other hill over here, San Bruno mountain. |||||||||||San Bruno| あの丘じゃなくて、こっちの丘、サンブルーノ山だよ。

We're talking about a seriously rare habitat. ||||||Lebensraum Estamos hablando de un hábitat muy raro. 私たちが話しているのは、非常に珍しい生息地についてだ。

You couldn't just go there any time. No podías ir allí en cualquier momento. いつでも行けるわけではない。

Mission blue caterpillars, they're only feeding for a few weeks of their year long lifecycle. Die blauen Raupen der Mission füttern nur ein paar Wochen ihres einjährigen Lebenszyklus. Las orugas azules de la misión sólo se alimentan durante unas pocas semanas de su ciclo vital, que dura un año.

So we had to come to this specific mountain, on this specific day, and we would check in だから、特定の日に、特定の山に来なければならなかった。

daily to see if volunteers and park rangers had spotted any mission blue caterpillar's diariamente para ver si los voluntarios y los guardas del parque habían avistado alguna oruga azul misión

on the three species of plant that they live on for their entire life.

This is like the definition of a micro habitat. Das ist sozusagen die Definition eines Mikrohabitats. これはマイクロ・ハビタットの定義のようなものだ。

Yes!

And everything had to come together perfectly. Y todo tenía que salir a la perfección.

So one day we got this call from our guide, Kira. ||||||||||Kira (1) Así que un día recibimos una llamada de nuestra guía, Kira. ある日、ガイドのキラからこんな電話があった。

She found caterpillars on the lupins, that's the type of plant. |||||Lupinen||||| Encontró orugas en los altramuces, ese es el tipo de planta. 彼女はルピナスに毛虫を見つけた。

And the next day we're on San Bruno mountain on a caterpillar. Y al día siguiente estamos en la montaña de San Bruno en una oruga. そして翌日はサンブルーノ山でキャタピラ。

I don't like to be this close to the ground. |||||||||Boden No me gusta estar tan cerca del suelo. こんなに地面に近いのは好きじゃない。

I don't think I've ever spent this much time looking at one plant. Creo que nunca he pasado tanto tiempo mirando una planta. ひとつの植物にこれほど時間をかけたことはなかったと思う。

Welcome to my world.

I have no idea what I'm looking for, but I feel like I should at least try to look. No tengo ni idea de lo que busco, pero siento que al menos debería intentar buscar. 何を探しているのか全然わからないけど、少なくとも探してみるべきだと思っている。

We spent the next half day down in the dirt, looking for a very well camouflaged caterpillar Pasamos el siguiente medio día en la tierra, en busca de una oruga muy bien camuflado 私たちはそれから半日、土の中でとてもうまくカモフラージュされた毛虫を探した。

that was like the size of my pinky nail. |||||||kleinen Finger| que era como del tamaño de la uña de mi dedo meñique. それは私の小指の爪ほどの大きさだった。

And luckily for us, we found some. |zum Glück||||| そして幸運なことに、いくつか見つけた。

These creatures spend almost their entire existence on a single plant. これらの生き物は、ほぼ一生を一つの植物で過ごす。

But when you see an adult mission blue flying around, that part of its life, is maybe two しかし、ミッション・ブルーの成鳥が飛び回っているのを見たとき、その一生は、おそらく2年程度だろう。

weeks max. |maximal 週間以内。

It's been alive for a year. 年前から生きている。

It's been alive for a year on the same plant. 同じ工場で1年間生きている。

So its entire life is wrapped up on what's going on in this one. Así que toda su vida está envuelta en lo que está pasando en este. だから、この試合で何が起こっているかに、その全生涯が包まれているんだ。

Talk about a small world. Hablando de un mundo pequeño.

So these caterpillars are on these lupins, but they weren't alone. つまり、これらの毛虫はルピンの上にいるのだが、彼らだけではなかったのだ。

They have this mutualistic secret weapon.

These guys, these are native California formicine ants. ||||||Formicinen| Estos tipos, son hormigas formicinas nativas de California. Deze jongens, dit zijn inheemse Californische mierenmieren.

And if you watch closely, you can see them tapping their little antenna on the caterpillar's Y si observas atentamente, puedes ver cómo golpean su pequeña antena en la oruga. よく見ると、イモムシの小さなアンテナを叩いているのが見える。

back.

It's like a little massage and it stimulates the caterpillar to squeeze out some sweet Es como un pequeño masaje y estimula a la oruga a exprimir un poco de dulce ちょっとしたマッサージのようなもので、イモムシを刺激して甘いものを絞り出させるのだ。

honeydew. Honigtau

It's a nutritious amino acid cocktail that the ants, they eat it to survive.

I feel like honeydew is a very generous word for what that looks like? Me parece que melazo es una palabra muy generosa para lo que parece... ハニーデュー(蜜柑)というのは、とても寛大な言葉のような気がするが?

They're squeezing sugar juice out of their butts. |||||||Hintern Están exprimiendo jugo de azúcar de sus traseros. 彼らはお尻から砂糖ジュースを絞っている。

Talk about pour some sugar on me. Hablando de echarme azúcar encima. 砂糖をかけてくれ。

Def Leppard was... caterpillars. Definieren|Leppard|| Def Leppard eran... orugas.

Okay, but that is not all that is going on here. しかし、ここで起こっていることはそれだけではない。

The caterpillar's really only have one job. イモムシの仕事は本当に一つしかない。

Which is to eat and get fat and poop like babies do. Que es comer, engordar y hacer caca como los bebés. 赤ちゃんのように食べて太ってウンチをすることだ。

As a dad, I'm very familiar with the concept. 父親として、私はこのコンセプトをよく知っている。

These big fat juicy caterpillars are delicious for predators, not just as a snack, but also Estas orugas gordas y jugosas son deliciosas para los depredadores, no sólo como tentempié, sino también

for caterpillar shaped incubators for parasitic wasps. |||Brutkästen||| para incubadoras en forma de oruga para avispas parásitas. 寄生バチ用のイモムシ型孵化器。

The wasps will actually lay eggs inside the caterpillar and when they hatch, the wasp ||||||||||||||Wespe

larvae eat their way out. 幼虫は食べて出て行く。

Amazing.

The caterpillars actually keep the ants around and give them the honeydew because the ants

will fight off the parasitic wasps, thus protecting the caterpillar's and their honeydew goodness. combatirá a las avispas parásitas, protegiendo así a las orugas y sus bondades melíferas.

Okay, let me get this straight. Okay, damit ich das richtig verstehe. Vale, a ver si lo entiendo. オーケー、はっきりさせておこう。

You've got this caterpillar that lives on this one hillside on this very specific plant Es gibt eine Raupe, die an diesem einen Hang an dieser ganz bestimmten Pflanze lebt Tienes esta oruga que vive en esta ladera en esta planta muy específica... このイモムシは、この丘の中腹に生息している。

that is friends with ants that are fighting off parasitic wasps that just want to lay

eggs and in its big chunky body? huevos y en su gran cuerpo fornido? 卵と、その大きながっしりした体?

Yep. Ja

That's it. Ya está.

Yep. Ja

And the caterpillar then grows up big and strong to become a tiny butterfly and start そして、イモムシは大きくたくましく成長し、小さな蝶になる。

the whole cycle again, thanks to the ants. 蟻のおかげで、このサイクルはまた繰り返される。

But it gets even weirder because if you think about it, the caterpillar is a parasite on ||||seltsamer|||||||||||| Pero se vuelve aún más extraño porque si lo piensas, la oruga es un parásito en しかし、さらに奇妙なことに、よく考えてみると、イモムシは、このイモムシに寄生しているのである。

the lupin because it's eating the lupin's leaves. el altramuz porque se está comiendo las hojas del altramuz. ルパンの葉を食べているからだ。

Once the caterpillar pupates and becomes a butterfly, it then switches its relationship |||verpuppiert||||||||| Una vez que la oruga pupa y se convierte en mariposa, entonces cambia su relación

to mutualistic, drinking the nectar and pollinating the plants. a mutualista, bebiendo el néctar y polinizando las plantas. 蜜を飲み、植物に受粉する。

It's super complex and cool, and if any, one thread of this little web disappears, everything Es supercomplejo y genial, y si desaparece un solo hilo de esta pequeña telaraña, todo

falls apart. se desmorona.

Wow, that is amazing!

Trace, how did you even get this footage? |||||||Aufnahmen Trace, ¿cómo conseguiste estas imágenes? トレース、どうやってこの映像を手に入れたんだ? Трейсе, як ти взагалі отримав ці кадри?

We have a friend up in the bay area who, this is all he does. Tenemos un amigo en el área de la bahía que, esto es todo lo que hace. ベイエリアに友人がいるんだけど、彼がやっているのはこれだけなんだ。

It's incredible stuff. 信じられないような内容だ。

And to be able to see this interaction and to get it on camera, it's pretty darn rare. Y poder ver esta interacción y grabarla en cámara, es bastante raro. そして、このようなやりとりを見ることができ、それをカメラに収めることができるのは、かなり稀なことだ。 En om deze interactie te kunnen zien en op camera te krijgen, is het vrij zeldzaam.

While we were putting this piece together, I kept asking experts and local volunteers この記事をまとめる間、私は専門家や地元のボランティアに尋ね続けた。

and guides about footage and clips, and it's not really something that people film. |||||Ausschnitte|||||||| y guías sobre metraje y clips, y en realidad no es algo que la gente filme. そして、映像やクリップについてのガイドもある。

This story that we're telling, these images of that ant tending its caterpillar teammate. ||||||||||pflegen||| 私たちが語っているこの物語は、アリがイモムシのチームメイトの世話をしている映像なのだ。

This might be some of the best footage of this interaction in existence, and it's an

important record of this relationship because these butterflies are actually at risk. Diese Beziehung muss unbedingt dokumentiert werden, denn diese Schmetterlinge sind tatsächlich gefährdet. これらの蝶は実際に危険にさらされているのだから。

I don't want to touch it or disturb it too much because they are endangered. 絶滅の危機に瀕しているから、あまり触りたくないし、邪魔もしたくない。

We have to watch where we step. Tenemos que mirar por dónde pisamos. 足元に気をつけなければならない。

I have to watch where all of our body parts are because we don't want to crush them. ||||||||||||||||zerdrücken| Tengo que vigilar dónde están todas las partes de nuestro cuerpo porque no queremos aplastarlas. 体をつぶしたくないから、体のすべての部位がどこにあるか気をつけなければならない。

One of the things that actually helped make them endangered, not just human activity in

terms of development, but also trampling. términos de desarrollo, sino también de atropello.

It's one of the ways that you can kill them.

You gotta be really careful. Tienes que tener mucho cuidado.

That legitimately gave me chills. |wirklich|||Gänsehaut Eso sí que me dio escalofríos. Від цього у мене аж мороз по шкірі пішов.

Did I forget to say that part? ¿Me olvidé de decir esa parte?

Yeah.

It's endangered too. También está en peligro.

And not only does the mission blue have this super complex web of relationships that all Y no sólo la misión azul tiene esta super compleja red de relaciones que todos 達成部隊は、この超複雑な関係のウェブを持っているだけでなく、

hinge on each other in this one place on the whole planet, but MB2 has been on the endangered abhängen|||||||||||||MB(1)||||| en este único lugar del planeta, pero MB2 ha estado en peligro de extinción この地球上のどこかでお互いに合わさるが、1976年以来MB2は絶滅危惧種リストに載っており、糸でつながっている。

species list since 1976, and it's hanging on by a thread. lista de especies desde 1976, y pende de un hilo. 1998年、この未知のカビがルピンに攻撃し、このカビが生息する唯一の植物である。

In 1998, this unknown fungus attacked the lupins, the one plant that it lives on, and |||Pilz||||||||||| En 1998, este hongo desconocido atacó a los altramuces, la única planta en la que vive, y 一つの場所でお互いに合わさるが、1976年以来MB2は絶滅危惧種リストに載っており、糸でつながっている。

almost wiped out the whole mission blue species. casi acabó con toda la especie azul de la misión.

It's been super tough.

The mission blue was actually named for San Francisco's Mission District. ||||||||San Franciscos|| El azul misión debe su nombre al barrio de la Misión de San Francisco.

Now one of the most popular neighborhoods in the city and we humans have sort of stranded Ahora uno de los barrios más populares de la ciudad y los seres humanos han tipo de varados

it on the outskirts of human developments and these little islands of nature. en las afueras de los desarrollos humanos y estas pequeñas islas de naturaleza.

And now to keep them in existence, we have to step in and take some responsibility for Y ahora, para que sigan existiendo, tenemos que intervenir y asumir parte de la responsabilidad de そして今、それらを存在させたままにするために、私たちは介入し、責任を負わなければなりません。

them and their mutualistic web of partners. そして彼らと彼らの相互作用するパートナーの網を維持するために。

Today, park rangers with the San Mateo Parks Department, the Golden Gate National Recreation ||||||San Mateo|||||||Verwaltung 今日、サンマテオパークスデパートメント、ゴールデンゲート国立レクリエーションといっしょにパークレンジャー。

Area, the National Park Service and volunteers all over the place are trying to save the

mission blue.

Every year they plant lupins and in that tiny window of time where the adults are flying 毎年、彼らはルピナスを植え、大人が飛んでいる間すべての窓を需要する短い時間のなかで。

around, but haven't laid eggs yet the Rangers capture them and release them in other parts

of the bay area to spread them around.

It is complicated because you're out, you aren't chasing around butterflies with a butterfly Es complicado porque estás fuera, no estás persiguiendo mariposas con una mariposa 複雑なのは、外に出て、蝶と一緒に蝶を追いかけていないからです。 Це складно, тому що ти на волі, ти не ганяєшся за метеликами з метеликом

net. そして、非常に注意して彼らを収め、氷の上に置くことが重要です。

And then it's a matter of very carefully containing them, putting them on ice, in coolers, and Y luego es cuestión de contenerlos con mucho cuidado, ponerlos en hielo, en neveras, y クーラーに入れます。 En dan is het een kwestie van ze heel voorzichtig in te sluiten, op ijs te zetten, in koelers en...

then driving them, moving them from one island of wild space in the bay area to another because luego conduciéndolos, trasladándolos de una isla de espacio salvaje en la zona de la bahía a otra porque

they can't cross these floss, the city, they need our help. ||||Flüsse|||||| no pueden cruzar estos hilos, la ciudad, necesitan nuestra ayuda. 彼らはこれらのフロスを越えることができません、市内を、彼らは私たちの助けが必要です。

One of the things we've been focusing on in terms of conservation is getting more of these 保護活動に関して重点を置いてきたことの1つは、これらをより多く取得することです。

different species of lupins planted and growing so that if, and when a meltdown like that |||||||||||||Schmelze|| diferentes especies de altramuces plantados y creciendo de modo que si, y cuando un deshielo como ese 埋没が起こった場合に備え、そして成長するように、さまざまな種類のルピンを植えることです verschillende soorten lupines geplant en groeien, zodat als, en wanneer zo'n kernsmelting

happens, that there's an alternative food source available and that the butterflies

don't palm it, the butterflies track right along with what the plants are doing. no lo palmes, las mariposas siguen la pista de lo que hacen las plantas. 手のひらでそれを押さえないでください、蝶々は植物の状況に応じて右へと移動します。

There's some variation throughout the site and that's what you want. Hay cierta variación en todo el sitio y eso es lo que uno quiere. サイト全体で多少の違いがあり、それが欲しいものです。

There's more variability, more diversity that builds for a stronger, more resilient butterfly より多様性があり、より多くの多様性が強く、より弾力性のある蝶々を育てます

population.

So by protecting the butterflies, they're protecting the lupins, the ants, it's everything.

Yeah.

Choosing which species to save from extinction isn't just about the species, it's also about

these relationships.

Without the butterflies, the lupins suffer, the ants suffer, and you could argue that

wasps might suffer too, their larvae.

They need to eat.

They're all connected.

When I watch this, I'm thinking, what is this footage going to be in the future?

Is it a time capsule of a future extinct species?

Or is this capturing the efforts that saved the mission blue?

When people start to develop a more intimate connection with the landscape around them,

with these wild spaces, it really reduces any sense of loneliness because if you can

look around and say, oh, I know that that's a lupin, and I know that the butterflies live

here, and I know that that's a California poppy, or I know that that's a golden violet ||||||||Mohnblume||||||||

and there's another rare butterfly that utilizes that.

All of a sudden, you're not just out here walking along the trail, you're out here with plötzlich||||||||||||||||

thousands of other things doing their thing and it's a much more exciting place to be.

It's an alive place.

Mutualism and symbiosis is really the lifeblood of billions of individual life forms all over

our planet.

And I could even argue that you, Emily, and you, Joe, are walking examples of mutualism.

Your gut bacteria needs a nice place to live and some food and in exchange, you get help Tus bacterias intestinales necesitan un lugar agradable donde vivir y algo de comida y, a cambio, tú recibes ayuda

digesting your lunch.

These relationships, they give me so much more respect for the power of natural selection

and evolution.

I mean, there's no direction or intent, right?

These ants and these caterpillars, they're not conscious that they're helping each other.

Yet nature is still able to weave these beautiful and intricate webs.

Absolutely!

And one of the reasons that we made this series is that we wanted to look at nature more holistically,

right?

It's not just individual animals or specific places, but relationships.

Even conservationists have forgotten this in the past. |Umweltschützer||||||

Sometimes looking at things, species by species.

And we can't forget these links.

It's not just lions.

It's not just bison.

It's not just humans.

We are all connected.

But you look at a small thing and you're like, well, that must be simple.

But in reality, they're both equally complicated.

It requires the entire mountain for them to exist.

So they're big.

They're the size of the mountain.

And next time we'll be bringing you another story of these intricate webs in nature.

One that connects a pile of elephant dung in Africa to a football stadium in California.

There's bugs.

Hey guys, quick question.

Have you checked out Out Of Our Elements yet?

That's a new series on PBS Terra that explores the molecular stories underpinning our everyday, |||||PBS Terra|Terra||||||||

natural world.

From the first molecule in the universe to the water that we drink, Out Of Our Elements 宇宙で最初に存在した分子から私たちが飲む水まで、私たちの原材料を超えて

shows that if you look closely enough, what may seem familiar can actually be extraordinary.

You can check it out in the link down in the description and be sure to tell them that

I sent you.