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The Making of Modern Ukraine, Class 11. Ottoman Retreat, Ukrainian Populism (3)

Class 11. Ottoman Retreat, Ukrainian Populism (3)

And one of the problems was that the Austrians

could not tell the difference between the Poles

and the Crimean Tatars.

They literally could not tell the difference.

And so, because in dress and attire and also in tactics,

they were very similar.

And the Crimean Tatars, of course, oh, I didn't say this,

but the Crimean Tatars were there in 1683

on the Ottoman side, right?

On the Ottoman side.

So these Poles, Pol Lithuanians and Crimean Tatars,

who've been fighting on their own border for a long time,

are now fighting in somebody else's border.

Like if you imagine Crimean Tatars, 10,000 of them

in and around Vienna, fighting the Polish army

coming down from the mountain, right?

And the Viennese cannot tell the Poles,

cannot tell the Lithuanians from the Crimean Tatars, right?

Because of the hairstyles, because of the scimitars, right?

Because of the calvary, they cannot tell the difference.

And so the decision that was made was that the Poles

are going to put a bit of straw in their helmets.

You know, the way modern armies will have a color

on their sleeves or whatever.

Like the Ukrainians and the Russians today,

the Poles will put a bit of straw in their helmets,

so that the Austrians could tell who they were.

So it's an anecdote, it's funny,

but it reveals something which is deeply true,

which is that this long, centuries long encounter

between the Lithuanians and the Tatars,

and then the Poles and Lithuanians and the Tatars,

mark them just as it marks the Cossacks, right?

The Viennese, of course couldn't tell the Cossacks

from the Tatars, right?

That goes without saying,

because the interaction between

the Cossacks and the Tatars

has been even more intimate for even longer,

because the Cossacks are precisely the people

who found that free spot between Polish Lithuanian power

and the Crimean Tatars and lived in that spot,

lived in it geographically, lived in it culturally.

Okay, so the 1683 victory is most important for us

because it leads to 1699.

If we're off in central European history,

1683 is the moment when the Austrians turn the tables

on the Ottomans.

And not only do they defend themselves in Vienna,

but between 1683 and 1699,

they fight their way southward through the Balkans,

and they establish themselves as a land power

in the Balkans, which is the beginning of the story,

which will eventually lead to the First World War,

different class.

But for our point of view,

when the Ottomans have to sign a peace tree in 1699,

which by the way is the first time they have to sign

a peace treaty as a defeated power,

when they have to sign a peace treaty in 1699,

that changes the balance of power

in our part of the world, right?

The Ottomans have been defeated,

their armies have been defeated in Southern Europe.

The treaty which is signed

is the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz,

that's the time when the Ottomans sign a treaty

as a defeated power.

Hugely important turning point in the balance of power,

because as I said, the Crimean Tatars

they're now basically hitched to the Ottomans.

They're hitched to the Ottomans at a moment

when the Ottomans then lose this big important war.

And Ottoman power has been driven southward, okay?

Now that changes everything.

That changes everything for the Russians

as we're gonna see in a moment.

Okay, now, before I get to the Russians,

we've gotta briefly talk about Cossacks,

the Ukrainian Cossack state.

So the Ukrainian Cossack state

gets blurred out of Polish history,

gets blurred out of Russian history.

We have 1648, which everyone is keen to treat as a violent,

you know, moment of violent rebellion,

which of course it was,

but that's not the only thing that it was,

it was also the construction of a new political order

in which the governing elite has been driven away

or physically eliminated or discredited, right?

So it's also something like a revolution

in which a new class emerges to control territory,

which are the Cossacks and the Cossack officers.

Now, these Cossacks and Cossack officers, however,

are not in the position after 1648

to rule territory themselves.

They are constantly forced to align with the Russians

as in 1648, sometimes still with the Poles,

sometimes with the Ottomans,

which is why this lecture is called "The Triangle".

There is something like Ukrainian statehood,

it's called the Hetmanate, after the Hetman.

But the Hetmanate is constantly bending and turning

and being turned against itself, right?

So you have right bank Hetmans, you have left bank Hetmans,

you have Hetmans who are trying to rule both

the right wing and the left wing.

You have a Hetman called Doroshenko,

who I hope I put on the list, tell me if I didn't.

But Doroshenko in 1669 becomes a vessel of the Ottomans

in order to try to unite the right bank

and the left bank where the right bank is controlled by

the Russians, the left bank is controlled by the Poles.

So if you're a Hetman, your great project

is to bring these things together

and then ideally to shove everybody else out.

But that they're not able to do.

So, okay, this is another date and treaty.

So I'm gonna tell you right off,

if you're paying attention, you're right here with me,

these dates and these treaties are gonna be on the exam,

all right?

They're gonna be on the exam,

know the dates of the treaties.

So the Treaty of Andrusova, 1667,

that is when the Poles and the Russians,

lots of inspired note taking now.

That's when the Poles and the Russians divide Ukraine,

left bank and right bank, 1667 Treaty of Andrusova.

Which means that now you have Hetmans,

you have leaders of the Cossacks on both sides, right?

And of course, if you're on one side,

your greatest aspiration is to be also on the other side.

And then your next aspiration

is then to get clear of whoever was sponsoring you,

whether that's the Russians or the Poles or the Ottomans.

That's the triangle.

You wanna bring it all together.

And then you wanna drive out whoever sponsored you.

They don't manage to do this, but that's the pattern.

So 1672, Doroshenko helps the Ottomans

to defeat the Poles in Podolia, okay?

Podolia is this region in South Western Ukraine.

And then after that happens,

so the Ottomans then control Podolia, which I'm gonna,

you guys write down Podolia, please, just like it sounds.

They control Podolia and then at the end of the 1670s,

the Ottomans make peace with Poland.

In 1681, you're gonna see how this fits together,

in 1681, the Ottomans make peace with the Russians, okay?

So now the Ottomans are at peace with the Poles

and the Russians, it's 1681, what do they then do?

They make their big move northwards to Vienna

and fail, right?

So important.

Their move is to go to Vienna and they fail.

Okay and so then everything turns around.

After 1683, the Ottomans are driven south.

The Crimeans have been defeated.

The Crimean Khan, by the way,

takes personal responsibility for the defeat and retires.

And in 1699, the Poles take Podolia back.

The Poles take Podolia back.

And the reason why,

there are many reasons why we're concerned about this,

but one of the reasons why we're so interested in Podolia

is because of the way that Brooklyn looks like now,

so have you heard of the Hasidism, right?

So it's a version of Jewish orthodoxy.

It's present on Yale's campus.

You don't have to look too hard to find it.

So, okay, I gotta stop myself, that was a tangent.

See, in the 18th century, you have no time for tangents.

That's what the 18th century is like.

So no tangents, but Hasidism,

which is a version of Orthodox Judaism,

which is still let's say thriving.

It's one of the reasons why Yiddish still exists

as a language is created in Podolia

after the Poles come back.

And the reason why,

I'll tell you what Hasidism is in a moment very briefly,

but the reason why it arises

is that it's in this territory which has shifted

from Muslim Ottoman control back and forth to

Polish Christian control.

And this whole Polish system of coming in

with the aristocracy and the serfdom,

and then going back out with the aristocracy

and the serfdom,

then coming back in with the aristocracy and the serfdom,

is very disruptive for the Ukrainians who rebel against it.

And in this whole boiling atmosphere in Podolia

is what gives rise to Hasidism.

Where Hasidism is created by someone who's called the Besht.

Besht means the Ba'al Shem Tov, the Master of the Good Word.

Very briefly, the idea of Hasidism is to give to Judaism

a kind of a more earthly and more corporeal component

where joy and direct contact with the mystic

are more important.

It's also a movement which has to do with the printing press

and access to the book by people who are not necessarily

completely literate.

Which let's admit, like not everybody is completely,

you know, there's a funny moment, right?

'Cause the printing press runs ahead of literacy

by several hundred years, right?

Kind of like the internet now, you know, like

the technology is way out ahead of what people,

it's a good analogy actually.

Because what people did with books

when they're first published, they did things like,

oh look, I know that letter.

Maybe it stands for something.

And that's kabbala.

That's one way of reading the Bible, right?

Is you don't, like, you take various combinations of letters

and you say, okay there's a hidden meaning

in this biblical verse, right?

That's a way of interpreting the Bible,

a much more accessible way,

which is associated with Hasidism precisely.

So it also has to do with printing press

at a time of limited literacy.

So the reason why I mention this is because

it's the next step in the history of Jews in Ukraine,

Hasidism.

And Hasidism is also a version of Orthodox Judaism,

which is going to break out of Podolia and into Ukraine

and into Poland and eventually into North America.

Okay, so no time for tangents.

There was time for a parenthesis on the Hassids.

Now I'm closing that parenthesis

and we're getting back to where we need to be,

which is Russia.

Okay, so now let's think about all this

from the point of view of Russia.

What the Russians are able to do,

what the new Russian empire, as it's called from 1721.

And by the way, Russian Empire is a conscious

rebranding exercise, right?

It's called Russia because of Russ,

not the other way around, right?

I mean, I realize you're history students,

so you know that like chronology is very important.

So Russia is called Russia because it's named after Russ.

Russ was not called Russ because it was named after Russia.

And once you get that straight,

a lot of other things fall into place.

Okay, so in the 18th century, Russia makes its move

back into Europe with tremendous success

under two great rulers, Peter and Catherine.

So how does this happen?

The Ottomans are down, right?

They're defeated and they're in the south.

Between 1683 and 1699, they're being driven southward

and Russia takes advantage of this by going north,

going to the Baltic again.

We saw how Ivan the Terrible

foundered on the shores of the Baltic,

he starts the Livonian wars,

which he basically loses the Livonian wars,

bring the Poles and Lithuanians closer together,

Union of Lublin, all of that.

And then there's terror inside the Muscovite state.

This time, the move to the Baltic succeeds.

The great northern war that begins in 1700,

which is only one year after 1699, by no coincidence,

the Great Northern War which begins in 1700,

it turns out to be a Russian victory.

But this great northern war turns out to be Russian victory,

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Class 11. Ottoman Retreat, Ukrainian Populism (3) Klasse 11: Osmanischer Rückzug, ukrainischer Populismus (3) Clase 11. Retirada otomana, populismo ucraniano (3) クラス 11. オスマン帝国の退却、ウクライナのポピュリズム (3) Klas 11. Ottomaanse terugtrekking, Oekraïens populisme (3) Aula 11. Retirada Otomana, Populismo Ucraniano (3) 11. Sınıf Osmanlı Geri Çekilişi, Ukrayna Popülizmi (3) 第11课 奥斯曼帝国的撤退,乌克兰的民粹主义(3)

And one of the problems was that the Austrians Und eines der Probleme war, dass die Österreicher 問題の 1 つは、オーストリア人が

could not tell the difference between the Poles konnte den Unterschied zwischen den Polen nicht erkennen ポーランド人の違いを見分けることができませんでした

and the Crimean Tatars. そしてクリミア・タタール人。

They literally could not tell the difference. Sie konnten buchstäblich keinen Unterschied erkennen. 彼らは文字通り違いを見分けることができませんでした。 Они буквально не могли отличить друг друга.

And so, because in dress and attire and also in tactics, ||||||clothing|||| ||||||服装|||| Und so, denn in Kleidung und Kleidung und auch in Taktik, そして、ドレスや服装、そして戦術においても、

they were very similar. 彼らは非常に似ていました。

And the Crimean Tatars, of course, oh, I didn't say this, そしてもちろん、クリミア・タタール人は、ああ、私はこれを言いませんでした、

but the Crimean Tatars were there in 1683 しかし、クリミア・タタール人は1683年にそこにいました

on the Ottoman side, right? オスマン側ですよね?

On the Ottoman side. オスマン側です。

So these Poles, Pol Lithuanians and Crimean Tatars, ||Polish people|Polish people|Lithuanian people||Crimea region natives|Crimean ethnic group これらのポーランド人、ポル・リトアニア人、クリミア・タタール人は、

who've been fighting on their own border for a long time, who have|||||||||| 長い間自分たちの国境で戦ってきた

are now fighting in somebody else's border. 今、他人の国境で戦っています。

Like if you imagine Crimean Tatars, 10,000 of them クリミア・タタール人を想像すると、10,000人

in and around Vienna, fighting the Polish army ウィーンとその周辺で、ポーランド軍と戦った

coming down from the mountain, right? 山から降りてきますよね?

And the Viennese cannot tell the Poles, ||from Vienna||||Polish people そしてウィーン人はポーランド人に言えない、

cannot tell the Lithuanians from the Crimean Tatars, right? リトアニア人とクリミア・タタール人を見分けることはできませんよね?

Because of the hairstyles, because of the scimitars, right? |||haircuts||||curved swords| 髪型のせいかシミターのせいか?

Because of the calvary, they cannot tell the difference. |||difficult situation||||| |||苦難||||| カルバリーのために、彼らは違いを見分けることができません。

And so the decision that was made was that the Poles そして、下された決定は、ポーランド人が

are going to put a bit of straw in their helmets. |||||||dried plant material|||protective headgear ヘルメットにストローを少し入れます。 збираються покласти трохи соломи в шоломи.

You know, the way modern armies will have a color Weißt du, wie moderne Armeen eine Farbe haben werden ご存知のように、現代の軍隊の色は

on their sleeves or whatever. ||visible emotions||And so on 袖などに。

Like the Ukrainians and the Russians today, 今日のウクライナ人やロシア人のように、

the Poles will put a bit of straw in their helmets, ポーランド人は兜にわらを少し入れ、

so that the Austrians could tell who they were. オーストリア人が彼らが誰であるかを知ることができるように.

So it's an anecdote, it's funny, |||逸話|| 逸話なので、面白いです。

but it reveals something which is deeply true, ||shows||||| しかし、それは深く真実である何かを明らかにし、

which is that this long, centuries long encounter |||||||prolonged interaction それは、この何世紀にもわたる長い出会いです

between the Lithuanians and the Tatars, リトアニア人とタタール人の間で、

and then the Poles and Lithuanians and the Tatars, そして、ポーランド人、リトアニア人、タタール人、

mark them just as it marks the Cossacks, right? markiere sie genauso, wie es die Kosaken markiert, richtig? コサックをマークするのと同じようにマークしますよね?

The Viennese, of course couldn't tell the Cossacks もちろん、ウィーン人はコサックに言うことができませんでした

from the Tatars, right? タタール人からですよね?

That goes without saying, それは言うまでもない、

because the interaction between 間の相互作用のため、

the Cossacks and the Tatars コサックとタタール人

has been even more intimate for even longer, ずっと親密で、

because the Cossacks are precisely the people コサックはまさに人々だからです

who found that free spot between Polish Lithuanian power der diesen freien Platz zwischen der polnisch-litauischen Macht gefunden hat ポーランドのリトアニアの権力の間にその自由な場所を見つけたのは誰ですか

and the Crimean Tatars and lived in that spot, クリミア・タタール人とその場所に住んでいた、

lived in it geographically, lived in it culturally. |||in terms of location|||| 地理的に住んでいて、文化的に住んでいました。

Okay, so the 1683 victory is most important for us さて、1683年の勝利は私たちにとって最も重要です

because it leads to 1699. 1699年につながるからです。

If we're off in central European history, 中央ヨーロッパの歴史から離れているとしたら

1683 is the moment when the Austrians turn the tables ||||||reverse the situation|| 1683年はオーストリア人が立場を逆転させる瞬間です

on the Ottomans. オスマン帝国で。

And not only do they defend themselves in Vienna, 彼らはウィーンで身を守るだけでなく、

but between 1683 and 1699, しかし1683年から1699年の間、

they fight their way southward through the Balkans, ||||toward the south||| 彼らはバルカン半島を南下して戦い、

and they establish themselves as a land power そして彼らはランドパワーとしての地位を確立する

in the Balkans, which is the beginning of the story, 物語の始まりであるバルカン半島で、

which will eventually lead to the First World War, やがて第一次世界大戦へと発展し、

different class. 別のクラス。

But for our point of view, しかし、私たちの観点からすると、

when the Ottomans have to sign a peace tree in 1699, wenn die Osmanen 1699 einen Friedensbaum unterzeichnen müssen, オスマン帝国が1699年に平和樹に署名しなければならなかったとき、

which by the way is the first time they have to sign ちなみに、彼らが署名しなければならないのはこれが初めてです

a peace treaty as a defeated power, ||surrender agreement|||| einen Friedensvertrag als besiegte Macht, 敗戦国としての平和条約、

when they have to sign a peace treaty in 1699, 1699年に平和条約に署名しなければならないとき、

that changes the balance of power それがパワーバランスを変える

in our part of the world, right?

The Ottomans have been defeated,

their armies have been defeated in Southern Europe.

The treaty which is signed

is the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz, ||||Treaty of Karlowitz|||||

that's the time when the Ottomans sign a treaty

as a defeated power. ||vanquished|conquered nation

Hugely important turning point in the balance of power, Extremely|||||||| パワーバランスの非常に重要な転換点であり、

because as I said, the Crimean Tatars 私が言ったように、クリミア・タタール人は

they're now basically hitched to the Ottomans. ||essentially|aligned with||| Sie sind jetzt im Grunde an die Osmanen gebunden. 彼らは現在、基本的にオスマン帝国に結びついています。

They're hitched to the Ottomans at a moment 彼らはすぐにオスマン帝国に結び付けられます

when the Ottomans then lose this big important war. オスマン帝国がこの大きな重要な戦争に負けたとき。

And Ottoman power has been driven southward, okay? |||||pushed|toward the south| Und die osmanische Macht wurde nach Süden getrieben, okay? そして、オスマン帝国の勢力は南に追いやられましたね。

Now that changes everything. これですべてが変わります。

That changes everything for the Russians それはロシア人のすべてを変える

as we're gonna see in a moment. すぐにわかるように。

Okay, now, before I get to the Russians, さて、ロシア人に行く前に、

we've gotta briefly talk about Cossacks, コサックについて簡単に話さなければなりません。

the Ukrainian Cossack state.

So the Ukrainian Cossack state だからウクライナのコサック州

gets blurred out of Polish history, |erased|||| ポーランドの歴史から曖昧になり、

gets blurred out of Russian history. ロシアの歴史からぼやけます。

We have 1648, which everyone is keen to treat as a violent, |||||eager||||| 私たちは1648を持っています.誰もが暴力的なものとして扱いたがっています.

you know, moment of violent rebellion, 暴力的な反乱の瞬間、

which of course it was, もちろんそれは

but that's not the only thing that it was, しかし、それだけではありませんでした。

it was also the construction of a new political order それは新しい政治秩序の構築でもあった

in which the governing elite has been driven away 支配するエリートが追い出された

or physically eliminated or discredited, right? ||removed||undermined| または物理的に排除または信用を失いましたよね?

So it's also something like a revolution だからそれも革命のようなもの

in which a new class emerges to control territory, 領土を支配する新しいクラスが出現し、

which are the Cossacks and the Cossack officers. コサックとコサック将校です。

Now, these Cossacks and Cossack officers, however, しかし、これらのコサックとコサック将校は、

are not in the position after 1648 1648年以降の地位にない

to rule territory themselves. 領土そのものを支配する。

They are constantly forced to align with the Russians |||||調整する||| 彼らは常にロシア人と同盟を結ぶことを余儀なくされています

as in 1648, sometimes still with the Poles, 1648年のように、時々ポーランド人と一緒に、

sometimes with the Ottomans,

which is why this lecture is called "The Triangle". そのため、この講義は「トライアングル」と呼ばれています。

There is something like Ukrainian statehood, ウクライナの国家のようなものがありますが、

it's called the Hetmanate, after the Hetman. |||Hetman's domain|||military leader ヘットマンにちなんでヘットマナトと呼ばれています。

But the Hetmanate is constantly bending and turning |||||adapting and shifting|| しかし、ヘトマナトは常に曲がりくねっている Але Гетьманщина постійно нахиляється і повертається

and being turned against itself, right? |||反対に|| そして自分自身に背を向けていますよね? і обертається проти нього самого, чи не так?

So you have right bank Hetmans, you have left bank Hetmans, 右岸のヘットマン、左岸のヘットマン、

you have Hetmans who are trying to rule both ||military leaders|||||| 両方を支配しようとしているヘットマンがいます

the right wing and the left wing. 右翼と左翼。

You have a Hetman called Doroshenko, |||||Doroshenko, the Hetman ドロシェンコと呼ばれるヘットマンがいます。

who I hope I put on the list, tell me if I didn't. 誰をリストに載せたいか、載せていなかったら教えてください。

But Doroshenko in 1669 becomes a vessel of the Ottomans |||||subject||| Aber Doroschenko wird 1669 ein Schiff der Osmanen しかし、1669年のドロシェンコはオスマン帝国の船になります Але Дорошенко в 1669 році стає посудиною османів

in order to try to unite the right bank 右岸を統一しようとするために

and the left bank where the right bank is controlled by |||river's edge||||||| 右バンクが制御される左バンク

the Russians, the left bank is controlled by the Poles. ロシア人、左岸はポーランド人によって支配されています。

So if you're a Hetman, your great project あなたがヘットマンなら、あなたの偉大なプロジェクトは

is to bring these things together これらをまとめることです

and then ideally to shove everybody else out. ||||push forcefully||| ||||押し出す||| そして、理想的には、他の全員を押しのけます。

But that they're not able to do.

So, okay, this is another date and treaty. |||||||agreement さて、これは別の日付と条約です。

So I'm gonna tell you right off, では、すぐにお伝えしますが、

if you're paying attention, you're right here with me, あなたが注意を払っているなら、あなたは私と一緒にここにいます.

these dates and these treaties are gonna be on the exam, ||||agreements or pacts|||||| これらの日付とこれらの条約は試験に出ます。

all right?

They're gonna be on the exam, 彼らは試験に出ます。

know the dates of the treaties. 条約の日付を知っています。

So the Treaty of Andrusova, 1667, ||formal agreement||Andrusovo Agreement 1667年のアンドルーソワ条約は

that is when the Poles and the Russians, それはポーランド人とロシア人が

lots of inspired note taking now. たくさんのインスピレーションを受けたメモを取ります。

That's when the Poles and the Russians divide Ukraine, それは、ポーランド人とロシア人がウクライナを分断する時です。

left bank and right bank, 1667 Treaty of Andrusova. 左岸と右岸、1667年のアンドルーソワ条約。

Which means that now you have Hetmans, つまり、ヘットマンができたということです。

you have leaders of the Cossacks on both sides, right? 両側にコサックのリーダーがいますよね?

And of course, if you're on one side, そしてもちろん、一方にいる場合は、

your greatest aspiration is to be also on the other side. あなたの最大の願望は、反対側にもいることです。

And then your next aspiration そして、次の抱負

is then to get clear of whoever was sponsoring you, 次に、誰があなたを後援していたかを明確にすることです。

whether that's the Russians or the Poles or the Ottomans. それがロシア人であれ、ポーランド人であれ、オスマン人であれ。

That's the triangle. ||specific triangle

You wanna bring it all together.

And then you wanna drive out whoever sponsored you. そして、あなたはあなたを後援した人を追い出したい.

They don't manage to do this, but that's the pattern. Sie schaffen das nicht, aber das ist das Muster. 彼らはこれを行うことができませんが、それがパターンです。

So 1672, Doroshenko helps the Ottomans

to defeat the Poles in Podolia, okay? |overcome||||a region in Ukraine| ポドリアでポーランド人を倒すためにね。

Podolia is this region in South Western Ukraine. ポドリアは、南西ウクライナのこの地域です。

And then after that happens, そして、それが起こった後、

so the Ottomans then control Podolia, which I'm gonna, オスマン帝国がポドリアを支配することになり、

you guys write down Podolia, please, just like it sounds. 皆さん、ポドリアを書き留めてください。

They control Podolia and then at the end of the 1670s, 彼らはポドリアを支配し、1670年代の終わりに、

the Ottomans make peace with Poland. オスマン帝国がポーランドと和平。

In 1681, you're gonna see how this fits together, 1681 wirst du sehen, wie das zusammenpasst, 1681年には、これがどのように組み合わされるかがわかるでしょう。

in 1681, the Ottomans make peace with the Russians, okay?

So now the Ottomans are at peace with the Poles これでオスマン帝国はポーランドと和平を結んだ

and the Russians, it's 1681, what do they then do? und die Russen, es ist 1681, was machen sie dann? そしてロシア人、それは1681年です、その後彼らは何をしますか?

They make their big move northwards to Vienna |||||towards the north|| 彼らは北のウィーンに向けて大きな動きをします

and fail, right? 失敗しますよね?

So important.

Their move is to go to Vienna and they fail. 彼らの動きはウィーンに行くことであり、彼らは失敗します。

Okay and so then everything turns around. さて、それですべてが好転します。

After 1683, the Ottomans are driven south. 1683年以降、オスマン帝国は南に追いやられます。

The Crimeans have been defeated. クリミア人は敗北しました。

The Crimean Khan, by the way, ちなみにクリミア・カーンは

takes personal responsibility for the defeat and retires. übernimmt die persönliche Verantwortung für die Niederlage und zieht sich zurück. 敗戦の責任を取って引退する。

And in 1699, the Poles take Podolia back. そして1699年、ポーランド人はポドリアを奪還します。

The Poles take Podolia back.

And the reason why,

there are many reasons why we're concerned about this, ||||||||これに対して これについて懸念する理由はたくさんありますが、

but one of the reasons why we're so interested in Podolia しかし、私たちがポドリアにとても興味を持っている理由の1つは

is because of the way that Brooklyn looks like now, ブルックリンが今のように見えるからです

so have you heard of the Hasidism, right? ||||||Jewish mystical movement| ハシディズムについて聞いたことがありますか?

So it's a version of Jewish orthodoxy. |||||ユダヤ教の| つまり、これはユダヤ教正統のバージョンです。

It's present on Yale's campus. |||Yale University's| イェール大学のキャンパスにあります。

You don't have to look too hard to find it.

So, okay, I gotta stop myself, that was a tangent. |||||||||off-topic remark |||||||||逸脱 だから、大丈夫、私は自分自身を止めなければなりません、それは接線でした。

See, in the 18th century, you have no time for tangents. ||||||||||irrelevant diversions ほら、18世紀には、接する時間がありません。

That's what the 18th century is like.

So no tangents, but Hasidism, 接線はありませんが、ハシディズム、

which is a version of Orthodox Judaism, ||||||Orthodox Jewish sect これは正統派ユダヤ教のバージョンであり、

which is still let's say thriving. |||||doing very well |||||繁栄している これはまだ繁栄しているとしましょう。

It's one of the reasons why Yiddish still exists それがイディッシュ語がまだ存在する理由の 1 つです

as a language is created in Podolia ポドリアで言語が作られるように

after the Poles come back.

And the reason why,

I'll tell you what Hasidism is in a moment very briefly, ハシディズムとは何かを簡単に説明します。

but the reason why it arises |||||occurs しかし、それが起こる理由

is that it's in this territory which has shifted シフトしたこの領域にあるということです

from Muslim Ottoman control back and forth to イスラム教徒のオスマン帝国の支配から

Polish Christian control. ポーランドのキリスト教支配。

And this whole Polish system of coming in Und dieses ganze polnische Einreisesystem そして、入ってくるこのポーランドのシステム全体

with the aristocracy and the serfdom, |||||peasant labor system 貴族と農奴制で、

and then going back out with the aristocracy |||||||nobility or elite そして貴族と一緒に帰る

and the serfdom, そして農奴制、

then coming back in with the aristocracy and the serfdom, その後、貴族と農奴制に戻り、

is very disruptive for the Ukrainians who rebel against it. ||disturbing or disruptive|||||resist|| それに反抗するウクライナ人にとって非常に破壊的です。

And in this whole boiling atmosphere in Podolia そして、このポドリアの沸き立つ雰囲気の中で

is what gives rise to Hasidism. ハシディズムを生み出すものです。

Where Hasidism is created by someone who's called the Besht. |||||||||Baal Shem Tov ハシディズムが Besht と呼ばれる人物によって作成された場所。

Besht means the Ba'al Shem Tov, the Master of the Good Word. |||Master|Good Word|Good Word|||||| Besht bedeutet der Ba'al Shem Tov, der Meister des guten Wortes. ベシュトとは、良い言葉のマスターであるバアル・シェム・トフを意味します。

Very briefly, the idea of Hasidism is to give to Judaism ||||||||||the Jewish faith ||||||||||ユダヤ教 非常に簡単に言えば、ハシディズムの考えはユダヤ教に与えることです

a kind of a more earthly and more corporeal component |||||tangible|||Physical or tangible| より地上的でより肉体的な要素の一種

where joy and direct contact with the mystic |||||||spiritual realm |||||||神秘的な 喜びと神秘主義者との直接の接触

are more important. より重要です。

It's also a movement which has to do with the printing press ||||||||||printing| それは印刷機に関係する動きでもあります

and access to the book by people who are not necessarily 必ずしもそうではない人々による本へのアクセス

completely literate. |able to read 完全に文盲。

Which let's admit, like not everybody is completely, 認めましょう 誰もが完全にそうではないように

you know, there's a funny moment, right? 面白い瞬間がありますよね?

'Cause the printing press runs ahead of literacy 印刷機は識字率よりも先を行っているから

by several hundred years, right? 数百年ですよね?

Kind of like the internet now, you know, like

the technology is way out ahead of what people, |||方法||||| 技術は人間よりはるかに進んでおり、

it's a good analogy actually. それは実際には良い例えです。

Because what people did with books 人々が本で何をしたかという理由で

when they're first published, they did things like, というようなことを、初出版のときにやっていました。

oh look, I know that letter. あ、そうだ、この手紙知ってる

Maybe it stands for something. 何かを象徴しているのかもしれませんね。

And that's kabbala. ||mystical interpretation, esoteric knowledge そして、それがカバラです。

That's one way of reading the Bible, right? それも一つの聖書の読み方でしょう?

Is you don't, like, you take various combinations of letters 文字の組み合わせをいろいろと考えるのではなく

and you say, okay there's a hidden meaning とか、「隠された意味があるんだ」とか。

in this biblical verse, right? ||scriptural|Scripture passage| という聖書の一節がありますよね。

That's a way of interpreting the Bible, それは、聖書の解釈の仕方です。

a much more accessible way, より身近なものになりました。

which is associated with Hasidism precisely. は、まさにハシディズムに関連するものです。

So it also has to do with printing press だから、印刷機にも関係する

at a time of limited literacy. 識字率の低い時代に

So the reason why I mention this is because では、なぜこのようなことを述べたかというと

it's the next step in the history of Jews in Ukraine, ||||||||Jewish people|| ウクライナのユダヤ人の歴史における次のステップです。

Hasidism.

And Hasidism is also a version of Orthodox Judaism, そして、ハシディズムも正統派ユダヤ教の一種です。

which is going to break out of Podolia and into Ukraine ポドリアからウクライナに抜け出しそうなもの

and into Poland and eventually into North America. そして、ポーランドへ、さらには北米へ。

Okay, so no time for tangents. さて、余談はこの辺で。

There was time for a parenthesis on the Hassids. |||||brief digression|||Hasidic Jews |||||挿話||| ハシドバミの括弧書きの時間があった。

Now I'm closing that parenthesis 今、私はその括弧を閉じている

and we're getting back to where we need to be, と、本来あるべき姿に戻りつつあります。

which is Russia.

Okay, so now let's think about all this

from the point of view of Russia.

What the Russians are able to do,

what the new Russian empire, as it's called from 1721. 1721年から新ロシア帝国と呼ばれるようになったもの。

And by the way, Russian Empire is a conscious ちなみに、ロシア帝国は意識的に

rebranding exercise, right? Brand identity update|| リブランディングの練習ですね。

It's called Russia because of Russ, ロシアと呼ばれるのは、ラスのせいだ。

not the other way around, right? 逆じゃね?

I mean, I realize you're history students, つまり、あなた方は歴史を学ぶ人たちだと理解しているのです。

so you know that like chronology is very important. |||||sequence of events||| ということで、年表のようなものが非常に重要であることがわかります。

So Russia is called Russia because it's named after Russ. ロシアはラスの名を冠しているからロシアと呼ばれているわけです。

Russ was not called Russ because it was named after Russia. ||||||それ|||| Russは、ロシアにちなんでRussと呼ばれるようになったわけではありません。

And once you get that straight, そして、一度それをはっきりさせることです。

a lot of other things fall into place. その他、いろいろなことがうまくいくようになります。

Okay, so in the 18th century, Russia makes its move さて、18世紀、ロシアが動き出します。

back into Europe with tremendous success ||||great| 大成功を収めてヨーロッパに戻る

under two great rulers, Peter and Catherine. ピーターとキャサリンという 2 人の偉大な支配者の下で。

So how does this happen? それで、これはどのように起こりますか?

The Ottomans are down, right?

They're defeated and they're in the south.

Between 1683 and 1699, they're being driven southward 1683年から1699年の間、彼らは南に追いやられています

and Russia takes advantage of this by going north, ロシアはこれを利用して北上し、

going to the Baltic again. 再びバルト海へ。

We saw how Ivan the Terrible イヴァン雷帝の様子を見ました

foundered on the shores of the Baltic, ran aground on|||coasts||| バルト海の海岸に沈没し、

he starts the Livonian wars, |||Livonian War| 彼はリヴォニア戦争を開始し、

which he basically loses the Livonian wars, during which|||||Livonian War defeat| 彼は基本的にリヴォニア戦争に敗れ、

bring the Poles and Lithuanians closer together, ポーランド人とリトアニア人を近づけ、

Union of Lublin, all of that. ルブリン連合、そのすべて。

And then there's terror inside the Muscovite state. ||||||Russian citizen| そして、白雲母州内でテロが発生しています。

This time, the move to the Baltic succeeds. |||||||is successful Diesmal gelingt der Umzug an die Ostsee. 今度は、バルト海への移動が成功します。

The great northern war that begins in 1700, 1700年に始まった北方戦争、

which is only one year after 1699, by no coincidence, 1699年からわずか1年後のことですが、偶然ではありません。

the Great Northern War which begins in 1700,

it turns out to be a Russian victory. es stellt sich als russischer Sieg heraus. それはロシアの勝利であることが判明しました。

But this great northern war turns out to be Russian victory, Aber dieser große Krieg im Norden entpuppt sich als russischer Sieg, しかし、この大北方戦争はロシアの勝利となり、