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TED talks, How much electricity does it take to power the world?

How much electricity does it take to power the world?

You flip a switch.

Coal burns in a furnace, which turns water into steam.

That steam spins a turbine, which activates a generator,

which pushes electrons through the wire.

This current propagates through hundreds of miles of electric cables

and arrives at your home.

All around the world, countless people are doing this every second— flipping a switch, plugging in, pressing an “on” button. So how much electricity does humanity need? The amount we collectively use is changing fast,

so to answer this question,

we need to know not just how much the world uses today, but how much we'll use in the future.

The first step is understanding how we measure electricity.

It's a little bit tricky.

A joule is a unit of energy,

but we usually don't measure electricity in just joules.

Instead, we measure it in watts.

Watts tell us how much energy, per second, it takes to power something. One joule per second equals one watt.

It takes about .1 watts to power a smart phone,

a thousand to power your house, a million for a small town,

and a billion for a mid-size city.

As of 2020, it takes 3 trillion watts to power the entire world.

But almost a billion people don't have access to reliable electricity.

As countries become more industrialized and more people join the grid,

electricity demand is expected to increase about 80% by 2050. That number isn't the complete picture.

We'll also have to use electricity in completely new ways.

Right now, we power a lot of things by burning fossil fuels,

emitting an unsustainable amount of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.

We'll have to eliminate these emissions entirely to ensure a sustainable future for humanity. The first step to doing so, for many industries,

is to switch from fossil fuels to electric power. We'll need to electrify cars,

switch buildings heated by natural gas furnaces to electric heat pumps,

and electrify the huge amount of heat used in industrial processes.

So all told, global electricity needs could triple by 2050.

We'll also need all that electricity to come from clean energy sources if it's going to solve the problems caused by fossil fuels. Today, only one third of the electricity we generate comes from clean sources.

Fossil fuels are cheap and convenient, easy to ship, and easy to turn into electricity on demand. So how can we close the gap?

Wind and solar power work great for places with lots of wind and sunshine,

but we can't store and ship sunlight or wind the way we can transport oil. To make full use of energy from these sources at other times or in other places, we'd have to store it in batteries

and improve our power grid infrastructure to transport it long distances.

Meanwhile, nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to generate carbon-free electricity.

Though still more expensive than plants that burn fossil fuels,

they can be built anywhere

and don't depend on intermittent energy sources like the sun or wind. Researchers are currently working to improve nuclear waste disposal and the safety of nuclear plants.

There's another possibility we've been trying to crack since the 1940s: nuclear fusion.

It involves smashing light atoms together, so they fuse,

and harnessing the energy this releases.

Accidents aren't a concern with nuclear fusion,

and it doesn't produce the long-lived radioactive waste fission does.

It also doesn't have the transport concerns associated with wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources. A major breakthrough here could revolutionize clean energy.

The same is true of nuclear fission, solar, and wind. Breakthroughs in any of these technologies, and especially in all of them together, can change the world:

not only helping us triple our electricity supply, but enabling us to sustain it.

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How much electricity does it take to power the world? Wie viel Strom braucht man, um die Welt zu versorgen? ¿Cuánta electricidad se necesita para abastecer al mundo? Quelle est la quantité d'électricité nécessaire pour alimenter le monde ? 世界の電力を賄うのにどれだけの電力が必要なのか? Ile energii elektrycznej potrzeba, aby zasilić świat? Quanta eletricidade é necessária para alimentar o mundo? Сколько электроэнергии требуется для питания всего мира? Dünyaya güç sağlamak için ne kadar elektrik gerekiyor? Скільки електроенергії потрібно, щоб живити світ? 为世界提供电力需要多少电力?

You flip a switch. |щелкнуть выключателем||переключатель |켜다|| |Giras un interruptor.||Interruptor Le das a un interruptor. Вы щелкаете выключателем. Ти натискаєш на перемикач.

Coal burns in a furnace, which turns water into steam. Уголь|горит|||печь|который|превращает||в| 석탄||||보일러||||| ||||котел||||| carvão|queima|||fornalha||||| ||||horno||||| El carbón arde en un horno, que convierte el agua en vapor. Уголь горит в печи, которая превращает воду в пар.

That steam spins a turbine, which activates a generator, ||gira||turbina||aciona||um gerador Этот пар вращает турбину, которая приводит в действие генератор,

which pushes electrons through the wire. |||||cable ||전자|||전선 |||||дроті |empurra|os elétrons||| 전자를 와이어를 통해 밀어냅니다.

This current propagates through hundreds of miles of electric cables ||전파된다||||||| ||propaga|||||||cabos elétricos 이 전류는 수백 마일에 걸친 전선들을 통해 전파됩니다. Deze stroom plant zich voort door honderden kilometers elektrische kabels Этот ток распространяется по сотням миль электрических кабелей.

and arrives at your home. |chega||| 그리고 당신의 집에 도착합니다. и прибывает к вам домой.

All around the world, countless people are doing this every second— Во всем мире бесчисленное количество людей делают это каждую секунду - flipping a switch, plugging in, pressing an “on” button. 전환하는|||||||| ligando|||ligando||pressionando||| щелчком переключателя, включением, нажатием кнопки «вкл». So how much electricity does humanity need? |||||인류| The amount we collectively use is changing fast, |||함께|||| |||coletivamente|||| Сумма, которую мы коллективно используем, быстро меняется,

so to answer this question,

we need to know not just how much the world uses today, |||||단지|||||| 우리는 오늘 세계가 얼마나 전기를 사용하는지 뿐만 아니라, but how much we'll use in the future. 미래에 우리가 얼마나 사용할지를 알아야 합니다.

The first step is understanding how we measure electricity. |||||||측정하는| 첫 번째 단계는 전기를 측정하는 방법을 이해하는 것입니다.

It's a little bit tricky. ||||어렵다 Это немного сложно.

A joule is a unit of energy, |joule||||| Een joule is een eenheid van energie,

but we usually don't measure electricity in just joules. ||||||||julios |||||a eletricidade|||joules

Instead, we measure it in watts. |||||vatios |||||watts

Watts tell us how much energy, per second, it takes to power something. Ватты говорят нам, сколько энергии в секунду требуется для питания чего-либо. One joule per second equals one watt. |joule|||||

It takes about .1 watts to power a smart phone, |||||||розумний| Для питания смартфона требуется около 0,1 Вт,

a thousand to power your house, a million for a small town,

and a billion for a mid-size city.

As of 2020, it takes 3 trillion watts to power the entire world. A partir de||||||||||

But almost a billion people don't have access to reliable electricity. |||||||접근할 수 있는 권한||신뢰할 수 있는| |||||||||fiable| |||||||||eletricidade confiável|eletricidade confiável 하지만 거의 10억명의 사람들이 신뢰할 수 있는 전기에 접근할 수 없습니다.

As countries become more industrialized and more people join the grid, ||||산업화된|||||| ||||||||||red ||||||||||rede elétrica 국가가 더욱 산업화되고 더 많은 사람들이 전력망에 연결됨에 따라, По мере того, как страны становятся более промышленно развитыми и все больше людей подключаются к сети,

electricity demand is expected to increase about 80% by 2050. |수요|||||| 전기 수요는 2050년까지 약 80% 증가할 것으로 예상됩니다. ожидается, что к 2050 году спрос на электроэнергию вырастет примерно на 80%. That number isn't the complete picture. Это число не является полной картиной.

We'll also have to use electricity in completely new ways. Нам также придется использовать электричество совершенно по-новому.

Right now, we power a lot of things by burning fossil fuels, |||운영합니다|||||||화석| |||||||||||combustíveis fósse Прямо сейчас мы получаем много энергии, сжигая ископаемое топливо,

emitting an unsustainable amount of greenhouse gases |||||Treibhaus-| 배출하는||지속 불가능한|||온실| ||неконтрольовану|||| ||insustentável|||gases de efeito est| выброс недопустимо большого количества парниковых газов that contribute to global warming. |기여하다||| |вносять||| |contribuem|||aquecimento global которые способствуют глобальному потеплению.

We'll have to eliminate these emissions entirely |||없애다||배출량| |||елімінувати||| Нам придется полностью исключить эти выбросы to ensure a sustainable future for humanity. |보장하다||||| |||стійке||| для обеспечения устойчивого будущего человечества. для забезпечення сталого майбутнього людства. The first step to doing so, for many industries, Первым шагом к этому во многих отраслях является

is to switch from fossil fuels to electric power. заключается в переходе с ископаемого топлива на электроэнергию. We'll need to electrify cars, |||eletrificar| 차량을 전기로 전환해야 합니다. Нам нужно будет электрифицировать машины,

switch buildings heated by natural gas furnaces to electric heat pumps, ||||||котли|||| ||||||fornos a gás|||| 천연가스 보일러로 난방되는 건물을 전기 열펌프로 전환해야 합니다. перевести здания, отапливаемые газовыми печами, на электрические тепловые насосы,

and electrify the huge amount of heat used in industrial processes. |전기화하다||||||||| 산업 공정에서 사용되는 막대한 양의 열도 전기로 전환해야 합니다. и электрифицировать огромное количество тепла, используемого в производственных процессах.

So all told, global electricity needs could triple by 2050. 따라서|||||수요||| |||||||triple| 따라서 총합하면, 2050년까지 전 세계 전기 수요는 세 배로 증가할 수 있습니다. Таким образом, к 2050 году глобальные потребности в электроэнергии могут утроиться.

We'll also need all that electricity to come from clean energy sources |||||||||||fontes de energia 우리는 또한 그 모든 전기가 청정 에너지 원에서 나와야 합니다. if it's going to solve the problems caused by fossil fuels. ||||해결할|||||| 그렇지 않으면 화석 연료로 인한 문제를 해결할 수 없습니다. если это решит проблемы, вызванные ископаемым топливом. Today, only one third of the electricity we generate comes from clean sources. ||||||||||에서|| 오늘날 우리가 생산하는 전기의 삼분의 일만이 청정 에너지원에서 옵니다.

Fossil fuels are cheap and convenient, easy to ship, |||||praktisch||| |||||зручні||| 화석연료는 저렴하고 편리하며, 운송이 용이하고, and easy to turn into electricity on demand. ||||||에| 요구에 따라 전기로 전환하기 쉽습니다. и легко превратить в электричество по требованию. So how can we close the gap? ||||||격차 ||||||пробіл ||||||brecha Итак, как мы можем сократить разрыв?

Wind and solar power work great for places with lots of wind and sunshine, |||||||||||||햇빛 ||solar||||||||||| Ветровая и солнечная энергия отлично подходят для мест с сильным ветром и солнечным светом.

but we can't store and ship sunlight or wind the way we can transport oil. ||||||||||||||석유 하지만 우리는 태양광이나 바람을 기름처럼 저장하고 운송할 수는 없습니다. но мы не можем хранить и доставлять солнечный свет или ветер так, как мы можем транспортировать нефть. To make full use of energy from these sources at other times or in other places, 다른 시간이나 장소에서 이러한 에너지를 완전히 활용하기 위해서는, Чтобы в полной мере использовать энергию этих источников в другое время или в других местах, we'd have to store it in batteries ||||||배터리 우리는 이를 배터리에 저장해야 할 것입니다. нам пришлось бы хранить его в батареях

and improve our power grid infrastructure to transport it long distances. ||||||||||거리 ||||red|||||| 전력을 장거리로 운송하기 위해 우리의 전력망 인프라를 개선합니다. и улучшить нашу электросетевую инфраструктуру, чтобы транспортировать ее на большие расстояния.

Meanwhile, nuclear power plants use nuclear fission ||||||fisión In der Zwischenzeit||||||Spaltung ||발전|발전소||| ||||||поділ entretanto||||||fissão nuclear Inzwischen nutzen Kernkraftwerke Kernspaltung 한편, 원자력 발전소는 핵 분열을 사용합니다. Между тем атомные электростанции используют ядерное деление to generate carbon-free electricity. ||탄소|| um kohlenstofffreie Elektrizität zu erzeugen. 탄소 없는 전기를 생성하기 위해. для производства безуглеродной электроэнергии.

Though still more expensive than plants that burn fossil fuels, Obwohl|||||Pflanzen|||| 비록||||||||| Obwohl sie immer noch teurer sind als Anlagen, die fossile Brennstoffe verbrennen, 화석 연료를 태우는 화초들보다 여전히 비싸지만, Хотя все еще дороже, чем установки, сжигающие ископаемое топливо,

they can be built anywhere |||지어질| können sie überall gebaut werden 어디에나 지을 수 있으며 они могут быть построены где угодно

and don't depend on intermittent energy sources like the sun or wind. ||||intermittierenden||||||| ||의존하다||||||||| ||||intermitente||||||| ||||переривчастих||||||| ||||intermitentes||||||| und sind nicht von intermittierenden Energiequellen wie Sonne oder Wind abhängig. 태양이나 바람과 같은 간헐적인 에너지 원에 의존하지 않습니다. и не зависеть от непостоянных источников энергии, таких как солнце или ветер. Researchers are currently working to improve nuclear waste disposal ||||||||eliminación |||||||폐기물| ||||||||утилізація |||trabalhando||||resíduos nucleares|descarte de resíduos 연구자들은 현재 핵 폐기물 처리를 개선하기 위해 노력하고 있습니다. В настоящее время исследователи работают над улучшением утилизации ядерных отходов. and the safety of nuclear plants. ||안전||| 그리고 핵 발전소의 안전성도 개선하고 있습니다. и безопасность атомных станций.

There's another possibility we've been trying to crack since the 1940s: ||가능성|||||||| |||||||розгадати||| |||||||resolver||| 우리가 1940년대부터 해결하려고 시도해온 또 다른 가능성이 있습니다: Есть еще одна возможность, которую мы пытаемся раскрыть с 1940-х годов: nuclear fusion. |융합 |злиття |fusão nuclear 핵융합. термоядерная реакция.

It involves smashing light atoms together, so they fuse, ||충돌시키는|||||| ||з'єднання||||||зливаються ||fundindo||átomos leves|||| Consiste en hacer chocar átomos de luz para que se fusionen, 이는 가벼운 원자들을 서로 충돌시켜 융합시키는 것이고, Он включает в себя столкновение легких атомов вместе, чтобы они сливались,

and harnessing the energy this releases. |nutzend|||| |활용하는|||| |aproveitando||energia||libera |aprovechando||||libera |використанням|||| 이로 인해 방출되는 에너지를 활용하는 것입니다. и использование энергии, которую это высвобождает. та використання енергії, що виділяється.

Accidents aren't a concern with nuclear fusion, 사고|||||| |||проблема||| 핵융합에는 사고에 대한 우려가 없으며, Аварии не имеют отношения к ядерному синтезу, Аварії не турбують ядерного синтезу,

and it doesn't produce the long-lived radioactive waste fission does. |||생산하다||||||| |||||||radioativa||| 핵분열이 발생시키는 장기 방사성 폐기물도 생성하지 않습니다. и он не производит деления долгоживущих радиоактивных отходов. і це не виробляє поділу довговічних радіоактивних відходів.

It also doesn't have the transport concerns ||||||문제 또한 운송 문제도 없습니다. Также нет проблем с транспортом associated with wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources. 연관된|||||||| ||||||renovável|| 풍력, 태양광 및 기타 재생 가능 에너지 공급원과 관련이 있습니다. связанные с ветром, солнцем и другими возобновляемыми источниками энергии. A major breakthrough here could revolutionize clean energy. |A-Dur|||||| ||돌파구||||| ||avanço significativo|||revolucionar|| ||Avance importante||||| ||прорив||||| 여기서의 주요 돌파구는 청정 에너지를 혁신할 수 있습니다. Главный прорыв в этой области может произвести революцию в чистой энергии.

The same is true of nuclear fission, solar, and wind. 핵 분열, 태양광, 풍력도 마찬가지입니다. То же самое и с делением ядер, солнечной энергией и ветром. Breakthroughs in any of these technologies, 이러한 기술 중 어떤 것에서의 혁신,||||| avances||||| avanços significativos||||| 이 기술 중 어느 것에서든 획기적인 발전이 이루어진다면, Прорыв в любой из этих технологий, and especially in all of them together, can change the world: |특히||||||||| 특히 이 모든 기술이 함께 발전한다면, 세계를 변화시킬 수 있습니다: и, особенно, все они вместе могут изменить мир:

not only helping us triple our electricity supply, ||우리를||||| 단순히 우리의 전력 공급량을 세 배로 늘리는 것뿐만 아니라, не только помогая нам утроить электроснабжение, but enabling us to sustain it. |가능하게 하는|||| |permitiendo|||| |permitindo-nos|||sustentar| ||||підтримувати| но позволяя нам выдерживать это.