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The Making of Modern Ukraine, Class 7. Rise of Muscovite Power (2)

Class 7. Rise of Muscovite Power (2)

becomes Christian under the Byzantines,

whereas all the rest of it's going to be

Western Christian, right? Boring.

Whereas our part is going to be Eastern Christian.

The other thing which is special,

by the time we get to this lecture,

and this is the subject of this lecture,

is that it no longer exists.

So, England, Norway, Norway slash Denmark, Sweden,

these are all fairly durable political entities.

England is still around.

I mean, by the end of the semester let's see

but England is still around,

and Denmark, Norway, Sweden, they're also around.

Rus' is not still around, and so that's another difference,

and that's the subject that we're getting to today.

What actually happens to Rus',

and how are we best to think about that?

So I introduced a next moment of contact

in the last lecture.

The moment of contact I tried to introduce

in the last lecture was another East/West moment,

which was the Mongols coming from one side,

and the Teutonic Knights coming from the other side.

So if we're going to explain the origins of Lithuania

as we tried to do in the last lecture,

we explain the origins of Lithuania

not by saying they were always Lithuanians,

they were always wonderful pagans, they were very innocent.

You know, they did a lot of human sacrifice,

which is how you preserve innocence, as we all know.

No I mean honestly, you've had,

I mean the human sacrifice, well I mean. (sighing)

Where do I draw all the lines on the jokes

knowing that I'm filmed? (students laughing)

That's just occurred to me for the first time.

But let's face it, human sacrifice has

a kind of simplicity and clarity,

which other forms of, you know, ritual don't.

So the, where was I?

Oh, so the Lithuanians, it's not that the Lithuanians

were always there and they were pure

and they were an ethnicity and so on.

That's not the story at all, right?

The story is that the Lithuanians saw

what happened to the Prussians,

the Lithuanians gathered together some tribes,

some Pagan tribes who speak the Baltic Lithuanian language.

The Lithuanians went south and gathered up

most of the lands that had been Rus', and on that basis

were able to stand up to the Teutonic Knights.

And then because there was a rising state called Poland,

the Lithuanians married into the Polish crown,

and in alliance with Poland, and having annexed

most of what was Rus', Lithuania had,

there the Lithuanian rulers created the state

which could actually defeat the Teutonic Knights.

But all of that only makes sense, that whole rise

of Lithuania as a great state only makes sense

if you understand Teutonic Knights pushing from the West,

Mongols have come in from the East and destroyed Rus'.

If the Mongols don't destroy Rus',

Lithuania is not going to annex it.

If Teutonic Knights are not pushing in

with their program of forced Christianization,

the Lithuanians aren't going to consolidate.

So this is another one of these symphonies

where larger pressures push, particularities arise,

new states are consolidated, right?

And so we get to this, we've already gotten to this.

It's the next few verses in Chaucer, right?

So the Chaucer, "Above all nations in Pruce and Lettow,

had he reysed and in Ruce," you know what that means.

The Teutonic Knights were the (speaking in German).

Great German word, by the way.

A (speaking in German) now is just like,

"I'm gonna make, you know, making a little trip,

(speaking in German)."

But in this context, it means part of a crusade.

You're joining a crusade.

You're coming from France or England or somewhere far away,

you're going to join in a crusade.

Pruce is Prussia, which has been fully destroyed.

Lettow is Lithuania, and Ruce is of course Rus'.

So that's kind of interesting, isn't it?

I'm sure when you read this in high school,

or in your free time, or when you read it in the future,

you just skimmed right over,

"What is this Ruce place, R-U-C-E?

Probably Chaucer made it up to rhyme with Pruce," right?

But no, Ruce is actually the country R-U-S,

which we've been studying, which in the 14th century

was a completely unproblematic word, okay.

So this Lithuanian trajectory we followed,

and we're gonna keep following it.

We're gonna keep following the trajectory of what

in this lecture I'm gonna call Lithuanian Rus'.

Because if we're gonna understand the,

if we're gonna move east and understand the consequences

of the Mongol destruction of Kyiv in 1237 to 1240,

we have to then move into the question

of the successors of Rus'.

And the successors of Rus'

are going to overlap with other things.

They're going to overlap with the Mongol world,

but not only.

Very briefly, we've already done

one of the successors of Rus'.

One of the successors of Rus' is Lithuania.

The Lithuanian Grand Dukes called themselves

the rulers of Ruthenia, and Ruthenia in Latin,

of Rus' in their own language.

So one of the successors of of Rus' is Lithuanian Rus'.

A second successor of Rus', which we briefly talked about,

is Galicia and Volhynia.

So this is all, right? This is all on your sheet.

Okay? You nodding, thank you.

So Galicia and Volhynia are the two

Westernmost districts of Rus'.

These are very important places to know.

They're very interesting places.

Galicia and Volhynia are English words

which come from Latin, but the original terms

come from the old Ruthenian names for the places,

(speaking in foreign language), hence Galicia,

And then Volhynia in Latin is actually (speaking in Latin),

but (speaking in Latin), you don't have to know this,

I'm just giving you a little break.

You don't have to write it down, I'm just cruising.

So Volhynia in Latin is (speaking Latin),

is from the city of Volodymyr.

Volodymyr becomes (speaking in Latin),

and Volodymyr is course of city named after

the first baptized ruler of Russia, which is Volodymyr.

So Galicia and Volhynia are what we call

these Western districts, they're very important

because they hold out as rulers of Rus'

for an extra century or so.

They, the leaders of Galicia and Volhynia,

claimed also to be the rulers of Kyiv.

They very often actually had their person ruling Kyiv.

After the Mongol onslaught, they managed to hold their own

in Galicia and Volhynia.

After 1240 they were the only princes of Rus'

who actually engaged the Mongols on the battlefield

with anything other than complete failure.

So, and they managed to hold Kyiv, actually, but of course.

But they managed to hold their own lands,

and consolidate the rule over their own lands in the 1240s.

After the end of Kyiv, after the destruction of Kyiv,

they refer to themselves as Princes of Rus'

and Princes of all of Rus'.

In case I don't get to it later, this is a theme.

If you're gonna call yourself the Prince of Rus',

just go ahead and call yourself the Prince of all of Rus',

and you will eventually figure out in practice

how much all of Rus' turns out to be.

That is the answer to the question of what all of Rus' is.

All of these people called themselves

the Prince of all of Rus', okay?

Nobody said, "I'm the Prince of Some of Rus',

and maybe somebody else is," no.

They all when they, as soon as they thought of it,

they all said, "I'm the Prince of all of Rus'."

And the question of what all of Rus' is,

is determined by practice, how far you can actually get,

and then you will call that Rus',

whether it was historically Rus' or not.

So in 2022 we're in a war where Russia is fighting Ukraine

in territories on the basis of the idea

that these territories are formerly Rus', but they're not.

The lands in the south of Ukraine

are territories of the Crimean Khanate.

They were never part of Rus', and but never,

so, and this is a traditional theme.

When Moscow, and I'm gonna get to this,

when Moscow takes over Novgorod,

Novgorod suddenly becomes Rus',

but Novgorod didn't itself think that it was Rus'.

It only becomes Rus' after it was conquered,

and so on and so forth.

So the whole idea of controlling all of Rus'

is essentially a pragmatic idea, right?

After the destruction of Rus', okay.

So the point about Galicia-Volhynia

is that it's gonna have a bright future.

Galicia and Volhynia are very important to the future,

to the history of Ukraine.

But also they maintained some kind

of Rusyn Ruthenian statehood for,

basically a bonus century into the 1320s, 1330s,

when they fall to Lithuania and to Poland.

So about 1320, the Lithuanians have gotten to Kyiv,

and Volhynia becomes part of Lithuania, okay?

Volhynia becomes part of Lithuania.

Galicia, Halychyna, becomes part of Poland as of as of 1339.

Okay, so that's, so now we have two successors of Rus'.

We have the Lithuanian Rus',

and we have the Galicia and Volhynia Rus', that's two.

The third one, the one that we're gonna

focus on today is Mongol Rus'.

So the part of Rus' which falls durably under Mongol control

from circa 1240 deep into the 15th century.

So a different story, a story of multiple centuries,

multiple generations.

Time matters a lot.

So this is just a basic historian's point.

It matters a lot whether regime governs a territory

for 50 years, a hundred years, or 300 years, right?

That's just a very, it's a very basic point.

And so when we're starting to think about

what's different between Galicia-Volhynia

and the Northeastern territories that become Mongol Rus',

durability of Mongol rule.

Galicia-Volhynia encountered the Mongols.

They only very briefly paid tribute.

The territories of Mongol Rus',

hint, Mongol Rus' is what's gonna become Moscow

and the Russian Empire and all the rest of it, okay?

So the territories that become Mongol Rus',

that are Mongol Rus',

are under Mongol control for centuries.

That's a basic fundamental difference.

So Mongol Rus', here's another way to think about it.

It is one of the successors of Rus' for sure,

and we're gonna see the connections

between Mongol Rus' and Kyivan Rus'.

But it is also one of the many Mongol or post Mongol states

all across Asia and eastern Europe.

So the Mongols, after they come and destroy,

which admittedly is like, that's their famous moment.

1240, 1241, they arrive, they destroy,

they conquer everyone.

They have to go back for a funeral, as happens,

changes all of history, right?

The Batu Khan arrives, he destroys, no one can resist him.

Gets a phone call, didn't get a phone call.

He gets notice that he has to go back to Mongolia

basically, for what? For a succession crisis.

A funeral is the polite way of saying it,

but a succession struggle.

When someone dies, there's a succession struggle, right?

Those of you who have families that don't write wills,

you know what I'm talking about.

So the, uneasy class-based laughter, okay?

(students laughing)

So I have to say that because apparently they can't hear

when you laugh on the video.

That's been reported to me, like they can hear the jokes

but like, then there's silence.

(students laughing)

Which from my point of view is a little bit awkward, right?

It's like, "He's telling jokes all semester,

and the Yale students are just a looking at him."

Okay, so 1240, so 1237 to 1241,

that's the period that you all remember.

The Batu Khan comes, he conquers, no one's resistant,

so he goes back.

But after this, there is the Mongol state,

which is remembered under the name

of the Golden Horde, okay?

And then, but the Golden Horde over time,

itself falls apart into various entities.

And these entities don't,

they're often very fuzzy in European history.

They kind of just show up on the margins

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Class 7. Rise of Muscovite Power (2) |||Muscovite| Clase 1|||| Klasse 7. Aufstieg der Moskauer Macht (2) Clase 7. Auge del poder moscovita (2) Classe 7. Montée en puissance des Moscovites (2) Classe 7. Ascesa del potere moscovita (2) Klas 7. Opkomst van de Moskovische macht (2) Aula 7. Ascensão do poder moscovita (2) Занятие 7. Возникновение власти москвичей (2) Sınıf 7. Moskof Gücünün Yükselişi (2) 7 клас. Піднесення московської влади (2) 第七课:莫斯科势力的崛起(二) 第七課:莫斯科勢力的崛起(二)

becomes Christian under the Byzantines, |follower of Christ||| ||||візантій стає християнином під владою Візантії,

whereas all the rest of it's going to be while|||||||| тоді як||the|||||| тоді як все інше буде

Western Christian, right? Boring. Західний християнин, правда? Нудно.

Whereas our part is going to be Eastern Christian. Тоді як наша частина буде східнохристиянською.

The other thing which is special, Інше, що є особливим,

by the time we get to this lecture, at|the|when||||| поки ми дійдемо до цієї лекції,

and this is the subject of this lecture, і це тема цієї лекції,

is that it no longer exists. полягає в тому, що його більше не існує.

So, England, Norway, Norway slash Denmark, Sweden, ||||or|| ||||або|| Отже, Англія, Норвегія, Норвегія викреслюють Данію, Швецію,

these are all fairly durable political entities. ||||long-lasting||organizations це все досить довговічні політичні утворення.

England is still around. |||present Англія все ще поруч.

I mean, by the end of the semester let's see |||||||семестру|| Я маю на увазі, що до кінця семестру подивимося

but England is still around,

and Denmark, Norway, Sweden, they're also around.

Rus' is not still around, and so that's another difference,

and that's the subject that we're getting to today. і це тема, до якої ми сьогодні підходимо.

What actually happens to Rus',

and how are we best to think about that? і як нам краще думати про це?

So I introduced a next moment of contact Тож я представив наступний момент контакту

in the last lecture.

The moment of contact I tried to introduce

in the last lecture was another East/West moment,

which was the Mongols coming from one side,

and the Teutonic Knights coming from the other side. ||Teutonic|||||| ||тевтонські||||||

So if we're going to explain the origins of Lithuania

as we tried to do in the last lecture,

we explain the origins of Lithuania

not by saying they were always Lithuanians, ||||||Lithuanians

they were always wonderful pagans, they were very innocent. ||||worshippers of nature|||| вони завжди були чудовими язичниками, вони були дуже невинними.

You know, they did a lot of human sacrifice, Ви знаєте, вони принесли багато людських жертв,

which is how you preserve innocence, as we all know. ||||maintain purity||||| Именно так, как мы все знаем, сохраняется невинность. як ми всі знаємо, як зберегти невинність.

No I mean honestly, you've had, Нет, я имею в виду, честно говоря, у вас было, Ні, чесно кажучи, у вас було,

I mean the human sacrifice, well I mean. (sighing) |||human|||||sigh ||||||||зітхаючи Я имею в виду человеческие жертвоприношения, ну, я имею в виду. (вздыхает) Я маю на увазі людські жертви. (зітхання)

Where do I draw all the lines on the jokes |||||||||жарти Где нарисовать все линии на анекдотах Де мені провести всі лінії на анекдотах

knowing that I'm filmed? (students laughing) зная, что меня снимают? (Студенты смеются). знаючи, що мене знімають? (учні сміються)

That's just occurred to me for the first time. Это только что впервые пришло мне в голову. Це тільки вперше спало на думку.

But let's face it, human sacrifice has Но давайте посмотрим правде в глаза, человеческие жертвоприношения имеют Але давайте подивимося правді в очі, людські жертви мають

a kind of simplicity and clarity, |||simplicity|| |||простота||ясність некую простоту и ясность, якась простота і ясність,

which other forms of, you know, ritual don't. ||||||ceremony| ||||||ритуал| чего не делают другие формы ритуала. яких інших форм, знаєте, ритуалів немає.

So the, where was I? Итак, на чем я остановился?

Oh, so the Lithuanians, it's not that the Lithuanians А, значит, литовцы, не то чтобы литовцы. О, так литовці, це не те, що литовці

were always there and they were pure всегда были рядом, и они были чистыми завжди були там, і вони були чисті

and they were an ethnicity and so on. и они были этносом и т.д. і вони були етнічною групою і так далі.

That's not the story at all, right? Это совсем не та история, верно? Це зовсім не історія, чи не так?

The story is that the Lithuanians saw Рассказывают, что литовцы увидели

what happened to the Prussians, ||||Prussians что случилось с пруссаками,

the Lithuanians gathered together some tribes, ||assembled||| |||||племена литовцы собрали несколько племен, литовці зібрали деякі племена,

some Pagan tribes who speak the Baltic Lithuanian language. ||племена|||||| некоторые языческие племена, говорящие на балтийском литовском языке. деякі язичницькі племена, що розмовляють балтійською литовською мовою.

The Lithuanians went south and gathered up Литовцы пошли на юг и собрали Литовці пішли на південь і зібралися

most of the lands that had been Rus', and on that basis |||||||||||основі большую часть земель, которые принадлежали Руси", и на этом основании більшість земель, що були Руссю, і на тій основі

were able to stand up to the Teutonic Knights. |||||||Teutonic| |||||||тевтонські| смогли противостоять тевтонским рыцарям. змогли протистояти тевтонським лицарям.

And then because there was a rising state called Poland, ||||||emerging||| А потом потому, что возникло восходящее государство под названием Польша,

the Lithuanians married into the Polish crown, ||||||royalty ||||||корона Польщі литовцы вступили в брак с польской короной, литовці одружилися з польською короною,

and in alliance with Poland, and having annexed |||||||annektiert |||||||taken control of |||||||анексуючи и в союзе с Польшей, а также аннексировав і в союзі з Польщею, і приєднавши

most of what was Rus', Lithuania had, Большая часть того, что было Русью, досталась Литве,

there the Lithuanian rulers created the state там литовські правителі створили державу

which could actually defeat the Teutonic Knights. |||||Teutonic| которая могла реально победить рыцарей Тевтонского ордена. яка фактично могла перемогти тевтонських лицарів.

But all of that only makes sense, that whole rise |||||||||increase Но все это имеет смысл, весь этот подъем Але все це має сенс, усе це підвищення

of Lithuania as a great state only makes sense Литвы как великого государства имеет смысл только

if you understand Teutonic Knights pushing from the West, |||Teutonic||||| если понимать тевтонских рыцарей как натиск с Запада, якщо ви розумієте, що тевтонські лицарі штовхають із заходу,

Mongols have come in from the East and destroyed Rus'. ||||||||знищили| Монголы пришли с Востока и уничтожили Русь.

If the Mongols don't destroy Rus', Если монголы не уничтожат Русь, Якщо монголи не знищать Русі,

Lithuania is not going to annex it. |||||take control of| |||||анексувати його| Литва не собирается его аннексировать.

If Teutonic Knights are not pushing in Если рыцари Тевтонского ордена не проталкиваются

with their program of forced Christianization, |||||Christianization |||||християніза с их программой насильственной христианизации, з їхньою програмою примусової християнізації,

the Lithuanians aren't going to consolidate. |||||consolidate |||||об'єднувати литовцы не собираются консолидироваться. литовці не збираються консолідуватися.

So this is another one of these symphonies |||||||symphonic works |||||||симфоній Вот еще одна из этих симфоний. Отже, це ще одна з цих симфоній

where larger pressures push, particularities arise, ||||particular features| ||тиски||особливості| Там, где давление больше, возникают особенности, там, де натискає більший тиск, виникають особливості,

new states are consolidated, right? новые штаты консолидируются, так? нові держави консолідуються, так?

And so we get to this, we've already gotten to this. ||||||||arrived|| И вот мы к этому приходим, мы уже пришли к этому. І ось ми дійшли до цього, ми вже дійшли до цього.

It's the next few verses in Chaucer, right? ||||||Chaucer's works| ||||вірші||Чосер| Это следующие несколько стихов Чосера, верно? Це кілька наступних віршів Чосера, чи не так?

So the Chaucer, "Above all nations in Pruce and Lettow, |||in addition||||Prussia|and|Lithuania |||||||||Летта Так у Чосера: "Над всеми народами в Pruce и Lettow, Тож Чосер: «Над усіма народами в Прусі та Леттоу,

had he reysed and in Ruce," you know what that means. ||risen|||Ruce (place name||||| |||||Руці||||| had he reysed and in Ruce", - вы знаете, что это значит. якби він перейшов і був у Руці," ви знаєте, що це означає.

The Teutonic Knights were the (speaking in German). |Teutonic|||||| |тевтонські|||||| Тевтонские рыцари - это (говорит по-немецки).

Great German word, by the way. Кстати, отличное немецкое слово.

A (speaking in German) now is just like, А (розмовляє німецькою) зараз - це як,

"I'm gonna make, you know, making a little trip, "Я збираюся здійснити, знаєте, невелику подорож,

(speaking in German)."

But in this context, it means part of a crusade. Но в данном контексте оно означает часть крестового похода. Але в цьому контексті це означає частину хрестового походу.

You're joining a crusade. |||crusade |приєднує|| Вы присоединяетесь к крестовому походу.

You're coming from France or England or somewhere far away, Вы приехали из Франции, Англии или откуда-то издалека, Ви приїхали з Франції чи Англії чи десь далеко,

you're going to join in a crusade.

Pruce is Prussia, which has been fully destroyed. Пруссія||Пруссія|||||знищена Прус - это Пруссия, которая была полностью уничтожена. Прус — Пруссія, яка була повністю знищена.

Lettow is Lithuania, and Ruce is of course Rus'. Lettow|||||||| Леттов||||Русь|||| Lettow - это Литва, а Ruce - это, конечно, Русь.

So that's kind of interesting, isn't it?

I'm sure when you read this in high school, Я уверен, что когда вы читали это в школе,

or in your free time, or when you read it in the future, или в свободное время, или когда вы будете читать ее в будущем,

you just skimmed right over, ||glanced over|| ||пробігли поверх|| вы просто проскочили мимо, ти просто проглянув,

"What is this Ruce place, R-U-C-E? |||||буква R||| "Что это за место Ruce, R-U-C-E? «Що це за місце Ruce, RUCE?

Probably Chaucer made it up to rhyme with Pruce," right? ||||||рифмуватися||Прусе| Вероятно, Чосер придумал его для рифмы с Pruce", верно? Напевно, Чосер придумав риму з Прюсом, чи не так?

But no, Ruce is actually the country R-U-S, |||||||Р|| Но нет, на самом деле Ruce - это страна R-U-S,

which we've been studying, which in the 14th century которую мы изучали, которая в XIV веке який ми вивчали, який у 14 ст

was a completely unproblematic word, okay. |||unproblematic|| |||безпроблемне|| было совершенно беспроблемным словом, хорошо. було абсолютно безпроблемним словом, гаразд.

So this Lithuanian trajectory we followed, |||path|| Вот по этой литовской траектории мы и пошли, Тож цією литовською траєкторією ми йшли,

and we're gonna keep following it. и мы будем продолжать следовать ей. і ми будемо продовжувати стежити за цим.

We're gonna keep following the trajectory of what |||||path|| Мы будем продолжать двигаться по траектории того, что

in this lecture I'm gonna call Lithuanian Rus'. в этой лекции я буду называть Литовской Русью.

Because if we're gonna understand the, Потому что если мы хотим понять,

if we're gonna move east and understand the consequences ||||||||results or effects ||||||||наслідки если мы собираемся двигаться на Восток и понимать последствия якщо ми збираємося рухатися на схід і розуміти наслідки

of the Mongol destruction of Kyiv in 1237 to 1240, монгольского разрушения Киева в 1237-1240 гг,

we have to then move into the question мы должны перейти к вопросу

of the successors of Rus'. ||heirs|| преемников Руси. спадкоємців Русі.

And the successors of Rus'

are going to overlap with other things. |||coincide||| |||перекриватися||| будуть перетинатися з іншими речами.

They're going to overlap with the Mongol world, |||intersect|||| |||перетинатися||||

but not only.

Very briefly, we've already done Якщо коротко, то ми вже зробили

one of the successors of Rus'.

One of the successors of Rus' is Lithuania. Однією з правонаступниць Русі є Литва.

The Lithuanian Grand Dukes called themselves |||Dukes|| Великие князья литовские называли себя Великі князі литовські називали себе

the rulers of Ruthenia, and Ruthenia in Latin, |||Ruthenien|||| |||Ruthenia|||| |||||||латинь правители Рутении, а Рутения на латыни, володарі Русі, а латиною Рутенія,

of Rus' in their own language. Руси" на родном языке.

So one of the successors of of Rus' is Lithuanian Rus'. ||||descendants|||||| Таким образом, одним из преемников Руси является Литовская Русь.

A second successor of Rus', which we briefly talked about, Друга спадкоємиця Русі, про яку ми коротко говорили,

is Galicia and Volhynia. |Galicia||Volhynia |||Волинь

So this is all, right? This is all on your sheet. ||||||||||аркуш Вот и все, верно? Это все на вашем листе. Отже, це все, правда? Це все на вашому аркуші.

Okay? You nodding, thank you.

So Galicia and Volhynia are the two |||Volhynia|||

Westernmost districts of Rus'. most western||| найзахідні||| Крайні західні райони Русі.

These are very important places to know. Це дуже важливі місця, які варто знати.

They're very interesting places. Это очень интересные места.

Galicia and Volhynia are English words ||Volhynia||| Галичина і Волинь - це англійські слова

which come from Latin, but the original terms |||латинь|||оригінальні|

come from the old Ruthenian names for the places, походять від давніх русинських назв цих місць,

(speaking in foreign language), hence Galicia, ||||therefore| ||||отже| (говорить іноземною мовою), отже, Галичина,

And then Volhynia in Latin is actually (speaking in Latin), Additionally|then|Volhynia||||||| ||||латині|||||латині А потім Волинь по-латинськи - це власне (говорячи латиною),

but (speaking in Latin), you don't have to know this, |||латинь|||||| але (говорячи латиною), вам не потрібно це знати,

I'm just giving you a little break. ||||||rest Я просто даю тобі невелику перерву.

You don't have to write it down, I'm just cruising. |||||||||driving around |||||||||просто катаю Вам не потрібно це записувати, я просто подорожую.

So Volhynia in Latin is (speaking Latin), |Volhynia||||| |||латинь|||латинь

is from the city of Volodymyr.

Volodymyr becomes (speaking in Latin), ||||латинською

and Volodymyr is course of city named after |||the course|||named after| |||курсом|||| а Володимир - це місто, назване на честь

the first baptized ruler of Russia, which is Volodymyr. ||baptized|||||| перший охрещений правитель Русі, яким є Володимир.

So Galicia and Volhynia are what we call |||Volhynia||||

these Western districts, they're very important

because they hold out as rulers of Rus' ||claim|pretend|||| тому що вони тримаються як володарі Русі

for an extra century or so. for one||||| на додаткове століття або близько того.

They, the leaders of Galicia and Volhynia, ||||||Volhynia

claimed also to be the rulers of Kyiv. претендували також на володарювання Києва.

They very often actually had their person ruling Kyiv. ||||||leader|| Вони дуже часто фактично мали свою людину, яка керувала Києвом.

After the Mongol onslaught, they managed to hold their own |||Angriff|||||| |||attack||||||own ground |||ataque|||||| |||нападі|||||| Після монгольської навали їм вдалося втриматися

in Galicia and Volhynia. |||Volhynia

After 1240 they were the only princes of Rus' Після 1240 р. вони були єдиними князями Русі.

who actually engaged the Mongols on the battlefield ||fought against||||| який фактично вступив у бій з монголами на полі бою

with anything other than complete failure. with|anything|||| |||||невдача з будь-чим, крім повної невдачі.

So, and they managed to hold Kyiv, actually, but of course. Отже, і Київ їм вдалося втримати, власне, але звичайно.

But they managed to hold their own lands,

and consolidate the rule over their own lands in the 1240s. |consolidate||governance||||||| і закріпити панування над власними землями в 1240-х роках.

After the end of Kyiv, after the destruction of Kyiv,

they refer to themselves as Princes of Rus' |називають|||||| вони називають себе князями Русі

and Princes of all of Rus'.

In case I don't get to it later, this is a theme. |||||||||||topic Якщо я не дійду до цього пізніше, це тема.

If you're gonna call yourself the Prince of Rus',

just go ahead and call yourself the Prince of all of Rus', просто назвати себе князем всієї Русі,

and you will eventually figure out in practice і ви з часом це зрозумієте на практиці

how much all of Rus' turns out to be. скільки вся Русь виявляється.

That is the answer to the question of what all of Rus' is.

All of these people called themselves

the Prince of all of Rus', okay?

Nobody said, "I'm the Prince of Some of Rus',

and maybe somebody else is," no.

They all when they, as soon as they thought of it, Вони всі, коли вони, як тільки вони подумали про це,

they all said, "I'm the Prince of all of Rus'."

And the question of what all of Rus' is,

is determined by practice, how far you can actually get, |||experience|||||| визначається практикою, як далеко ви можете досягти,

and then you will call that Rus',

whether it was historically Rus' or not. |||історично||| була вона історично руською чи ні.

So in 2022 we're in a war where Russia is fighting Ukraine Отже, у 2022 році ми перебуваємо у стані війни, де Росія воює з Україною

in territories on the basis of the idea ||||основі||| на територіях на основі ідеї

that these territories are formerly Rus', but they're not. ||||колишні|||| що ці території є колишньою Руссю, але це не так.

The lands in the south of Ukraine Землі на півдні України

are territories of the Crimean Khanate. ||||Crimean Khanate|state ruled by a kh |||||Кримське хан

They were never part of Rus', and but never, |||||||but never|

so, and this is a traditional theme. ||||||topic Отже, і це вже традиційна тема.

When Moscow, and I'm gonna get to this, Когда Москва, и я дойду до этого, Коли Москва, і я до цього дійду,

when Moscow takes over Novgorod, ||||Novgorod ||||Новгород когда Москва захватывает Новгород, коли Москва захопить Новгород,

Novgorod suddenly becomes Rus', Новгород||| Новгород вдруг становится Русью,

but Novgorod didn't itself think that it was Rus'. |Nowgorod||||||| |Новгород||||||| но сам Новгород не считал себя Русью.

It only becomes Rus' after it was conquered, Русью она становится только после завоевания,

and so on and so forth. and|||||and so on и т.д. и т.п. і так далі і так далі.

So the whole idea of controlling all of Rus' |||||контролювання||| Таким образом, идея контроля над всей Русью Отже, вся ідея контролю над усією Руссю

is essentially a pragmatic idea, right? |||practical|| |||практична|| это, по сути, прагматическая идея, верно? це по суті прагматична ідея, чи не так?

After the destruction of Rus', okay. ||fall of Rus'||| После разрушения Руси, ок.

So the point about Galicia-Volhynia |||||Volhynia Таким образом, точка зрения о Галиции-Волыни

is that it's gonna have a bright future. ||||||promising| что его ждет блестящее будущее. це те, що він матиме світле майбутнє.

Galicia and Volhynia are very important to the future, ||Volhynia||||||

to the history of Ukraine.

But also they maintained some kind |||підтримували|| Але й вони витримували якийсь вид

of Rusyn Ruthenian statehood for, |||statehood| |||державність Русин| русинської русинської державності для,

basically a bonus century into the 1320s, 1330s, ||||in the 1320||| ||бонус||||| в основному бонусне століття до 1320-х, 1330-х років,

when they fall to Lithuania and to Poland.

So about 1320, the Lithuanians have gotten to Kyiv,

and Volhynia becomes part of Lithuania, okay?

Volhynia becomes part of Lithuania.

Galicia, Halychyna, becomes part of Poland as of as of 1339. ||||||in||| |Галичина||||||||

Okay, so that's, so now we have two successors of Rus'.

We have the Lithuanian Rus',

and we have the Galicia and Volhynia Rus', that's two. ||||||Volhynia|||

The third one, the one that we're gonna

focus on today is Mongol Rus'.

So the part of Rus' which falls durably under Mongol control |||||||dauerhaft||| |||||||permanently||| |||||||стійко||| Отже, частина Русі, яка надовго перебуває під контролем монголів

from circa 1240 deep into the 15th century. |around||||| |близько||||| приблизно з 1240 р. до 15 ст.

So a different story, a story of multiple centuries, Отже, інша історія, історія багатьох століть,

multiple generations.

Time matters a lot. Час має велике значення.

So this is just a basic historian's point. ||||||historian's perspective| ||||||історика| Тож це лише основна теза історика.

It matters a lot whether regime governs a territory |||||government or authority||| |||||режим управління|керує|| Велике значення має те, чи режим керує територією

for 50 years, a hundred years, or 300 years, right?

That's just a very, it's a very basic point. Це просто дуже, дуже основний момент.

And so when we're starting to think about

what's different between Galicia-Volhynia ||||Volhynia

and the Northeastern territories that become Mongol Rus', та північно-східні території, які стають Монгольською Руссю,

durability of Mongol rule. стійкість||| Тривалість монгольського панування.

Galicia-Volhynia encountered the Mongols. |Volhynia|faced off against|| ||зіткнулася з||

They only very briefly paid tribute. |||for a short time||homage |||||данину Вони лише дуже коротко віддали належне.

The territories of Mongol Rus', Території Монгольської Русі,

hint, Mongol Rus' is what's gonna become Moscow indication||||||| подскажите, монгольская Русь - это то, что станет Москвой підказка, монгольська Русь – це те, що стане Москвою

and the Russian Empire and all the rest of it, okay? и Российская империя, и все остальное, понятно? і Російську імперію, і все інше, ясно?

So the territories that become Mongol Rus',

that are Mongol Rus',

are under Mongol control for centuries.

That's a basic fundamental difference. Це основна фундаментальна відмінність.

So Mongol Rus', here's another way to think about it. Отже, монгольська Русь, ось інший спосіб думати про це.

It is one of the successors of Rus' for sure, |||||heirs|||| Це одна з спадкоємиць Русі безумовно,

and we're gonna see the connections

between Mongol Rus' and Kyivan Rus'. ||||Київська Рус|

But it is also one of the many Mongol or post Mongol states

all across Asia and eastern Europe.

So the Mongols, after they come and destroy,

which admittedly is like, that's their famous moment. |it must be acknowledged|||||| |зізнаючись|||||| що, за загальним визнанням, є їхнім знаменитим моментом.

1240, 1241, they arrive, they destroy, |arrive|| |приходять||

they conquer everyone. |перемагають| вони підкорюють усіх.

They have to go back for a funeral, as happens, |||||||похорон|| Їм доводиться повертатися на похорон, як це буває,

changes all of history, right? змінює всю історію, так?

The Batu Khan arrives, he destroys, no one can resist him. |Batu||||destroys||||| ||хан|||знищує|||||

Gets a phone call, didn't get a phone call. |||||||телефонний дзв|

He gets notice that he has to go back to Mongolia ||||||||||Монголія Він отримує повідомлення про те, що має повернутися до Монголії

basically, for what? For a succession crisis. |||||line of succession| В принципі, для чого? Через кризу наступництва.

A funeral is the polite way of saying it, |ceremony for the dead||||||| |похорон|||ввічливий|||| Похорон - це ввічливий спосіб сказати про це,

but a succession struggle. ||succession|for succession |||боротьба за спад але боротьба за правонаступництво.

When someone dies, there's a succession struggle, right? ||помирає||||боротьба за спад|

Those of you who have families that don't write wills, |||||||||testaments |||||||||заповіти Ті з вас, у кого є сім'ї, які не пишуть заповітів,

you know what I'm talking about.

So the, uneasy class-based laughter, okay? ||mal à l'aise|||| ||unbehaglich|||| ||uncomfortable|||| ||inquieta|||| ||незручний|||| Так что нелегкий классовый смех, понятно? Отже, неспокійний класний сміх, добре?

(students laughing) (студенты смеются)

So I have to say that because apparently they can't hear Поэтому я вынужден сказать, что, видимо, они не слышат. Тому я мушу це говорити, бо вони, мабуть, не чують.

when you laugh on the video. |||||відео коли ти смієшся на відео.

That's been reported to me, like they can hear the jokes ||||||||||жарти Мне докладывали, будто они слышат шутки. Мені про це повідомляли, ніби вони чують жарти

but like, then there's silence.

(students laughing)

Which from my point of view is a little bit awkward, right? Що, з моєї точки зору, трохи незручно, чи не так?

It's like, "He's telling jokes all semester, ||||жарти||семестр Це як: "Він весь семестр розповідає анекдоти,

and the Yale students are just a looking at him." а студенты Йельского университета просто смотрят на него".

Okay, so 1240, so 1237 to 1241,

that's the period that you all remember.

The Batu Khan comes, he conquers, no one's resistant, |Batu Khan||||conquers|||resisting ||хан||||||опір Приходить хан Батий, він завойовує, ніхто не чинить опору,

so he goes back.

But after this, there is the Mongol state,

which is remembered under the name який запам'ятовується під назвою

of the Golden Horde, okay? ||Golden|group| |||орда| Золотої Орди, ясно?

And then, but the Golden Horde over time, І тоді, але Золота Орда з часом,

itself falls apart into various entities. |breaks||||parts ||||різні|суб'єкти сама розпадається на різні сутності.

And these entities don't, А ці сутності не

they're often very fuzzy in European history. |||unclear or vague||| вони часто дуже нечіткі в європейській історії.

They kind of just show up on the margins ||||||||на околицях Вони просто з'являються на маргінесі