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The Awakening of Europe, 04. A Dutch Reformer

04. A Dutch Reformer

"Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched it." —Old Monks of the Reformation.

The Netherlands now became absorbed in the greater kingdom of Charles V., who ruled over the largest empire since the days of Charlemagne. He was the grandson of that Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain who had driven the Moors from Granada and sent Columbus on his great voyage to the New World. From his father he inherited the Netherlands, and in the year 1519 he was elected Emperor over the heads of the Kings of France and England, both claimants for the high position. His reign was full of importance, not only for the Netherlands, but for the whole world; for a wonderful change was passing over Europe—that great Renaissance, at which we have already glanced for a moment. The new learning was spreading rapidly now, and the great empire of this Charles V. was not behind-hand to adopt it. Indeed Holland was to produce one of the greatest scholars of the age in Erasmus, the forerunner of Martin Luther, the famous German Reformer.

"I have given up my whole soul to Greek learning," said this man in the early days of his enthusiasm, "and as soon as I get any money I shall buy Greek books, and then I shall buy some clothes." Erasmus was born at Rotterdam, one of the famous towns of the Netherlands at this time, in the year 1467, seven years after the death of the sailor Prince of Portugal. He was a bright little boy with flaxen hair, grey-blue eyes, and with the voice of an angel.

"This little fellow will come to something by-and-by," said a famous scholar, patting the boy's flaxen head; for he had been struck with the ability of Erasmus as he inspected the school where he was learning. The boy had a passion for study. He devoured any book he could get hold of. He was always at work, writing poetry or essays; always thinking and pondering, though full of life and brightness. But monastery life was distasteful to him, and at the age of twenty he was glad to escape to Paris, still wearing his monk's dress, to continue his studies. He yearned to go to Italy, the centre of the new learning; to mix with the great Greek scholars; to breathe in the new life, which had not as yet taken root in his own country. But money was not forthcoming for this, and he made his way to England, where the new learning had been well received.

"I have found in Oxford," he soon wrote, "so much polish and learning that now I hardly care about going to Italy at all. When I listen to my friend Colet, it seems like listening to Plato himself." Amid a little group of English scholars Erasmus found the sympathy he needed. Still he worked on at Greek translations, and wrote a new grammar-book for the little scholars under the new learning. Moreover, he gained some repute by writing a song of triumph over the old world of darkness and ignorance, which was to vanish away before the light and knowledge of the new era.

But more than this. He had studied his Bible very deeply and carefully, specially the New Testament and the writings of the early Fathers. He was greatly struck with the difference between the teaching of Christ by His disciples in the old days of long ago, and the distorted version of Christianity now taught by the priests, monks, and clergy of Europe. The people knew only what they were taught by the priests. Copies of the Bible were rare, shut up in convent libraries, and read only by the few. Erasmus saw that before any reform could take place the Bible must be in the hands of all, rich and poor alike.

"I wish that even the weakest woman might read the Gospels and the Epistles of St Paul," he says as he works during the long hours at his translation and notes. "I long for the day when the husbandman shall sing portions of them to himself as he follows the plough, when the weaver shall hum them to the tune of his shuttle, when the travellers shall while away with their stories the weariness of the journey." Since his boyhood printing-presses had been established everywhere. At last his work was finished, text and translation printed, and the wonderful story of Christ, His disciples and His teaching, was revealed to an astonished world in all its beautiful simplicity.

"A single candle shone far in the universal darkness." The New Testament of Erasmus became the topic of the day; every household eagerly purchased a copy; it was read and discussed with alternate fear and joy. A new era was dawning. Erasmus had sown the seeds of that more far-reaching movement which Martin Luther was to finish. He had prepared the way; but a greater than he was needed to stand up boldly, with the eyes of Europe on him, to denounce the abuses that had crept into the Christian teaching, and to show mankind the Christ of the New Testament.

04. A Dutch Reformer ||改革者 ||改革者 ||реформатор 04\. مصلح هولندي 04. Ein niederländischer Reformer 04. A Dutch Reformer 04. Un réformateur néerlandais 04. Un riformatore olandese 04.オランダの改革者 04. Olandų reformatorius 04. holenderski reformator 04. Um Reformador Holandês 04. Голландский реформатор 04. Hollandalı Bir Reformcu 04. Голландський реформатор 04.荷兰改革家 04. 荷蘭改革家

"Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched it." 伊拉斯谟|放置||蛋||路德|孵化| Erasmus||||||hatched| エラスムス||||||孵化させた| Эразм|||||Лютер|вывел из яйца| "وضع إيراسموس البيضة وفقسها لوثر". "Erasmo ha deposto l'uovo e Lutero lo ha covato". “伊拉斯谟下了蛋，路德孵化了它。” —Old Monks of the Reformation. |修道士|||改革 |Monks||| - رهبان الإصلاح القدامى. —宗教改革的老修道士。

The Netherlands now became absorbed in the greater kingdom of Charles V., who ruled over the largest empire since the days of Charlemagne. أصبحت هولندا الآن منغمسة في مملكة تشارلز الخامس الكبرى ، التي حكمت أكبر إمبراطورية منذ أيام شارلمان. 荷兰现在融入了查理五世统治的更大王国，他统治着自查理曼大帝以来最大规模的帝国。 He was the grandson of that Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain who had driven the Moors from Granada and sent Columbus on his great voyage to the New World. |||внук|||Фердинанд||Изабелла||Испании|||||мавров||Гранада|||Колумб||||поездка|||| |||||||||||||||Moors||||||||||||| ||||||フェルディナンド|||||||||ムーア人||グラナダ||||||||||| ||||||费迪南|||||||||摩尔人|||||哥伦布|||||||| كان حفيد فرديناند وإيزابيلا من إسبانيا الذين طردوا المغاربة من غرناطة وأرسلوا كولومبوس في رحلته العظيمة إلى العالم الجديد. 他是曾驱逐摩尔人于格拉纳达的西班牙国王费尔南多和伊莎贝拉的孙子，还派哥伦布进行伟大的新世界航行。 From his father he inherited the Netherlands, and in the year 1519 he was elected Emperor over the heads of the Kings of France and England, both claimants for the high position. ||||继承的||||||||||||||||||||||声称者|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||claimants|||| ||||相続した|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||унаследовал||||||||||Император||||||||||||претенденты|||| ورث هولندا من والده ، وفي عام 1519 انتُخب إمبراطورًا على رئاسة ملوك فرنسا وإنجلترا ، وكلاهما طالب بهذا المنصب الرفيع. 彼の父から彼はオランダを継承し、1519年に彼はフランスとイギリスの王の頭上で皇帝に選出されました。他从父亲那里继承了荷兰，并在1519年被选为皇帝，上面是法国和英格兰的国王，他们都是这一高职位的竞争者。 His reign was full of importance, not only for the Netherlands, but for the whole world; for a wonderful change was passing over Europe—that great Renaissance, at which we have already glanced for a moment. |统治||||||||||||||||||||经过|||||文艺复兴||||||瞥见||| |reign|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |правление|||||||||||||||||||||||||Ренессанс||||||||| كان عهده مليئًا بالأهمية ، ليس فقط بالنسبة لهولندا ، ولكن للعالم كله ؛ من أجل التغيير الرائع ، كان يمر عبر أوروبا - تلك النهضة العظيمة ، التي نظرنا إليها بالفعل للحظة. 他的统治充满了重要性，不仅对荷兰，对整个世界也是如此；因为欧洲正经历着一场奇妙的变化——伟大的文艺复兴，我们已经稍微瞥见过它。 The new learning was spreading rapidly now, and the great empire of this Charles V. was not behind-hand to adopt it. |||||迅速地||||||||查理|查理五世|在|||||| كان التعلم الجديد ينتشر بسرعة الآن ، ولم تكن إمبراطورية تشارلز الخامس العظيمة متأخرة لتبنيها. Il nuovo sapere si stava diffondendo rapidamente e il grande impero di Carlo V. non tardò ad adottarlo. 新しい学習は今急速に広まり、このチャールズ5世の大帝国はそれを採用するのに遅れをとっていませんでした。新的学问正在迅速传播，而查理五世的这个伟大帝国并没有落后于它的采纳。 Indeed Holland was to produce one of the greatest scholars of the age in Erasmus, the forerunner of Martin Luther, the famous German Reformer. 确实||||产生||||||||||||先驱||||||| |||||||||scholars|||||||forerunner||||||| ||||||||||||||||предшественник||Мартин||||| في الواقع ، كان على هولندا تخريج أحد أعظم علماء العصر في إيراسموس ، سلف مارتن لوثر ، المصلح الألماني الشهير. 確かにオランダは、有名なドイツの改革者であるマルティン・ルターの前身であるエラスムスでその時代の最も偉大な学者の一人を輩出することでした。荷兰确实要培养出一个时代最伟大的学者之一——伊拉斯谟，他是马丁·路德的先驱，著名的德国改革者。

"I have given up my whole soul to Greek learning," said this man in the early days of his enthusiasm, "and as soon as I get any money I shall buy Greek books, and then I shall buy some clothes." ||||||灵魂||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| "Ho dedicato tutta la mia anima allo studio del greco", disse quest'uomo nei primi giorni del suo entusiasmo, "e appena avrò un po' di soldi comprerò dei libri di greco, e poi mi comprerò dei vestiti". 这个人在早期热情洋溢的日子里说：“我将我的整个灵魂奉献给希腊学，当我一有钱就会买希腊书籍，然后再买一些衣服。” Erasmus was born at Rotterdam, one of the famous towns of the Netherlands at this time, in the year 1467, seven years after the death of the sailor Prince of Portugal. ||||鹿特丹|||||||||||||||||||||||||葡萄牙 ||||Роттердам||||||||||||||||годы||||||моряка|||Португалии 伊拉斯谟于1467年出生在鹿特丹，那时鹿特丹是荷兰著名的城镇之一，距葡萄牙水手王子去世已有七年。 He was a bright little boy with flaxen hair, grey-blue eyes, and with the voice of an angel. |||||||金色的|||||和|||||| |||||||亜麻色の||||||||||| |||||||соломенными||серо||||||||| 他是一个聪明的小男孩，有着金色的头发、灰蓝色的眼睛，以及天使般的声音。

"This little fellow will come to something by-and-by," said a famous scholar, patting the boy’s flaxen head; for he had been struck with the ability of Erasmus as he inspected the school where he was learning. ||小家伙|||||||||||||||||||||打动||||||||检查过|||||| |||||||by||||||||||||||||impressed|||||||||||||| |||||||そのうち|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||ученый||||||||||||||||||осматривал|||||| "Questo piccoletto arriverà a qualcosa tra un po'", disse un famoso studioso, accarezzando la testa lisciata del ragazzo; era stato infatti colpito dall'abilità di Erasmo mentre ispezionava la scuola in cui stava imparando. "Esse sujeitinho virá para alguma coisa de vez em quando", disse um famoso estudioso, acariciando a cabeça de linho do menino; pois ele ficara impressionado com a capacidade de Erasmus enquanto inspecionava a escola onde estava aprendendo. “这个小家伙迟早会有所成就的。”一位著名学者拍着男孩淡黄色的头说道。因为当他视察自己就读的学校时，他对伊拉斯谟的能力感到震惊。 "这个小家伙以后一定会成大器的，"一位著名的学者边说边轻拍着男孩金色的头发；因为在参观他学习的学校时，他深受伊拉斯mus的才能的打动。 The boy had a passion for study. 这个男孩对学习充满热情。 He devoured any book he could get hold of. |吞噬了||||||| He was always at work, writing poetry or essays; always thinking and pondering, though full of life and brightness. ||||||||эссе||||||||||яркости ||||||||||||nachdenken|||||| ||||||||||||contemplating|||||| ||||||||||||考えて|||||| ||||||||||||思考|||||| But monastery life was distasteful to him, and at the age of twenty he was glad to escape to Paris, still wearing his monk’s dress, to continue his studies. |修道院|||令人厌恶的|||||||||||||||||||僧侣||||| ||||distasteful|||||||||||||||||||||||| |монастырская|||неприятной|||||||||||рад|||||||||одежда|||| He yearned to go to Italy, the centre of the new learning; to mix with the great Greek scholars; to breathe in the new life, which had not as yet taken root in his own country. |渴望||||意大利||||||||交往||||||||||||||没有|||||||| |yearned|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |切望した|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |желал|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 彼は新しい学習の中心地であるイタリアに行きたがっていました。偉大なギリシャの学者と混ざり合うこと。まだ自分の国に根付いていない新しい生活を吸い込むために。他渴望去意大利，那里是新学问的中心。与希腊伟大的学者交往；呼吸尚未在他自己的国家扎根的新生命。 But money was not forthcoming for this, and he made his way to England, where the new learning had been well received. ||||即将到来|||||||||||||||||接收 ||||forthcoming||||||||||||||||| ||||не поступала||||||||||||||||| 但这方面并没有钱到手，于是他前往英格兰，那里的新学问受到热烈欢迎。

"I have found in Oxford," he soon wrote, "so much polish and learning that now I hardly care about going to Italy at all. ||||牛津||||||优雅和学识|||||||在乎|||||| ||||||||||polish||||||||||||| ||||||||||вежливости||||||||||||| 「私はオックスフォードで見つけました」と彼はすぐに書いた。他很快写道：“我在牛津发现了如此多的打磨和学习，现在我根本不在乎去意大利。他很快写道：“我在牛津发现了如此多的修养和学问，以至于我现在几乎不想去意大利了。 When I listen to my friend Colet, it seems like listening to Plato himself." ||||||科莱特||||||柏拉图| ||||||Колет||||||| 当我听我朋友科莱特的讲话时，感觉就像在倾听柏拉图本人。” Amid a little group of English scholars Erasmus found the sympathy he needed. ||||||||||同情|| ||||||||||сочувствие|| 伊拉斯谟在一小群英国学者中找到了他所需要的同情。 Still he worked on at Greek translations, and wrote a new grammar-book for the little scholars under the new learning. ||||||переводов|||||||||||||| Moreover, he gained some repute by writing a song of triumph over the old world of darkness and ignorance, which was to vanish away before the light and knowledge of the new era. 此外||||声誉||||||||||||||无知||||消失|||||||||| ||||reputation|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||名声||||||||||||||||||消え去る|||||||||| ||заработал||репутацию||||песню||триумф||||||||невежество||||исчезнуть|||||||||| 此外，他还因写了一首战胜黑暗和无知的旧世界的胜利之歌而赢得了一些声誉，而这些世界将在新时代的光明和知识面前消失。

But more than this. 但不仅仅如此。 He had studied his Bible very deeply and carefully, specially the New Testament and the writings of the early Fathers. ||||||||仔细|||新的|新约||||||| |||||||||особенно|||Завет|||сочинения|||| 彼は聖書、特に新約聖書と初期の教父の書物を非常に深く注意深く研究していました。他深入细致地研究了圣经，特别是新约和早期教父的著作。 He was greatly struck with the difference between the teaching of Christ by His disciples in the old days of long ago, and the distorted version of Christianity now taught by the priests, monks, and clergy of Europe. |||深受震撼||||||||基督|||||||||||||扭曲的|||基督教||||||||神职人员|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||priests||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||священниками|||духовенство|| 彼は、昔の弟子たちによるキリストの教えと、現在ヨーロッパの司祭、僧侶、聖職者によって教えられている歪んだキリスト教との違いに大いに感銘を受けました。 Hij was zeer getroffen door het verschil tussen de leer van Christus door Zijn discipelen in de oude dagen van lang geleden, en de verdraaide versie van het christendom die nu wordt onderwezen door de priesters, monniken en geestelijken van Europa. 他对基督在遥远的古代通过他的门徒所教导的内容与现在欧洲的牧师、修士和神职人员所扭曲的基督教版本之间的差异感到非常震惊。 The people knew only what they were taught by the priests. 人々は彼らが司祭によって教えられたことだけを知っていました。 Copies of the Bible were rare, shut up in convent libraries, and read only by the few. 副本||||||封闭||在|修道院||||||| |||||||||convent||||||| |||||||||修道院||||||| |||||||||монастырских||||||| 聖書のコピーはまれで、修道院の図書館に閉じ込められ、少数の人だけが読んでいました。 Erasmus saw that before any reform could take place the Bible must be in the hands of all, rich and poor alike. |||||改革|||||||||||||富人|||一样的 |||||реформа||||||||||||||||одинаково エラスムスは、改革が行われる前に、聖書は金持ちも貧乏人も同様にすべての人の手に渡らなければならないことを見ました。伊拉斯谟认为，在进行任何改革之前，《圣经》必须掌握在所有人的手中，无论贫富。

"I wish that even the weakest woman might read the Gospels and the Epistles of St Paul," he says as he works during the long hours at his translation and notes. ||那|||最弱的|||||||||||保罗|||||||||||||| ||||||||||Gospels|||||||||||||||||his||| |||||самая слабая|||||Евангелия|||Послания|||Павел|||||||||||||| 「最も弱い女性でさえ、聖パウロの福音書と書簡を読んでくれることを願っています」と彼は翻訳とメモで長い時間働いているときに言います。 “我希望即使是最弱小的女人也能阅读《福音书》和圣保罗的书信，”他说，边工作边翻译和做笔记，时间漫长。 "I long for the day when the husbandman shall sing portions of them to himself as he follows the plough, when the weaver shall hum them to the tune of his shuttle, when the travellers shall while away with their stories the weariness of the journey." |||||||农夫||唱||||||||跟随|||||织工||哼唱||||旋律|||梭子|||||||||||疲惫||| |||||||||||||||||||Pflug|||der Weber||summen||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||husbandman|||portions|||||||||plow|||weaver||hum|||||||shuttle|||||||||||weariness||| |||||||земледелец||петь||||||||||плуг|||ткач||напевать|||||||челнок|||||проводить||||||уныние пути||| "Anhelo el día en que el labrador cante partes de ellas para sí mismo mientras sigue al arado, cuando el tejedor las tararee al ritmo de su lanzadera, cuando los viajeros paseen con sus historias el cansancio del viaje. " 「私は、夫が耕作地をたどるときに、夫が彼らの一部を自分で歌う日、織工がシャトルの曲に合わせて彼らを口ずさむ日、旅行者が彼らの話を離れている間、旅の疲れを感じる日を待ち望んでいます。「」 "Anseio pelo dia em que o lavrador cante trechos deles para si mesmo enquanto segue o arado, quando o tecelão os cantarolará ao ritmo de sua peteca, quando os viajantes passarão com suas histórias o cansaço da viagem. " "Çiftçinin sabanı sürerken kendi kendine bu şarkılardan bölümler söyleyeceği, dokumacının mekiğinin melodisiyle bu şarkıları mırıldanacağı, yolcuların yolculuğun yorgunluğunu bu hikayelerle atacağı günü özlemle bekliyorum." “我渴望有一天，农夫会一边耕犁一边自言自语，织工会随着梭子的曲调哼唱它们，旅行者会用故事来消磨旅途的疲惫。 ” “我渴望有一天，农夫在犁地时能够唱出其中的篇章，织布工能在织布时轻声哼唱，旅行者则能用他们的故事来消磨旅途的疲惫。” Since his boyhood printing-presses had been established everywhere. ||少年时代|||||建立| ||||presses|||established| ||детства||печати|||| 彼の少年時代から、印刷機はいたるところに設置されていました。从他的童年起，印刷机就随处可见。自他少年时代起，印刷机就在各处建立。 At last his work was finished, text and translation printed, and the wonderful story of Christ, His disciples and His teaching, was revealed to an astonished world in all its beautiful simplicity. |||||||||||||||||门徒|||||揭示|||惊讶的|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||revealed|||astonished|world|||||simplicity |||||||||||||||||||||||||удивлённому|||||| ついに彼の仕事は終わり、テキストと翻訳が印刷され、キリスト、彼の弟子たち、そして彼の教えの素晴らしい物語が、その美しいシンプルさのすべてで驚いた世界に明らかにされました。他的工作终于完成了，文本和翻译都已印刷，这个关于基督、他的门徒以及他的教导的奇妙故事以其美丽的简单性向惊讶的世界揭示。

"A single candle shone far in the universal darkness." ||свеча|||||| ||||远处|||普遍的| 一根蜡烛在普遍的黑暗中闪耀。 The New Testament of Erasmus became the topic of the day; every household eagerly purchased a copy; it was read and discussed with alternate fear and joy. |||||||新约圣经||||||热切地||||||||讨论||交替|||喜悦 |||||||||||||eifrig||||||||||||| ||Testament||||||||||||purchased|||||||||alternate||| ||||||||||||家庭|||||||||議論された||||| ||||||||||||домашнее хозяйство||покупала|||||||||попеременным||| O Novo Testamento de Erasmo tornou-se o tópico do dia; todos os lares compravam avidamente uma cópia; foi lido e discutido com medo e alegria alternados. 伊拉斯谟的新约成为了当天的话题；每个家庭都迫不及待地购买了一本；人们交替着带着恐惧和喜悦阅读和讨论。 A new era was dawning. ||||开始 ||||dawning ||||наступала Erasmus had sown the seeds of that more far-reaching movement which Martin Luther was to finish. ||播下|||||||更深远|||||||完成 ||播いた|||||||||||||| ||посеял|||||||||||||| He had prepared the way; but a greater than he was needed to stand up boldly, with the eyes of Europe on him, to denounce the abuses that had crept into the Christian teaching, and to show mankind the Christ of the New Testament. |||||||||||||站出来|||||||||||谴责||滥用|||潜入|||||||展示|人类||||||遗嘱 |||||||||||||||boldly|||||||||denounce||abuses|||||||||||mankind|||||| |||||||||||||||堂々と|||||||||||悪用||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||смело|||||||||осуждать||злоупотребления||||||||||||||||| Yolu hazırlamıştı; ama Avrupa'nın gözleri onun üzerindeyken, Hıristiyan öğretisine sızmış olan suiistimalleri kınamak ve insanlığa Yeni Ahit'in Mesih'ini göstermek için cesaretle ayağa kalkacak ondan daha büyük birine ihtiyaç vardı. 他已经准备好了道路；但是需要一个比他更伟大的人来勇敢地站出来，在欧洲的目光注视着他的情况下，谴责基督教教义中潜入的滥用行为，并向人类展示新约中的基督。