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1984 by George Orwell, APPENDlX. THE PRlNClPLES OF NEWSPEAK (1)

APPENDlX. THE PRlNClPLES OF NEWSPEAK (1)

Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing. The leading articles in ‘The Times' were written in it, but this was a TOUR DE FORCE which could only be carried out by a specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party members tending to use Newspeak words and grammatical constructions more and more in their everyday speech. The version in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained many superfluous words and archaic formations which were due to be suppressed later. It is with the final, perfected version, as embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are concerned here.

The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought — that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc — should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word FREE still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as ‘This dog is free from lice' or ‘This field is free from weeds'. It could not be used in its old sense of ‘politically free' or ‘intellectually free' since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless. Quite apart from the suppression of definitely heretical words, reduction of vocabulary was regarded as an end in itself, and no word that could be dispensed with was allowed to survive. Newspeak was designed not to extend but to DIMINISH the range of thought, and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of words down to a minimum.

Newspeak was founded on the English language as we now know it, though many Newspeak sentences, even when not containing newly-created words, would be barely intelligible to an English-speaker of our own day. Newspeak words were divided into three distinct classes, known as the A vocabulary, the B vocabulary (also called compound words), and the C vocabulary. It will be simpler to discuss each class separately, but the grammatical peculiarities of the language can be dealt with in the section devoted to the A vocabulary, since the same rules held good for all three categories.THE A VOCABULARY. The A vocabulary consisted of the words needed for the business of everyday life — for such things as eating, drinking, working, putting on one's clothes, going up and down stairs, riding in vehicles, gardening, cooking, and the like. It was composed almost entirely of words that we already possess words like HIT, RUN, DOG, TREE, SUGAR, HOUSE, FIELD— but

in comparison with the present-day English vocabulary their number was extremely small, while their meanings were far more rigidly defined. All ambiguities and shades of meaning had been purged out of them. So far as it could be achieved, a Newspeak word of this class was simply a staccato sound expressing ONE clearly understood concept. It would have been quite impossible to use the A vocabulary for literary purposes or for political or philosophical discussion. It was intended only to express simple, purposive thoughts, usually involving concrete objects or physical actions.

The grammar of Newspeak had two outstanding peculiarities. The first of these was an almost complete interchangeability between different parts of speech. Any word in the language (in principle this applied even to very abstract words such as IF or WHEN) could be used either as verb, noun, adjective, or adverb. Between the verb and the noun form, when they were of the same root, there was never any variation, this rule of itself involving the destruction of many archaic forms. The word THOUGHT, for example, did not exist in Newspeak. Its place was taken by THINK, which did duty for both noun and verb. No etymological principle was followed here: in some cases it was the original noun that was chosen for retention, in other cases the verb. Even where a noun and verb of kindred meaning were not etymologically connected, one or other of them was frequently suppressed. There was, for example, no such word as CUT, its meaning being sufficiently covered by the noun-verb KNIFE. Adjectives were formed by adding the suffix — FUL to the noun-verb, and adverbs by adding — WISE. Thus for example, SPEEDFUL meant ‘rapid' and SPEEDWISE meant ‘quickly'. Certain of our present-day adjectives, such as GOOD, STRONG, BIG, BLACK, SOFT, were retained, but their total number was very small. There was little need for them, since almost any adjectival meaning could be arrived at by adding

FUL to a noun-verb. None of the now-existing adverbs was retained, except for a very few already ending in — WISE: the — WISE termination was invariable. The word WELL, for example, was replaced by GOODWISE. In addition, any word — this again applied in principle to every word in the language — could be negatived by adding the affix UN-, or could be strengthened by the affix PLUS-, or, for still greater emphasis, DOUBLEPLUS-. Thus, for example, UNCOLD meant ‘warm', while PLUSCOLD and DOUBLEPLUSCOLD meant, respectively, ‘very cold' and ‘superlatively cold'. It was also possible, as in present-day English, to modify the meaning of almost any word by prepositional affixes such as ANTE-, POST-, UP-, DOWN-, etc. By such methods it was found possible to bring about an enormous diminution of vocabulary. Given, for instance, the word GOOD, there was no need for such a word as BAD, since the required meaning was equally well — indeed, better — expressed by UNGOOD. All that was necessary, in any case where two words formed a natural pair of opposites, was to decide which of them to suppress. DARK, for example, could be replaced by UNLIGHT, or LIGHT by UNDARK, according to preference.

The second distinguishing mark of Newspeak grammar was its regularity. Subject to a few exceptions which are mentioned below all inflexions followed the same rules. Thus, in all verbs the preterite and the past participle were the same and ended in — ED. The preterite of STEAL was STEALED, the preterite of THINK was THINKED, and so on throughout the language, all such forms as SWAM, GAVE, BROUGHT, SPOKE, TAKEN, etc., being abolished. All plurals were made by adding — S or — ES as the case might be. The plurals OF MAN, OX, LIFE, were MANS, OXES, LIFES.

Comparison of adjectives was invariably made by adding — ER, — EST (GOOD, GOODER, GOODEST), irregular forms and the MORE, MOST formation being suppressed.

The only classes of words that were still allowed to inflect irregularly were the pronouns, the relatives, the demonstrative adjectives, and the auxiliary verbs. All of these followed their ancient usage, except that WHOM had been scrapped as unnecessary, and the SHALL, SHOULD tenses had been dropped, all their uses being covered by WILL and WOULD. There were also certain irregularities in word-formation arising out of the need for rapid and easy speech. A word which was difficult to utter, or was liable to be incorrectly heard, was held to be ipso facto a bad word; occasionally therefore, for the sake of euphony, extra letters were inserted into a word or an archaic formation was retained. But this need made itself felt chiefly in connexion with the B vocabulary. WHY so great an importance was attached to ease of pronunciation will be made clear later in this essay.

THE B VOCABULARY. The B vocabulary consisted of words which had been deliberately constructed for political purposes: words, that is to say, which not only had in every case a political implication, but were intended to impose a desirable mental attitude upon the person using them. Without a full understanding of the principles of Ingsoc it was difficult to use these words correctly. In some cases they could be translated into Oldspeak, or even into words taken from the A vocabulary, but this usually demanded a long paraphrase and always involved the loss of certain overtones. The B words were a sort of verbal shorthand, often packing whole ranges of ideas into a few syllables, and at the same time more accurate and forcible than ordinary language.

The B words were in all cases compound words. [Compound words such as SPEAKWRITE, were of course to be found in the A vocabulary, but these were merely convenient abbreviations and had no special ideological colour.] They consisted of two or more words, or portions of words, welded together in an easily pronounceable form. The resulting amalgam was always a noun- verb, and inflected according to the ordinary rules. To take a single example: the word GOODTHINK, meaning, very roughly, ‘orthodoxy', or, if one chose to regard it as a verb, ‘to think in an orthodox manner'. This inflected as follows: noun-verb, GOODTHINK; past tense and past participle, GOODTHINKED; present participle, GOOD-THINKING; adjective, GOODTHINKFUL; adverb, GOODTHINKWISE; verbal noun, GOODTHINKER.

The B words were not constructed on any etymological plan. The words of which they were made up could be any parts of speech, and could be placed in any order and mutilated in any way which made them easy to pronounce while indicating their derivation. In the word CRIMETHINK (thoughtcrime), for instance, the THINK came second, whereas in THINKPOL (Thought Police) it came first, and in the latter word POLICE had lost its second syllable. Because of the great difficulty in securing euphony, irregular formations were commoner in the B vocabulary than in the A vocabulary. For example, the adjective forms of

MINITRUE, MINIPAX, and MINILUV were, respectively, MINITRUTHFUL, MINIPEACEFUL, and MINILOVELY, simply because — TRUEFUL, -PAXFUL, and — LOVEFUL were slightly awkward to pronounce. In principle, however, all B words could inflect, and all inflected in exactly the same way.

Some of the B words had highly subtilized meanings, barely intelligible to anyone who had not mastered the language as a whole. Consider, for example, such a typical sentence from a ‘Times' leading article as OLDTHINKERS UNBELLYFEEL INGSOC. The shortest rendering that one could make of this in Oldspeak would be: ‘Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the principles of English Socialism.' But this is not an adequate translation. To begin with, in order to grasp the full meaning of the Newspeak sentence quoted above, one would have to have a clear idea of what is meant by INGSOC. And in addition, only a person thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of the word BELLYFEEL, which implied a blind, enthusiastic acceptance difficult to imagine today; or of the word OLDTHINK, which was inextricably mixed up with the idea of wickedness and decadence. But the special function of certain Newspeak words, of which OLDTHINK was one, was not so much to express meanings as to destroy them.

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APPENDlX. THE PRlNClPLES OF NEWSPEAK (1) 付録||ニュースピークの原則|| ANHANGlX. DIE PRlNClPLES DER NACHRICHTEN (1) APPENDlX. THE PRlNClPLES OF NEWSPEAK (1) APÉNDICE: LOS PRlNClPES DE LA NOTICIA (1) APPENDICE. I PRlNClPI DEL NOTIZIARIO (1) DODATEK X. PRlNClPLES OF NEWSPEAK (1) ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ X. ПРИНЦИПЫ НОВОГО СЛОВА (1)

Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to  meet  the  ideological  needs  of  Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing. У 1984 році ще не було нікого, хто б використовував новомову як єдиний засіб спілкування, чи то в усній, чи в письмовій формі. 在 1984 年,还没有人将新话作为他唯一的交流方式,无论是演讲还是写作。 The leading articles in ‘The Times' were written in it, but this was a TOUR DE FORCE which could only be carried out by a specialist. En él estaban escritos los principales artículos de 'The Times', pero se trataba de un TOUR DE FORCE que solo podía realizar un especialista. На ньому були написані провідні статті в «Таймс», але це був TOUR DE FORCE, який міг здійснити тільки фахівець. 《泰晤士报》的头条文章都写在里面,但这是只有专家才能完成的TOUR DE FORCE。 It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party members  tending  to  use  Newspeak  words  and  grammatical constructions more and more in their everyday speech. Mientras tanto, ganó terreno de manera constante, todos los miembros del Partido tendieron a usar palabras y construcciones gramaticales de Newspeak cada vez más en su discurso cotidiano. The version in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained many superfluous words and archaic formations which were due to be suppressed later. ||||||具體化的|||||||||||||臨時的|||||多餘的||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||暫定的な|||||||||||||||| It is with the final, perfected version, as embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are concerned here. |||||||||||||||||私たち|||

The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. |||||||||||||||||||||||信徒||||||||||| Мета новомови полягала не лише в тому, щоб забезпечити засіб вираження світогляду та розумових звичок, властивих прихильникам Англійського Соку, але й у тому, щоб унеможливити всі інші способи мислення. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought — that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc — should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. |||||||||||||||||||||||逸脱する||||||||||||||||||| Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. Esto se hizo en parte mediante la invención de nuevas palabras, pero principalmente eliminando las palabras indeseables y despojando a las palabras que quedaban de significados poco ortodoxos y, en la medida de lo posible, de todos los significados secundarios. Частково це було зроблено шляхом винайдення нових слів, але головним чином шляхом усунення небажаних слів і позбавлення таких слів, які залишилися, від неортодоксальних значень і, наскільки це можливо, від усіх вторинних значень. To give a single example. The word FREE still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as ‘This dog is free from lice' or ‘This field is free from weeds'. ||||||||||||||||||||||虱||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||シラミ||||||| It could not be used in its old sense of ‘politically free' or ‘intellectually free' since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||必要性| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||名もなき No podía usarse en su antiguo sentido de "políticamente libre" o "intelectualmente libre", ya que la libertad política e intelectual ya no existía ni siquiera como conceptos y, por lo tanto, necesariamente carecía de nombre. Quite apart from the suppression of definitely heretical words, reduction of vocabulary was regarded as an end in itself, and no word that could be dispensed with was allowed to survive. ||||抑圧|||||||||||||||||||||省く||||| Aparte de la supresión de palabras definitivamente heréticas, la reducción del vocabulario se consideraba un fin en sí mismo, y no se permitía que sobreviviera ninguna palabra de la que se pudiera prescindir. Newspeak was designed not to extend but to DIMINISH the range of thought, and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of words down to a minimum. ||||||||減少|||||||||||||||||||| Newspeak fue diseñado no para extender sino para DISMINUIR el rango de pensamiento, y este propósito fue indirectamente asistido al reducir la elección de palabras al mínimo.

Newspeak was founded on the English language as we now know it, though many Newspeak sentences, even when not containing newly-created words, would be barely intelligible to an English-speaker of our own day. Newspeak se fundó en el idioma inglés como lo conocemos ahora, aunque muchas oraciones de Newspeak, incluso cuando no contienen palabras recién creadas, serían apenas inteligibles para un hablante de inglés de nuestros días. Newspeak words were divided into three distinct classes, known as the A vocabulary, the B vocabulary (also called compound words), and the C vocabulary. ||||||||||||||||||複合語||||| It will be simpler to discuss each class separately, but the grammatical peculiarities of the language can be dealt with in the section devoted to the A vocabulary, since the same rules held good for all three categories.THE A VOCABULARY. ||||||||||||特異性|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Será más sencillo discutir cada clase por separado, pero las peculiaridades gramaticales del idioma se pueden tratar en la sección dedicada al vocabulario A, ya que las mismas reglas se aplican a las tres categorías. The A vocabulary consisted of the words needed for the business of everyday life — for such things as eating, drinking, working, putting on one's clothes, going up and down stairs, riding in vehicles, gardening, cooking, and the like. It was composed almost entirely of words that we already possess words like HIT, RUN, DOG, TREE, SUGAR, HOUSE, FIELD— but

in comparison with the present-day English vocabulary their number was extremely small, while their meanings were far more rigidly defined. у порівнянні з сучасним словниковим запасом англійської їх кількість була надзвичайно малою, тоді як їхні значення були набагато жорсткіше визначені. All ambiguities and shades of meaning had been purged out of them. |曖昧さ|||||||||| З них були очищені всі двозначності та відтінки сенсу. So far as it could be achieved, a Newspeak word of this class was simply a staccato sound expressing ONE clearly understood concept. ||||||||||||||||断音|||||| Hasta donde se pudo lograr, una palabra de Newspeak de esta clase fue simplemente un sonido entrecortado que expresa UN concepto claramente entendido. Наскільки це було можливо, новомовне слово цього класу було просто відривним звуком, що виражав ОДНУ чітко зрозумілу концепцію. It would have been quite impossible to use the A vocabulary for literary purposes or for political or philosophical discussion. It was intended only to express simple, purposive thoughts, usually involving concrete objects or physical actions. |||||||目的のある||||||||

The grammar of Newspeak had two outstanding peculiarities. The first of these was an almost complete interchangeability between different parts of speech. ||||||||互換性||||| Any word in the language (in principle this applied even to very abstract words such as IF or WHEN) could be used either as verb, noun, adjective, or adverb. ||||||||||||抽象的な言葉||||||||||||||||副詞として Between the verb and the noun form, when they were of the same root, there was never any variation, this rule of itself involving the destruction of many archaic forms. Між формою дієслова та іменника, коли вони були одного кореня, ніколи не було жодної варіації, це правило саме по собі спричиняло руйнування багатьох архаїчних форм. The word THOUGHT, for example, did not exist in Newspeak. Its place was taken by THINK, which did duty for both noun and verb. No etymological principle was followed here: in some cases it was the original noun that was chosen for retention, in other cases the verb. |語源的|||||||||||||||||保留||||| |語源的|||||||||||||||||||||| Even where a noun and verb of kindred meaning were not etymologically connected, one or other of them was frequently suppressed. |||||||同類の意味||||語源的に||||||||| There was, for example, no such word as CUT, its meaning being sufficiently covered by the noun-verb KNIFE. Adjectives were formed by adding the suffix — FUL to the noun-verb, and adverbs by adding — WISE. Thus for example, SPEEDFUL meant ‘rapid' and SPEEDWISE meant ‘quickly'. |||迅速な||||迅速に|| Certain of our present-day adjectives, such as GOOD, STRONG, BIG, BLACK, SOFT, were retained, but their total number was very small. There was little need for them, since almost any adjectival meaning could be arrived at by adding |||||||||形容詞的な|||||||

FUL to a noun-verb. None of the now-existing adverbs was retained, except for a very few already ending in — WISE: the — WISE termination was invariable. |||||||||||||||||||||不変の The word WELL, for example, was replaced by GOODWISE. ||||||||グッドワイズ In addition, any word — this again applied in principle to every word in the language — could be negatived by adding the affix UN-, or could be strengthened by the affix PLUS-, or, for still greater emphasis, DOUBLEPLUS-. |||||||||||||||||否定される||||接辞||||||||||||||| Thus, for example, UNCOLD meant ‘warm', while PLUSCOLD and DOUBLEPLUSCOLD meant, respectively, ‘very cold' and ‘superlatively cold'. |||非寒い||||非常に寒い||二重極寒||||||極めて冷たい| It was also possible, as in present-day English, to modify the meaning of almost any word by prepositional affixes such as ANTE-, POST-, UP-, DOWN-, etc. ||||||||||||||||||前置詞の|接頭辞|||アンテ|||| By such methods it was found possible to bring about an enormous diminution of vocabulary. Given, for instance, the word GOOD, there was no need for such a word as BAD, since the required meaning was equally well — indeed, better — expressed by UNGOOD. All that was necessary, in any case where two words formed a natural pair of opposites, was to decide which of them to suppress. DARK, for example, could be replaced by UNLIGHT, or LIGHT by UNDARK, according to preference. |||||||非光||||アンライト|||

The second distinguishing mark of Newspeak grammar was its regularity. Subject to a few exceptions which are mentioned below all inflexions followed the same rules. ||||||||||屈折形態|||| За винятком кількох винятків, які згадуються нижче, усі флексії дотримуються тих самих правил. Thus, in all verbs the preterite and the past participle were the same and ended in — ED. |||||過去形||||||||||| The preterite of STEAL was STEALED, the preterite of THINK was THINKED, and so on throughout the language, all such forms as SWAM, GAVE, BROUGHT, SPOKE, TAKEN, etc., being abolished. |||||||過去式|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||盗まれた||||||考えた||||||||そのような|||||||||| All plurals were made by adding — S or — ES as the case might be. |複数形|||||||||||| The plurals OF MAN, OX, LIFE, were MANS, OXES, LIFES. ||||||||オックス|ライフズ

Comparison of adjectives was invariably made by adding — ER, — EST (GOOD, GOODER, GOODEST), irregular forms and the MORE, MOST formation being suppressed. |||||||||||より良い|最良の|||||||||

The only classes of words that were still allowed to inflect irregularly were the pronouns, the relatives, the demonstrative adjectives, and the auxiliary verbs. ||||||||||屈折変化する|不規則に|||||||指示詞|||||動詞 Єдиними класами слів, яким все ще дозволялося неправильно відмінюватися, були займенники, відносні слова, вказівні прикметники та допоміжні дієслова. All of these followed their ancient usage, except that WHOM had been scrapped as unnecessary, and the SHALL, SHOULD tenses had been dropped, all their uses being covered by WILL and WOULD. There were also certain irregularities in word-formation arising out of the need for rapid and easy speech. ||||不規則性||||生じる||||||||| A word which was difficult to utter, or was liable to be incorrectly heard, was held to be ipso facto a bad word; occasionally therefore, for the sake of euphony, extra letters were inserted into a word or an archaic formation was retained. ||||||||||||||||||自明の|||||||||||音の調和||||||||||||| Слово, яке було важко вимовити або яке могло бути неправильно почуте, вважалося ipso facto поганим словом; тому іноді для благозвучності в слово вставляли зайві літери або зберігали архаїчне утворення. But this need made itself felt chiefly in connexion with the B vocabulary. Але ця потреба дала про себе відчути головним чином у зв'язку зі словниковим запасом B. WHY so great an importance was attached to ease of pronunciation will be made clear later in this essay.

THE B VOCABULARY. The B vocabulary consisted of words which had been deliberately constructed for political purposes: words, that is to say, which not only had in every case a political implication, but were intended to impose a desirable mental attitude upon the person using them. Словник B складався зі слів, які були навмисно сконструйовані для політичних цілей: слів, тобто слів, які не тільки мали в кожному випадку політичний підтекст, але й мали на меті нав’язати бажане психічне ставлення до людини, яка їх використовує. Without a full understanding of the principles of Ingsoc it was difficult to use these words correctly. In some cases they could be translated into Oldspeak, or even into words taken from the A vocabulary, but this usually demanded a long paraphrase and always involved the loss of certain overtones. ||||||||||||||||||||||||言い換え|||||||| У деяких випадках їх можна було перекласти старомовою або навіть словами, узятими зі словника A, але це зазвичай вимагало довгого перефразу та завжди включало втрату певних обертонів. The B words were a sort of verbal shorthand, often packing whole ranges of ideas into a few syllables, and at the same time more accurate and forcible than ordinary language. ||||||||速記法|||||||||||||||||||強力な|||

The B words were in all cases compound words. [Compound words such as SPEAKWRITE, were of course to be found in the A vocabulary, but these were merely convenient abbreviations and had no special ideological colour.] ||||||||||||||||||||省略形|||||イデオロギー的| They consisted of two or more words, or portions of words, welded together in an easily pronounceable form. |||||||||||結合された|||||発音しやすい| The resulting amalgam was always a noun- verb, and inflected according to the ordinary rules. To take a single example: the word GOODTHINK, meaning, very roughly, ‘orthodoxy', or, if one chose to regard it as a verb, ‘to think in an orthodox manner'. |||||||正思考|||||||||||||||||||| This inflected as follows: noun-verb, GOODTHINK; past tense and past participle, GOODTHINKED; present participle, GOOD-THINKING; adjective, GOODTHINKFUL; adverb, GOODTHINKWISE; verbal noun, GOODTHINKER. ||||||||||||良考した||||||||善思考的に|||

The B words were not constructed on any etymological plan. Слова на В не були побудовані за жодним етимологічним планом. The words of which they were made up could be any parts of speech, and could be placed in any order and mutilated in any way which made them easy to pronounce while indicating their derivation. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||由来 In the word CRIMETHINK (thoughtcrime), for instance, the THINK came second, whereas in THINKPOL (Thought Police) it came first, and in the latter word POLICE had lost its second syllable. |||||||||||||思想警察|||||||||||||||| Because of the great difficulty in securing euphony, irregular formations were commoner in the B vocabulary than in the A vocabulary. For example, the adjective forms of

MINITRUE, MINIPAX, and MINILUV were, respectively, MINITRUTHFUL, MINIPEACEFUL, and MINILOVELY, simply because — TRUEFUL, -PAXFUL, and — LOVEFUL were slightly awkward to pronounce. ||||||ミニ真実|ミニ平和||ミニラブリー|||真実的|ミニ平和||愛情的||||| MINITRUE, MINIPAX і MINILUV були, відповідно, MINITRUTHFUL, MINIPEACEFUL і MINILOVELY, просто тому, що — TRUEFUL, -PAXFUL і — LOVEFUL було трохи незручно вимовляти. In principle, however, all B words could inflect, and all inflected in exactly the same way.

Some of the B words had highly subtilized meanings, barely intelligible to anyone who had not mastered the language as a whole. |||||||洗練された|||||||||||||| Consider, for example, such a typical sentence from a ‘Times' leading article as OLDTHINKERS UNBELLYFEEL INGSOC. |||||||||||||旧思考者|本能的に嫌う| The shortest rendering that one could make of this in Oldspeak would be: ‘Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the principles of English Socialism.' But this is not an adequate translation. To begin with, in order to grasp the full meaning of the Newspeak sentence quoted above, one would have to have a clear idea of what is meant by INGSOC. And in addition, only a person thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of the word BELLYFEEL, which implied a blind, enthusiastic acceptance difficult to imagine today; or of the word OLDTHINK, which was inextricably mixed up with the idea of wickedness and decadence. ||||||||||||||||||腹感覚|||||||||||||||旧思考||||||||||||退廃 But the special function of certain Newspeak words, of which OLDTHINK was one, was not so much to express meanings as to destroy them.