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Aesop’s Fables, INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Aesop embodies an epigram not uncommon in human history; his fame is all the more deserved because he never deserved it.

The firm foundations of common sense, the shrewd shots at uncommon sense, that characterise all the Fables, belong not him but to humanity. In the earliest human history whatever is authentic is universal: and whatever is universal is anonymous. In such cases there is always some central man who had first the trouble of collecting them, and afterwards the fame of creating them. He had the fame; and, on the whole, he earned the fame. There must have been something great and human, something of the human future and the human past, in such a man: even if he only used it to rob the past or deceive the future. The story of Arthur may have been really connected with the most fighting Christianity of falling Rome or with the most heathen traditions hidden in the hills of Wales. But the word "Mappe" or "Malory" will always mean King Arthur; even though we find older and better origins than the Mabinogian; or write later and worse versions than the "Idylls of the King." The nursery fairy tales may have come out of Asia with the Indo-European race, now fortunately extinct; they may have been invented by some fine French lady or gentleman like Perrault: they may possibly even be what they profess to be. But we shall always call the best selection of such tales "Grimm's Tales": simply because it is the best collection. The historical Aesop, in so far as he was historical, would seem to have been a Phrygian slave, or at least one not to be specially and symbolically adorned with the Phrygian cap of liberty.

He lived, if he did live, about the sixth century before Christ, in the time of that Croesus whose story we love and suspect like everything else in Herodotus. There are also stories of deformity of feature and a ready ribaldry of tongue: stories which (as the celebrated Cardinal said) explain, though they do not excuse, his having been hurled over a high precipice at Delphi. It is for those who read the Fables to judge whether he was really thrown over the cliff for being ugly and offensive, or rather for being highly moral and correct. But there is no kind of doubt that the general legend of him may justly rank him with a race too easily forgotten in our modern comparisons: the race of the great philosophic slaves. Aesop may have been a fiction like Uncle Remus: he was also, like Uncle Remus, a fact. It is a fact that slaves in the old world could be worshipped like Aesop, or loved like Uncle Remus. It is odd to note that both the great slaves told their best stories about beasts and birds.

But whatever be fairly due to Aesop, the human tradition called Fables is not due to him.

This had gone on long before any sarcastic freedman from Phrygia had or had not been flung off a precipice; this has remained long after. It is to our advantage, indeed, to realise the distinction; because it makes Aesop more obviously effective than any other fabulist. Grimm's Tales, glorious as they are, were collected by two German students. And if we find it hard to be certain of a German student, at least we know more about him than We know about a Phrygian slave. The truth is, of course, that Aesop's Fables are not Aesop's fables, any more than Grimm's Fairy Tales were ever Grimm's fairy tales. But the fable and the fairy tale are things utterly distinct. There are many elements of difference; but the plainest is plain enough. There can be no good fable with human beings in it. There can be no good fairy tale without them.

Aesop, or Babrius (or whatever his name was), understood that, for a fable, all the persons must be impersonal.

They must be like abstractions in algebra, or like pieces in chess. The lion must always be stronger than the wolf, just as four is always double of two. The fox in a fable must move crooked, as the knight in chess must move crooked. The sheep in a fable must march on, as the pawn in chess must march on. The fable must not allow for the crooked captures of the pawn; it must not allow for what Balzac called "the revolt of a sheep" The fairy tale, on the other hand, absolutely revolves on the pivot of human personality. If no hero were there to fight the dragons, we should not even know that they were dragons. If no adventurer were cast on the undiscovered island—it would remain undiscovered. If the miller's third son does not find the enchanted garden where the seven princesses stand white and frozen—why, then, they will remain white and frozen and enchanted. If there is no personal prince to find the Sleeping Beauty she will simply sleep. Fables repose upon quite the opposite idea; that everything is itself, and will in any case speak for itself. The wolf will be always wolfish; the fox will be always foxy. Something of the same sort may have been meant by the animal worship, in which Egyptian and Indian and many other great peoples have combined. Men do not, I think, love beetles or cats or crocodiles with a wholly personal love; they salute them as expressions of that abstract and anonymous energy in nature which to any one is awful, and to an atheist must be frightful. So in all the fables that are or are not Aesop's all the animal forces drive like inanimate forces, like great rivers or growing trees. It is the limit and the loss of all such things that they cannot be anything but themselves: it is their tragedy that they could not lose their souls.

This is the immortal justification of the Fable: that we could not teach the plainest truths so simply without turning men into chessmen.

We cannot talk of such simple things without using animals that do not talk at all. Suppose, for a moment, that you turn the wolf into a wolfish baron, or the fox into a foxy diplomatist. You will at once remember that even barons are human, you will be unable to forget that even diplomatists are men. You will always be looking for that accidental good-humour that should go with the brutality of any brutal man; for that allowance for all delicate things, including virtue, that should exist in any good diplomatist. Once put a thing on two legs instead of four and pluck it of feathers and you cannot help asking for a human being, either heroic, as in the fairy tales, or un-heroic, as in the modern novels.

But by using animals in this austere and arbitrary style as they are used on the shields of heraldry or the hieroglyphics of the ancients, men have really succeeded in handing down those tremendous truths that are called truisms.

If the chivalric lion be red and rampant, it is rigidly red and rampant; if the sacred ibis stands anywhere on one leg, it stands on one leg for ever. In this language, like a large animal alphabet, are written some of the first philosophic certainties of men. As the child learns A for Ass or B for Bull or C for Cow, so man has learnt here to connect the simpler and stronger creatures with the simpler and stronger truths. That a flowing stream cannot befoul its own fountain, and that any one who says it does is a tyrant and a liar; that a mouse is too weak to fight a lion, but too strong for the cords that can hold a lion; that a fox who gets most out of a flat dish may easily get least out of a deep dish; that the crow whom the gods forbid to sing, the gods nevertheless provide with cheese; that when the goat insults from a mountain-top it is not the goat that insults, but the mountain: all these are deep truths deeply graven on the rocks wherever men have passed. It matters nothing how old they are, or how new; they are the alphabet of humanity, which like so many forms of primitive picture-writing employs any living symbol in preference to man. These ancient and universal tales are all of animals; as the latest discoveries in the oldest pre-historic caverns are all of animals. Man, in his simpler states, always felt that he himself was something too mysterious to be drawn. But the legend he carved under these cruder symbols was everywhere the same; and whether fables began with Aesop or began with Adam, whether they were German and mediAeval as Reynard the Fox, or as French and Renaissance as La Fontaine, the upshot is everywhere essentially the same: that superiority is always insolent, because it is always accidental; that pride goes before a fall; and that there is such a thing as being too clever by half. You will not find any other legend but this written upon the rocks by any hand of man. There is every type and time of fable: but there is only one moral to the fable; because there is only one moral to everything.

G.

K. CHESTERTON

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INTRODUCTION مقدمة

Aesop embodies an epigram not uncommon in human history; his fame is all the more deserved because he never deserved it. Эзоп|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||tarih||şöhret||tüm|||hak edilmiş|||||o 伊索|||||||||||||||||||| يجسد إيسوب epigram ليس نادرًا في تاريخ البشرية ؛ شهرته مستحقة لأنه لم يستحقها أبدًا. Aesop ztělesňuje epigram, který není v lidské historii neobvyklý; jeho sláva je o to více zasloužená, protože si to nikdy nezasloužil. Äsop verkörpert ein Epigramm, das in der Menschheitsgeschichte nicht ungewöhnlich ist; sein Ruhm ist umso mehr verdient, als er ihn nie verdient hat. Aesop embodies an epigram not uncommon in human history; his fame is all the more deserved because he never deserved it. Aesop incarne une épigramme pas rare dans l'histoire humaine; sa renommée est d'autant plus méritée qu'elle ne l'a jamais méritée. Az ezop egy olyan epigrammát testesít meg, amely nem ritka az emberi történelemben; hírneve annál inkább megérdemelt, mert soha nem is érdemelte. イソップは、人類の歴史において珍しくないエピグラムを体現しています。彼はそれにふさわしくなかったので、彼の名声はますます当然のことです。 Эзоп воплощает эпиграмму, не редкую в истории человечества; его слава тем более заслужена, потому что он никогда ее не заслуживал. Езоп втілює епіграму, нерідку в історії людства; його слава тим більше заслужена, що він ніколи її не заслуговував. 《伊索寓言》体现了人类历史上并不罕见的警句。他的名声更加当之无愧,因为他从来没有应得的。

The firm foundations of common sense, the shrewd shots at uncommon sense, that characterise all the Fables, belong not him but to humanity. ||||gesunden|||||||||||||||||| |şirket|||ortak|||zeki||üzerinde||||||||||||| إن الأسس الراسخة للفطرة السليمة ، والطلقات الذكية ذات الحس غير المألوف ، التي تميز جميع الخرافات ، لا تخصه بل للبشرية. Pevné základy zdravého rozumu, drsné záběry v neobvyklém smyslu, které charakterizují všechny bajky, nepatří jemu, ale lidstvu. Die festen Grundlagen des gesunden Menschenverstandes, die klugen Schüsse auf den ungewöhnlichen Menschenverstand, die alle Fabeln charakterisieren, gehören nicht ihm, sondern der Menschheit. Les fondements solides du sens commun, les coups astucieux au sens peu commun, qui caractérisent toutes les fables, n'appartiennent pas à lui mais à l'humanité. A józan ész szilárd alapjai, a szokatlan értelemben vett, félreeső lövések, amelyek az összes merengőt jellemzik, nem ő, hanem az emberiségé. すべての寓話の特徴である、常識の確固たる基盤、非常識への抜け目のないショットは、彼ではなく人類に属しています。 Твердые основы здравого смысла, умные выпады против необычного смысла, присущие всем басням, принадлежат не ему, а всему человечеству. Тверді основи здорового глузду, хитрі постріли в нездоровий глузд, які характеризують усі байки, належать не йому, а людству. 所有寓言的特点是常识的坚实基础,以及对非常识的精明射击,这些特征不属于他,而是属于人类。 In the earliest human history whatever is authentic is universal: and whatever is universal is anonymous. |||||||||evrensel|||||| في أقدم تاريخ البشرية ، كل ما هو أصيل هو عالمي: وكل ما هو عالمي فهو مجهول. V nejranější lidské historii je vše, co je autentické, univerzální: a cokoli, co je univerzální, je anonymní. In der frühesten Menschheitsgeschichte ist das Authentische universell, und das Universelle anonym. Dans la première histoire humaine, tout ce qui est authentique est universel: et tout ce qui est universel est anonyme. A legkorábbi emberi történelemben bármi hiteles egyetemes: bármi, ami univerzális, anonim. 最古の人類の歴史では、真正なものはすべて普遍的であり、普遍的なものは匿名です。 В самой ранней истории человечества все подлинное универсально: и все универсальное анонимно. У найдавнішій людській історії все, що є автентичним, є універсальним, а все, що є універсальним, є анонімним. 在最早的人类历史中,任何真实的东西都是普遍的:而任何普遍的东西都是匿名的。 In such cases there is always some central man who had first the trouble of collecting them, and afterwards the fame of creating them. |||||her zaman|||merkez kişi||||||||||||||| في مثل هذه الحالات ، هناك دائمًا رجل مركزي واجه صعوبة في جمعها أولاً ، وبعد ذلك شهرة خلقها. V takových případech vždy existuje nějaký centrální člověk, který měl nejprve potíže s jejich shromažďováním a poté slávu jejich vytvoření. In solchen Fällen gibt es immer einen zentralen Mann, der zuerst die Mühe hatte, sie zu sammeln, und dann den Ruhm, sie zu schaffen. Dans de tels cas, il y a toujours un homme central qui a d'abord eu la peine de les collecter, puis la renommée de les créer. Ilyen esetekben mindig van néhány központi ember, akinek először volt a gondja összegyűjteni őket, utána pedig a létrehozásuk hírneve. そのような場合、最初にそれらを収集するのに苦労し、その後それらを作成することで名声を得た中心人物が常にいます。 У таких випадках завжди є якась центральна людина, яка спочатку мала труднощі зібрати їх, а потім славу їх створення. 在這種情況下,總有一些核心人物首先費盡心思收集它們,然後才因創造它們而聲名大噪。 He had the fame; and, on the whole, he earned the fame. |||Ruhm|||||||| كان له الشهرة. واكتسب الشهرة بشكل عام. Měl slávu; a jako celek získal slávu. Il avait la gloire; et, dans l'ensemble, il a gagné la gloire. Hírneve volt; és összességében megszerezte a hírnevet. Він мав славу; і, в цілому, він заслужив славу. 他有名氣;總的來說,他贏得了聲譽。 There must have been something great and human, something of the human future and the human past, in such a man: even if he only used it to rob the past or deceive the future. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||berauben|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||mislead|| لابد أنه كان هناك شيء عظيم وإنساني ، شيء من المستقبل البشري والماضي البشري ، في مثل هذا الرجل: حتى لو استخدمه فقط لسرقة الماضي أو خداع المستقبل. V takovém člověku muselo být něco velkého a lidského, něco o lidské budoucnosti a lidské minulosti: i když to použil pouze k okradení minulosti nebo klamání budoucnosti. Il devait y avoir quelque chose de grand et d'humain, quelque chose de l'avenir humain et du passé humain, chez un tel homme: même s'il ne s'en servait que pour voler le passé ou tromper l'avenir. Bizonyos valami nagynak és embernek, az emberi jövőnek és az emberi múltnak kell lennie egy ilyen emberben: még akkor is, ha csak a múlt rablására vagy a jövő megtévesztésére használta. そのような男の中には、偉大で人間的な何か、人間の未来と人間の過去の何かがあったに違いありません。たとえ彼がそれを使って過去を奪ったり、未来を欺いたりしたとしても. У такій людині мусило бути щось велике й людське, щось від людського майбутнього й людського минулого: навіть якщо він використовував це лише для того, щоб пограбувати минуле чи обдурити майбутнє. 在这样的人身上一定有一些伟大的、人性的东西,一些关于人类的未来和人类的过去的东西:即使他只是用它来掠夺过去或欺骗未来。 The story of Arthur may have been really connected with the most fighting Christianity of falling Rome or with the most heathen traditions hidden in the hills of Wales. ربما كانت قصة آرثر مرتبطة حقًا بالمسيحية الأكثر قتالًا في سقوط روما أو مع أكثر التقاليد الوثنية المخبأة في تلال ويلز. Příběh Arthura mohl být skutečně spojen s nejbojovějším křesťanstvím padajícího Říma nebo s nejpohlavnějšími tradicemi ukrytými v kopcích Walesu. L’histoire d’Arthur a peut-être été réellement liée au christianisme le plus acharné de la chute de Rome ou aux traditions les plus païennes cachées dans les collines du pays de Galles. Arthur története valóban összekapcsolódhatott a leeső Róma legerőteljesebb kereszténységével vagy a walesi hegyekben rejtett legtöbb pogány hagyományokkal. 亚瑟的故事可能确实与衰落的罗马最激烈的基督教或隐藏在威尔士山中最异教的传统有关。 But the word "Mappe" or "Malory" will always mean King Arthur; even though we find older and better origins than the Mabinogian; or write later and worse versions than the "Idylls of the King." لكن كلمة "مابي" أو "مالوري" ستعني دائمًا الملك آرثر ؛ على الرغم من أننا وجدنا أصولًا أقدم وأفضل من Mabinogian ؛ أو كتابة نسخ لاحقة وأسوأ من "قصائد الملك". Ale slovo „Mappe“ nebo „Malory“ bude vždy znamenat krále Arthura; i když najdeme starší a lepší původ než Mabinogian; nebo napsat pozdější a horší verze než „Idyllové králové“. Mais le mot "Mappe" ou "Malory" signifiera toujours le roi Arthur; même si nous trouvons des origines plus anciennes et meilleures que le Mabinogian; ou écrire des versions plus tardives et pires que "les idylles du roi". De a "Mappe" vagy "Malory" szó mindig Arthur királyt jelenti; annak ellenére, hogy régebbi és jobb eredetűeket találunk, mint a mabinogianok; vagy írjon későbbi és rosszabb verziókat, mint az "Idilli király". The nursery fairy tales may have come out of Asia with the Indo-European race, now fortunately extinct; they may have been invented by some fine French lady or gentleman like Perrault: they may possibly even be what they profess to be. ربما تكون حكايات الأطفال الخيالية قد خرجت من آسيا مع العرق الهندي الأوروبي ، الذي انقرض الآن لحسن الحظ ؛ ربما تكون قد اخترعت من قبل سيدة فرنسية رفيعة أو رجل نبيل مثل بيرولت: ربما يكونون كما يدعون. Pohádky pro mateřské školy možná vyšly z Asie s indoevropskou rasou, která naštěstí zanikla; Možná je vynalezla nějaká skvělá francouzská dáma nebo pán, jako je Perrault: možná to bude dokonce to, co tvrdí. Les contes de fées des pépinières sont peut-être sortis d'Asie avec la race indo-européenne, heureusement aujourd'hui éteinte; ils ont peut-être été inventés par une femme ou un gentilhomme français comme Perrault: ils sont peut-être même ce qu'ils prétendent être. Az óvodai tündérmesék valószínűleg Ázsiából származtak az indoeurópai versenyen, szerencsére kihalt; esetleg néhány finom francia hölgy vagy úriember találta ki őket, mint például Perrault: valószínűleg azok is, akiknek vallják magukat. 童話のおとぎ話は、幸いなことに絶滅したインドヨーロッパ人種とともにアジアから出てきた可能性があります。それらは、ペローのようなフランスの上品な女性または紳士によって発明された可能性があります。 童话故事可能是随着印欧人种一起从亚洲传出来的,幸运的是,现在印欧人种已经灭绝了。它们可能是由像佩罗这样的法国贵妇或绅士发明的:它们甚至可能就是他们自称的那样。 But we shall always call the best selection of such tales "Grimm's Tales": simply because it is the best collection. |||||||||||格林|||||||| لكننا سنطلق دائمًا على أفضل مجموعة من هذه الحكايات اسم "حكايات جريم": لأنها ببساطة أفضل مجموعة. しかし、そのような物語のベストセレクションを常に「グリムテイルズ」と呼ぶことにします。それは単に最高のコレクションだからです。 The historical Aesop, in so far as he was historical, would seem to have been a Phrygian slave, or at least one not to be specially and symbolically adorned with the Phrygian cap of liberty. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||символически||||||| يبدو أن إيسوب التاريخي ، بقدر ما كان تاريخيًا ، كان عبدًا فريجيًا ، أو على الأقل واحدًا لم يكن مزينًا بشكل خاص ورمزي بغطاء الحرية الفريجاني. L'Esope historique, dans la mesure où il était historique, semblerait être un esclave phrygien, ou du moins un esclave qui ne serait pas orné spécialement et symboliquement du bonnet phrygien de la liberté. A történeti Ezász, amennyire ő történelmi volt, úgy tűnik, hogy frígi rabszolgák, vagy legalábbis olyanok, akiket nem kifejezetten és szimbolikusan a frígi szabadság sapka díszített. 歴史上のイソップは、彼が歴史的である限り、フリギアの奴隷であったか、少なくともフリギアの自由の帽子で特別かつ象徴的に飾られていなかったように思われる. 历史上的伊索,就他的历史而言,似乎是一名弗里吉亚奴隶,或者至少是一个没有被特别和象征性地戴上弗里吉亚自由帽的奴隶。

He lived, if he did live, about the sixth century before Christ, in the time of that Croesus whose story we love and suspect like everything else in Herodotus. لقد عاش ، إذا كان قد عاش بالفعل ، حوالي القرن السادس قبل المسيح ، في زمن كروسوس الذي نحب قصته ونشتبه بها مثل كل شيء آخر في هيرودوت. Il a vécu, s’il a vécu, du VIe siècle environ avant Jésus-Christ, à l’époque de ce Crésus dont nous aimons et soupçonnons l’histoire comme tout le reste chez Hérodote. Körülbelül a hatodik században, Krisztus előtt, abban a Croesus idején élt, ha élne, annak a Croesusnak az idején, akinek a történetet szeretünk és gyanítunk, mint minden más Herodotosban. There are also stories of deformity of feature and a ready ribaldry of tongue: stories which (as the celebrated Cardinal said) explain, though they do not excuse, his having been hurled over a high precipice at Delphi. هناك أيضًا قصص عن تشوه في السمة وبذخ لسان جاهز: قصص (كما قال الكاردينال الشهير) تشرح ، على الرغم من أنها لا تبرر ، بعد أن ألقي به على حافة عالية في دلفي. Il y a aussi des histoires de difformité et une langue prête à parler: des histoires qui (comme l'a dit le célèbre cardinal) expliquent, sans excuser, le fait qu'il ait été jeté dans un précipice à Delphes. Vannak olyan történetek is, amelyek a jellemző deformációjáról és a nyelv készségérzetéről szólnak: olyan történetekről, amelyek (amint az ünnepelt bíboros elmondta) magyarázatot adnak, bár nem adnak okot arra, hogy őt Delphiben egy magas szakadék fölé dobták. 还有一些关于面容畸形和言语粗俗的故事:这些故事(正如这位著名的红衣主教所说)解释了他在德尔菲被扔下高高的悬崖,尽管它们并不能成为借口。 It is for those who read the Fables to judge whether he was really thrown over the cliff for being ugly and offensive, or rather for being highly moral and correct. بالنسبة لأولئك الذين قرأوا الخرافات ليحكموا على ما إذا كان قد تم إلقاءه بالفعل على الجرف لكونه قبيحًا ومهينًا ، أو بالأحرى لكونه أخلاقيًا وصحيحًا للغاية. 读寓言的人应该判断他是否真的因为丑陋和无礼而被扔下悬崖,或者更确切地说是因为道德高尚和正确。 But there is no kind of doubt that the general legend of him may justly rank him with a race too easily forgotten in our modern comparisons: the race of the great philosophic slaves. لكن ليس هناك أي شك في أن الأسطورة العامة له قد تصنفه عن حق بعرق من السهل نسيانه في مقارناتنا الحديثة: عرق العبيد الفلاسفة العظماء. Mais il n’ya aucun doute sur le fait que sa légende générale pourrait le classer à juste titre avec une race trop facilement oubliée dans nos comparaisons modernes: la race des grands esclaves philosophiques. 但毫无疑问,关于他的一般传说可能公正地将他与一个在我们现代比较中很容易被遗忘的种族:伟大的哲学奴隶的种族相提并论。 Aesop may have been a fiction like Uncle Remus: he was also, like Uncle Remus, a fact. ||||||||雷穆斯|||||||| ربما كان إيسوب خيالًا مثل العم ريموس: لقد كان أيضًا ، مثل العم ريموس ، حقيقة. Aesop était peut-être une fiction comme Oncle Remus: il était aussi, comme Oncle Remus, un fait. It is a fact that slaves in the old world could be worshipped like Aesop, or loved like Uncle Remus. إنها حقيقة أن العبيد في العالم القديم يمكن أن يُعبدوا مثل إيسوب ، أو يُحبون مثل العم ريموس. Il est un fait que les esclaves du vieux monde pourraient être vénérés comme Ésope ou aimés comme Oncle Remus. It is odd to note that both the great slaves told their best stories about beasts and birds. من الغريب أن نلاحظ أن كلا من العبيد العظماء روا أفضل قصصهم عن الوحوش والطيور. Il est étrange de noter que les deux grands esclaves ont raconté leurs meilleures histoires sur les bêtes et les oiseaux.

But whatever be fairly due to Aesop, the human tradition called Fables is not due to him. |||||||||||寓言||||| Mais quelle que soit la raison qui revient à Ésope, la tradition humaine appelée Fables ne lui est pas due. 但无论如何,所谓寓言的人类传统都不是伊索的功劳。

This had gone on long before any sarcastic freedman from Phrygia had or had not been flung off a precipice; this has remained long after. Cela s'était passé bien avant qu'un affranchi sarcastique de Phrygie ne soit ou n'ait pas été jeté d'un précipice; cela est resté longtemps après. 早在任何来自弗里吉亚的自由民被抛下悬崖之前,这种情况就已经发生了。这种情况一直持续了很长时间。 It is to our advantage, indeed, to realise the distinction; because it makes Aesop more obviously effective than any other fabulist. Il est à notre avantage, en effet, de réaliser la distinction; parce que cela rend Aesop plus efficace que n’importe quel autre fabuliste. Grimm's Tales, glorious as they are, were collected by two German students. And if we find it hard to be certain of a German student, at least we know more about him than We know about a Phrygian slave. The truth is, of course, that Aesop's Fables are not Aesop's fables, any more than Grimm's Fairy Tales were ever Grimm's fairy tales. But the fable and the fairy tale are things utterly distinct. Mais la fable et le conte de fées sont des choses parfaitement distinctes. There are many elements of difference; but the plainest is plain enough. Il y a beaucoup d'éléments de différence; mais le plus simple est assez simple. 差异的因素有很多;但最简单的也足够简单了。 There can be no good fable with human beings in it. Il ne peut y avoir de bonne fable avec des êtres humains. There can be no good fairy tale without them.

Aesop, or Babrius (or whatever his name was), understood that, for a fable, all the persons must be impersonal.

They must be like abstractions in algebra, or like pieces in chess. The lion must always be stronger than the wolf, just as four is always double of two. The fox in a fable must move crooked, as the knight in chess must move crooked. Le renard dans une fable doit bouger de travers, tout comme le chevalier aux échecs doit bouger de travers. The sheep in a fable must march on, as the pawn in chess must march on. Le mouton dans une fable doit continuer, comme le pion aux échecs doit continuer. 寓言中的羊必须继续前进,就像国际象棋中的棋子必须继续前进一样。 The fable must not allow for the crooked captures of the pawn; it must not allow for what Balzac called "the revolt of a sheep" The fairy tale, on the other hand, absolutely revolves on the pivot of human personality. La fable ne doit pas permettre les captures tordues du pion; elle ne doit pas permettre ce que Balzac appelle "la révolte d'un mouton". Le conte de fées, en revanche, tourne absolument autour du pivot de la personnalité humaine. 寓言绝不能允许棋子被歪曲地俘获;它不能允许巴尔扎克所说的“羊的反抗”。另一方面,童话故事绝对以人的个性为中心。 If no hero were there to fight the dragons, we should not even know that they were dragons. Si aucun héros n'était là pour combattre les dragons, nous ne devrions même pas savoir qu'ils étaient des dragons. If no adventurer were cast on the undiscovered island—it would remain undiscovered. Si aucun aventurier n'était jeté sur l'île inconnue, elle resterait inconnue. If the miller's third son does not find the enchanted garden where the seven princesses stand white and frozen—why, then, they will remain white and frozen and enchanted. Si le troisième fils du meunier ne trouve pas le jardin enchanté où les sept princesses sont blanches et gelées, alors elles resteront blanches, gelées et enchantées. If there is no personal prince to find the Sleeping Beauty she will simply sleep. Fables repose upon quite the opposite idea; that everything is itself, and will in any case speak for itself. Les fables reposent sur l'idée tout à fait opposée; que tout est lui-même et parlera en tout cas pour lui-même. 寓言所基于的观念恰恰相反。一切都是它自己,并且在任何情况下都会不言而喻。 The wolf will be always wolfish; the fox will be always foxy. Le loup sera toujours loup; le renard sera toujours rusé. Something of the same sort may have been meant by the animal worship, in which Egyptian and Indian and many other great peoples have combined. 埃及、印度和许多其他伟大民族的动物崇拜可能也有同样的含义。 Men do not, I think, love beetles or cats or crocodiles with a wholly personal love; they salute them as expressions of that abstract and anonymous energy in nature which to any one is awful, and to an atheist must be frightful. Je pense que les hommes n’aiment pas les scarabées, les chats et les crocodiles avec un amour tout à fait personnel; ils les saluent en tant qu'expressions de cette énergie abstraite et anonyme de la nature qui est terrible pour tout le monde et pour un athée doit être terrible. 我认为,人们对甲虫、猫或鳄鱼的喜爱并不是纯粹出于个人的喜爱;而是出于个人的喜好。他们向它们致敬,认为它们是自然界中抽象和匿名能量的表达,这对任何人来说都是可怕的,对无神论者来说一定是可怕的。 So in all the fables that are or are not Aesop's all the animal forces drive like inanimate forces, like great rivers or growing trees. Ainsi, dans toutes les fables qui sont ou non d'Esope, toutes les forces animales conduisent comme des forces inanimées, comme de grands fleuves ou des arbres en croissance. 因此,在所有属于或不是伊索寓言的寓言中,所有动物力量都像无生命的力量一样驱动,就像大河或生长的树木一样。 It is the limit and the loss of all such things that they cannot be anything but themselves: it is their tragedy that they could not lose their souls. C’est la limite et la perte de toutes ces choses qu’ils ne peuvent être qu’eux-mêmes: c’est leur tragédie de ne pas perdre leur âme.

This is the immortal justification of the Fable: that we could not teach the plainest truths so simply without turning men into chessmen. C’est la justification immortelle de la fable: nous ne pourrions enseigner si simplement les vérités les plus claires sans transformer les hommes en échecs.

We cannot talk of such simple things without using animals that do not talk at all. Suppose, for a moment, that you turn the wolf into a wolfish baron, or the fox into a foxy diplomatist. 假设你把狼变成了狼性男爵,或者把狐狸变成了狡猾的外交官。 You will at once remember that even barons are human, you will be unable to forget that even diplomatists are men. Vous vous souviendrez immédiatement que même les barons sont des êtres humains, vous ne pourrez pas oublier que même les diplomates sont des hommes. You will always be looking for that accidental good-humour that should go with the brutality of any brutal man; for that allowance for all delicate things, including virtue, that should exist in any good diplomatist. Vous serez toujours à la recherche de cette bonne humeur accidentelle qui devrait aller de pair avec la brutalité de tout homme brutal; pour cette allocation pour toutes les choses délicates, y compris la vertu, qui devrait exister chez tout bon diplomate. Once put a thing on two legs instead of four and pluck it of feathers and you cannot help asking for a human being, either heroic, as in the fairy tales, or un-heroic, as in the modern novels. Une fois, placez une chose sur deux jambes au lieu de quatre et cueillez-la de plumes. Vous ne pouvez pas vous empêcher de demander un être humain, soit héroïque, comme dans les contes de fées, soit non-héroïque, comme dans les romans modernes.

But by using animals in this austere and arbitrary style as they are used on the shields of heraldry or the hieroglyphics of the ancients, men have really succeeded in handing down those tremendous truths that are called truisms. Mais en utilisant des animaux dans ce style austère et arbitraire, comme ils sont utilisés sur les boucliers de l'héraldique ou les hiéroglyphes des anciens, les hommes ont vraiment réussi à transmettre ces énormes vérités appelées truismes. 但是,通过以这种朴素而任意的风格使用动物,就像它们被用在古代纹章或象形文字的盾牌上一样,人们确实成功地传承了那些被称为不言而喻的巨大真理。

If the chivalric lion be red and rampant, it is rigidly red and rampant; if the sacred ibis stands anywhere on one leg, it stands on one leg for ever. Si le lion de chevalerie est rouge et rampant, il est rigoureusement rouge et rampant; si l'ibis sacré se trouve n'importe où sur une jambe, il le sera pour toujours. In this language, like a large animal alphabet, are written some of the first philosophic certainties of men. As the child learns A for Ass or B for Bull or C for Cow, so man has learnt here to connect the simpler and stronger creatures with the simpler and stronger truths. That a flowing stream cannot befoul its own fountain, and that any one who says it does is a tyrant and a liar; that a mouse is too weak to fight a lion, but too strong for the cords that can hold a lion; that a fox who gets most out of a flat dish may easily get least out of a deep dish; that the crow whom the gods forbid to sing, the gods nevertheless provide with cheese; that when the goat insults from a mountain-top it is not the goat that insults, but the mountain: all these are deep truths deeply graven on the rocks wherever men have passed. Qu'un ruisseau ne puisse couler dans sa propre fontaine, et que celui qui le dit est un tyran et un menteur; qu'une souris est trop faible pour combattre un lion, mais trop forte pour les cordes pouvant contenir un lion; qu'un renard qui tire le meilleur parti d'un plat peut facilement perdre le moins d'un plat profond; que le corbeau que les dieux interdisent de chanter, les dieux fournissent néanmoins du fromage; que lorsque la chèvre insulte du haut d'une montagne, ce n'est pas la chèvre qui insulte, mais la montagne: toutes ces vérités sont profondes et profondément gravées sur les rochers partout où les hommes sont passés. It matters nothing how old they are, or how new; they are the alphabet of humanity, which like so many forms of primitive picture-writing employs any living symbol in preference to man. These ancient and universal tales are all of animals; as the latest discoveries in the oldest pre-historic caverns are all of animals. Man, in his simpler states, always felt that he himself was something too mysterious to be drawn. But the legend he carved under these cruder symbols was everywhere the same; and whether fables began with Aesop or began with Adam, whether they were German and mediAeval as Reynard the Fox, or as French and Renaissance as La Fontaine, the upshot is everywhere essentially the same: that superiority is always insolent, because it is always accidental; that pride goes before a fall; and that there is such a thing as being too clever by half. Mais la légende qu'il a gravée sous ces symboles plus crus était partout identique. et que les fables aient commencé avec Ésope ou avec Adam, qu'elles aient été allemandes et médiévales comme Reynard le Renard, ou françaises et Renaissance comme La Fontaine, le résultat est partout essentiellement le même: cette supériorité est toujours insolente, car elle est toujours accidentelle. ; cette fierté va avant une chute; et qu'il existe une telle chose d'être trop intelligent de moitié. You will not find any other legend but this written upon the rocks by any hand of man. There is every type and time of fable: but there is only one moral to the fable; because there is only one moral to everything.

G.

K. CHESTERTON