Apa Yang Memulai Perang Dingin? | Leo Szilard dan Sejarah Bomb Nuklir |||War||Leo Szilard|Szilard|||Nuclear bomb| Was hat den Kalten Krieg ausgelöst? Leo Szilard und die Geschichte der Atombombe What Started the Cold War? Leo Szilard and the History of the Nuclear Bomb ¿Qué inició la Guerra Fría? Leo Szilard y la historia de la bomba nuclear Leo Szilard e la storia della bomba nucleare: cosa ha scatenato la guerra fredda? 何が冷戦を始めたのか レオ・シラードと核爆弾の歴史

Ketika kita mengingat sejarah mengenai Perang Dingin, ||remembering||about|| Wenn wir uns an die Geschichte des Kalten Krieges erinnern, When we think about the history of the Cold War, mungkin hal ini yang akan terlintas di pikiran kita: |thing|this|||cross our mind||| maybe this is what comes to mind:

(Soekarno berpidato "Ganyang Malaysia") |give a speech|Crush| (Soekarno's speech "Down with Malaysia")

Atau ini: Or this:

(Presiden AS Ronald Reagan: "Tn. Gorbachev, runtuhkan gerbang ini!") ||Ronald Reagan|Reagan|Mr|Gorbachev|tear down|the wall| (US President Ronald Reagan: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!")

Dan tentunya, ini: |of course| And of course, this:

Semua ini merupakan peristiwa penting ||is|event|important All these important events di tengah persaingan antara |in the middle of|competition| occurred curing the tensions between Amerika Serikat the United States dan Uni Soviet. and the Soviet Union. Demi mencapai dominasi global, For|achieve|dominance| In order to achieve global domination, serta menjaga keamanan nasionalnya, and|maintaining|national security|its national and maintain national security, kedua negara tersebut the second|countries|the aforementioned the two countries mengembangkan, menguji dan memproduksi developing|testing||produce developed, tested and produced ribuan senjata pemusnah massal. |weapons|destroyer|mass thousands of weapons of mass destruction. Satu serangan saja |attack| A single strike dapat menewaskan ribuan manusia |to defeat|| could kill thousands of people dan mengakhiri peperangan dalam hitungan menit. |end|war||countdown| and end wars in a matter of minutes. Meskipun pada akhirnya, although||finally Even though in the end senjata ini tidak pernah digunakan, this weapon||||used these weapons were never used, penyebaran dari senjata nuklir spread||weapons| the proliferation of nuclear weapons mengakibatkan ketakutan yang dalam causing deep fear|fear|| incited immense fear di seluruh dunia. throughout the world. Inilah realita untuk beberapa dekade ke depan. this is|reality||||| This was the reality for the next few decades. Bukan hanya untuk Amerika Serikat, Not just for the United States, tapi hampir seluruh kemanusiaan. Dan penyebab dari semua ini, |almost||humanity||cause||| but for almost all of humanity. tidak lebih dari sebuah surat sederhana. Penyiar radio: Kami mendapat satu bom di Hiroshima. Yaitu bom atomik. Bom ini menggunakan energi dasar alam semesta. Dengan bom ini... kita telah menemukan sebuah cara yang baru dan revolusioner... untuk mencapai kehancuran. |||a|letter|simple letter|broadcaster|||received|||||namely||atomic bomb|||uses||of the universe|nature|universe||||||found||||||revolutionary||to achieve|destruction And the cause of all of this Awal abad ke-20 merupakan masa kejayaan fisika the beginning of|century||was|era|success|physics was nothing more than a simple letter. bagi bangsa Eropa. |nation| (Radio announcer: We got one bomb on Hiroshima.) Temuan demi temuan dari findings||findings| (It is an atomic bomb.) Thomson, Rutherford dan Bohr Thomson|Rutherford||Bohr (It is a harnessing of the basic powers of the universe.) semakin membantu manusia memahami tentang increasingly|||understand about| (With this bomb ...) struktur dasar partikel terkecil, yakni atom. structure||particle|smallest|namely| (... we have now added a new and revolutionary increase....) Meskipun dengan berbagai pengetahuan tersebut, Although|||knowledge| (... in destruction.) masih sedikit yang diketahui |||is known The beginning of the 20th century akan potensi dari atom sesungguhnya. ||||actually for the Europeans. Pada dasarnya, atom adalah bagian terkecil |the basis|||part| Discovery after discovery yang seharusnya tidak dapat terbagi lagi. ||||divided| from Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr Namun, perlahan-lahan kita menemukan |slowly|land|| helped us to understand bahwa bahkan di dalam atom sekalipun |||within||even in the structure of the smallest particles around: terdapat ungsur yang lebih kecil. |element||| However, even with this knowledge Setiap atom terdiri dari nucleus ||consists of||nucleus little was known yang mengandung proton dan neutron, |contains|proton||neutron about atoms' full potential. dan dikelilingi oleh elektron. |surrounded||electron Essentially, atoms are the smallest unit of matter

Pada tahun 1933, seorang ilmuwan asal Hungaria, Leo Szilard, |||scientist|from Hungary|Hungarian|| and thus, should not be divided again. lalu bereksperimen dengan menembakkan neutron |experimenting||shooting| However, we slowly discovered ke dalam nucleus atom uranium. ||||uranium that even within the atom Hasilnya adalah reaksi berantai, The result|||chain reaction there are smaller components. di mana inti atom tersebut dapat terbelah, ||nucleus|||can|split Each atom consists of a nucleus sehingga melepaskan neutron di dalamnya, so that||neutron|| containing protons and neutrons, yang kemudian menabrak nucleus atom lain, ||colliding with||| and surrounded by electrons. dan melepaskan neutron di dalamnya, ||neutron|| In 1933, dan terus menerus. ||and continuously a scientist from Hungary, Leo Szilard, Reaksi ini juga dinamakan fisi nuklir |||named|fission| experimented by firing neutrons atau "nuclear fision". |nuclear fission|fusion into the nucleus of uranium atoms. Secara teori, Theoretically| This resulted in a chain reaction apabila 1 kg uranium mengalami fisi, if|kg|uranium|undergoes fission|fission in which the nucleus of the atom split open, maka 2,58 triliun TRILIUN released the neutrons within it, atom di dalamnya akan terbelah ||||split which in turn hit the nucleus of other atoms dan melepaskan neutron dalam jumlah yang besar. ||neutron||amount||large releasing the neutrons in those atoms, Neutron yang kemudian bergerak secepat cahaya ini |||||light| and over and over again in a cycle. akan menghasilkan energi setaran dengan ledakan |||vibration||explosion This reaction was known as 10 juta kilogram dinamit. |kilograms|dynamite "nuclear fission". Temperatur dari ledakan atom ini pun Temperature||explosion||| In theory, akan setara dengan bagian terluar matahari. Maka dari ini, bom yang menggunakan fisi nuklir juga dinamakan sebagai bom atom. |equivalent||part||||||||using|fission|||is called||| if 1 kg of uranium undergoes fission, Temuan serupa similar findings| then 2,58 kemudian didapati dari eksperimen Enrico Fermi, |was found||experiment|Enrico Fermi|Fermi then 2,58 trillion TRILLION dan juga Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner |||Hahn|Lise Meitner|Meitner dan Fritz Strassman di Jerman. |Fritz|Strassman|| atoms in it will split open Mereka pun sadar akan potensi senjata bom ||aware|||weapon| to release a massive amount of neutrons. yang dapat dibuat untuk mendukung ||||support These neutrons, which move as fast as light, upaya perang pemerintahan mana pun. efforts|||| will produce energy equivalent to (Suara Hitler berpidato di Reichstag, 30 Januari) |Hitler|speaking||Reichstag| Sayangnya, temuan ini terjadi tidak lama unfortunately|finding|||| The temperature from this atomic explosion setelah Hitler menjadi Kanselir Jerman |Hitler||Chancellor| is equivalent to that of the outer part of the sun. dan Partai Nasional-Sosialis atau Nazi, |||||Nazi Party As such, mengambil alih perpolitikan bangsa.  Penyiar radio: Hitler mendapatkan tepuk tangan meriah, saat menuju rapat kabinet pertamanya. Inilah sebuah kejadian baru dalam sejarah politik Jerman. |take over|politics||||||applause||festive applause||toward|meeting|||||||||| bombs that require nuclear fission Hukum rasial yang ditetapkan oleh Hitler, |racial||established|| are also known as atomic bombs. melarang orang Yahudi mengajar di universitas. prohibit||Jewish people|teaching|| Similar findings Buku-buku yang dianggap tidak layak dibakar. |||considered||worthy|burned were discovered from the experiments of Enrico Fermi, Dan properti orang Yahudi disita oleh negara. |property|||confiscated|| as well as Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner Artinya, and Fritz Strassman in Germany. berbagai ilmuwan atom yang beretnis Yahudi, |scientist|||ethnic| They were also aware of the potential for bombs atau memiliki hubungan dengan orang Yahudi, ||||person| to support the war effort of any government. tidak diperkenankan mengajar dan melanjutkan risetnya. |not permitted|to teach|||its research not allowed to teach and continue his research. Akibat dari kebijakan ini adalah Consequences of|of|policy|| (Hitler's voice addressing the Reichstag, January 30) hampir 25% fisikawan Jerman kehilangan pekerjaannya. |physicist||| Unfortunately, this discovery occurred shortly Selain pekerjaannya, nyawa mereka pun terancam ||life|||threatened after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany berkat obsesi Hitler untuk membunuh blessing|obsession|Hitler|| and the National-Socialist Party, or the Nazis, manusia yang dianggap rendahan, ||considered as|lowly took over the nation's politics. seperti Yahudi, Romani dan orang-orang difabel. ||Romani||||disabled (Radio announcer: Hitler gets a tremendous ovation,) Alhasil, ilmuwan seperti Albert Einstein, as a result|scientist|||Einstein (when leaving for his first cabinet meeting.) Enrico Fermi, Enrico Fermi|Fermi (Another milestone is marked) Klaus Fuchs, Klaus Fuchs|Fuchs (in Germany's political history.) Eugene Wigner, |Wigner Racial laws enacted by Hitler, Edward Teller, Edward| prohibited Jews from teaching at universities. dan Leo Szilard, Books deemed unfit were burned. dan masih banyak lagi and||| And Jewish property was confiscated by the state. tidak memiliki pilihan selain melarikan diri. ||||run| This means that Meskipun tidak yakin, Although|| various atomic scientists who were themselves Jewish, Leo Szilard tetap khawatir bahwa temuannya ||still|||its findings or had ties to Jewish communities, akan digunakan untuk membunuh were not allowed to teach or continue their research. banyak nyawa tak berdosa. many|lives||innocent As a result of this policy, Pasalnya, Nazi Jerman bisa saja Because of it|Nazi Germany||| nearly 25% of German physicists lost their jobs. mendapat banyak uranium di Eropa, ||uranium|| Apart from their work, their lives were also threatened seperti Cekoslowakia, |Czechoslovakia thanks to Hitler's obsession to eradicate atau salah satu jajahannya, |||colonies people he considered second-class citizens seperti Kongo, yang merupakan jajahan Belgia. |Congo||is a former colony|colony| such as Jews, Romani and people with disabilities. Dia kemudian mempercayai Amerika Serikat ||believe|| As a result, scientists such as Albert Einstein, sebagai negara yang harus memiliki ||that|| Enrico Fermi, senjata atom tersebut untuk mendesak Hitler. ||||pressing|Hitler Klaus Fuchs, Bersama dengan koleganya, ||his colleague Eugene Wigner, Edward Teller dan Eugene Wigner, Edward Teller, mereka merancang sebuah surat |drafting|| Leo Szilard, kepada Presiden Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ||Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Delano|President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and many more Dan untuk membuktikan bahwa ||and to prove that| had no choice but to flee. hal itu adalah hal serius, Although unsure, mereka meminta Albert Einstein Leo Szilard remained concerned that his findings untuk menandatangani surat tersebut. |sign|| could be used to kill many innocent lives. Surat ini kemudian disampaikan ke Presiden Roosevelt |||delivered||| melalui perantara ekonom dan sahabat karib Leo, |through the intermediary||||close| This is because Nazi Germany could easily Alexander Sachs, pada tanggal 2 Agustus 1939. Alexander|Sachs||| collect Uranium throughout Europe, Di dalamnya terdapat penjelasan mengenai |||explanation|about for instance in Czechoslovakia. penemuan pembelahan atom uranium discovery|fission||uranium Or in one of its extended territories, yang berpotensi menghasilkan bom berkapasitas tinggi, |potential|||high-capacity| such as the Congo, a Belgian colony. serta saran bahwa Amerika Serikat harus and|suggestions|||| Szilard thus trusted the United States melanjutkan eksperimen untuk mengkonfirmasi hal ini. |experiment||confirm|| as a country that should possess Namun, atomic weapons to counter Hitler. maksud sesungguhnya tertera di paragraf terakhir: intention|true intention|stated||paragraph| Together with his colleagues, Jerman telah menghentikan ekspor uranium ||stop||uranium Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, di Cekoslowakia setelah mengambil alih, |Czechoslovakia|||take over they drafted a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. yang mengindikasikan bahwa |indicating that| Jerman tengah mengumpulkan material ||collecting|materials And to prove that it was a serious issue, untuk mengembangkan senjata atom. |to develop|| Sachs juga berupaya meyakinkan Presiden Sachs||attempting|| they asked Albert Einstein bahwa apabila ini terjadi, to sign the letter. tidak akan ada yang dapat menghentikan Nazi |||||stop| This letter was later delivered to President Roosevelt dari menaklukkan Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. |conquering|||| through the an intermediary, the economist and Leo Szilard's friend, Mereka tahu betul bahwa Amerika Serikat Alexander Sachs, on August 2, 1939. cenderung ingin menjauhkan diri tend to||keep away| It contained an explanation on the discovery of dari permasalahan di Eropa. |issue|| nuclear fission in uranium atoms Lalu, Leo dan koleganya |||his colleague and how it had the capacity to yield extremely destructive bombs, menunggu jawaban dari Amerika Serikat. |answer||| as well as the suggestion Sementara mereka menunggu, While|| militer Nazi semakin membengkak |Nazi||swelling However, tanpa mendapat perlawanan dari bangsa Eropa lain. Penyiar radio:1 September 1939. Hitler menyerang dengan Blietzkrieg. ||resistance|||||Broadcaster||||attacked||lightning war its real intention was stated in the last paragraph of the letter: Dan sementara mereka menunggu, |Meanwhile|| "Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium..." Hitler sudah menaklukkan Cekoslowakia, Hitler|already|conquered|Czechoslovakia "... from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over." Austria, Austria This indicated that dan Polandia. |Poland Germany had successfully collected enough material Sementara mereka menunggu, While|| to develop atomic weapons. ribuan orang Yahudi di Polandia ditangkap |||||were arrested Sachs also tried to convince the President dan ditembak. that if this happened, Akhirnya, pada 19 Oktober 1939, nothing would stop the Nazis jawaban yang dinantikan pun answer||awaited| from conquering Europe and the United States. datang. They knew very well that the United States Dan dengan demikian, ||thus tended to isolate itself from European conflicts. dimulailah proyek ambisius let the|| untuk membangun senjata atom secara rahasia, ||||in a manner| From there, Leo and his colleagues yang kemudian dinamakan sebagai ||named as| waited for an answer from the United States. Proyek Manhattan. |Manhattan Project While they waited, Di bawah pimpinan jenderal Leslie Groves ||leadership||Leslie|Groves the Nazi military increased exponentially dan Robert Oppenheimer, ||Oppenheimer without resistance from the other European nations. ilmuwan-ilmuwan terbaik di Eropa scientists|||| (Radio announcer: September 1st 1939) didatangkan untuk membantu penyelesaian proyek. brought in|||solution| (Hitler unleashed his Blietzkrieg.) Lalu, And while they waited, padang gurun di Mexico pun |desert||Mexico desert| Hitler conquered Czechoslovakia, dijadikan tempat pembangunan made into|| Austria, sekaligus tempat uji coba. at the same time||test| and Poland. Amerika Serikat juga menjalin kerja sama While they waited, dengan sekutu lamanya, Inggris, |ally|former| thousands of Jews in Poland were arrested tanpa memberitahukan Uni Soviet. |informing|| and shot.

Dan pada 16 Juli 1945, Finally, on October 19, 1939, uji coba bom atom Amerika Serikat test||||| the answer they had waited... berhasil. successful ...arrived. Tetapi, ada satu masalah. And thus, Pada saat Amerika Serika berhasil membangun |||Serica|successful| began an ambitious project bom atom pertama di dunia, to secretly build an atomic weapon, target utama dari bom tersebut, which became known yakni Nazi Jerman, namely Germany's Nazis|Nazi Germany| as the Manhattan Project. sudah terlanjur mengalami kekalahan di Eropa. |too late|experienced|defeat|| Under the leadership of General Leslie Groves Senjata atom dari Jerman pun and Robert Oppenheimer, tak kunjung ditemukan. |not yet|found the best scientists in Europe were recruited Dan memang, to help complete the project. Jerman tidak pernah berhasil untuk membangun senjata nuklir. |||succeeded in|||| In addition, Dan terang saja, |clearly obviously| the deserts of Mexico projek atom mereka tidak pernah berhasil project|||||succeeded were used as a construction site karena semua ilmuwan terbaik ||scientists| as well as a test site. sudah diserap oleh Amerika Serikat dan Inggris. |absorbed by||||| The United States also cooperated Namun, alih-alih menghancurkan |instead of||destroying with its old ally, Britain, senjata atom yang baru saja dibangun, |||||built without notifying the Soviet Union. Amerika Serikat dan Inggris And on July 16, 1945, berkonspirasi untuk menggunakannya di Jepang.  Penyiar radio: Menteri Angkatan Laut, Tn. Forrestal mengumumkan bahwa perang telah memakan 2,050 korban jiwa Amerika dalam waktu 15 hari. conspired||use it|||broadcaster||||||Forrestal|announce|||||victims||||| the United States atomic bomb test was Dibanding Nazi Jerman, Compared to|| successful. militer Amerika Serikat mendapatkan But. perlawanan yang lebih sengit dari tentara Jepang. resistance|||more intense||| There was a problem. Taktik kamikaze, |suicidal attack By the time the United States succeeded serangan banzai, |banzai charge in building the world's first atomic bomb, serta fanatisme terhadap Kaisar Hirohito ||toward|Emperor|Hirohito the main target of this bomb, membuat invasi dari pulau Jepang, to make|||| Nazi Germany, menjadi suatu hal yang sulit dibenamkan |||||buried was already defeated in Europe. tanpa kerugian besar. |loss| Any atomic bombs made by Germany Pasalnya, because were never found. Amerika Serikat sudah kehilangan |||lost Indeed, terlalu banyak tentara di Eropa. Germany never succeeded in building a nuclear weapon. Dan President Truman, |President Truman|Truman And quite frankkly, yang baru saja menggantikan Roosevelt, |||replacing| their atomic project never worked semakin mendapat desakan dari dalam negeri ||pressure||| because all the best scientists untuk mengakhiri perang tersebut |end|| had been absorbed by the United States and Britain. secepat mungkin. However, instead of destroying their newly built atomic weapons, Mengetahui hal ini, Leo Szilard dan berbagai ilmuwan lain ||||scientists| the United States and Britain memohon kepada Presiden Roosevelt to appeal to||| instead conspired to use them in Japan. untuk tidak menjatuhkan bom tersebut. (Radio announcer: Navy Secretary Mr. Forrestal) Kembali lagi Leo Szilard dan para ilmuwan ||||||scientists (announces that it has cost) yang terlibat dalam Proyek Manhattan |involved|||Manhattan Project (2,050 American lives in 15 days.) membuat petisi. |petition Compared to Nazi Germany, Kali ini, the United States military faced memohon kepada Presiden Truman to appeal to|||President Truman more resistance from the Japanese army. untuk tidak menggunakan bom tersebut, Kamikaze tactics, karena perang sudah selesai. banzai charges, Jerman sudah menyerah ||surrender and fanaticism towards Emperor Hirohito dan Jepang akan segera mengikuti Jerman. |||soon to follow|| made the Japanese attacks Dia juga memperingati bahwa ||commemorates that| difficult to put out without major losses. konsekuensi dari menggunakan bom tersebut consequence|||| adalah Amerika sendiri akan suatu saat This was because menjadi target. the United Stated had already lost too many troops in Europe. Dan era kehancuran ||destruction dalam skala yang tidak dapat dibayangkan |scale||||imaginable And President Truman, akan dimulai. who had just replaced Roosevelt, Tidak seperti dulu, was under intense domestic pressure Presiden Amerika Serikat kini |||now to end the war as soon as possible. mengabaikan petisi tersebut. ignore|petition| Truman menganggap bahwa Truman|considered that|that Knowing this, senjata yang sudah diciptakan ini |||created| Leo Szilard and the other scientists harus digunakan, successfully begged President Roosevelt demi mengurangi korban jiwa Amerika Serikat. to reduce|to reduce|casualties||| to not use the bomb. Dan pada 6 Agustus 1945, So once again, Leo Szilard and the scientists Amerika Serikat menjatuhkan bom atom, ||||atom who were involved in the Manhattan Project yang diberi nama "Little Boy" di kota Hiroshima. |given||Little|Boy||| made a petition. Dan dengan sekejap, ||a moment This time, menewaskan ratusan ribuan penduduk lokal. defeating|||| begging President Truman Tiga hari kemudian, not to use the bomb pada 9 Agustus 1945, as the war was essentially over. bom lain bernama "Fat Man" |||Fat Man| Germany had already surrendered dijatuhkan di Nagasaki. and Japan would soon follow suit. Dan membinasakan puluhan ribuan manusia lagi. |destroying|tens of thousands||| They also warned that Bagi mereka yang selamat dari ledakan ini, For those|||||explosion| by using the bomb, nasib malang berupa penyakit radioaktif, fate||in the form of||radioactive America itself would one day kecacatan, disability become a target. kemandulan, infertility And an era of destruction dan trauma psikis tak terelakkan.  Pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1945, ||psychic||unavoidable||| on an unimaginable scale Kaisar Hirohito mengumumkan Emperor||announced would begin. penyerahan Jepang dalam perang. surrender of Japan||| Unlike in the past, Perang Dunia II telah berakhir. the President of the United States Namun, was now ignoring the scientists' petition. peringatan dari Szilard menjadi kenyataan. warning||||reality Truman believed that Semenjak Amerika Serikat dan Inggris Since|||| the newly formed atomic weapons berencana membangun senjata atom, planning to build||| must be used Uni Soviet telah memata-matai perkembangannya. |||spy|spy on|its development to prevent further loss of American lives. Dan hanya dalam waktu 4 tahun, And so on August 6th 1945, Uni Soviet berhasil menguji coba ||successful|testing| the United States dropped an atomic bomb, senjata atomnya sendiri di Kazakhstan. |its atomic|||Kazakhstan nicknamed "Little Boy" on the city of Hiroshima. Meskipun pada akhirnya Although|| And in an instant, senjata ini tidak pernah digunakan, killed hundreds of thousands of local residents. uji coba ini memberikan pesan yang gamblang. test||||||clear message Three days later, Apabila Amerika Serikat dan Inggris If|||| on August 9th 1945, berani atau mengancam Uni Soviet, dare||threatening|| another bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" bersiap-siaplah mengalami |get ready|experience was dropped on Nagasaki. apa yang terjadi di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki. Again, destroying tens of thousands of human lives. Semenjak Amerika Serikat dan Inggris Since|||| For those who survived the explosions, mulai bekerja sama membangun bom atom, They still faced threats of radiation poisoning, Uni Soviet sudah memata-matai perkembangan mereka. |||spy on|spy|development| disability, Joseph Stalin menganggap Hitler sebagai musuh. ||considered|Hitler||enemy infertility Tapi, kapitalisme dan liberalisme and psychological trauma. dianggap jauh lebih berbahaya daripada Nazisme. considered|||||Nazism On August 15th 1945, Pada tahun 1939, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender. dia menandatangani perjanjian non-agresi |signing|agreement|| dengan Nazi Jerman sebagai cara agar Soviet World War II had ended. dapat diam-diam membangun kekuatan militernya, However, sementara Jerman meluluhlantakkan Eropa Barat. while||devastate|| Szilard's warning came true. Ketika dia mendapat kabar Ever since the United States and Britain dari mata-mata Soviet di Inggris, Donald Maclean, ||||||Donald Maclean|Donald Maclean began building atomic weapons, bahwa Inggris dan Amerika Serikat pernah the USSR had been spying on their developments. bekerja sama untuk membangun senjata nuklir, And in just 4 years, dia tidak segan untuk mendorong bangsanya ||hesitate|||his nation the Soviet Union successfully tested mengambil langkah serupa. |step|similar its own atomic weapon in Kazakhstan. Dengan senjata ini, Stalin semakin percaya diri untuk melawan permintaan negara-negara Barat. |counter|request||| this act delivered a clear message. Alih-alih membangun tatanan dunia Instead|||order or system| If the United States and Britain dengan demokrasi dan liberalisme, dared or threatened the Soviet Union, ia akan menggunakan bom atom they too could be obliterated untuk menyebarluaskan Blok Komunis. |to spread|| like what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Perang Dunia II telah berakhir. Since the United States and Britain Dan Perang Dingin...telah dimulai. began collaborating to build atomic bombs,