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TED, Jeff Iliff: One more reason to get a good night’s sleep

Jeff Iliff: One more reason to get a good night's sleep

Sleep. It's something we spend about a third of our lives doing, but do any of us really understand what it's all about?

0:19Two thousand years ago, Galen, one of the most prominent medical researchers of the ancient world,proposed that while we're awake, our brain's motive force, its juice, would flow out to all the other parts of the body, animating them but leaving the brain all dried up, and he thought that when we sleep, all this moisture that filled the rest of the body would come rushing back, rehydrating the brain and refreshing the mind. Now, that sounds completely ridiculous to us now, but Galen was simply trying to explain something about sleep that we all deal with every day. See, we all know based on our own experience that when you sleep, it clears your mind, and when you don't sleep, it leaves your mind murky. But while we know a great deal more about sleep now than when Galen was around, we still haven't understood why it is that sleep, of all of our activities, has this incredible restorative function for the mind.

1:17So today I want to tell you about some recent research that may shed new light on this question. We've found that sleep may actually be a kind of elegant design solution to some of the brain's most basic needs, a unique way that the brain meets the high demands and the narrow margins that set it apart from all the other organs of the body.

1:41So almost all the biology that we observe can be thought of as a series of problems and their corresponding solutions, and the first problem that every organ must solve is a continuous supply of nutrients to fuel all those cells of the body. In the brain, that is especially critical; its intense electrical activity uses up a quarter of the body's entire energy supply, even though the brain accounts for only about two percent of the body's mass. So the circulatory system solves the nutrient delivery problem by sending blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to every corner of our body.

2:19You can actually see it in this video here. Here, we're imaging blood vessels in the brain of a living mouse. The blood vessels form a complex network that fills the entire brain volume. They start at the surface of the brain, and then they dive down into the tissue itself, and as they spread out, they supply nutrients and oxygen to each and every cell in the brain.

2:44Now, just as every cell requires nutrients to fuel it, every cell also produces waste as a byproduct, and the clearance of that waste is the second basic problem that each organ has to solve. This diagram shows the body's lymphatic system, which has evolved to meet this need. It's a second parallel network of vessels that extends throughout the body. It takes up proteins and other waste from the spaces between the cells, it collects them, and then dumps them into the blood so they can be disposed of.

3:17But if you look really closely at this diagram, you'll see something that doesn't make a lot of sense. So if we were to zoom into this guy's head, one of the things that you would see there is that there are no lymphatic vessels in the brain. But that doesn't make a lot of sense, does it? I mean, the brain is this intensely active organ that produces a correspondingly large amount of waste that must be efficiently cleared. And yet, it lacks lymphatic vessels, which means that the approach that the rest of the body takes to clearing away its waste won't work in the brain.

3:53So how, then, does the brain solve its waste clearance problem? Well, that seemingly mundane question is where our group first jumped into this story, and what we found as we dove down into the brain, down among the neurons and the blood vessels, was that the brain's solution to the problem of waste clearance, it was really unexpected. It was ingenious, but it was also beautiful. Let me tell you about what we found.

4:25So the brain has this large pool of clean, clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. We call it the CSF. The CSF fills the space that surrounds the brain, and wastes from inside the brain make their way out to the CSF, which gets dumped, along with the waste, into the blood. So in that way, it sounds a lot like the lymphatic system, doesn't it? But what's interesting is that the fluid and the waste from inside the brain,they don't just percolate their way randomly out to these pools of CSF. Instead, there is a specialized network of plumbing that organizes and facilitates this process. You can see that in these videos. Here, we're again imaging into the brain of living mice. The frame on your left shows what's happening at the brain's surface, and the frame on your right shows what's happening down below the surface of the brain within the tissue itself. We've labeled the blood vessels in red, and the CSF that's surrounding the brain will be in green. Now, what was surprising to us was that the fluid on the outside of the brain, it didn't stay on the outside. Instead, the CSF was pumped back into and through the brain along the outsides of the blood vessels, and as it flushed down into the brain along the outsides of these vessels,it was actually helping to clear away, to clean the waste from the spaces between the brain's cells. If you think about it, using the outsides of these blood vessels like this is a really clever design solution,because the brain is enclosed in a rigid skull and it's packed full of cells, so there is no extra space inside it for a whole second set of vessels like the lymphatic system. Yet the blood vessels, they extend from the surface of the brain down to reach every single cell in the brain, which means that fluid that's traveling along the outsides of these vessels can gain easy access to the entire brain's volume, so it's actually this really clever way to repurpose one set of vessels, the blood vessels, to take over and replace the function of a second set of vessels, the lymphatic vessels, to make it so you don't need them. And what's amazing is that no other organ takes quite this approach to clearing away the waste from between its cells. This is a solution that is entirely unique to the brain.

6:57But our most surprising finding was that all of this, everything I just told you about, with all this fluid rushing through the brain, it's only happening in the sleeping brain. Here, the video on the left shows how much of the CSF is moving through the brain of a living mouse while it's awake. It's almost nothing.Yet in the same animal, if we wait just a little while until it's gone to sleep, what we see is that the CSF is rushing through the brain, and we discovered that at the same time when the brain goes to sleep, the brain cells themselves seem to shrink, opening up spaces in between them, allowing fluid to rush through and allowing waste to be cleared out.

7:45So it seems that Galen may actually have been sort of on the right track when he wrote about fluid rushing through the brain when sleep came on. Our own research, now it's 2,000 years later, suggests that what's happening is that when the brain is awake and is at its most busy, it puts off clearing away the waste from the spaces between its cells until later, and then, when it goes to sleep and doesn't have to be as busy, it shifts into a kind of cleaning mode to clear away the waste from the spaces between its cells, the waste that's accumulated throughout the day. So it's actually a little bit like how you or I, we put off our household chores during the work week when we don't have time to get to it,and then we play catch up on all the cleaning that we have to do when the weekend rolls around.

8:34Now, I've just talked a lot about waste clearance, but I haven't been very specific about the kinds of waste that the brain needs to be clearing during sleep in order to stay healthy. The waste product that these recent studies focused most on is amyloid-beta, which is a protein that's made in the brain all the time. My brain's making amyloid-beta right now, and so is yours. But in patients with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta builds up and aggregates in the spaces between the brain's cells, instead of being cleared away like it's supposed to be, and it's this buildup of amyloid-beta that's thought to be one of the key steps in the development of that terrible disease. So we measured how fast amyloid-beta is cleared from the brain when it's awake versus when it's asleep, and we found that indeed, the clearance of amyloid-beta is much more rapid from the sleeping brain.

9:28So if sleep, then, is part of the brain's solution to the problem of waste clearance, then this may dramatically change how we think about the relationship between sleep, amyloid-beta, and Alzheimer's disease. A series of recent clinical studies suggest that among patients who haven't yet developed Alzheimer's disease, worsening sleep quality and sleep duration are associated with a greater amount of amyloid-beta building up in the brain, and while it's important to point out that these studies don't prove that lack of sleep or poor sleep cause Alzheimer's disease, they do suggest that the failure of the brain to keep its house clean by clearing away waste like amyloid-beta may contribute to the development of conditions like Alzheimer's.

10:18So what this new research tells us, then, is that the one thing that all of you already knew about sleep,that even Galen understood about sleep, that it refreshes and clears the mind, may actually be a big part of what sleep is all about. See, you and I, we go to sleep every single night, but our brains, they never rest. While our body is still and our mind is off walking in dreams somewhere, the elegant machinery of the brain is quietly hard at work cleaning and maintaining this unimaginably complex machine. Like our housework, it's a dirty and a thankless job, but it's also important. In your house, if you stop cleaning your kitchen for a month, your home will become completely unlivable very quickly.But in the brain, the consequences of falling behind may be much greater than the embarrassment of dirty countertops, because when it comes to cleaning the brain, it is the very health and function of the mind and the body that's at stake, which is why understanding these very basic housekeeping functions of the brain today may be critical for preventing and treating diseases of the mind tomorrow.

11:35Thank you.

11:37(Applause)

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Jeff Iliff: One more reason to get a good night’s sleep |Jeff Iliff||||||||sleep| |Iliff||||||||| Jeff Iliff|Iliff||||||||| Jeff Iliff: Ein Grund mehr für eine gute Nachtruhe Jeff Iliff: Una razón más para dormir bien por la noche Jeff Iliff : Une raison de plus pour bien dormir Jeff Iliff: Un motivo in più per dormire bene ジェフ・イリフぐっすり眠るためのもうひとつの理由 Jeff Iliff: 숙면을 취해야 하는 또 하나의 이유 Jeffas Iliffas: Dar viena priežastis gerai išsimiegoti Jeff Iliff: Jeszcze jeden powód, by dobrze się wyspać Jeff Iliff: Mais uma razão para ter uma boa noite de sono Джефф Илифф: Еще одна причина хорошо выспаться Jeff Iliff: Ännu en anledning att sova ordentligt 杰夫-伊利夫睡个好觉的另一个理由 傑夫伊利夫:又一個睡個好覺的理由

Sleep. It’s something we spend about a third of our lives doing, but do any of us really understand what it’s all about?

0:19Two thousand years ago, Galen, one of the most prominent medical researchers of the ancient world,proposed that while we’re awake, our brain’s motive force, its juice, would flow out to all the other parts of the body, animating them but leaving the brain all dried up, and he thought that when we sleep, all this moisture that filled the rest of the body would come rushing back, rehydrating the brain and refreshing the mind. ||||Galen||||most||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||energizing||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||restoring moisture|||||| ||||Galen||||||||||||||||acordados|||móvel|||||||||||||||animando||||||||||||||||||umidade||||||||||||rehidratando|||||| ||||Galen||||||||||||||||||||||sok||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||nawadniając|||||| 0: 19Hace dos mil años, Galen, uno de los investigadores médicos más prominentes del mundo antiguo, propuso que mientras estamos despiertos, la fuerza motriz de nuestro cerebro, su jugo, fluiría hacia todas las otras partes del cuerpo, animando pero dejando el cerebro completamente seco, y pensó que cuando dormimos, toda la humedad que llenaba el resto del cuerpo regresaría rápidamente, rehidrataría el cerebro y refrescaría la mente. 0:192천 년 전 고대 세계에서 가장 저명한 의학 연구자 중 한 명인 갈렌은 우리가 깨어 있는 동안 뇌의 원동력인 수분이 신체의 다른 모든 부분으로 흘러나가 신체를 움직이게 하지만 뇌는 모두 말라버리는데, 우리가 잠을 잘 때 몸 전체를 채웠던 이 수분이 다시 몰려와 뇌를 재충전하고 정신을 상쾌하게 만든다고 생각했습니다. 0:19兩千多年前,古代世界最著名的醫學研究人員之一蓋倫提出,當我們醒著時,我們大腦的動力,它的汁液,會流出到身體的所有其他部位,使我們充滿活力他認為,當我們睡覺時,充滿身體其他部位的所有水分都會湧回來,為大腦補充水分,讓頭腦煥然一新。 Now, that sounds completely ridiculous to us now, but Galen was simply trying to explain something about sleep that we all deal with every day. 現在,這對我們來說聽起來完全荒謬,但蓋倫只是想解釋一些我們每天都會遇到的關於睡眠的事情。 See, we all know based on our own experience that when you sleep, it clears your mind, and when you don’t sleep, it leaves your mind murky. ||||||||personal knowledge||||||clears||||||||||||cloudy or unclear ||||||||||||||||||||||||||turva ||||||||||||||||||gdy||||||||mętne Mira, todos sabemos, según nuestra propia experiencia, que cuando duermes, aclara tu mente, y cuando no duermes, deja tu mente turbia. But while we know a great deal more about sleep now than when Galen was around, we still haven’t understood why it is that sleep, of all of our activities, has this incredible restorative function for the mind. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||healing and rejuvenating|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||odbudowująca|||| Pero aunque sabemos mucho más sobre el sueño ahora que cuando Galen estaba cerca, todavía no hemos entendido por qué el sueño, de todas nuestras actividades, tiene esta función restauradora increíble para la mente. 但是,雖然我們現在對睡眠的了解比蓋倫在世時要多得多,但我們仍然不明白為什麼在我們所有的活動中,睡眠對大腦具有這種令人難以置信的恢復功能。

1:17So today I want to tell you about some recent research that may shed new light on this question. 1: 17 Así que hoy quiero contarles acerca de algunas investigaciones recientes que pueden arrojar una nueva luz sobre esta pregunta. 1:17所以今天我想向大家介紹一些最近的研究,這些研究可能會為這個問題提供新的線索。 We’ve found that sleep may actually be a kind of elegant design solution to some of the brain’s most basic needs, a unique way that the brain meets the high demands and the narrow margins that set it apart from all the other organs of the body. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||limits|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||wąskie marginesy|||||||||||| Descubrimos que el sueño puede ser en realidad un tipo de solución de diseño elegante para algunas de las necesidades más básicas del cerebro, una manera única en que el cerebro cumple con las altas exigencias y los estrechos márgenes que lo diferencian de todos los demás órganos del cuerpo. . 我們發現,睡眠實際上可能是一種優雅的設計解決方案,可以滿足大腦的一些最基本的需求,是大腦滿足高要求的獨特方式,也是大腦區別於身體所有其他器官的狹窄邊緣。

1:41So almost all the biology that we observe can be thought of as a series of problems and their corresponding solutions, and the first problem that every organ must solve is a continuous supply of nutrients to fuel all those cells of the body. |||||||||||||||||||related|||||challenge||||||||constant||||||||||| |||||||||być||||serią|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 1: 41Así que casi toda la biología que observamos se puede considerar como una serie de problemas y sus soluciones correspondientes, y el primer problema que cada órgano debe resolver es un suministro continuo de nutrientes para alimentar todas las células del cuerpo. 1:41因此,我們觀察到的幾乎所有生物學都可以被認為是一系列問題及其相應的解決方案,每個器官必須解決的第一個問題是持續供應營養物質來為身體的所有細胞提供燃料。 In the brain, that is especially critical; its intense electrical activity uses up a quarter of the body’s entire energy supply, even though the brain accounts for only about two percent of the body’s mass. En el cerebro, eso es especialmente crítico; su intensa actividad eléctrica consume una cuarta parte de todo el suministro de energía del cuerpo, a pesar de que el cerebro representa solo el dos por ciento de la masa corporal. 對於大腦來說,這一點尤其重要。儘管大腦只佔身體質量的百分之二左右,但其強烈的電活動消耗了身體全部能量供應的四分之一。 So the circulatory system solves the nutrient delivery problem by sending blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to every corner of our body. ||||addresses||||||||||||||||||| ||||rozwiązuje problem||||||||||||||||||| Así que el sistema circulatorio resuelve el problema de la entrega de nutrientes al enviar vasos sanguíneos para suministrar nutrientes y oxígeno a cada rincón de nuestro cuerpo. 所以循環系統透過發送血管將營養和氧氣輸送到我們身體的每個角落來解決營養輸送問題。

2:19You can actually see it in this video here. Here, we’re imaging blood vessels in the brain of a living mouse. Aquí, estamos imaginando los vasos sanguíneos en el cerebro de un ratón vivo. 在這裡,我們正在對活體小鼠大腦中的血管進行成像。 The blood vessels form a complex network that fills the entire brain volume. Los vasos sanguíneos forman una red compleja que llena todo el volumen cerebral. 血管形成一個複雜的網絡,充滿整個大腦體積。 They start at the surface of the brain, and then they dive down into the tissue itself, and as they spread out, they supply nutrients and oxygen to each and every cell in the brain. Comienzan en la superficie del cerebro, luego se sumergen en el tejido y, a medida que se extienden, suministran nutrientes y oxígeno a todas y cada una de las células del cerebro. 它們從大腦表面開始,然後深入組織本身,當它們擴散時,它們為大腦中的每個細胞提供營養和氧氣。

2:44Now, just as every cell requires nutrients to fuel it, every cell also produces waste as a byproduct, and the clearance of that waste is the second basic problem that each organ has to solve. |||||||||||||||||secondary product||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||produkt uboczny|||usuwanie odpadów|||||||||||||| 2:44現在,正如每個細胞都需要營養物質來為其提供能量一樣,每個細胞也會產生廢物作為副產品,而清除這些廢物是每個器官必須解決的第二個基本問題。 This diagram shows the body’s lymphatic system, which has evolved to meet this need. |||||lymphatic|||||||| |||||limfatyczny|||||||| Este diagrama muestra el sistema linfático del cuerpo, que ha evolucionado para satisfacer esta necesidad. 這張圖顯示了人體的淋巴系統,它的演化是為了滿足這種需求。 It’s a second parallel network of vessels that extends throughout the body. ||druga||||||rozciąga się||| Es una segunda red paralela de vasos que se extiende por todo el cuerpo. 它是第二個延伸到全身的平行血管網。 It takes up proteins and other waste from the spaces between the cells, it collects them, and then dumps them into the blood so they can be disposed of. ||||||||||||||gathers them|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||descarrega|||||||||eliminados| ||||||||||||||||a następnie||wyrzuca je|||||||||| Toma las proteínas y otros desechos de los espacios entre las células, las recolecta y luego las vierte en la sangre para que puedan ser eliminadas. 它從細胞之間的空間吸收蛋白質和其他廢物,收集它們,然後將它們倒入血液中以便可以處理。

3:17But if you look really closely at this diagram, you’ll see something that doesn’t make a lot of sense. 3: 17 Pero si observas muy de cerca este diagrama, verás algo que no tiene mucho sentido. So if we were to zoom into this guy’s head, one of the things that you would see there is that there are no lymphatic vessels in the brain. 因此,如果我們放大這個人的頭部,你會看到其中一件事是大腦中沒有淋巴管。 But that doesn’t make a lot of sense, does it? 但這沒有太大意義,不是嗎? I mean, the brain is this intensely active organ that produces a correspondingly large amount of waste that must be efficiently cleared. ||||||||||||correspondentemente||||||||| ||||||||||||odpowiednio||||||||| Quiero decir, el cerebro es este órgano intensamente activo que produce una gran cantidad de desechos que deben eliminarse de manera eficiente. Je veux dire, le cerveau est cet organe intensément actif qui produit une quantité proportionnellement importante de déchets qui doivent être efficacement éliminés. Я имею в виду, что мозг — это интенсивно активный орган, который производит соответственно большое количество отходов, которые должны быть эффективно очищены. 我的意思是,大腦是一個非常活躍的器官,會產生相應大量的廢物,必須有效地清除這些廢物。 And yet, it lacks lymphatic vessels, which means that the approach that the rest of the body takes to clearing away its waste won’t work in the brain. |||||||||||||||||||removing|||||||| Y aún así, carece de vasos linfáticos, lo que significa que el enfoque que el resto del cuerpo toma para eliminar sus desechos no funcionará en el cerebro.

3:53So how, then, does the brain solve its waste clearance problem? ||||||||waste removal|| Well, that seemingly mundane question is where our group first jumped into this story, and what we found as we dove down into the brain, down among the neurons and the blood vessels, was that the brain’s solution to the problem of waste clearance, it was really unexpected. |||ordinary|||||||||||||||||explored||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||przyziemne|||||||||||||||||zanurzyliśmy się||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Bueno, esa pregunta aparentemente mundana es dónde nuestro grupo saltó por primera vez a esta historia, y lo que encontramos cuando nos sumergimos en el cerebro, entre las neuronas y los vasos sanguíneos, fue que la solución del cerebro al problema de la eliminación de desechos, Fue realmente inesperado. It was ingenious, but it was also beautiful. ||cleverly designed||||| ||genialne||||| Let me tell you about what we found.

4:25So the brain has this large pool of clean, clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. ||||||||||||spinal fluid| ||||||||||||cerebrospinal| ||||||||||||mózgowo-rdzeniowy| 4: 25Así que el cerebro tiene una gran cantidad de líquido limpio y claro llamado líquido cefalorraquídeo. We call it the CSF. ||||LCR ||||CSF(1) The CSF fills the space that surrounds the brain, and wastes from inside the brain make their way out to the CSF, which gets dumped, along with the waste, into the blood. ||||||encloses|||||||||||||||Cerebrospinal|||||||||| ||||||||||resíduos||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||odpady||||||||||||||||||||| El CSF llena el espacio que rodea al cerebro, y los desechos del interior del cerebro se abren camino hacia el CSF, que se descarga en la sangre junto con los desechos. So in that way, it sounds a lot like the lymphatic system, doesn’t it? Entonces, de esa manera, se parece mucho al sistema linfático, ¿no es así? But what’s interesting is that the fluid and the waste from inside the brain,they don’t just percolate their way randomly out to these pools of CSF. |||||||||||||||||filter|||||||reservoirs|| |||||||||||||||||percolam||||||||| |||||||||||||||||przenikają||||||||| Pero lo que es interesante es que el líquido y los desechos del cerebro no se filtran al azar a estos grupos de LCR. Instead, there is a specialized network of plumbing that organizes and facilitates this process. |||||||plumbing system||||supports and manages|| |||||||encanamento|||||| |||||||instalacji wodno-kanalizacyjnej||||ułatwia ten proces|| En cambio, existe una red especializada de plomería que organiza y facilita este proceso. You can see that in these videos. Here, we’re again imaging into the brain of living mice. The frame on your left shows what’s happening at the brain’s surface, and the frame on your right shows what’s happening down below the surface of the brain within the tissue itself. El marco a su izquierda muestra lo que está sucediendo en la superficie del cerebro, y el marco a su derecha muestra lo que está sucediendo debajo de la superficie del cerebro dentro del tejido mismo. Кадр слева показывает, что происходит на поверхности мозга, а кадр справа показывает, что происходит под поверхностью мозга в самой ткани. We’ve labeled the blood vessels in red, and the CSF that’s surrounding the brain will be in green. |oznaczyliśmy|||||||||||mózgu||||| Hemos etiquetado los vasos sanguíneos en rojo, y el LCR que rodea el cerebro estará en verde. Now, what was surprising to us was that the fluid on the outside of the brain, it didn’t stay on the outside. Ahora, lo que nos sorprendió fue que el fluido en el exterior del cerebro no se quedaba en el exterior. Instead, the CSF was pumped back into and through the brain along the outsides of the blood vessels, and as it flushed down into the brain along the outsides of these vessels,it was actually helping to clear away, to clean the waste from the spaces between the brain’s cells. |||||||||||||outer surfaces|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||przepływał|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||externas|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| En cambio, el CSF fue bombeado hacia el cerebro a lo largo de la parte externa de los vasos sanguíneos, y mientras se descargaba en el cerebro a lo largo de la parte externa de estos vasos, en realidad ayudaba a limpiar, a limpiar los desechos de los espacios. entre las células del cerebro. Вместо этого спинномозговая жидкость закачивалась обратно в мозг и через него вдоль наружных стенок кровеносных сосудов, и когда она вливалась в мозг по наружным сторонам этих сосудов, она фактически помогала очищать, вычищать отходы из пространств. между клетками мозга. If you think about it, using the outsides of these blood vessels like this is a really clever design solution,because the brain is enclosed in a rigid skull and it’s packed full of cells, so there is no extra space inside it for a whole second set of vessels like the lymphatic system. ||||||||||||||||||||||||surrounded by||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||enclavado||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||otoczony|||sztywna|czaszka||||||||||||||||||||||||| Si lo piensas bien, usar el exterior de estos vasos sanguíneos como este es una solución de diseño realmente inteligente, porque el cerebro está encerrado en un cráneo rígido y está lleno de células, por lo que no hay espacio extra en su interior durante un segundo entero. Conjunto de vasos como el sistema linfático. Yet the blood vessels, they extend from the surface of the brain down to reach every single cell in the brain, which means that fluid that’s traveling along the outsides of these vessels can gain easy access to the entire brain’s volume, so it’s actually this really clever way to repurpose one set of vessels, the blood vessels, to take over and replace the function of a second set of vessels, the lymphatic vessels, to make it so you don’t need them. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||reuse||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||reutilização||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||przeznaczyć na nowo||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Sin embargo, los vasos sanguíneos se extienden desde la superficie del cerebro hacia abajo para llegar a cada una de las células del cerebro, lo que significa que el fluido que se desplaza por el exterior de estos vasos puede acceder fácilmente a todo el volumen del cerebro, por lo que realmente es esto Una forma inteligente de reutilizar un conjunto de vasos, los vasos sanguíneos, para asumir y reemplazar la función de un segundo conjunto de vasos, los vasos linfáticos, para que no los necesite. And what’s amazing is that no other organ takes quite this approach to clearing away the waste from between its cells. Y lo que es sorprendente es que ningún otro órgano adopta este enfoque para eliminar los desechos de sus células. This is a solution that is entirely unique to the brain. Это решение, совершенно уникальное для мозга.

6:57But our most surprising finding was that all of this, everything I just told you about, with all this fluid rushing through the brain, it’s only happening in the sleeping brain. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||resting| 6: 57 Pero nuestro hallazgo más sorprendente fue que todo esto, todo lo que acabo de contarles, con todo este fluido que corre por el cerebro, solo sucede en el cerebro dormido. Here, the video on the left shows how much of the CSF is moving through the brain of a living mouse while it’s awake. Aquí, el video de la izquierda muestra la cantidad de CSF que se está moviendo a través del cerebro de un ratón vivo mientras está despierto. It’s almost nothing.Yet in the same animal, if we wait just a little while until it’s gone to sleep, what we see is that the CSF is rushing through the brain, and we discovered that at the same time when the brain goes to sleep, the brain cells themselves seem to shrink, opening up spaces in between them, allowing fluid to rush through and allowing waste to be cleared out. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||diminui|||||||||||||||||| Es casi nada. Sin embargo, en el mismo animal, si esperamos un poco hasta que se vaya a dormir, lo que vemos es que el LCR está atravesando el cerebro, y descubrimos que, al mismo tiempo, el cerebro se duerme. , las células cerebrales parecen reducirse, abriendo espacios entre ellas, permitiendo que el líquido se precipite a través y permitiendo que los desechos se eliminen. Это почти ничего. Тем не менее, у того же животного, если мы немного подождем, пока оно не заснет, мы увидим, что спинномозговая жидкость течет через мозг, и мы обнаружили, что в то же время, когда мозг засыпает, , сами клетки мозга, кажется, сжимаются, открывая промежутки между ними, позволяя жидкости протекать и выводить отходы.

7:45So it seems that Galen may actually have been sort of on the right track when he wrote about fluid rushing through the brain when sleep came on. 7: 45Así que parece que Galen pudo haber estado en el camino correcto cuando escribió sobre el flujo de líquido a través del cerebro cuando se produjo el sueño. Our own research, now it’s 2,000 years later, suggests that what’s happening is that when the brain is awake and is at its most busy, it puts off clearing away the waste from the spaces between its cells until later, and then, when it goes to sleep and doesn’t have to be as busy, it shifts into a kind of cleaning mode to clear away the waste from the spaces between its cells, the waste that’s accumulated throughout the day. Nuestra propia investigación, ahora es 2,000 años más tarde, sugiere que lo que está sucediendo es que cuando el cerebro está despierto y está más ocupado, retrasa la eliminación de los desechos de los espacios entre sus células hasta más tarde, y luego, cuando se va. para dormir y no tiene que estar tan ocupado, cambia a una especie de modo de limpieza para eliminar los desechos de los espacios entre sus celdas, los desechos que se acumulan a lo largo del día. Наше собственное исследование, теперь уже 2000 лет спустя, предполагает, что происходит то, что когда мозг бодрствует и наиболее занят, он откладывает удаление отходов из пространств между своими клетками на потом, а затем, когда он уходит чтобы спать и не быть таким занятым, он переходит в своего рода режим очистки, чтобы убрать отходы из пространств между его клетками, отходы, которые накопились в течение дня. So it’s actually a little bit like how you or I, we put off our household chores during the work week when we don’t have time to get to it,and then we play catch up on all the cleaning that we have to do when the weekend rolls around. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||arrives| Así que en realidad es un poco como usted o yo, dejamos de hacer las tareas domésticas durante la semana laboral cuando no tenemos tiempo para hacerlo, y luego nos ponemos al día con toda la limpieza que tenemos que hacer cuando El fin de semana da vueltas. Так что на самом деле это немного похоже на то, как вы или я, мы откладываем наши домашние дела на рабочую неделю, когда у нас нет времени, чтобы добраться до них, а затем мы играем в догонялки со всей уборкой, которую мы должны сделать, когда выходные катятся вокруг.

8:34Now, I’ve just talked a lot about waste clearance, but I haven’t been very specific about the kinds of waste that the brain needs to be clearing during sleep in order to stay healthy. 8:34 Я только что много говорил об очистке от шлаков, но не говорил конкретно о видах отходов, от которых мозг должен избавляться во время сна, чтобы оставаться здоровым. The waste product that these recent studies focused most on is amyloid-beta, which is a protein that’s made in the brain all the time. |||||||||||protein||||||||||||| |||||||||||amiloide||||||||||||| |||||||||||amyloid(1)-beta|beta(1)|||||||||||| El producto de desecho en el que se centraron más estos estudios recientes es la beta-amiloide, que es una proteína que se produce en el cerebro todo el tiempo. Побочный продукт, на котором больше всего сосредоточились эти недавние исследования, — это бета-амилоид, белок, который постоянно вырабатывается в мозгу. My brain’s making amyloid-beta right now, and so is yours. Mi cerebro está haciendo beta-amiloide en este momento, y también lo está el tuyo. But in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-beta builds up and aggregates in the spaces between the brain’s cells, instead of being cleared away like it’s supposed to be, and it’s this buildup of amyloid-beta that’s thought to be one of the key steps in the development of that terrible disease. |||||||||||clumps together|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||agrega|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||agreguje się|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Pero en los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer, la beta-amiloide se acumula y se agrega a los espacios entre las células del cerebro, en lugar de eliminarse como se supone que debe ser, y se cree que esta acumulación de beta-amiloide es uno de los pasos clave. en el desarrollo de esa terrible enfermedad. Но у пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера бета-амилоид накапливается и агрегирует в промежутках между клетками мозга, вместо того, чтобы вычищаться, как это должно быть, и именно это накопление бета-амилоида считается одним из ключевых шагов. в развитии этой страшной болезни. So we measured how fast amyloid-beta is cleared from the brain when it’s awake versus when it’s asleep, and we found that indeed, the clearance of amyloid-beta is much more rapid from the sleeping brain. Así que medimos la rapidez con la que se elimina el beta-amiloide del cerebro cuando está despierto en comparación con cuando está dormido, y encontramos que, de hecho, el aclaramiento de beta-amiloide es mucho más rápido que el cerebro dormido. Итак, мы измерили, насколько быстро бета-амилоид выводится из мозга, когда он бодрствует, по сравнению с тем, когда он спит, и обнаружили, что действительно клиренс бета-амилоида из спящего мозга происходит намного быстрее.

9:28So if sleep, then, is part of the brain’s solution to the problem of waste clearance, then this may dramatically change how we think about the relationship between sleep, amyloid-beta, and Alzheimer’s disease. 9: 28 Entonces, si el sueño es parte de la solución del cerebro al problema de la eliminación de desechos, esto puede cambiar dramáticamente la forma en que pensamos acerca de la relación entre el sueño, la beta-amiloide y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. 9:28 Таким образом, если сон является частью решения мозгом проблемы удаления отходов, то это может кардинально изменить наши представления о взаимосвязи между сном, бета-амилоидом и болезнью Альцгеймера. A series of recent clinical studies suggest that among patients who haven’t yet developed Alzheimer’s disease, worsening sleep quality and sleep duration are associated with a greater amount of amyloid-beta building up in the brain, and while it’s important to point out that these studies don’t prove that lack of sleep or poor sleep cause Alzheimer’s disease, they do suggest that the failure of the brain to keep its house clean by clearing away waste like amyloid-beta may contribute to the development of conditions like Alzheimer’s. ||||||||||||||||declining||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||play a role||||||| ||||||||||||||||pioramento||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Una serie de estudios clínicos recientes sugieren que entre los pacientes que aún no han desarrollado la enfermedad de Alzheimer, el empeoramiento de la calidad del sueño y la duración del sueño se asocian con una mayor cantidad de beta-amiloide que se acumula en el cerebro, y aunque es importante señalar los estudios no prueban que la falta de sueño o la falta de sueño causen la enfermedad de Alzheimer, sugieren que el hecho de que el cerebro no mantenga limpio su hogar al eliminar los desechos como el amiloide-beta puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades como el Alzheimer. Ряд недавних клинических исследований показывает, что у пациентов, у которых еще не развилась болезнь Альцгеймера, ухудшение качества и продолжительности сна связано с увеличением накопления бета-амилоида в головном мозге, и хотя важно отметить, что эти исследования не доказывают, что недостаток сна или плохой сон вызывают болезнь Альцгеймера, они предполагают, что неспособность мозга содержать свой дом в чистоте, убирая отходы, такие как бета-амилоид, может способствовать развитию состояний, подобных болезни Альцгеймера.

10:18So what this new research tells us, then, is that the one thing that all of you already knew about sleep,that even Galen understood about sleep, that it refreshes and clears the mind, may actually be a big part of what sleep is all about. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||restores|||||||||||||||| 10: 18 Entonces, lo que esta nueva investigación nos dice, entonces, es que lo único que todos ustedes ya sabían sobre el sueño, que incluso Galen entendió sobre el sueño, que refresca y despeja la mente, puede ser realmente una gran parte de lo que duerme. se trata de. See, you and I, we go to sleep every single night, but our brains, they never rest. While our body is still and our mind is off walking in dreams somewhere, the elegant machinery of the brain is quietly hard at work cleaning and maintaining this unimaginably complex machine. |||||||||||||||||||||silenciosamente|||||||||| Mientras nuestro cuerpo está quieto y nuestra mente está caminando en sueños en algún lugar, la elegante maquinaria del cerebro está trabajando arduamente para limpiar y mantener esta máquina inimaginablemente compleja. В то время как наше тело неподвижно, а наш разум блуждает где-то в мечтах, элегантный механизм мозга тихо работает, очищая и поддерживая этот невообразимо сложный механизм. Like our housework, it’s a dirty and a thankless job, but it’s also important. ||domestic chores||||||unappreciated||||| ||||||||ingrata||||| Como nuestro trabajo doméstico, es un trabajo sucio e ingrato, pero también es importante. In your house, if you stop cleaning your kitchen for a month, your home will become completely unlivable very quickly.But in the brain, the consequences of falling behind may be much greater than the embarrassment of dirty countertops, because when it comes to cleaning the brain, it is the very health and function of the mind and the body that’s at stake, which is why understanding these very basic housekeeping functions of the brain today may be critical for preventing and treating diseases of the mind tomorrow. |||||||||||||||||not livable|||||||||||||||||||||kitchen surfaces||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||maintenance tasks||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||vergonha||suja|bancadas||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||limpeza||||||||||||||||| En tu casa, si dejas de limpiar tu cocina por un mes, tu casa se volverá completamente inasequible muy rápidamente. Pero en el cerebro, las consecuencias de quedarse atrás pueden ser mucho mayores que la vergüenza de las encimeras sucias, porque cuando se trata de limpiar El cerebro, es la salud y la función de la mente y el cuerpo lo que está en juego, por lo que entender estas funciones básicas de mantenimiento del cerebro hoy en día puede ser fundamental para prevenir y tratar las enfermedades de la mente mañana. В вашем доме, если вы перестанете убирать кухню на месяц, ваш дом очень быстро станет совершенно непригодным для жизни. мозга, на карту поставлено само здоровье и функции ума и тела, поэтому понимание этих самых основных функций мозга сегодня может иметь решающее значение для предотвращения и лечения психических заболеваний завтра.

11:35Thank you.

11:37(Applause)