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TED Talks 2019 + Video, Rob Reid / How synthetic biology could wipe out humanity —and how we can stop it

Rob Reid / How synthetic biology could wipe out humanity —and how we can stop it

So, there's about seven and a half billion of us. The World Health Organization tells us that 300 million of us are depressed, and about 800,000 people take their lives every year. A tiny subset of them choose a profoundly nihilistic route, which is they die in the act of killing as many people as possible. These are some famous recent examples. And here's a less famous one. It happened about nine weeks ago. If you don't remember it, it's because there's a lot of this going on. Wikipedia just last year counted 323 mass shootings in my home country, the United States. Not all of those shooters were suicidal, not all of them were maximizing their death tolls, but many, many were.

An important question becomes: What limits do these people have? Take the Vegas shooter. He slaughtered 58 people. Did he stop there because he'd had enough? No, and we know this because he shot and injured another 422 people who he surely would have preferred to kill. We have no reason to think he would have stopped at 4,200. In fact, with somebody this nihilistic, he may well have gladly killed us all. We don't know. What we do know is this: when suicidal murderers really go all in, technology is the force multiplier.

Here's an example. Several years back, there was a rash of 10 mass school attacks in China carried out with things like knives and hammers and cleavers, because guns are really hard to get there. By macabre coincidence, this last attack occurred just hours before the massacre in Newtown, Connecticut. But that one American attack killed roughly the same number of victims as the 10 Chinese attacks combined. So we can fairly say, knife: terrible; gun: way worse. And airplane: massively worse, as pilot Andreas Lubitz showed when he forced 149 people to join him in his suicide, smashing a plane into the French Alps.

And there are other examples of this. And I'm afraid there are far more deadly weapons in our near future than airplanes, ones not made of metal. So let's consider the apocalyptic dynamics that will ensue if suicidal mass murder hitches a ride on a rapidly advancing field that for the most part holds boundless promise for society. Somewhere out there in the world, there's a tiny group of people who would attempt, however ineptly, to kill us all if they could just figure out how. The Vegas shooter may or may not have been one of them, but with seven and a half billion of us, this is a nonzero population. There's plenty of suicidal nihilists out there. We've already seen that. There's people with severe mood disorders that they can't even control. There are people who have just suffered deranging traumas, etc. etc. As for the corollary group, its size was simply zero forever until the Cold War, when suddenly, the leaders of two global alliances attained the ability to blow up the world.

The number of people with actual doomsday buttons has stayed fairly stable since then. But I'm afraid it's about to grow, and not just to three. This is going off the charts. I mean, it's going to look like a tech business plan. (Laughter)

And the reason is, we're in the era of exponential technologies, which routinely take eternal impossibilities and make them the actual superpowers of one or two living geniuses and -- this is the big part -- then diffuse those powers to more or less everybody. Now, here's a benign example. If you wanted to play checkers with a computer in 1952, you literally had to be that guy, then commandeer one of the world's 19 copies of that computer, then used your Nobel-adjacent brain to teach it checkers. That was the bar. Today, you just need to know someone who knows someone who owns a telephone, because computing is an exponential technology.

So is synthetic biology, which I'll now refer to as "synbio. " And in 2011, a couple of researchers did something every bit as ingenious and unprecedented as the checkers trick with H5N1 flu. This is a strain that kills up to 60 percent of the people it infects, more than Ebola. But it is so uncontagious that it's killed fewer than 50 people since 2015. So these researchers edited H5N1's genome and made it every bit as deadly, but also wildly contagious. The news arm of one of the world's top two scientific journals said if this thing got out, it would likely cause a pandemic with perhaps millions of deaths. And Dr. Paul Keim said he could not think of an organism as scary as this, which is the last thing I personally want to hear from the Chairman of the National Science Advisory Board on Biosecurity. And by the way, Dr. Keim also said this -- ["I don't think anthrax is scary at all compared to this."] And he's also one of these. [Anthrax expert] (Laughter)

Now, the good news about the 2011 biohack is that the people who did it didn't mean us any harm. They're virologists. They believed they were advancing science. The bad news is that technology does not freeze in place, and over the next few decades, their feat will become trivially easy. In fact, it's already way easier, because as we learned yesterday morning, just two years after they did their work, the CRISPR system was harnessed for genome editing. This was a radical breakthrough that makes gene editing massively easier -- so easy that CRISPR is now taught in high schools. And this stuff is moving quicker than computing. That slow, stodgy white line up there? That's Moore's law. That shows us how quickly computing is getting cheaper. That steep, crazy-fun green line, that shows us how quickly genetic sequencing is getting cheaper. Now, gene editing and synthesis and sequencing, they're different disciplines, but they're tightly related. And they're all moving in these headlong rates. And the keys to the kingdom are these tiny, tiny data files. That is an excerpt of H5N1's genome. The whole thing can fit on just a few pages. And yeah, don't worry, you can Google this as soon as you get home. It's all over the internet, right? And the part that made it contagious could well fit on a single Post-it note. And once a genius makes a data file, any idiot can copy it, distribute it worldwide or print it. And I don't just mean print it on this, but soon enough, on this. So let's imagine a scenario. Let's say it's 2026, to pick an arbitrary year, and a brilliant virologist, hoping to advance science and better understand pandemics, designs a new bug. It's as contagious as chicken pox, it's as deadly as Ebola, and it incubates for months and months before causing an outbreak, so the whole world can be infected before the first sign of trouble. Then, her university gets hacked. And of course, this is not science fiction. In fact, just one recent US indictment documents the hacking of over 300 universities. So that file with the bug's genome on it spreads to the internet's dark corners. And once a file is out there, it never comes back -- just ask anybody who runs a movie studio or a music label. So now maybe in 2026, it would take a true genius like our virologist to make the actual living critter, but 15 years later, it may just take a DNA printer you can find at any high school. And if not? Give it a couple of decades.

So, a quick aside: Remember this slide here? Turn your attention to these two words. If somebody tries this and is only 0.1 percent effective, eight million people die. That's 2,500 9/11s. Civilization would survive, but it would be permanently disfigured. So this means we need to be concerned about anybody who has the faintest shot on goal, not just geniuses. So today, there's a tiny handful of geniuses who probably could make a doomsday bug that's .1-percent effective and maybe even a little bit more. They tend to be stable and successful and so not part of this group. So I guess I'm sorta kinda barely OK-ish with that. But what about after technology improves and diffuses and thousands of life science grad students are enabled? Are every single one of them going to be perfectly stable? Or how about a few years after that, where every stress-ridden premed is fully enabled? At some point in that time frame, these circles are going to intersect, because we're now starting to talk about hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world. And they recently included that guy who dressed up like the Joker and shot 12 people to death at a Batman premiere. That was a neuroscience PhD student with an NIH grant.

OK, plot twist: I think we can actually survive this one if we start focusing on it now. And I say this, having spent countless hours interviewing global leaders in synbio and also researching their work for science podcasts I create. I have come to fear their work, in case I haven't gotten that out there yet -- (Laughter) but more than that, to revere its potential. This stuff will cure cancer, heal our environment and stop our cruel treatment of other creatures. So how do we get all this without, you know, annihilating ourselves?

First thing: like it or not, synbio is here, so let's embrace the technology. If we do a tech ban, that would only hand the wheel to bad actors. Unlike nuclear programs, biology can be practiced invisibly. Massive Soviet cheating on bioweapons treaties made that very clear, as does every illegal drug lab in the world.

Secondly, enlist the experts. Let's sign them up and make more of them. For every million and one bioengineers we have, at least a million of them are going to be on our side. I mean, Al Capone would be on our side in this one. The bar to being a good guy is just so low. And massive numerical advantages do matter, even when a single bad guy can inflict grievous harm, because among many other things, they allow us to exploit the hell out of this: we have years and hopefully decades to prepare and prevent. The first person to try something awful -- and there will be somebody -- may not even be born yet.

Next, this needs to be an effort that spans society, and all of you need to be a part of it, because we cannot ask a tiny group of experts to be responsible for both containing and exploiting synthetic biology, because we already tried that with the financial system, and our stewards became massively corrupted as they figured out how they could cut corners, inflict massive, massive risks on the rest of us and privatize the gains, becoming repulsively wealthy while they stuck us with the $22 trillion bill.

And more recently -- (Applause)

Are you the ones who have gotten the thank-you letters? I'm still waiting for mine. I just figured they were too busy to be grateful.

And much more recently, online privacy started looming as a huge issue, and we basically outsourced it. And once again: privatized gains, socialized losses. Is anybody else sick of this pattern? (Applause)

So we need a more inclusive way to safeguard our prosperity, our privacy and soon, our lives. So how do we do all of this?

Well, when bodies fight pathogens, they use ingenious immune systems, which are very complex and multilayered. Why don't we build one of these for the whole damn ecosystem? There's a year of TED Talks that could be given on this first critical layer. So these are just a couple of many great ideas that are out there.

Some R and D muscle could take the very primitive pathogen sensors that we currently have and put them on a very steep price performance curve that would quickly become ingenious and networked and gradually as widespread as smoke detectors and even smartphones. On a very related note: vaccines have all kinds of problems when it comes to manufacturing and distribution, and once they're made, they can't adapt to new threats or mutations. We need an agile biomanufacturing base extending into every single pharmacy and maybe even our homes. Printer technology for vaccines and medicines is within reach if we prioritize it.

Next, mental health. Many people who commit suicidal mass murder suffer from crippling, treatment-resistant depression or PTSD. We need noble researchers like Rick Doblin working on this, but we also need the selfish jerks who are way more numerous to appreciate the fact that acute suffering will soon endanger all of us, not just those afflicted. Those jerks will then join us and Al Capone in fighting this condition. Third, each and every one of us can be and should be a white blood cell in this immune system. Suicidal mass murderers can be despicable, yes, but they're also terribly broken and sad people, and those of us who aren't need to do what we can to make sure nobody goes unloved. (Applause)

Next, we need to make fighting these dangers core to the discipline of synthetic biology. There are companies out there that at least claim they let their engineers spend 20 percent of their time doing whatever they want. What if those who hire bioengineers and become them give 20 percent of their time to building defenses for the common good? Not a bad idea, right? (Applause)

Then, finally: this won't be any fun. But we need to let our minds go to some very, very dark places, and thank you for letting me take you there this evening. We survived the Cold War because every one of us understood and respected the danger, in part, because we had spent decades telling ourselves terrifying ghost stories with names like "Dr. Strangelove" and "War Games. " This is no time to remain calm. This is one of those rare times when it's incredibly productive to freak the hell out -- (Laughter) to come up with some ghost stories and use our fear as fuel to fight this danger. Because, all these terrible scenarios I've painted -- they are not destiny. They're optional. The danger is still kind of distant. And that means it will only befall us if we allow it to. Let's not. Thank you very much for listening.

(Applause)

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Rob Reid / How synthetic biology could wipe out humanity —and how we can stop it Rob Reid|Reid||synthétique|biologie|||||||||| Rob Reid|Rob Reid||||||||||||| Rob||||||eliminar|||||||| ||||||auslöschen|||||||| |||합성||||||||||| |||合成||||||||||| Rob Reid / Wie die synthetische Biologie die Menschheit auslöschen könnte - und wie wir sie aufhalten können Rob Reid / How synthetic biology could wipe out humanity —and how we can stop it Rob Reid / Cómo la biología sintética podría acabar con la humanidad y cómo podemos detenerla Rob Reid / Comment la biologie synthétique pourrait-elle anéantir l'humanité - et comment pouvons-nous l'empêcher ? Rob Reid / Come la biologia sintetica potrebbe spazzare via l'umanità - e come possiamo impedirlo ロブ・リード / 合成生物学はいかに人類を絶滅させうるか、そしてそれをいかに阻止するか 롭 리드 / 합성 생물학이 인류를 멸종시킬 수 있는 방법과 이를 막을 수 있는 방법 Rob Reid / Kaip sintetinė biologija gali sunaikinti žmoniją ir kaip galime ją sustabdyti Rob Reid / Jak biologia syntetyczna może zniszczyć ludzkość - i jak możemy to powstrzymać Rob Reid / Como é que a biologia sintética pode acabar com a humanidade - e como podemos impedi-lo Роб Рейд / Как синтетическая биология может уничтожить человечество - и как мы можем этому помешать Rob Reid / Sentetik biyoloji insanlığı nasıl yok edebilir -ve bunu nasıl durdurabiliriz? Роб Рід / Як синтетична біологія може знищити людство - і як ми можемо це зупинити Rob Reid / 合成生物学如何消灭人类——以及我们如何阻止它 Rob Reid / 合成生物学如何毁灭人类--以及我们如何阻止它 羅布·里德 / 合成生物學如何消滅人類——以及我們如何阻止它

So, there's about seven and a half billion of us. Also|es gibt|ungefähr|sieben|||||| Es gibt also etwa siebeneinhalb Milliarden von uns. Así que somos unos siete mil quinientos millones. 所以,我们大约有七五十亿人。 The World Health Organization tells us that 300 million of us are depressed, and about 800,000 people take their lives every year. |||Organization||||||||depressed|||||||| |||||||||||depresi|||||||| Nach Angaben der Weltgesundheitsorganisation sind 300 Millionen Menschen depressiv, und jedes Jahr nehmen sich etwa 800.000 Menschen das Leben. 世界卫生组织告诉我们,我们中有 3 亿人患有抑郁症,每年约有 80 万人结束生命。 A tiny subset of them choose a profoundly nihilistic route, which is they die in the act of killing as many people as possible. |petit|sous-ensemble||||||nihiliste||||||||||||||| ||subset|||||profoundly|destructive and hopeless|route|||||||||||||| |pequeno|um subconjunto||||||nihilista||||||||||||||| ||kleine Teilmenge|||||tiefgehend|nihilistische||||||||Akt||||||| ||부분집합||||||허무주의적인||||||||||||||| ||||||||nihilista||||||||||||||| |||||||深刻地|虚无主义的||||||||||||||| ||subset||||||nihilis|||||||(1) tindakan|||||||| Eine winzige Untergruppe von ihnen wählt einen zutiefst nihilistischen Weg, der darin besteht, dass sie sterben, während sie so viele Menschen wie möglich töten. Un pequeño subgrupo de ellos opta por una vía profundamente nihilista, que consiste en morir en el acto matando al mayor número posible de personas. Un piccolo sottogruppo di loro sceglie un percorso profondamente nichilista, ovvero muoiono nell'atto di uccidere quante più persone possibile. Крошечная часть из них выбирает глубоко нигилистический путь, который заключается в том, что они умирают, убивая как можно больше людей. 他们中的一小部分人选择了一条极度虚无主义的路线,那就是他们在尽可能多地杀人的过程中死去。 These are some famous recent examples. ||||recentes| Dies sind einige berühmte Beispiele aus jüngster Zeit. Estos son algunos ejemplos recientes famosos. Вот несколько известных примеров последнего времени. 这些是最近一些著名的例子。 And here's a less famous one. ||||weniger bekannt| Y aquí hay una menos famosa. 这是一个不太出名的。 It happened about nine weeks ago. 它发生在大约九周前。 If you don't remember it, it's because there's a lot of this going on. 如果你不记得了,那是因为发生了很多这样的事情。 Wikipedia just last year counted 323 mass shootings in my home country, the United States. ||||统计||枪击事件||||||| ||||||||||pays||| Wikipedia|||||mass|shootings||||||| ||||||sparatorie||||||| |||||tiroteios|||||||| Wikipedia zählte allein im letzten Jahr 323 Massenerschießungen in meinem Heimatland, den Vereinigten Staaten. Sólo el año pasado, Wikipedia contabilizó 323 tiroteos masivos en mi país, Estados Unidos. 维基百科仅在去年统计了在我的祖国美国发生的 323 起大规模枪击事件。 Not all of those shooters were suicidal, not all of them were maximizing their death tolls, but many, many were. Pas|tous||ces|tireurs||||||||||morts|bilan de morts||beaucoup|beaucoup|étaient ||||shooters||self-destructive||||||maximizing|||number of deaths|||| |||||||||||eram||||números de mortos|||| |||||||||||||||Todesopferzahlen|||| |||||||||||||||사망자 수|||| |||||||||||||||morte|||| ||||枪手||||||||最大化||死亡|死亡人数|||| ||||||||||||memaksimumkan||||||| No todos esos tiradores eran suicidas, no todos maximizaban su número de muertos, pero muchos, muchos lo eran. Не все из этих стрелков были самоубийцами, не все из них стремились максимально увеличить число жертв, но многие, очень многие были самоубийцами. 并非所有这些射手都有自杀倾向,并非所有枪手都在最大限度地增加死亡人数,但很多很多人都是。

An important question becomes: What limits do these people have? |||||Grenzen|||| ||domanda||||||| Das ist eine wichtige Frage: Welche Grenzen haben diese Menschen? Возникает важный вопрос: Какие ограничения существуют у этих людей? 一个重要的问题变成了:这些人有什么限制? Take the Vegas shooter. ||Vegas| Nehmen Sie den Amokläufer von Las Vegas. Por ejemplo, el tirador de Las Vegas. 以维加斯射手为例。 He slaughtered 58 people. |a tué| |tötete| |slaughtered| |mengorbankan| |massacrou| Er hat 58 Menschen abgeschlachtet. Он уничтожил 58 человек. 他屠杀了58人。 Did he stop there because he'd had enough? |||that place|||| ||||perché||| ¿Se detuvo allí porque ya había tenido suficiente? 他停在那里是因为他受够了吗? No, and we know this because he shot and injured another 422 people who he surely would have preferred to kill. |||||||||||||||||preferred|| ||||||||||||||certamente||||| Nein, und das wissen wir, weil er weitere 422 Menschen erschossen und verletzt hat, die er sicherlich lieber getötet hätte. No, y lo sabemos porque disparó e hirió a otras 422 personas a las que seguramente habría preferido matar. 不,我们之所以知道这一点,是因为他开枪打伤了另外 422 人,他肯定更愿意杀死这些人。 We have no reason to think he would have stopped at 4,200. No tenemos motivos para pensar que se hubiera detenido en 4.200. 我们没有理由认为他会止步于 4,200。 In fact, with somebody this nihilistic, he may well have gladly killed us all. |||||nihiliste|||||avec plaisir||| |||||utterly despairing|||||gladly||| ||||||||||dengan senang hati||| ||||||||||alegremente||| Mit jemandem, der so nihilistisch ist, hätte er uns vielleicht sogar gerne alle getötet. 事实上,对于这样一个虚无主义的人,他很可能会很高兴地杀死我们所有人。 We don't know. No lo sabemos. What we do know is this: when suicidal murderers really go all in, technology is the force multiplier. |||||||||||||||||力量倍增器 |||||||intending self-harm|murderers|||||||||force enhancer |||||||||||||||||증폭기 ||||||||pembunuh|||||||||pengganda Was wir wissen ist folgendes: Wenn Selbstmordmörder wirklich alles geben, ist die Technologie der Kraftmultiplikator. Мы знаем только одно: когда убийцы-самоубийцы действительно идут на все, технология является мультипликатором силы. 我们所知道的是:当自杀式杀人犯真正全力以赴时,技术就是力量倍增器。

Here's an example. 这是一个例子。 Several years back, there was a rash of 10 mass school attacks in China carried out with things like knives and hammers and cleavers, because guns are really hard to get there. ||||||vagueur||||||||||||couteaux||marteaux||couteaux de cuisine|||||||| ||||||spate||||||||||||||hammers||butcher's knives|||||||| ||||||onda||||||||||||||||facas|||||||| ||||||Welle|||||||durchgeführt|||||||||Fleischerbeile|||||||| ||||||일련의||||||||||||||||칼|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||锤子||菜刀|||||||| ||||||serangan||||||||||||||palu||pisau daging|||||||| Несколько лет назад в Китае произошла серия из 10 массовых нападений на школы, совершенных с использованием ножей, молотков и тесаков, поскольку оружие там достать очень сложно. 几年前,中国发生了 10 起使用刀子、锤子和菜刀之类的大规模学校袭击事件,因为枪支真的很难拿到那里。 By macabre coincidence, this last attack occurred just hours before the massacre in Newtown, Connecticut. |可怕的|||||||||||||康涅狄格 |makaber|makabre Zufall||||stattfand|||||Massaker||| |섬뜩한||||||||||||| |kebetulan|kebetulan|||||||||pembunuhan||Newtown|Connecticut ||||||occurred|||||massacre||a town|Connecticut Der makabre Zufall will es, dass dieser letzte Anschlag nur wenige Stunden vor dem Massaker in Newtown, Connecticut, stattfand. Por macabra coincidencia, este último ataque se produjo pocas horas antes de la masacre de Newtown, Connecticut. По странному совпадению, последний теракт произошел всего за несколько часов до массового убийства в Ньютауне, штат Коннектикут. 巧合的是,最后一次袭击发生在康涅狄格州纽敦大屠杀发生前几个小时。 But that one American attack killed roughly the same number of victims as the 10 Chinese attacks combined. ||||||environ|||||||||| ||||||approximately|||||victims|||||combined ||||||kira-kira|||||mangsa||||| ||||||aproximadamente|||||||||| Aber dieser eine amerikanische Anschlag forderte etwa die gleiche Anzahl von Opfern wie die 10 chinesischen Anschläge zusammen. Pero ese único ataque estadounidense mató aproximadamente al mismo número de víctimas que los 10 ataques chinos juntos. 但美国发动的那次袭击造成的受害者人数与中国发动的 10 次袭击造成的死亡人数总和大致相同。 So we can fairly say, knife: terrible; gun: way worse. |||assez|||||| |||reasonably||||||worse |||||||||viel schlimmer |||razoavelmente|||||| Así que podemos decir, cuchillo: terrible; pistola: mucho peor. 所以我们可以公平地说,刀:可怕;枪:更糟。 And airplane: massively worse, as pilot Andreas Lubitz showed when he forced 149 people to join him in his suicide, smashing a plane into the French Alps. |||||||||||||||||||écrasant|||||| |Flugzeug||||||||||||||||||zerschmetternd|||||| ||massively||||the co-pilot|pilot's suicide crash||||forced|||||||suicide|smashing||||||Alps ||amat|||pilot||||||||||||||menghentam|||||| 还有飞机:更糟糕的是,飞行员安德烈亚斯·卢比茨 (Andreas Lubitz) 强迫 149 人加入他的自杀行列,将一架飞机撞向法国阿尔卑斯山。

And there are other examples of this. 还有其他这样的例子。 And I'm afraid there are far more deadly weapons in our near future than airplanes, ones not made of metal. |||||||||||||||||сделаны из|| |||||||mortelles|armes||notre|proche|||||||| |||||||deadly|weapons||||||||||| ||||||||armas||||||||||| |||||||tödliche||||||||solche Dinge|||| |||||||致命的|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||pesawat||||| И я боюсь, что в ближайшем будущем нас ждет гораздо более смертоносное оружие, чем самолеты, причем сделанные не из металла. 恐怕在我们不久的将来会有比飞机更致命的武器,它们不是由金属制成的。 So let's consider the apocalyptic dynamics that will ensue if suicidal mass murder hitches a ride on a rapidly advancing field that for the most part holds boundless promise for society. |||||||||||||prend||||||||||||||||| ||||apocalyptic|dynamics|||follow, result, occur|||||hitches||ride|||rapidly|advancing|field|||||||boundless||| ||||||que||surgir|||massa||se aproveita||uma carona||||||||||||ilimitada||| ||betrachten wir mal||apokalyptischen|dynamische Entwicklungen|||folgen werden||suizidaler|||sich anschließt|||||schnell fortschreitenden|||||||||||| ||||||||일어날|||||||||||||||||||무한한||| ||||末日的|动态|||随之而来|||||搭上||||||||||||||无限的||| ||||apokaliptik||||berlaku|||||menumpang||||||||||||||tanpa batas||| Betrachten wir also die apokalyptische Dynamik, die sich ergibt, wenn der selbstmörderische Massenmord auf einem sich rasch entwickelnden Gebiet stattfindet, das für die Gesellschaft größtenteils grenzenlose Möglichkeiten bietet. Consideremos, pues, la dinámica apocalíptica que se produciría si el asesinato suicida en masa se enganchara a un campo que avanza rápidamente y que, en su mayor parte, es muy prometedor para la sociedad. Alors considérons les dynamiques apocalyptiques qui découleront si le meurtre de masse suicidaire s'empare d'un domaine en rapide avancement qui, pour la plupart, offre des promesses infinies pour la société. Consideriamo quindi le dinamiche apocalittiche che si verificheranno se l'omicidio di massa suicida si aggancia a un campo in rapido progresso che, per la maggior parte, è promettente per la società. Итак, давайте рассмотрим апокалиптическую динамику, которая возникнет, если суицидальные массовые убийства прицепятся к быстро развивающейся области, которая в большинстве своем открывает безграничные перспективы для общества. 因此,让我们考虑一下,如果自杀性大屠杀搭上一个快速发展的领域的便车,而这个领域在很大程度上对社会有着无限的希望,那么世界末日的动态将会随之而来。 Somewhere out there in the world, there's a tiny group of people who would attempt, however ineptly, to kill us all if they could just figure out how. ||||||||petit||||||||de manière inepte||||||||||| ||||||||||||||try to||clumsily or incompetently||||||||||| Em algum lugar||||||||||||||tentariam||ineptamente||||||||||| ||||||||||||||versuchen würden||ungeschickt|||||||||herausfinden|| ||||||||||||||||서투르게||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||笨拙地||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||secara tidak cekap||||||||||| Irgendwo auf der Welt gibt es eine kleine Gruppe von Menschen, die versuchen würden, uns alle zu töten, wenn sie nur wüssten, wie. Quelque part dans le monde, il y a un petit groupe de personnes qui essaieraient, aussi maladroitement soit-il, de nous tuer tous si seulement elles pouvaient comprendre comment. Где-то в мире есть крошечная группа людей, которые, пусть и неумело, но попытаются убить всех нас, если только придумают, как это сделать. 在世界的某个地方,有一小群人会试图杀死我们所有人,无论他们多么笨拙,只要他们能弄清楚如何做。 The Vegas shooter may or may not have been one of them, but with seven and a half billion of us, this is a nonzero population. ||||||||||||||||||||||||非零| ||||||||||||||||||||||||non nulle| |Las Vegas shooter|shooter|||||||||||||||||||this|||not empty| ||||||||||||||||||||||||bukan sifar| ||||||||||||||||||||||||não nula| Le tireur de Las Vegas était peut-être ou non l'un d'eux, mais avec sept milliards et demi d'entre nous, c'est une population non nulle. Стрелок из Лас-Вегаса может быть или не быть одним из них, но нас семь с половиной миллиардов, это ненулевая популяция. 维加斯射手可能是也可能不是其中之一,但我们有 7.5 亿人,这是一个非零人口。 There's plenty of suicidal nihilists out there. ||||虚无主义者|| ||||nihilistes suicidaires|| |plenty|||people rejecting meaning|| ||||nihilis|| |muitos|||nihilistas|| 那里有很多自杀的虚无主义者。 We've already seen that. 我们已经看到了。 There's people with severe mood disorders that they can't even control. |||||障碍||||| |||sévères||||||| |people||severe|mood|disorders||||| |||schwerwiegende||Störungen||||| ||||humor|||||| Есть люди с тяжелыми аффективными расстройствами, которые они даже не могут контролировать. 有些人患有严重的情绪障碍,他们甚至无法控制。 There are people who have just suffered deranging traumas, etc. |||||||扰乱性的|| |||||||destraçants|| |||||||verstörende|| |||||||severely disturbing|traumas| |||||||perturbadores|| Es gibt Menschen, die gerade ein schweres Trauma erlitten haben, usw. Hay personas que acaban de sufrir traumas desquiciantes, etc. Есть люди, которые только что перенесли тяжелейшие травмы и т.д. 有些人刚刚遭受了精神错乱的创伤,等等。 etc. etc. ETC。 As for the corollary group, its size was simply zero forever until the Cold War, when suddenly, the leaders of two global alliances attained the ability to blow up the world. |||groupe||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||consequence|||||||||||||||||||global partnerships|gained||||||| |||corolário||||||||||||||||||||atingiram||||explodir|explodir|| |||Folgerungsgruppe||||||||||||||||||||||||in die Luft jagen||| |||결론||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||推论|||||||||||||||||||联盟|获得|能力|||||| Die Größe der entsprechenden Gruppe war bis zum Kalten Krieg, als die Führer zweier globaler Bündnisse plötzlich die Fähigkeit erlangten, die Welt in die Luft zu jagen, einfach null. En cuanto al grupo corolario, su tamaño fue simplemente cero para siempre hasta la Guerra Fría, cuando, de repente, los líderes de dos alianzas mundiales alcanzaron la capacidad de hacer estallar el mundo. En ce qui concerne le groupe des corollaires, sa taille est restée simplement nulle pour toujours jusqu'à la guerre froide, lorsque soudainement, les dirigeants de deux alliances mondiales ont atteint la capacité de faire sauter le monde. Что касается корелляционной группы, то ее численность была просто нулевой всегда, вплоть до холодной войны, когда вдруг лидеры двух глобальных альянсов обрели способность взорвать мир. 至于推论组,它的规模永远为零,直到冷战爆发,突然之间,两个全球联盟的领导人获得了炸毁世界的能力。

The number of people with actual doomsday buttons has stayed fairly stable since then. ||||||末日||||||| ||||||juges de l'apocalypse||||||| ||||||catastrophic event trigger|buttons|||fairly|stable|from that time| ||||||||||ziemlich|stabil geblieben|| ||||||apocalipse|botões|||||| Le nombre de personnes ayant de véritables boutons de fin du monde est resté assez stable depuis lors. С тех пор количество людей с кнопками "Судного дня" остается достаточно стабильным. 从那时起,拥有实际世界末日按钮的人数一直保持相当稳定。 But I'm afraid it's about to grow, and not just to three. Aber ich fürchte, sie wird wachsen, und zwar nicht nur auf drei. Pero me temo que está a punto de crecer, y no sólo a tres. Mais j'ai peur que cela soit sur le point de croître, et pas seulement jusqu'à trois. Но я боюсь, что она скоро вырастет, и не только до трех. 但恐怕它要长大了,而且不只是长到三岁。 This is going off the charts. |||||charts |||||as nuvens Das ist nicht mehr zeitgemäß. Esto se sale de lo normal. Это зашкаливает. 这太离谱了。 I mean, it's going to look like a tech business plan. ||||||||tech|business| Quiero decir, va a parecer un plan de negocios de tecnología. 我的意思是,它看起来像是一个技术商业计划。 (Laughter) 웃음 (笑声)

And the reason is, we're in the era of exponential technologies, which routinely take eternal impossibilities and make them the actual superpowers of one or two living geniuses and -- this is the big part -- then diffuse those powers to more or less everybody. |||||||||指数(1)||||||不可能||||||超能力||||||天才||||||||传播||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||tatsächlichen|||||||Genies or Genies.||||||||verbreiten||||||| |||||||era||exponential|technologies||routinely||eternal|unachievable feats||||||superpowers||||||brilliant minds||||||||diffuse||||||| |||||||||지수||||||||||||||||||||||||||확산하다||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||gênios||||||||difusa||||||| Und der Grund dafür ist, dass wir uns im Zeitalter der Exponentialtechnologien befinden, die routinemäßig ewige Unmöglichkeiten zu den tatsächlichen Superkräften eines oder zweier lebender Genies machen und - das ist das Entscheidende - diese Kräfte dann mehr oder weniger auf alle übertragen. Y la razón es que estamos en la era de las tecnologías exponenciales, que rutinariamente toman imposibilidades eternas y las convierten en superpoderes reales de uno o dos genios vivos y -esta es la gran parte- luego difunden esos poderes a más o menos todo el mundo. Et la raison en est que nous sommes à l'ère des technologies exponentielles, qui prennent régulièrement des impossibilités éternelles et en font les véritables superpouvoirs d'un ou deux génies vivants et -- c'est la grande partie -- diffusent ensuite ces pouvoirs à presque tout le monde. Il motivo è che siamo nell'era delle tecnologie esponenziali, che di solito prendono le impossibilità eterne e le trasformano nei superpoteri di uno o due geni viventi e - questa è la parte più importante - le diffondono più o meno a tutti. 原因是,我们处在技术呈指数级增长的时代,这些技术通常会把永远不可能的事情变成一两个在世天才的实际超能力,然后——这是很大一部分——然后将这些能力或多或少地扩散到大家。 Now, here's a benign example. |||harmlos| |||무해한| |||benigno| |||harmless| He aquí un ejemplo benigno. Maintenant, voici un exemple bénin. 现在,这是一个良性的例子。 If you wanted to play checkers with a computer in 1952, you literally had to be that guy, then commandeer one of the world's 19 copies of that computer, then used your Nobel-adjacent brain to teach it checkers. ||||||||||||||||||prendre le contrôle de|||||||||||||||||| |||||checkers|||||||||||||Take control of||||||||||||Nobel|close to Nobel||||| |||||dama|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||dama |||||Dame spielen||||||buchstäblich|||||||beschlagnahmen|||||||||||||nobelnahe||||| ||||||||||||||||||탈취하다|||||||||||||||||| |||||跳棋|||||||||||||征用|||||||||||||||||| Wenn man 1952 mit einem Computer Dame spielen wollte, musste man buchstäblich dieser Typ sein, dann eine der weltweit 19 Kopien dieses Computers in seine Gewalt bringen und ihm dann mit seinem nobelpreisgekrönten Gehirn das Damespiel beibringen. Si querías jugar a las damas con un ordenador en 1952, tenías que ser literalmente ese tipo, apoderarte de una de las 19 copias de ese ordenador que había en el mundo y utilizar tu cerebro de Premio Nobel para enseñarle a jugar a las damas. Si vous vouliez jouer aux dames avec un ordinateur en 1952, vous deviez littéralement être ce gars-là, puis prendre le contrôle de l'une des 19 copies de cet ordinateur dans le monde, puis utiliser votre cerveau proche du prix Nobel pour lui apprendre à jouer aux dames. Se nel 1952 volevate giocare a dama con un computer, dovevate letteralmente essere quel tipo di persona, poi requisire una delle 19 copie di quel computer nel mondo, quindi usare il vostro cervello da Nobel per insegnargli la dama. 如果你想在 1952 年用计算机下跳棋,你必须成为那个人,然后征用世界上 19 个该计算机副本之一,然后用你与诺贝尔奖相邻的大脑来教它下跳棋。 That was the bar. Das war die Bar. Ese era el bar. 那是酒吧。 Today, you just need to know someone who knows someone who owns a telephone, because computing is an exponential technology. ||||||||||||||||||exponentielle Technologie| |||||||||||||||computing|||exponential| Heute braucht man nur jemanden zu kennen, der jemanden kennt, der ein Telefon besitzt, denn die Computertechnik ist eine exponentiell wachsende Technologie. 今天,您只需要认识一个认识拥有电话的人,因为计算是一项呈指数增长的技术。

So is synthetic biology, which I'll now refer to as "synbio. ||||||||||synbio ||synthetic||||||||synthetic biology (synbio) ||||||||||sintética ||Synthetische Biologie|||||bezeichnen als||| ||||||||||합성 생물학 ||合成生物学|||||||| Das gilt auch für die synthetische Biologie, die ich im Folgenden als "Synbio" bezeichne. También lo es la biología sintética, a la que me referiré a partir de ahora como "synbio". 合成生物学也是如此,我现在将其称为“synbio”。 " And in 2011, a couple of researchers did something every bit as ingenious and unprecedented as the checkers trick with H5N1 flu. |||||||||||독창적인||전례 없는|||||||| |||||||||aussi|||||||||||| |||||researchers||||||ingenious||Never done before|||checkers|trick||||flu |||||||||||genial und beispiellos||beispiellos|||||||| |||||||||||ingénua||sem precedentes|||||||| " Und 2011 gelang einigen Forschern mit der H5N1-Grippe etwas ebenso Geniales und noch nie Dagewesenes wie der Damentrick. " Y en 2011, un par de investigadores hicieron algo tan ingenioso y sin precedentes como el truco de las damas con la gripe H5N1. " Et en 2011, un couple de chercheurs a fait quelque chose d'aussi ingénieux et sans précédent que l'astuce des dames avec le virus de la grippe H5N1. " 在 2011 年,一些研究人员做了一些巧妙而前所未有的事情,就像跳棋在 H5N1 流感中的把戏一样。 This is a strain that kills up to 60 percent of the people it infects, more than Ebola. |||souche||||||||||||| |||deadly variant||||||||||infects|||Ebola |||cepa||||||||||||| |||Stamm||||||||||||| |||균주||||||||||||| |||||||||||||感染||| Se trata de una cepa que mata hasta al 60% de las personas que infecta, más que el ébola. C'est une souche qui tue jusqu'à 60 % des personnes qu'elle infecte, plus que l'Ebola. 这是一种毒株,可杀死高达 60% 的感染者,比埃博拉病毒还多。 But it is so uncontagious that it's killed fewer than 50 people since 2015. ||||不具传染性||||||| ||||non contagieux||||||| ||||Aber es ist so wenig ansteckend, dass es seit 2015 weniger als 50 Menschen getötet hat.||||||| ||||not easily spread||||||| ||||전염되지 않는||||||| Aber sie ist so wenig ansteckend, dass seit 2015 weniger als 50 Menschen an ihr gestorben sind. Mais elle est si peu contagieuse qu'elle a tué moins de 50 personnes depuis 2015. 但它的传染性极低,自 2015 年以来,它造成的死亡人数不到 50 人。 So these researchers edited H5N1's genome and made it every bit as deadly, but also wildly contagious. |||||||基因组||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||extrêmement| ||researchers|edited||||genome|||||||deadly|||extremely|contagious ||||||||||||||||||ansteckend |||||||||||||||||extremamente| Die Forscher veränderten also das Genom von H5N1 und machten es genauso tödlich, aber auch hochgradig ansteckend. Así que estos investigadores editaron el genoma del H5N1 y lo hicieron igual de mortífero, pero también tremendamente contagioso. Ces chercheurs ont donc modifié le génome du H5N1 et l'ont rendu tout aussi mortel, mais aussi extrêmement contagieux. 因此,这些研究人员编辑了 H5N1 的基因组,使其每一点都具有致命性,但也具有极强的传染性。 The news arm of one of the world's top two scientific journals said if this thing got out, it would likely cause a pandemic with perhaps millions of deaths. ||branche|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||Nachrichtenabteilung|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||branch||||||||scientific|journals||||||||||||pandemic||||| La rama de noticias de una de las dos revistas científicas más importantes del mundo dijo que si esta cosa saliera a la luz, probablemente causaría una pandemia con tal vez millones de muertes. 世界两大科学期刊之一的新闻部门表示,如果这件事传出去,很可能会导致一场可能导致数百万人死亡的大流行。 And Dr. Paul Keim said he could not think of an organism as scary as this, which is the last thing I personally want to hear from the Chairman of the National Science Advisory Board on Biosecurity. |||||||||||生物|||||||||||||||||||||||||生物安全 |||Keim||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||Dr. Keim||||||||organism|||||||||||||||||Chairman|||||Advisory|Board||biological threat management Et le Dr Paul Keim a dit qu'il ne pouvait pas penser à un organisme aussi effrayant que celui-ci, ce qui est la dernière chose que je veux entendre personnellement du président du Conseil national consultatif sur la bioprotection. Paul Keim 博士说他想不出像这样可怕的有机体,这是我个人最不想从国家生物安全科学顾问委员会主席那里听到的话。 And by the way, Dr. Keim also said this --  ["I don't think anthrax is scary at all compared to this."] |||||Keim|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||anthrax||||||| ||||||||||||탄저병||||||| ||||||||||||antraz||||||| Übrigens hat Dr. Keim auch Folgendes gesagt: ["Ich glaube nicht, dass Milzbrand im Vergleich dazu beängstigend ist."] Et au fait, le Dr Keim a également dit ceci -- ["Je ne pense pas que l'anthrax soit du tout effrayant comparé à cela."] 顺便说一句,凯姆博士也说过——[“我认为炭疽病与此相比一点都不可怕。”] And he's also one of these. Y también es uno de estos. Et il est aussi l'un de ceux-là. 而他也是其中之一。 [Anthrax expert] (Laughter) Disease specialist|expert| [炭疽病专家](笑声)

Now, the good news about the 2011 biohack is that the people who did it didn't mean us any harm. ||||||生物黑客|||||||||||| ||||||biohack|||||||||||| ||||||biological experiment||||||||||||harm ||||||||||||||||||Schaden zufügen ||||||||||||||||||mal Die gute Nachricht über den Biohack von 2011 ist, dass die Leute, die ihn durchführten, uns nicht schaden wollten. 现在,关于 2011 年生物黑客的好消息是,实施这件事的人并没有伤害我们的意思。 They're virologists. |病毒学家 |virologues |virus experts |바이러스학자들 他们是病毒学家。 They believed they were advancing science. ||||advancing| 他们相信他们正在推进科学。 The bad news is that technology does not freeze in place, and over the next few decades, their feat will become trivially easy. |||||||||||||||||||||微不足道| ||||||||||||||||Jahrzehnte||Leistung|||| ||||||||freeze||||||||decades||remarkable achievement|||very easily| |||||||||||||||||||||trivialement| Die schlechte Nachricht ist, dass die Technologie nicht an Ort und Stelle erstarrt, und in den nächsten Jahrzehnten wird ihre Leistung trivial einfach werden. 坏消息是技术不会停滞不前,在接下来的几十年里,他们的壮举将变得轻而易举。 In fact, it's already way easier, because as we learned yesterday morning, just two years after they did their work, the CRISPR system was harnessed for genome editing. |||||||||||||||||||||CRISPR|||exploité||| |||||||||||||||||||||CRISPR|||harnessed||genome| ||||||||||||||||||||||||aplicado||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||genutzt|||Bearbeitung des Genoms |||||||||||||||||||||CRISPR|||활용되었다||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||利用||| Tatsächlich ist es bereits viel einfacher, denn wie wir gestern Morgen erfahren haben, wurde das CRISPR-System nur zwei Jahre nach ihrer Arbeit für die Genom-Editierung nutzbar gemacht. En fait, c'est déjà beaucoup plus facile, car comme nous l'avons appris hier matin, seulement deux ans après qu'ils ont fait leur travail, le système CRISPR a été exploitée pour l'édition du génome. 事实上,这已经很容易了,因为正如我们昨天早上了解到的那样,就在他们完成工作两年后,CRISPR 系统被用于基因组编辑。 This was a radical breakthrough that makes gene editing massively easier -- so easy that CRISPR is now taught in high schools. ||||||||||||||||||||Schulen |||radical|breakthrough|||||massively||||||||taught||| Se trata de un avance radical que facilita enormemente la edición de genes, hasta el punto de que CRISPR se enseña ahora en los institutos. C'était une percée radicale qui rend l'édition des gènes massivement plus facile -- si facile que le CRISPR est maintenant enseigné dans les lycées. 这是一个根本性的突破,使基因编辑变得非常容易——如此简单以至于现在高中都教授 CRISPR。 And this stuff is moving quicker than computing. ||stuff||||| Y esto va más rápido que la informática. Et ces choses avancent plus vite que l'informatique. 而且这些东西比计算发展得更快。 That slow, stodgy white line up there? ||lente et épaisse|||| ||Dull and uninteresting|||| ||pesada||||ali ||langweilig|||| ||답답한|||| ||笨重的|||| Die langsame, schwerfällige weiße Linie da oben? ¿Esa lenta y estirada línea blanca de ahí arriba? Cette ligne blanche lente et lourde là-haut ? 那里那条缓慢、呆板的白线? That's Moore's law. |de Moore| |Moores| |무어의|법 |Gordon Moore's| Es la ley de Moore. C'est la loi de Moore. 这就是摩尔定律。 That shows us how quickly computing is getting cheaper. Esto demuestra lo rápido que se está abaratando la informática. Cela nous montre à quelle vitesse l'informatique devient moins chère. That steep, crazy-fun green line, that shows us how quickly genetic sequencing is getting cheaper. ||||||||||||测序||| ||||||||||||séquençage||| |steil|||||||||||||| |||||||||||genetic|sequencing||| |íngreme|||||||||||||| Die steile, verrückte grüne Linie, die uns zeigt, wie schnell die genetische Sequenzierung billiger wird. Esa línea verde tan pronunciada y divertida nos muestra lo rápido que se está abaratando la secuenciación genética. Now, gene editing and synthesis and sequencing, they're different disciplines, but they're tightly related. |||||||||学科|||| ||||synthèse||||||||étroitement| ||||synthesis|||||fields|||| ||||||Sequenzierung||||||eng verbunden|verwandt Gen-Editierung, Synthese und Sequenzierung sind zwar unterschiedliche Disziplinen, aber sie sind eng miteinander verbunden. And they're all moving in these headlong rates. ||||||tête baissée| ||||||recklessly fast speeds| ||||||precoces| ||||||kopfüber| ||||||무모한| ||||||迅猛的| Und sie alle bewegen sich in diesem rasanten Tempo. And the keys to the kingdom are these tiny, tiny data files. |||||kingdom|||||| Und die Schlüssel zum Königreich sind diese winzigen Dateien. That is an excerpt of H5N1's genome. ||ein|Auszug||||| |||발췌||||| |||excerpt||||| Dies ist ein Auszug aus dem Genom von H5N1. The whole thing can fit on just a few pages. Das Ganze passt auf ein paar Seiten. Todo puede caber en unas pocas páginas. And yeah, don't worry, you can Google this as soon as you get home. Y sí, no te preocupes, puedes buscarlo en Google en cuanto llegues a casa. It's all over the internet, right? And the part that made it contagious could well fit on a single Post-it note. ||||||ansteckend||||||||| ||||||contagious|||fit||||it|| And once a genius makes a data file, any idiot can copy it, distribute it worldwide or print it. |||||||||||||分发||||| |||||||||idiot||||distribute||globally||| Und wenn ein Genie eine Datei erstellt, kann jeder Idiot sie kopieren, weltweit verbreiten oder ausdrucken. Y una vez que un genio crea un archivo de datos, cualquier idiota puede copiarlo, distribuirlo por todo el mundo o imprimirlo. And I don't just mean print it on this, but soon enough, on this. Und ich meine nicht nur hierauf, sondern schon bald hierauf. Y no me refiero sólo a imprimirlo en esto, sino muy pronto, en esto. So let's imagine a scenario. ||||situation Imaginemos un escenario. Let's say it's 2026, to pick an arbitrary year, and a brilliant virologist, hoping to advance science and better understand pandemics, designs a new bug. ||||||任意的|||||||||||||疫情|||| |||||||||||virologue|||||||||||| ||||||beliebiges||||||||||||||||| ||||||randomly chosen||||brilliant|virologist|||advance|||||pandemics|||| Digamos que estamos en 2026, por elegir un año arbitrario, y un brillante virólogo, con la esperanza de hacer avanzar la ciencia y comprender mejor las pandemias, diseña un nuevo bicho. It's as contagious as chicken pox, it's as deadly as Ebola, and it incubates for months and months before causing an outbreak, so the whole world can be infected before the first sign of trouble. |||||||||||||潜伏||||||||||||||||||||| |||||varicelle||||||||incube||||||||épidémie||||||||||||| |||||Pocken||||||||||||||verursacht||||||||||||||| ||||수두|수두||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||pox|||deadly|||||incubates||||||causing||outbreak|||||||infected|||||| Es ist so ansteckend wie Windpocken, es ist so tödlich wie Ebola und brütet monatelang, bevor es einen Ausbruch auslöst, sodass die ganze Welt vor dem ersten Anzeichen von Problemen infiziert werden kann. Es tan contagiosa como la varicela, es tan mortal como el ébola y se incuba durante meses y meses antes de provocar un brote, por lo que todo el mundo puede estar infectado antes de la primera señal de problemas. C'est aussi contagieux que la varicelle, aussi mortel qu'Ebola, et ça s'incube pendant des mois et des mois avant de provoquer une épidémie, donc le monde entier peut être infecté avant le premier signe de problème. Then, her university gets hacked. ||||被黑客攻击 ||||hacked Entonces, su universidad es hackeada. Ensuite, son université se fait pirater. And of course, this is not science fiction. Y, por supuesto, esto no es ciencia ficción. Et bien sûr, ce n'est pas de la science-fiction. In fact, just one recent US indictment documents the hacking of over 300 universities. ||||||起诉书|||||| ||||||acte d'accus|||piratage informatique||| ||||||indictment|||||| ||||||기소|||||| ||||||acusação|||||| Allein in einer aktuellen US-Anklageschrift wird das Hacken von über 300 Universitäten dokumentiert. De hecho, una sola acusación reciente en Estados Unidos documenta el pirateo de más de 300 universidades. So that file with the bug's genome on it spreads to the internet's dark corners. ||||||||||||d'Internet|| |||||genetic code|genome|||spreads|||internet|| ||||||||||||||cantos So verbreitet sich die Datei mit dem Genom des Bugs in den dunklen Ecken des Internets. Así que ese archivo con el genoma del bicho se difunde por los rincones oscuros de Internet. And once a file is out there, it never comes back -- just ask anybody who runs a movie studio or a music label. ||||||||||||||||||||||label Y una vez que un archivo está ahí fuera, nunca vuelve... que se lo pregunten a cualquiera que dirija un estudio de cine o una discográfica. So now maybe in 2026, it would take a true genius like our virologist to make the actual living critter, but 15 years later, it may just take a DNA printer you can find at any high school. ||||||||||||||||||créer||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||critter||||||||||printer||||||| ||||||||||||||||||bicho||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Lebewesen||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||생물||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||生物体||||||||||||||||| Jetzt, im Jahr 2026, bräuchte man vielleicht ein wahres Genie wie unseren Virologen, um das lebende Tier herzustellen, aber 15 Jahre später reicht vielleicht ein DNA-Drucker, wie er in jeder Schule zu finden ist. Así que ahora, tal vez en 2026, se necesitaría un verdadero genio como nuestro virólogo para hacer la criatura viva real, pero 15 años más tarde, puede que sólo se necesite una impresora de ADN que se puede encontrar en cualquier escuela secundaria. And if not? ¿Y si no? Give it a couple of decades. |||||Gib ihm ein paar Jahrzehnte. |||||20 years Dale un par de décadas.

So, a quick aside: Remember this slide here? |||observação|||slide| Also, eine kurze Anmerkung: Erinnern Sie sich an diese Folie hier? Así que, un rápido inciso: ¿Recuerdas esta diapositiva? Turn your attention to these two words. Presta atención a estas dos palabras. If somebody tries this and is only 0.1 percent effective, eight million people die. ||||||||effective|||| ||tenta|||||||||| Si alguien lo intenta y sólo es efectivo en un 0,1%, mueren ocho millones de personas. Si quelqu'un essaie cela et n'est efficace qu'à 0,1 pour cent, huit millions de personnes meurent. That's 2,500 9/11s. Son 2.500 11-S. C'est 2 500 fois le 11 septembre. Civilization would survive, but it would be permanently disfigured. ||||||||défigurée |||||||permanently|disfigured ||||||||entstellt La civilización sobreviviría, pero quedaría permanentemente desfigurada. La civilisation survivrait, mais elle serait à jamais défigurée. So this means we need to be concerned about anybody who has the faintest shot on goal, not just geniuses. |||||||||||||le moindre|||||| |||||||besorgt sein über||||||geringste|Schuss aufs Tor||||| |||||||||||||가장 미세한|||||| |||||||preocupados||||||mais fraca|||||| |||||||||||||slightest|||||| Das bedeutet also, dass wir uns um jeden kümmern müssen, der auch nur den geringsten Torschuss hat, nicht nur um Genies. Esto significa que debemos preocuparnos por cualquiera que tenga el más mínimo tiro a puerta, no sólo por los genios. Donc cela signifie que nous devons nous préoccuper de quiconque a la moindre chance de marquer, pas seulement des génies. So today, there's a tiny handful of geniuses who probably could make a doomsday bug that's .1-percent effective and maybe even a little bit more. ||||||||||||||||||||sogar ein bisschen|||| |||||handful||||||||doomsday||||||||||| |||||um punhado||||||||||||||||||| Así que hoy en día, hay un pequeño puñado de genios que probablemente podría hacer un bicho del juicio final que es 0,1 por ciento eficaz y tal vez incluso un poco más. Donc aujourd'hui, il y a une toute petite poignée de génies qui pourraient probablement créer un virus de fin du monde qui aurait une efficacité de 0,1 % et peut-être même un peu plus. They tend to be stable and successful and so not part of this group. |dazu neigen|||||||||||| ||||stable||||||||| ||||||||||||este| Ils ont tendance à être stables et réussis et donc pas partie de ce groupe. So I guess I'm sorta kinda barely OK-ish with that. ||||un peu|||||| ||||irgendwie|||||| ||||sort of||barely|||| |||estou|meio|meio|mal|||| Ich denke also, dass ich damit irgendwie gerade noch zurechtkomme. But what about after technology improves and diffuses and thousands of life science grad students are enabled? |||||||verbreitet sich|||||||||ermächtigt |||||||spreads widely||||||graduate||| |||||||||||||os estudantes de pós-graduação|||capacitados Aber was ist, wenn sich die Technologie verbessert und verbreitet und Tausende von Studenten der Biowissenschaften in die Lage versetzt werden? Are every single one of them going to be perfectly stable? ||||||||||stabil Est-ce que chacun d'eux va être parfaitement stable ? Or how about a few years after that, where every stress-ridden premed is fully enabled? ||||||||||||étudiant en médecine||| |||||||||||burdened by|pre-medical student|||enabled |||||||||||sobrecarregado|pré-médico||| |||||||||||gestresst|Medizinstudent im Vorstudium||| |||||||||||스트레스를 받는|의대생||| |||||||||||充满压力的|医学预科生||| Oder wie wäre es ein paar Jahre später, wenn jeder gestresste Medizinstudent voll einsatzfähig ist? Ou que dire de quelques années après, où chaque étudiant en médecine stressé est pleinement habilité ? At some point in that time frame, these circles are going to intersect, because we're now starting to talk about hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world. ||||||||||||相交||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||se croiser||||||||||||||| ||||||frame||||||cross paths||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||sich schneiden||||||||||||||| ||||||||círculos||||interseccionar||||||||||||||| À un certain moment de cette période, ces cercles vont s'intersecter, parce que nous commençons maintenant à parler de centaines de milliers de personnes à travers le monde. And they recently included that guy who dressed up like the Joker and shot 12 people to death at a Batman premiere. |||||||||||Joker||||||||| |||||||||||mass shooter||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||시사회 That was a neuroscience PhD student with an NIH grant. |||neuroscience|||||| ||||||||NIH|지원금 Das war ein Doktorand der Neurowissenschaften mit einem NIH-Stipendium.

OK, plot twist: I think we can actually survive this one if we start focusing on it now. |Handlungstwist|||||||||||||||| ||twist||||||||||||||| ||||||podemos||||||||||| And I say this, having spent countless hours interviewing global leaders in synbio and also researching their work for science podcasts I create. ||||||d'innombrables|||||||||||||||| ||||||countless|||||||||||||||| I have come to fear their work, in case I haven't gotten that out there yet --   (Laughter)    but more than that, to revere its potential. ||||||||||||||||||||||révérer|| ||||||||||||||||||||||deeply respect|| |||||||||||colocado|||||||||||rever|| ||||||||||||||||||||||hochschätzen|| ||||||||||||||||||||||존경하다|| ||||||||||||||||||||||尊重|| Ich fürchte ihre Arbeit, falls ich das noch nicht gesagt habe - (Gelächter), aber mehr noch, ich verehre ihr Potenzial. Je viens à craindre leur travail, au cas où je ne l'aurais pas encore exprimé -- (Rires) mais plus que cela, à respecter son potentiel. This stuff will cure cancer, heal our environment and stop our cruel treatment of other creatures. |||||guérir|||||||||| |||heilen||heilen||Umwelt|||||Behandlung||| ||||||||||||treatment||| Ces choses vont guérir le cancer, réparer notre environnement et mettre fin à notre traitement cruel envers d'autres créatures. So how do we get all this without, you know, annihilating ourselves? ||||||||||自我毁灭| ||||||||||vernichten| ||||||||||destroying completely| ||||||||||자멸하는| ||||||||||aniquilando| Alors comment obtenir tout cela sans, vous savez, s'anéantir nous-mêmes ?

First thing: like it or not, synbio is here, so let's embrace the technology. |||||||||||akzeptieren|| ||||||synthetic biology||||||| If we do a tech ban, that would only hand the wheel to bad actors. |||||||verrait||||||| |||||Technologieverbot||||übergeben||||| |||||proibição||||||||| Si nous faisons une interdiction technologique, cela ne ferait que remettre les rênes aux acteurs malveillants. Unlike nuclear programs, biology can be practiced invisibly. |||||||invisiblement |nuclear||||||invisibly Im Gegensatz zu Nuklearprogrammen kann Biologie unsichtbar praktiziert werden. Contrairement aux programmes nucléaires, la biologie peut être pratiquée de manière invisible. Massive Soviet cheating on bioweapons treaties made that very clear, as does every illegal drug lab in the world. |||||traités||||||||||||| |Soviet|cheating||bioweapons|formal agreements||||||||||lab||| |||||Verträge über Biowaffen||||||||||||| ||fraude||armas biológicas|tratados||||||||||||| La trahison massive de l'Union soviétique sur les traités des armes biologiques l'a rendu très clair, tout comme chaque laboratoire de drogue illégal dans le monde.

Secondly, enlist the experts. |faites appel à|| |recruit||experts |recrute|| |Ziehen Sie hinzu|| |모집하다|| |召集|| Let's sign them up and make more of them. Inscrivons-les et en faisons plus. For every million and one bioengineers we have, at least a million of them are going to be on our side. |||||bioingénieurs||||||||||||||| |||||bioengineers||||||||||||||| Pour chaque million et un bioingénieurs que nous avons, au moins un million d'entre eux seront de notre côté. I mean, Al Capone would be on our side in this one. |||卡彭|||||||| |||Capone|||||||| Je veux dire, Al Capone serait de notre côté sur ce coup. The bar to being a good guy is just so low. ||||||||||niedrig Die Hürde, ein guter Kerl zu sein, ist einfach zu niedrig. Le seuil pour être un bon gars est vraiment très bas. And massive numerical advantages do matter, even when a single bad guy can inflict grievous harm, because among many other things, they allow us to exploit the hell out of this: we have years and hopefully decades to prepare and prevent. ||numérique||||||||||||graves|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||quantitative|||||||||||Cause severe damage|severe|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||grave|dano||||||||||explorar||||||||||||||| ||numerische|||||||||||zufügen|schwerwiegenden|schweren Schaden zufügen||||||||||ausnutzen||die Hölle aus|ausnutzen||||||||Jahrzehnte||||verhindern ||수치적인|||||||||||가하다|심각한|||||||||||활용하다||||||||||||||| ||数量优势|||||||||||造成||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Und massive zahlenmäßige Vorteile spielen eine Rolle, selbst wenn ein einzelner Bösewicht schweren Schaden anrichten kann, denn sie ermöglichen es uns unter anderem, diese Situation bestmöglich auszunutzen: Wir haben Jahre und hoffentlich Jahrzehnte Zeit, uns vorzubereiten und vorzubeugen. Et les avantages numériques massifs comptent, même lorsqu'un seul mauvais gars peut infliger de graves dommages, car entre autres choses, ils nous permettent d'exploiter cela au maximum : nous avons des années et, espérons-le, des décennies pour nous préparer et prévenir. The first person to try something awful -- and there will be somebody -- may not even be born yet. ||||||schrecklich||||||||||| ||||||horrível||||||||||| La première personne à essayer quelque chose d'horrible -- et il y aura quelqu'un -- n'est peut-être même pas encore née.

Next, this needs to be an effort that spans society, and all of you need to be a part of it, because we cannot ask a tiny group of experts to be responsible for both containing and exploiting synthetic biology, because we already tried that with the financial system, and our stewards became massively corrupted as they figured out how they could cut corners, inflict massive, massive risks on the rest of us and privatize the gains, becoming repulsively wealthy while they stuck us with the $22 trillion bill. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stewards|||||||||||||||||||||||||||repulsivement||||||||| ||||||||spans|||||||||||||||||||||||||||containing||leveraging synthetic biology||||||||||||||trusted overseers|||corrupted||||||||||||||||||||privatize||gains||disgustingly|wealthy|||||||| ||||||||abrange|||||||||||||||||||||||||||contendo||explorando||||||||||||||os administradores||||||||||||||||||||||||||||rica|||||||| ||||||Anstrengung||umfasst|||||||||||||||||||||||||||eindämmen und nutzen||||||||||||Finanzsystem|||||||||||||||||zufügen||||||||||||||abstoßend reich||||||||| ||||||||포괄하는|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||활용하는||||||||||||||관리자||||||||||||||||||||||||||be|역겹게||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||控制||利用||||||||||||||管理者|||||||||||||||||||||||私有化||||令人厌恶地||||||||| Ensuite, cela doit être un effort qui concerne toute la société, et vous devez tous en faire partie, car nous ne pouvons pas demander à un petit groupe d'experts d'être responsable à la fois de la maîtrise et de l'exploitation de la biologie synthétique, car nous avons déjà essayé cela avec le système financier, et nos fiduciaires sont devenus massivement corrompus en découvrant comment ils pouvaient rogner sur les règles, infliger des risques massifs, massifs au reste d'entre nous et privatiser les gains, devenant horriblement riches tandis qu'ils nous collaient la facture de 22 trillions de dollars.

And more recently --   (Applause) Et plus récemment -- (Applaudissements)

Are you the ones who have gotten the thank-you letters? Sind Sie diejenigen, die die Dankesbriefe erhalten haben? ¿Son ustedes los que han recibido las cartas de agradecimiento? Êtes-vous ceux qui ont reçu les lettres de remerciement ? I'm still waiting for mine. Todavía estoy esperando el mío. I just figured they were too busy to be grateful. |venais|||||||| ||dachte||||||| Ich dachte nur, sie seien zu beschäftigt, um dankbar zu sein. J'ai juste pensé qu'ils étaient trop occupés pour être reconnaissants.

And much more recently, online privacy started looming as a huge issue, and we basically outsourced it. |||||||devenir préoccupant||||||||externalisé| |||||||emerging||||||||delegated| |||||||surgindo||||||||terceirizamos| ||||||begann|sich abzeichnen||||||||ausgelagert| |||||||다가오다||||||||외주를 주었다| |||||||显现||||||||| Und in jüngerer Zeit wurde der Online-Datenschutz zu einem großen Thema, das wir im Grunde ausgelagert haben. Et beaucoup plus récemment, la confidentialité en ligne a commencé à émerger comme un énorme problème, et nous l'avons fondamentalement externalisé. And once again: privatized gains, socialized losses. |||privatisé||| |||privatized||socialized| ||||||Verluste Und noch einmal: Privatisierte Gewinne, sozialisierte Verluste. Et encore une fois : des gains privatisés, des pertes socialisées. Is anybody else sick of this pattern? |||es leid||| |||doente|||padrão Ist noch jemand dieses Muster leid? (Applause)

So we need a more inclusive way to safeguard our prosperity, our privacy and soon, our lives. ||||||||||번영|||||| |||||integrativer|||schützen||Wohlstand|||||| |||||inclusive|||safeguard|||||||| ||||||||proteger|||||||| Wir brauchen also einen umfassenderen Weg, um unseren Wohlstand, unsere Privatsphäre und bald auch unser Leben zu schützen. So how do we do all of this?

Well, when bodies fight pathogens, they use ingenious immune systems, which are very complex and multilayered. ||||病原体|||||||||||多层次的 |||||||||||||||multicouches ||||Krankheitserreger|||||||||||vielschichtig ||||disease-causing agents|||clever and effective|immune|||||||multilayered ||||병원체|||||||||||다층적인 Nun, wenn der Körper Krankheitserreger bekämpft, setzt er ein ausgeklügeltes Immunsystem ein, das sehr komplex und vielschichtig ist. Why don't we build one of these for the whole damn ecosystem? ||||||||||ganzen verdammten| There's a year of TED Talks that could be given on this first critical layer. ||||||||||||||Schicht ||||||||||||||layer Il y a une année de conférences TED qui pourraient être données sur cette première couche critique. So these are just a couple of many great ideas that are out there. Donc, ce ne sont que quelques-unes des nombreuses grandes idées qui existent.

Some R and D muscle could take the very primitive pathogen sensors that we currently have and put them on a very steep price performance curve that would quickly become ingenious and networked and gradually as widespread as smoke detectors and even smartphones. |||||||||||||||||||||||||courbe|||||||réseau|||||||||| |||||||||primitive|pathogen|sensors|||||||||||rapidly increasing|||curve|||||||networked||||widespread|||detectors||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||generalizada|||||| ||||||||||Krankheitserreger||||derzeit haben||||||||steile||Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis|Kostenleistungskurve|||||genial und vernetzt||vernetzt||||weit verbreitet|||||| |||||||||원시적인|병원체|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||病原体|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ein gewisser F&E-Muskel könnte die sehr primitiven Erregersensoren, die wir derzeit haben, auf eine sehr steile Preisleistungskurve bringen, die schnell genial und vernetzt und allmählich so weit verbreitet wie Rauchmelder und sogar Smartphones werden würde. Un peu de muscle en R et D pourrait prendre les capteurs de pathogènes très primitifs que nous avons actuellement et les mettre sur une courbe de rapport qualité-prix très raide, ce qui deviendrait rapidement ingénieux et connecté et, progressivement, aussi répandu que des détecteurs de fumée, voire des smartphones. On a very related note: vaccines have all kinds of problems when it comes to manufacturing and distribution, and once they're made, they can't adapt to new threats or mutations. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||变异 |||||||||||||||||Verteilung|||||||||||| |||||vaccines||||||||||manufacturing||distribution||||||||||||mutations Dans un note très liée : les vaccins ont toutes sortes de problèmes en ce qui concerne la fabrication et la distribution, et une fois qu'ils sont fabriqués, ils ne peuvent pas s'adapter aux nouvelles menaces ou mutations. We need an agile biomanufacturing base extending into every single pharmacy and maybe even our homes. |||agile|biomanufacture||s'étendant||||||||| |||agile|Bioproduktion||erweitert in||||||||| |||민첩한|||||||||||| |||flexible and responsive|biomanufacturing||||||||||| Nous avons besoin d'une base de biomanufacturation agile s'étendant à chaque pharmacie et peut-être même à nos maisons. Printer technology for vaccines and medicines is within reach if we prioritize it. |||||||in Reichweite||||priorisieren| |||||medicines||||||focus on| |||||약물||손이 닿는||||우선시하다| La technologie d'impression pour les vaccins et les médicaments est à portée de main si nous le priorisons.

Next, mental health. Many people who commit suicidal mass murder suffer from crippling, treatment-resistant depression or PTSD. |||||||||débilitante||||| |||||||||crippling||resistant|depression|| |||||||||depressão||||| |||||||||lähmend|Behandlung|||| |||||||||심각한||||| |||||||||严重的||||| Viele Menschen, die einen selbstmörderischen Massenmord begehen, leiden unter lähmenden, behandlungsresistenten Depressionen oder PTBS. De nombreuses personnes qui commettent des meurtres de masse suicidaires souffrent d'une dépression débilitante, résistante au traitement ou de PTSD. We need noble researchers like Rick Doblin working on this, but we also need the selfish jerks who are way more numerous to appreciate the fact that acute suffering will soon endanger all of us, not just those afflicted. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||심각한|고통|||위험에 빠뜨리다|||||||고통받는 ||||||Doblin||||||||||imbéciles|||||||||||aigu|||||||||||affligés ||honorable|||Rick|Rick Doblin|||||||||||||||||||||acute||||put at risk|||||||suffering from ||||||||||||||||Egoisten|||||zahlreicher||zu schätzen wissen||||akut|||||||||||Betroffene ||||||||||||||||idiotas|||||||||||agudo||||perigosamente||||||| Nous avons besoin de chercheurs nobles comme Rick Doblin travaillant là-dessus, mais nous avons également besoin des égoïstes qui sont bien plus nombreux pour apprécier le fait que la souffrance aiguë mettra bientôt en danger chacun d'entre nous, pas seulement ceux qui en sont atteints. Those jerks will then join us and Al Capone in fighting this condition. |ces idiots||||||||||| ||||||||||||Krankheit |os idiotas||||||||||| Ces égoïstes nous rejoindront alors, ainsi qu'Al Capone, dans la lutte contre cette condition. Third, each and every one of us can be and should be a white blood cell in this immune system. troisième||||||||||||||||||| Troisièmement, chacun de nous peut être et doit être un globule blanc dans ce système immunitaire. Suicidal mass murderers can be despicable, yes, but they're also terribly broken and sad people, and those of us who aren't need to do what we can to make sure nobody goes unloved. |||||可鄙的|||||||||||||||||||||||||||没有人被爱 |||||verachtenswert|||||furchtbar|zerbrochen|||||||||es nicht sind||||||||||||ungeachtet |||||contemptible||but|||terribly||||||||||||||||||||||unloved |||||비열한|||||||||||||||||||||||||||사랑받지 않도록 |||||desprezíveis|||||||||||||||||||||||||||não amado Selbstmordgefährdete Massenmörder können verachtenswert sein, ja, aber sie sind auch furchtbar gebrochene und traurige Menschen, und diejenigen von uns, die es nicht sind, müssen tun, was wir können, um sicherzustellen, dass niemand ungeliebt bleibt. Les meurtriers de masse suicidaires peuvent être méprisables, oui, mais ce sont aussi des personnes terriblement brisées et tristes, et ceux d'entre nous qui ne le sont pas doivent faire ce qu'ils peuvent pour s'assurer que personne ne soit laissé sans amour. (Applause) (Applaudissements)

Next, we need to make fighting these dangers core to the discipline of synthetic biology. ||||||||central|||discipline||| |||||||dangers||||discipline||| ||||||||Kernbestandteil|||||| There are companies out there that at least claim they let their engineers spend 20 percent of their time doing whatever they want. ||Unternehmen||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||말한다||||||||||||| What if those who hire bioengineers and become them give 20 percent of their time to building defenses for the common good? ||||einstellen||||||||||||Verteidigungen|||gemeinsame Wohl| ||||||||||||||||defenses|||| Not a bad idea, right? (Applause)

Then, finally: this won't be any fun. But we need to let our minds go to some very, very dark places, and thank you for letting me take you there this evening. Mais nous devons laisser nos esprits aller dans des endroits très, très sombres, et merci de me laisser vous y emmener ce soir. We survived the Cold War because every one of us understood and respected the danger, in part, because we had spent decades telling ourselves terrifying ghost stories with names like "Dr. Strangelove" and "War Games. ||||||||||||||||||||||||terrifiantes|||||||Strangelove||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||terrifying|||||||||| Nous avons survécu à la guerre froide parce que chacun d'entre nous comprenait et respectait le danger, en partie parce que nous avions passé des décennies à nous raconter des histoires de fantômes terrifiantes avec des titres comme "Docteur Folamour" et "Jeux de guerre". " This is no time to remain calm. ||||||calme " Ce n'est pas le moment de rester calme. This is one of those rare times when it's incredibly productive to freak the hell out --    (Laughter)   to come up with some ghost stories and use our fear as fuel to fight this danger. |||||||||||de|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||ausflippen||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||미치다||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||combustível|||| Dies ist einer der seltenen Momente, in denen es unglaublich produktiv ist, auszuflippen - (Gelächter) sich ein paar Geistergeschichten auszudenken und unsere Angst als Treibstoff zu nutzen, um diese Gefahr zu bekämpfen. Because, all these terrible scenarios I've painted -- they are not destiny. ||||||painted||||destiny They're optional. Sie sind fakultativ. The danger is still kind of distant. ||||||entfernt Die Gefahr ist noch ziemlich weit weg. Le danger est encore un peu lointain. And that means it will only befall us if we allow it to. ||||||arriver|||||| ||||||widerfahren|||||| ||||||일어나다|||||| ||||||happen to|||||| Et cela signifie qu'il ne nous frappera que si nous le permettons. Let's not. Ne le faisons pas. Thank you very much for listening. Merci beaucoup de votre écoute.

(Applause)