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Steve's Language Learning Tips, How to Become Great at Public Speaking in Your Target Language

How to Become Great at Public Speaking in Your Target Language

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. Today I'm going to talk about public speaking. Remember if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe, click on the bell here to get notifications. So, uh, first of all, I think public speaking, uh, in your own language is an art. Something that the ancient Greeks and Romans were

particularly good at, or at least it was a very important part of their, of their lives. Whether as lawyers defending a client or debating in the Senate or whatever it might be. And so they developed a certain set of rules. I think public speaking is a wonderful discipline if you are learning another language.

So if you are learning English and I know many people who listen to me here, they listen in order to improve their English. Uh, and I think that's a good idea. And of course you can study any of these videos at LingQ, uh, and learn the words and phrases and expressions and so forth. But, uh, there are public speaking clubs, uh, Toastmaster clubs, this kind of thing in all kinds of places around the world.

Sometimes even in English, even in those places where English isn't the native language. And preparing to give, uh, you know, to talk in front of people is a wonderful way to build up your capability in the language. Now I, um, was learning Swedish. It was quite interesting. I was just thinking about this subject, public speaking, the importance of public speaking, and I remembered that

I didn't know when, but quite a long time ago, when I was really into learning Swedish and I was traveling to Sweden for business, for my lumber business. And I would always go to bookstores and I would buy, you know, books in Swedish and books where I could find the audio book. Uh, this was a long time ago where we didn't have the ability to like right now to, uh, go to YouTube and import things to LingQ or Netflix, or, uh, you know, even to find audio books and eBooks that, uh, are matching and where we can import them into, I think as I have done for Polish and for Ukrainian and, and for other languages, these things didn't exist.

I had to buy an e-book. Uh, excuse me, I had to buy an audio book and then I had to buy the book and read the book and, uh, look things up. So in Sweden, I bought this thing called Praktisk Retorik, and I was able to buy the matching CD. So this was tremendous fun for me. The only problem was

that there were words I can see now, as I look through the book that there were words that I underlined that I didn't understand, but, um, or I wanted to remember like.. . In other words, this means I wanted to get some of this phrasing. Uh...

so, you know I'm underlying some of these things. So it was part of my Swedish learning, uh, experience, but it also taught me about public speaking. And in fact, I had to give a speech to the Swedish. Mm. I can't remember what it was. I think it was, they have 'em in, in Karlstad every year. The Swedish timber trade has an international conference where, uh, suppliers and customers and people involved in the timber business from all around the world come.

And they asked me to give a talk. So I said, fine, I'd give a talk. And so then I referred to what I had learned here. And then I thought to myself, well, you know, I can, you know, not many people are listening to me speak Swedish, and there's not much point in quoting this in Swedish. And I was curious to see if by any chance, this book had been translated into English.

So I Googled Praktisk Retorik. And lo and behold, I found an article that I had submitted to a self-help website in 2007. And the website was called Pick the Brain. And there it is, it says. Uh, nail your next presentation with these classic principles of public speaking, November the fifth, 2007.

So that is 13 years ago. And at that time I was obviously, we were starting LingQ and we wanted to generate some traffic. And I was up there trying to get guest posts on people's blogs and stuff like that, but I'm going to post a link to this in the description box. Uh, but I pointed out many of the things...

this is a very good book. I'm just disappointed that it's not available in English. Uh, I should have actually checked to see if it's available in, uh, in the ebook format so that it can be imported into LingQ along with the audio, but he references the Greeks. He ... and Romans.. He represents, you know, Churchill or, or, uh, modern people who are good at public speaking.

And he does sort of hit on the highlights, which I'm going to do for you now. And I got to cheat by, uh, you know, going back to what I wrote back then 13 years ago. So, you know, you've been, and they had terms in the ancient world for the different parts of your presentation. So it begins with the exordium , which is sort of the introduction.

And as he points out in his book, like many people are concerned about... how do you start the speech? And he says, it's really not very important. The start of the speech is all about just getting people to like you. And so therefore if you spill your water and your, you know, a glass or, or you notice some people in the audience that, you know, Um, you know, especially if you're visiting, like if, if I was up in Karlstad, then I might say, Oh, it's nice to be here with ... and with, uh, ... and all these friends in the Swedish timber industry to create some connection, that's really all you want to achieve, get them to like you, and also establish that you have some

authority in the field. So, you know, in my example, I would have said, you know, that I am happy to be here amongst these friends and that, you know, I have been in the timber trade for whatever, you know, 30 years. And I can't remember if I was talking about Japan or what I was talking about, but I would like to establish the fact that not only am a nice guy, cause I spilled my water

uh, and I know some people in the audience. But also I know something, I know what I'm talking about. So I'm somebody you should be listening to, and that's all you do in this exordium, which is the first part of it. So I then as having earned the listener sympathy and convinced them that you are someone that they might believe or trust, now you tell them what you're going to talk about.

So this is the narratio, the narration. Here is what I'm going to be talking about. Okay. And there's a little more detail here in this article. And you, so you, you spell out the details of what your, your presentation is. Now where I was watching earlier. They, uh, the, uh, discussions in the, in the US Senate.

And of course the speakers are trying to make their case and stuff like that. And so you present the facts, the story, the narration. And so that's the second thing after you've gained their sympathy. That's probably number one. Then part number two, you sort of tell the story that you've got to the details, the story, then the next is supposed to be what they call the refutatio, where you come and point out the counter-arguments.

So you present all of this is we think this, that, and the other and stuff, but then what about the counter-arguments? What about this? So you present these counter-arguments. And of course you're destroy them. You know, these counter-arguments can all be easily refuted. So you refute, you put these counter arguments up there and then you just bang, you bomb them.

And then the last part of the presentation is what they call the peroratio, which is where you make a final emotional appeal. Okay. So basically that's it. You begin by making people like you and establish the fact that you are someone they should trust and believe. The second part you explain or sort of you, you provide the narration.

Here are the facts. Here's a story. Here's what I think is important. Here's the cause that I'm trying to persuade you off. Then in the third part, you'll put up potentials , counter arguments, and destroy them. And then you end up with an emotional appeal. And I found that when I have a, uh, talk to give, if I have some kind of format like that, that I can slot my ideas into, it's easier to prepare the speech.

And I know where I am leading the audience. They don't know what's coming. I do. And I find that gives me a sense of control over my audience. I know where I'm leading them at every step of the way. Now, each one of these sections can have parts to them. You might have, for example, I had my experience in Sciences Po in Paris at the, uh, political science Institute, we were taught to have these balanced expose, you know, first part, second part.

So in presenting your ideas, you could have part one and then you can have, you know, can expand on it a bit. And then of course you have the counter argument, so there's different ways you can refine it. But the idea that you have an approach that says here I am, I'm a nice guy. You should believe me.

Here's a story that I have to tell you. Here are the counter-arguments and they hold no water. And here's my final emotional appeal is a format that I have found to be very effective and it gives you confidence. If you know what it is you're going to say and how you're going to say it. It helps you organize your ideas and it gives you confidence.

So, um, with that, you can find a reference here to the article that I submitted back in 2007. If you want to explore this in greater detail.

How to Become Great at Public Speaking in Your Target Language Wie Sie in Ihrer Zielsprache großartige Redner werden How to Become Great at Public Speaking in Your Target Language Cómo hablar bien en público en su lengua materna Comment devenir un excellent orateur dans votre langue cible Come diventare bravissimi a parlare in pubblico nella lingua d'arrivo 目標言語で人前で話すのが得意になる方法 대상 언어로 대중 연설에 능숙해지는 방법 Jak stać się świetnym w wystąpieniach publicznych w języku docelowym? Como se tornar excelente a falar em público na sua língua-alvo Как стать отличным оратором на родном языке Hedeflediğiniz Dilde Topluluk Önünde Konuşmada Nasıl Mükemmel Olursunuz? Як стати чудовим публічним оратором мовою, яку ви вивчаєте 如何精通目标语言的公开演讲 如何擅長以目標語言進行公開演講

Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. こんにちは、スティーブ・カウフマンです。 Today I'm going to talk about public speaking. 今日は公のスピーキングについて話します。 Remember if you enjoy these videos, please subscribe, click on the bell here to get notifications. |||||||sign up|||||||| これらの動画をお楽しみいただけたら、購読して、通知を受け取るためにこちらのベルをクリックしてください。 So, uh, first of all, I think public speaking, uh, in your own language is an art. ||||||||||||||||искусство إذن|||من|||||||||لغتك الخاصة|||| ||||to begin|||||||||||| えー、ますます、公の場で話すことは、自分の言語で行うことは芸術だと思います。 Something that the ancient Greeks and Romans were ||||||Римляне| 古代ギリシャ人とローマ人が得意だったこと、 古希腊人和古罗马人

particularly good at, or at least it was a very important part of their, of their lives. |||||||||||||их жизни||| Especially skilled at|||||||||||||||| |||||||era||||||||| 少なくとも彼らにとって非常に重要な部分でした。 特别擅长,或者至少这是他们生活中非常重要的一部分。 Whether as lawyers defending a client or debating in the Senate or whatever it might be. ||юристы||||||||Сенат||||| سواء|||||||المناقشة|||||أو أي شيء||| ||legal professionals|protecting or supporting||||debating|||legislative chamber||||| |||||||dibattendo|||||||| クライアントを擁護する弁護士として、元老院での討論といったさまざまな場面でそれが示されました。 Seja como advogados a defender um cliente ou a debater no Senado ou o que quer que seja. 无论是作为律师为客户辩护,还是在参议院辩论,或者其他什么。 And so they developed a certain set of rules. そして、彼らは特定の一連のルールを開発しました。 I think public speaking is a wonderful discipline if you are learning another language. |think||||||field|||||| もし他の言語を学んでいるのであれば、公の場で話すことは素晴らしい訓練だと思います。 我认为如果你正在学习另一门语言的话,公开演讲是一门很棒的学科。

So if you are learning English and I know many people who listen to me here, they listen in order to improve their English. ですので、英語を学んでいるのであれば、私を聞いてくれる多くの人々が英語を向上させるために聞いていると知っています。 Uh, and I think that's a good idea. うーん、その考えは良いと思います。 And of course you can study any of these videos at LingQ, uh, and learn the words and phrases and expressions and so forth. そしてもちろん、LingQでこれらのビデオのいずれかを学ぶことができます。単語やフレーズ、表現などを学ぶことができます。 当然,你可以在 LingQ 上学习这些视频中的任何一个,学习单词、短语、表达等等。 But, uh, there are public speaking clubs, uh, Toastmaster clubs, this kind of thing in all kinds of places around the world. ||||||||тостмастер клубы||||||||||||| ||||||||Toastmaster||||||||||||| ||||||||Toastmasters Club||||||||||||| ||||||||clubes Toastmaster||||||||||||| でも、公共のスピーキングクラブ、Toastmasterクラブなど、世界中のさまざまな場所にこの種のものがあります。 Maar er zijn clubs voor het spreken in het openbaar, Toastmaster-clubs, dit soort dingen op allerlei plaatsen in de wereld.

Sometimes even in English, even in those places where English isn't the native language. 時には英語でも、英語が母国語でない場所でも。 And preparing to give, uh, you know, to talk in front of people is a wonderful way to build up your capability in the language. |||||||||на||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||language proficiency||| そして、人々の前で話すということに備えることは、言語能力を向上させる素晴らしい方法です。 Now I, um, was learning Swedish. |||||السويدية 今度は、スウェーデン語を勉強していました。 It was quite interesting. それは非常に興味深いものでした。 I was just thinking about this subject, public speaking, the importance of public speaking, and I remembered that 最近、公衆演説とその重要性について考えていて、ふと懐かしいことを思い出しました。

I didn't know when, but quite a long time ago, when I was really into learning Swedish and I was traveling to Sweden for business, for my lumber business. ||||||||||||||||||||to travel|||||||timber trade| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||الأخشاب| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||legname| いつだったかは覚えていませんが、かなり前、スウェーデン語の学習に夢中であり、木材ビジネスでスウェーデンに出張していた時のことです。 And I would always go to bookstores and I would buy, you know, books in Swedish and books where I could find the audio book. いつも本屋に行っては、スウェーデン語の本やオーディオブックを買っていました。 Uh, this was a long time ago where we didn't have the ability to like right now to, uh, go to YouTube and import things to LingQ or Netflix, or, uh, you know, even to find audio books and eBooks that, uh, are matching and where we can import them into, I think as I have done for Polish and for Ukrainian and, and for other languages, these things didn't exist. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||соответствующие|||||||||||||||||||||||||||

I had to buy an e-book. 電子書籍を買わないといけなかった。 Uh, excuse me, I had to buy an audio book and then I had to buy the book and read the book and, uh, look things up. えっと、すみません、オーディオブックを買わないといけなくて、そして本を買って読み、調べたりしないといけなくて。 So in Sweden, I bought this thing called Praktisk Retorik, and I was able to buy the matching CD. ||||||||Практическая риторика|Риторика||||||||| ||||||||Practical|Rhetoric||||||||| ||||||||prática|retórica||||||||| スウェーデンでは、Praktisk Retorikというものを買い、それに合うCDも買うことができました。 So this was tremendous fun for me. 私にとって、これは非常に楽しかったです。 The only problem was 唯一の問題は、

that there were words I can see now, as I  look through the book that there were words that I underlined that I didn't understand, but, um, or I wanted to remember like.. . ||||||||||||||||||||подчеркнутые слова|||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||marked for emphasis|||||||||||| 私が本を見返してみると、理解していなかった言葉が下線引いてあったり、覚えておきたい言葉があったことですが、うーん、 In other words, this means I wanted to get some of this phrasing. ||||||||||||Формулировка ||||||||||||wording 言い換えると、つまり私はこの表現を少し取得したかったということです。 Другими словами, это означает, что я хотел получить некоторое количество этой фразеологии. Uh... ええと... Э-э...

so, you know I'm underlying some of these things. ||||emphasizing|||| ですから、私はこれらのいくつかの要素を強調しているんです。 por isso, sabem que estou a sublinhar algumas destas coisas. так что, вы знаете, я подчеркиваю некоторые из этих вещей. 所以,您知道我对这些事情有所了解。 So it was part of my Swedish learning, uh, experience, but it also taught me about public speaking. これは私のスウェーデン語学習の一部でしたが、公の演説についても教えてくれました。 And in fact, I had to give a speech to the Swedish. 実際、私はスウェーデン人にスピーチをしなければなりませんでした。 Mm. うん。 I can't remember what it was. 何だったか覚えていない。 I think it was, they have 'em in, in Karlstad every year. |||||||||Карлстад|| ||||||them|||Karlstad|| |||||||||em Karlstad|| 思うに、カールスタードでは毎年行われるんだ。 The Swedish timber trade has an international conference where, uh, suppliers and customers and people involved in the timber business from all around the world come. ||||||||||||клиенты||||||||||||| ||wood||||||||||||||||wood trade||||||| ||legname||||||||fornitori||||||||||||||| スウェーデンの木材取引は、世界中から木材ビジネスに関わるサプライヤーや顧客などが集まる国際会議が開かれています。

And they asked me to give a talk. И||||||| ||requested||||| そして、彼らは私に話をしてほしいと頼んできました。 So I said, fine, I'd give a talk. だから、私は「いいですよ、話をします」と言いました。 Por isso, disse que tudo bem, eu daria uma palestra. And so then I referred to what I had learned here. И тогда|||||||||| そして、私はここで学んだことを参照しました。 And then I thought to myself, well, you know, I can, you know, not many people are listening to me speak Swedish, and there's not much point in quoting this in Swedish. ||||||||||||||||||||||И тогда||||||цитировать это||| |||||||||||||||individuals|||||||||||purpose||citing||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||citare questo in||| そして私は自分自身に思った、まあ、知っているように、私はスウェーデン語で話している人があまり多くはいないし、この内容をスウェーデン語で引用する意味もほとんどないと思った。 E depois pensei para comigo, bem, sabe, eu posso, sabe, não há muitas pessoas a ouvir-me falar sueco, e não faz muito sentido citar isto em sueco. И тогда я подумал про себя, ну, знаешь, я могу, знаешь ли, не очень много людей слушают меня говорящего на шведском, и нет особого смысла цитировать это на шведском. 然后我心想,嗯,你知道,我可以,你知道,没有多少人听我说瑞典语,而且用瑞典语引用这句话也没有多大意义。 And I was curious to see if by any chance, this book had been translated into English. そして気になって、もしかしたらこの本が英語に翻訳されているかどうかを見てみようと思いました。 И меня интересовало, нет ли случайно этой книги в переводе на английский.

So I Googled Praktisk Retorik. それで、私はPraktisk RetorikをGoogle検索しました。 Итак, я погуглил 'Praktisk Retorik'. And lo and behold, I found an article that I had submitted to a self-help website in 2007. And behold|||||||||||had sent|||||| |おお見よ|||||||||||||||| |||ecco|||||||||||||| そして、見よ、私は2007年に自助ウェブサイトに提出した記事を見つけました。 E eis que encontrei um artigo que tinha enviado para um site de autoajuda em 2007. И вот удивление, я нашел статью, которую я отправил на вебсайт по самопомощи в 2007 году. 没想到,我找到了一篇我在 2007 年提交给自助网站的文章。 And the website was called Pick the Brain. そして、そのウェブサイトの名前はPick the Brainと言われました。 And there it is, it says. そして、そこには書いてあります。 И вот оно, говорится. Uh, nail your next presentation with these classic principles of public speaking, November the fifth, 2007. |succeed in||||||||||||| 次のプレゼンテーションを成功させるための公共演説の古典的な原則を11月5日、2007年にご紹介します。 Arrase na sua próxima apresentação com estes princípios clássicos de falar em público, 5 de novembro de 2007. Улучшите свою следующую презентацию с помощью этих классических принципов публичных выступлений, пятого ноября 2007 года. 嗯,用这些经典的公开演讲原则来完成你下一次的演讲,2007 年 11 月 5 日。

So that is 13 years ago. それは13年前のことです。 Так что это было 13 лет назад. And at that time I was obviously, we were starting LingQ and we wanted to generate some traffic. そしてその時私は明らかに、私たちはLingQを始め、何らかのトラフィックを生み出したいと考えていました。 And at that time I was obviously, we were starting LingQ and we wanted to generate some traffic. And I was up there trying to get guest posts on people's blogs and stuff like that, but I'm going to post a link to this in the description box. そして当時私は他の人のブログにゲスト投稿をしようとしていたり、そのような活動をしていましたが、この動画にリンクを貼ります。 我试图在人们的博客上获取访客帖子之类的东西,但我将在描述框中发布指向此帖子的链接。 Uh, but I pointed out many of the things... ああ、でも私はたくさんのことを指摘しました...

this is a very good book. これはとても良い本です。 I'm just disappointed that it's not available in English. 英語で利用できないのが残念です。 Uh, I should have actually checked to see if it's available in, uh, in the ebook format so that it can be imported into LingQ along with the audio, but he references the Greeks. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||cites|| あー、実際には、ebook形式で入手可能かどうかを確認すべきだったな、えー、オーディオと一緒にLingQにインポートできるように。彼はギリシャ人を参照しているんだけど。 Na verdade, devia ter verificado se está disponível em formato de livro eletrónico para poder ser importado para o LingQ juntamente com o áudio, mas ele faz referência aos gregos. He ... and Romans.. He represents, you know, Churchill or, or, uh, modern people who are good at public speaking. ||||stands for|||Churchill||||||||||| 彼は...そしてローマ人... 彼は、チャーチルや、えー、公のスピーキングが得意な現代の人々を代表しているんです。 他......和罗马人......他代表丘吉尔,或者呃,擅长公开演讲的现代人。

And he does sort of hit on the highlights, which I'm going to do for you now. И|||||||||||||||| |||in un certo senso||||||||||||| そして、私が今あなたにするであろう要点を碰々としています。 E faz uma espécie de apanhado dos pontos altos, o que vou fazer agora para si. Он действительно обозначает главные моменты, которые я сейчас расскажу вам. And I got to cheat by, uh, you know, going back to what I wrote back then 13 years ago. |я||||||||||||||||| ||||barare|||||||||||||| そして、実は、ねえ、13年前に書いたものに戻ることで、答えを見つけることができました。 I udało mi się oszukać, wracając do tego, co napisałem 13 lat temu. И мне удалось сжульничать, вернувшись к тому, что я написал 13 лет назад. 我得作弊,呃,你知道,回到我 13 年前写的东西。 So, you know, you've been, and they had terms in the ancient world for the different parts of your presentation. ||||||||||||||So, you know, you've been, and they had terms in the ancient world for the different parts of your presentation. Так что, знаете, вы были, и у них были термины в древнем мире для различных частей вашей презентации.||||| |||||||||||long-ago|||||||| だから、あなたはこれまでに、古代世界でプレゼンテーションの異なる部分についての用語があることを知っています。 Так что, вы знаете, вы были, и в древнем мире были термины для различных частей вашего выступления. 所以,你知道,在古代世界,他们用不同的术语来描述演讲的不同部分。 So it begins with the exordium , which is sort of the introduction. |||||вступление|||||| |||||Einleitung|||||| |||||opening statement|||||| |||||序論|||||| |||||开场白|||||| ですからそれは導入部、すなわち序論から始まります。 Итак, начинается с экзордиума, что-то вроде вступления.

And as he points out in his book, like many people are concerned about... how do you start the speech? そして彼は自著で指摘しているように、多くの人々が気にしているのは…スピーチの始め方ですか? En zoals hij in zijn boek aangeeft, zoals veel mensen zich zorgen maken over... hoe begin je de toespraak? And he says, it's really not very important. そして彼は言います、それは本当に重要ではありません。 The start of the speech is all about just getting people to like you. スピーチの始まりは、まず人々をあなたのことを好きになってもらうことだけに関わります。 Na początku przemówienia chodzi o to, aby ludzie cię polubili. And so therefore if you spill your water and your, you know, a glass or, or you notice some people in the audience that, you know, Um, you know, especially if you're visiting, like if, if I was up in Karlstad, then I might say, Oh, it's nice to be here with ... and with, uh, ... and all these friends in the Swedish timber industry to create some connection, that's really all you want to achieve, get them to like you, and also establish that you have some ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||и|||||| ||as a result||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Karlstad||||||||||||||||||||||wood industry connections|||||connection|||||||||||||||build rapport|||| |||||rovesci versi||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Итак, если вы разлили воду и, знаете, стакан или заметили некоторых людей в аудитории, которые, знаете, Ой, приятно быть здесь с ... и с, ээм, ... и всеми этими друзьями в шведской лесной промышленности, чтобы установить связь, вот что вы хотите добиться, заставить их полюбить вас, а также показать, что у вас есть некоторая 因此,如果你把水和杯子洒了,或者你注意到观众中的一些人,你知道,嗯,你知道,特别是如果你是来参观的话,比如,如果我在卡尔斯塔德,那么我可能会说,哦,很高兴能在这里和……和……以及瑞典木材行业的所有朋友建立一些联系,这才是你想要实现的,让他们喜欢你,同时也表明你有一些

authority in the field. Expert in field.||| その分野の権威。 авторитет в этой области. So, you know, in my example, I would have said, you know, that I am happy to be here amongst these friends and that, you know, I have been in the timber trade for whatever, you know, 30 years. |||||пример|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||in the company|||||||||||||||||| だから、例えば、私はここに友達たちの中にいて嬉しいと言ったでしょうし、私は何年も木材取引をしています、30年とかね。 Итак, знаете, в моем примере я бы сказал, знаете, что я рад быть здесь среди этих друзей и что, знаете, я работаю в торговле деревом уже сколько, знаете, 30 лет. And I can't remember if I was talking about Japan or what I was talking about, but I would like to establish the fact that not only am a nice guy, cause I spilled my water |||||||||||||||||||||||||||являюсь хорошим парнем||||||пролил воду|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||verschüttete|| |||||||||||||||||||||clarify||||||||||||spilled|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||ho versato|| 何について話していたか覚えていないけれど、日本について話していたのかもしれませんが、ただいい人だという事実を確立したいと思います、なぜなら水をこぼしたからです。 И я не могу вспомнить, говорил ли я о Японии или о чём, но я бы хотел подчеркнуть тот факт, что я не только милый парень, потому что я пролил свою воду

uh, and I know some people in the audience. あの、観客の中には知り合いもいるんですよ。 э-э, и я знаю некоторых людей в аудитории. But also I know something, I know what I'm talking about. でも、何か知っていることもあって、話をしていることを理解しています。 Но также я знаю что-то, я знаю о чём говорю. So I'm somebody you should be listening to, and that's all you do in this exordium, which is the first part of it. |||||||||||||||вступление||||||| |||||||||||||||introduction||||||| |||||||||||||||introduzione||||||| |||||||||||||||序論||||||| だから私はあなたが聞くべき人物であり、これが序論のすべてです。それはこの最初の部分です。 So I then as having earned the listener sympathy and convinced them that you are someone that they might believe or trust, now you tell them what you're going to talk about. ||||||||understanding or compassion||won over||||||||||||||||||||| だから、聞き手の同情を得て、あなたを信じたり信頼したりするかもしれない人物だと納得させた後、今度は話す内容を伝えます。 Итак, получив сочувствие слушателя и убедив их, что вы - человек, которому они могут верить, вы расскажите им, о чем будете говорить.

So this is the narratio, the narration. ||||叙述部分|| ||||the narrative||storytelling ||||叙述|| ||||||Так это повествование. So this is the narratio, the narration. これが語り部、ストーリーテリングです。 Dus dit is de vertelling, de vertelling. Итак, это narratio, повествование. Here is what I'm going to be talking about. これが私が話す内容です。 Вот о чем я собираюсь говорить. Okay. 了解しました。 And there's a little more detail here in this article. そして、この記事にはもう少し詳細が記載されています。 And you, so you, you spell out the details of what your, your presentation is. それから、プレゼンテーションの詳細を明確に述べます。 Now where I was watching earlier. さて、私が以前見ていた場所です。 They, uh, the, uh, discussions in the, in the US Senate. 彼らは、アメリカ合衆国上院での議論をしています。

And of course the speakers are trying to make their case and stuff like that. ||||||||||argomentazione|||| もちろん、スピーカーたちは自分の主張をしています。 And so you present the facts, the story, the narration. そして、あなたは事実、物語、語りを提示します。 And so that's the second thing after you've gained their sympathy. ||||||||gewonnen hast|| ||||||||||sympathy それで、それは彼らの同情を得た後の2番目のものです。 E essa é a segunda coisa a fazer depois de ganharmos a sua simpatia. That's probably number one. おそらくそれが一番重要なことです。 Then part number two, you sort of tell the story that you've got to the details, the story, then the next is supposed to be what they call the refutatio, where you come and point out the counter-arguments. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||опровержение доводов||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||is meant to||||||||Counter-argument rebuttal||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||refutação||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||confutazione dei controargomenti||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||反驳论点||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||反論の提示||||||||| そして第2部は、詳細、ストーリー、次に反駁(refutatio)と呼ばれる部分を説明する。ここでは、反論を示す必要があります。 Depois, na segunda parte, conta-se a história que se tem até aos pormenores, a história, e a seguir é suposto ser aquilo a que chamam a refutatio, em que se apontam os contra-argumentos.

So you present all of this is we think this, that, and the other and stuff, but then what about the counter-arguments? だから、我々はこれ、あれ、その他といったものを提示しますが、それに対する反論はどうですか? Więc przedstawiasz to wszystko tak, że myślimy to, tamto i jeszcze raz tamto, ale co z kontrargumentami? What about this? これはどうなのか? So you present these counter-arguments. だから、あなたはこれらの反論を提示します。 And of course you're destroy them. そしてもちろん、あなたはそれらを打ち破るでしょう。 You know, these counter-arguments can all be easily refuted. |||||||||опровергнуты |||||||||widerlegt werden |||||||||disproved |||||||||反論できる これらの反論はすべて簡単に反駁できますよね。 So you refute, you put these counter arguments up there and then you just bang, you bomb them. ||опровергаешь||||||||||||бахнуть||разбиваешь их| ||tu confuti||||counter||||||||hit them hard||destroy their arguments| ||||||||||||||colpisci||| だから、あなたは反論し、これらの反論を提出し、そして突然、それらを爆撃するんだ。 Więc obalasz, przedstawiasz te kontrargumenty, a potem po prostu walisz, bombardujesz je.

And then the last part of the presentation is what they call the peroratio, which is where you make a final emotional appeal. |||||||||||||заключительная часть||||||||| |||||||||||||final emotional appeal||||||||| |||||||||||||peroratio||||||||| |||||||||||||Schlussrede||||||||| |||||||||||||appello finale emotivo||||||un appello emotivo||| |||||||||||||結びの言葉||||||||| そしてプレゼンテーションの最後の部分は、彼らがperoratioと呼ぶもので、最後の感情的な訴えをする場所です。 En dan is het laatste deel van de presentatie wat ze de peroratio noemen, waar je een laatste emotionele oproep doet. Okay. わかりました。 So basically that's it. だから基本的にそういうことだ。 You begin by making people like you and establish the fact that you are someone they should trust and believe. ||||||||установить||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||credere in te まず、人々に自分を好きになってもらい、信頼して信じるべき存在であることを確立することから始めます。 The second part you explain or sort of you, you provide the narration. 2番目の部分では説明したり、あるいはある種の語りを提供します。 第二部分由您解释或分类,您提供叙述。

Here are the facts. こちらが事実です。 Here's a story. ストーリーをお話します。 Here's what I think is important. 大事だと思うことをお伝えします。 Here's the cause that I'm trying to persuade you off. |||||||convince you of|| Hier ist die Ursache, von der ich versuche, Sie zu überzeugen. 私があなたに説得しようとしている原因はこちらです。 Then in the third part, you'll put up potentials , counter arguments, and destroy them. ||||||||потенциальные аргументы||||| ||||||||possibilities||||| そして3番目の部分では、ポテンシャルを提示し、反論を提出し、それらを破壊していきます。 And then you end up with an emotional appeal. ||||||||эмоциональный призыв ||||||||emotional plea 最後に、感情的な訴えで締めくくります。 And I found that when I have a, uh, talk to give, if I have some kind of format like that, that I can slot my ideas into, it's easier to prepare the speech. ||||||||||||||||||||||||вставить мои идеи||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||slot|||||||get ready for|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||inserire||||||||| 私が演説をする際、ある種の形式があると、アイデアを整理しやすくなります。

And I know where I am leading the audience. ||am aware||||||audience そして、聴衆をどこに導くかを知っています。 They don't know what's coming. 彼らは何が起こるか分からない。 I do. 私はそうです。 And I find that gives me a sense of control over my audience. そして、それによって私は観客をコントロールする感覚を持てると感じます。 I know where I'm leading them at every step of the way. 私は途中のすべてのステップで彼らをどこに導いているか知っています。 Now, each one of these sections can have parts to them. 今、これらのセクションのそれぞれには部分があります。 You might have, for example, I had my experience in Sciences Po in Paris at the, uh, political science Institute, we were taught to have these balanced expose, you know, first part, second part. ||||||||||науки политологии|Сьенс По|||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||Political science||||||||||||||||fair and equal|balanced presentations|||||| たとえば、パリのサンス・ポーで政治学の研究所にいたとします。バランスの取れた説明をするよう教えられました。最初の部分と次の部分があるんです。 例如,您可能有我在巴黎政治科学研究所的巴黎科学学院(Science Po)的经验,我们被教导要使这些平衡的内容暴露出来,您知道,第一部分,第二部分。

So in presenting your ideas, you could have part one and then you can have, you know, can expand on it a bit. ||||||||||||||||||elaborate on it|||| 自分の考えを提示する際、パート1を持っていて、それについて少し発展させることができます。 因此,在表达您的想法时,您可以先提出第一部分,然后再稍微扩展一下。 And then of course you have the counter argument, so there's different ways you can refine it. |||||||||||||||improve| そしてもちろん反対論もあるので、それを磨き上げる方法はさまざまです。 然后,您当然拥有了相反的论点,因此可以使用不同的方法来完善它。 But the idea that you have an approach that says here I am, I'm a nice guy. |||||||way of thinking||||||||| しかし、私はこう言うアプローチを持っているというアイデアがある。ここに私がいます、私はいい人です。 You should believe me. You||| 私を信じてください。

Here's a story that I have to tell you. ここにあなたに話さなければならない物語があります。 Here are the counter-arguments and they hold no water. |||||и|||| |||||||hold|| 反論をここに示し、それらは説得力に欠けるということです。 以下是反驳的论点,但它们站不住脚。 And here's my final emotional appeal is a format that I have found to be very effective and it gives you confidence. |||||||||||||||||||||fiducia in sé stessi そして、こちらが私の最終的な感情的アピールです。私はこの形式を非常に効果的だと感じ、それによって自信をつけることができます。 If you know what it is you're going to say and how you're going to say it. 言いたいことと、どのように言うかを理解しているならば。 It helps you organize your ideas and it gives you confidence. ||||||||||fiducia in te stesso アイデアを整理するのに役立ち、自信を与えてくれます。

So, um, with that, you can find a reference here to the article that I submitted back in 2007. ええと、その時に、2007年に提出した記事への参照がこちらで見つけられます。 If you want to explore this in greater detail. より詳細に調査したい場合は。