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The Story of the Middle Ages, 04. The End of the Western Empire

04. The End of the Western Empire

While the West-Goths were winning lands and booty within the Empire, the other Germans could not long remain idle. They saw that the legions had been recalled from the frontiers in order to guard Italy. They saw their own people suffering from hunger and want. Behind them, too, they felt the pressure of other nations, driving them from their pastures and hunting grounds.

So the news of Rome's weakness and Alaric's victories filled other peoples with eagerness to try their fortunes in the Southern lands. Before the Wast-Goths had settled down in Spain, other tribes had begun to stream across the borders of the Empire. Soon the stream became a flood, and the flood a deluge. All Germany seemed stirred up and hurled against the Empire. Wave after wave swept southward. Horde after horde appeared within the limits of the Empire, seeking lands and goods. For two hundred years this went on. Armies and nations went wandering up and down, burning, robbing, slaying, and making captives. It was a time of confusion, suffering, and change; when the "uncouth Goth," the "horrid Hun," and wild-eyed peoples of many names, struggled for the lands of Rome. They sought only their own gain and advantage, and it seemed that everything was being overturned and nothing built up to take the place of what was destroyed. But this was only in seeming. Unknowingly, these nations were laying the foundations of a new civilization and a new world. For out of this mixing of peoples and institutions, this blending of civilizations, arose the nations, the states, the institutions, of the world of to-day.

In following the history of the West-Goths we have seen that some of these peoples had preceded the Goths into Spain. These were a race called the VANDALS. They too were of German blood. At one time they had dwelt on the shores of the Baltic Sea, near the mouth of the river Elbe. From there they had wandered southward and westward, struggling with other barbarian tribes and with the remaining troops of Rome's imperial army. After many hard-fought contests they had crossed the river Rhine. They had then struggled through Gaul, and at last had reached Spain. Now they were to be driven from that land, too, by the arrival of the West-Goths.

Just at this time the governor of the Roman province of Africa rebelled against the Emperor's government. To get assistance against the Romans, he invited the Vandals to come to Africa, promising them lands and booty. The Vandals needed no second invitation. The Strait of Gibraltar, which separates the shores of Spain from Africa, is only fifteen miles wide; but when once the Vandals were across that strait, they were never to be driven back again.

Twenty-five thousand warriors, together with their women, children, and the old men, came at the call of the rebellious governor. There they set up a kingdom of their own on Roman soil. A cruel, greedy people they were, but able. From their capital,—the old city of Carthage,—their pirate ships rowed up and down the Mediterranean, stopping now at this place and now at that, wherever they saw a chance for plunder. Their King was the most crafty, the most treacherous, the most merciless of the barbarian kings.

"Whither shall we sail?" asked his pilot one day, as the King and his men set out. "Guide us," said the King, "wherever there is a people with whom God is angry." The most famous of the Vandal raids was the one which they made on the city of Rome, forty-five years after it had been plundered by Alaric. The rulers of the Romans were as worthless now as they had been at the earlier day. Again, too, it was at the invitation of a Roman that the Vandals invaded Roman territory. No defense of the city was attempted; but Leo, the holy bishop of Rome, went out with his priests, and tried to soften the fierceness of the barbarian King. For fourteen days the city remained in the hands of the Vandals; and it was plundered to their hearts' content. Besides much rich booty which they carried off, many works of art were broken and destroyed. Because of such destruction as this, the name "Vandal" is still given to anyone who destroys beautiful or useful things recklessly, or solely for the sake of destroying them. Another of the restless German peoples were the BURGUNDIANS. They, too, had once dwelt in the North of German, and had crossed the river Rhine in company with the Vandals. Gradually they had then spread southward into Gaul; and the result was the founding of a kingdom of the Burgundians in the valley of the Rhone River. From that day to this the name Burgundy,—as kingdom, dukedom, county, province,—has remained a famous one in the geography of Europe. But this people was never able to grow into a powerful and independent nation.

The ANGLES and SAXONS who conquered Britain were others of these peoples. They first settled in the island (so the story runs) on the invitation of the people of Britain. The Britons had lived so long under Roman rule that they had learned the ways of their masters, and had forgotten how to fight. So, when wild tribes of Ireland and Scotland came down from the West and North to attack them, the Britons were in an evil situation. To the Roman commander in Gaul they wrote: "The barbarians drive us to the sea; the sea drives us back to the barbarians. Between them we are exposed to two sorts of death; we are either slain or drowned." When they found that the Romans were no longer able to aid them, the Britons asked help from a roving company of Saxons who had come in their long ships to the British shores. When the Angles and Saxons had once got a foothold, they proceeded to conquer the island for themselves. Thus the fairest portion of it came to be called Angleland or England. It was only after two centuries of hard fighting, however, that the conquest was completed. In the West the Britons long continued to keep their independence; and there, the "Welsh" or "foreigners" (as they were styled by the Saxons) continued to use their own language, to follow their own customs, and to obey their own Princes for hundred of years. While the Germans were finding new homes in Roman territory, the restless Huns were ever pressing in from the rear, driving them on and taking their lands as they left. At the time when the Vandals were establishing their kingdom in Africa, and the Saxons were just beginning to come into Britain, a great King arose among the Huns. His name was Attila. Though he was a great warrior and ruler, he was far from being a handsome man. He had a large head, a flat nose, a few hairs in the place of a beard, broad shoulders, and a short square body.

The chief god of the Huns was a god of war. As they did not know how to make statues or images of him, they represented him by a sword or dagger. One day a shepherd found an old sword sticking out of the ground, and brought it to Attila. This, the King said, was a sign that the whole earth should be ruled over by him.

Whether he believed in this sign himself or not, Attila used his own sword so successfully that he formed the scattered tribes of the Huns into a great nation. By wars and treaties he succeeded in establishing a vast empire, including all the peoples from the river Volga to the river Rhine. The lands of the Eastern Empire, too, were wasted by him, even up to the walls of Constantinople. The Empire was forced to pay him tribute; and an Emperor's sister sent him her ring, and begged him to rescue her from the convent in which her brother had confined her. In the year 451 A.D., Attila gathered up his wild horsemen, and set out from his wooden capital in the valley of the Danube. Southward and westward they swept to conquer and destroy. It is said that Attila called himself the "Scourge of God." At any rate his victims knew that ruin and destruction followed in his track; and where he had passed, they said, not a blade of grass was left growing. On and on the Huns passed, through Germany, as far as Western Gaul; and men expected that all Europe would fall under the rule of this fierce people.

This, however, did not come to pass. Near the city of Chalons, in Eastern France, a great battle was fought, in which Romans and Goths fought side by side against the common foe, and all the peoples of Europe seemed engaged in one battle. Rivers of blood, it was said, flowed through the field, and whoever drank of their waters perished. At the close of the first day, the victory was still uncertain. On the next day Attila refused to renew the battle; and when the Romans and Goths drew near his camp, they found it silent and empty. The Huns had slipped away in the night, and returned to their homes on the Danube.

This was one of the decisive battles in the world's history, for it saved Europe from the Huns. Many legends came to cluster about it, and ages later men told how, each year on the night of the battle, the spirits of Goths and Huns rose from their graves, and fought the battle over again in the clouds of the upper air.

The next year Attila came again, with a mighty army, into the Roman lands. This time he turned his attention to Italy. A city lying at the head of the Adriatic was destroyed; and its people then founded Venice on the isles of the sea, that they might thenceforth be free from such attacks. Perhaps Attila might have pressed on to Rome and taken it, too, as Alaric had done, and as the Vandals were to do three years later. But strange misgivings fell upon him. Leo, the holy bishop of Rome, appeared in his court and warned him off. Attila, therefore, retreated, and left Rome untouched. Within two years afterward he died; and then his great empire dropped to pieces, and his people fell to fighting once more among themselves. In this way Christian Europe was delivered from one of the greatest dangers that ever threatened it.

Gaul, Spain, Africa, and Britain, had now been lost by the Romans; but amid all these troubles, the imperial government, both in the East and in the West, still went on. In the West the power had fallen more and more into the hands of chiefs of the Roman army. These men were often barbarians by blood, and did not care to be emperors themselves. Instead, however, they set up and pulled down emperors at will, as Alaric had once done.

In the year 476 A.D.—just thirteen hundred years before the signing of our Declaration of Independence,—the Emperor who was then ruling in the West was a boy of tender years, named Romulus Augustus. He bore the names of the first of the kings of Rome, and of the first of the emperors; but he was to be the last of either. A new leader had now arisen in the army,—a gigantic German, named Odoacer. When Odoacer was about to come into Italy to enter the Roman army, a holy hermit had said to him: "Follow out your plan, and go. There you will soon be able to throw away the coarse garment of skins which you now wear, and will become wealthy and powerful." He had followed this advice, and had risen to be the commander of the Roman army. The old leader, who had put Romulus Augustulus on the throne, was now slain by him, and the boy was then quietly put aside.

Odoacer thus made himself ruler of Italy; but he neither took the name of Emperor himself, nor gave it to any one else. He sent messengers instead to the Emperor of the East, at Constantinople, and laid at his feet the crown and purple robe. He said, in actions, if not in words: "One Emperor is enough for both East and West. I will rule Italy in your name and as your agent." This is sometimes called the fall of the Western Empire; and so it was. Yet there was not so very much change at first. Odoacer ruled in Italy in much the same way as the Emperors had done, except that his rule was better and stronger.

After sixteen years Odoacer was overthrown, and a new ruler arose in his place. This was Theodoric, the King of the EAST-GOTHS. From the days of the battle of Adrianople to the death of Attila, this people had been subject to the Huns. At the battle of Chalons they had fought on the side of the Huns, and against their kinsmen, the West-Goths. Now, however, they were free; and a great leader had arisen among them in the person of Theodoric, the descendant of a long line of Gothic kings.

When Theodoric was a young boy, he had been sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he had lived for ten years. There he had learned to like the cultured manners of the Romans, but he had not forgotten how to fight. When he had returned home, a handsome lad of seventeen, he had gathered together an army, and without guidance from his father, had captured an important city. This act showed his ability; and when his father died he was acknowledged as the King of his people. He was a man of great strength and courage; he was also wise and anxious for his people to improve. For some years his people had been wandering up and down in the Eastern Empire; but they were unable to master that land because of Constantinople's massive walls. So, with the consent of the Emperor, Theodoric now decided to lead his East-Goths into Italy, drive Odoacer from the land, and settle his people there.

The Goths set out over the Eastern Alps, two hundred thousand strong. With them went their wives and children, their slaves and cattle, and behind came twenty thousand lumbering ox carts laden with their goods. But Odoacer proved a stubborn fighter. Several hard battles had to be fought, and a siege three years long had to be laid to his capital before he was beaten. Then Theodoric, for almost the first and last time in his life, did a mean and treacherous act. His conquered enemy was invited to a friendly banquet; and there he was put to death with his own sword. In this way Theodoric completed the conquest that made him master of the whole of Italy, together with a large territory to the North and East of the Adriatic Sea.

For thirty-three years after that, Theodoric ruled over the kingdom of the East-Goths, as a wise and able king. Equal justice was granted to all, whether they were Goths or Italians; and Theodoric sought in every way to lead his people into a settled and civilized life. The old roads, aqueducts, and public buildings were repaired; and new works in many places were erected. Theodoric was not only a great warrior and statesman; he was also a man of deep and wide thought. If any man and any people were suited to build up a new kingdom out of the ruins of the Empire, and end the long period of disorder and confusion which we call the Dark Ages, it would seem that it was Theodoric, and his East-Goths. But no sooner was Theodoric dead, than his kingdom began to fall to pieces.

The Eastern Empire had now passed into the hands of an able Emperor, who is renowned as a conqueror, a builder, and a law-giver. His name was JUSTINIAN; and he was served by men as great as himself. Under their skillful attacks, much of the lands which had been lost were now won back. The Vandal kingdom in Africa was overturned; the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia were recovered; and at last, after years of hard fighting, the East-Goths too were conquered. The last remnant of that race then wandered north of the Alps, and disappeared from history.

It was only for a little while, however, that the Eastern Emperor was able once more to rule all Italy. Within thirteen years a new Germanic people appeared on the scene,—the last to find a settlement within the Empire. These were the LOMBARDS, or "Langobards," as they were called from their long beards. Ten generations before, according to their legends, a wise queen had led their race across the Baltic Sea, from what is now Sweden, to Germany. Since then they had gradually worked their way south, until now they were on the borders of Italy. The northern parts of the peninsula at this time were almost uninhabited, as a result of years of war and pestilence. The resistance to the Lombards, therefore, was very weak; and the whole valley of the river Po—thenceforth to this day called "Lombard"—passed into their hands almost at a blow. These Lombards were a rude people and but little civilized, when they first entered Italy. It was not until some time after they had settled there, that they even became Christians. A wild story is told of the King who led them into Italy. He had slain with his own hand the King of another German folk, and from his enemy's skull he had made a drinking cup, mounted in gold. His wife was the daughter of the King he had slain. Some time after, as he sat long at the table in his capital, he grew boisterous; and sending for the cup, he forced his Queen to drink from it bidding her "drink joyfully with her father." At this the Queen's heart was filled with grief and anger, and she plotted how she might revenge her father upon her husband. So, while the King slept one night, she caused an armed man to creep into the room and slay him. In this way she secured her revenge; but she, and all who had helped her, came to evil ends,—for, as an old writer says, "the hand of Heaven was upon them for doing so foul a deed." The Lombards were not so strongly united as most of the Germans, nor was their form of government so highly developed. Many independent bands of Lombards settled districts in Central and Southern Italy, under the rule of their own leaders, or "dukes." In this way the peninsula was cut up into many governments. The northern part was under the Lombard King; a number of petty dukes each ruled over his own district; and the remainder, including the city of Rome, was ruled by the officers of the Eastern Emperor.

The kingdom of the Lombards lasted for about two hundred years. Then it, too, was overturned, and the land was conquered by a new German people, the greatest of them all and the only one, with the exception of the English, that was to establish a lasting kingdom. These were the FRANKS, who settled in Gaul, and founded France. But before we trace their history we must first turn aside and see how the Christian Church was gaining in strength and power in this dark period of warfare and confusion.

04. The End of the Western Empire 04. نهاية الإمبراطورية الغربية 04. Das Ende des westlichen Reiches 04. El fin del Imperio Occidental 04. La fin de l'empire occidental 04. La fine dell'Impero d'Occidente 04.西帝国の終焉 04. Koniec zachodniego imperium 04. O Fim do Império Ocidental 04. Конец Западной империи 04. Slutet för det västliga imperiet 04. Batı İmparatorluğu'nun Sonu 04. Кінець Західної імперії 04. 西方帝国的终结 04. 西方帝國的終結

While the West-Goths were winning lands and booty within the Empire, the other Germans could not long remain idle. |||||||||||||||能够||长时间|| ||||||||plunder or loot|||||||||||inactive |||||||||||||||||||inativos |||||||||||||||||||непрацюючи بينما كان القوط الغربيون يكسبون الأراضي والغنائم داخل الإمبراطورية، لم يكن بإمكان الألمان الآخرين البقاء خاملين لفترة طويلة. They saw that the legions had been recalled from the frontiers in order to guard Italy. |||||||called back|||border regions||||| ||||legões|||retiradas|||fronteiras|||||a Itália لقد رأوا أنه تم استدعاء الجحافل من الحدود لحراسة إيطاليا. They saw their own people suffering from hunger and want. |||||||||贫困 |||||||||necessidade لقد رأوا شعبهم يعاني من الجوع والعوز. Behind them, too, they felt the pressure of other nations, driving them from their pastures and hunting grounds. ||||||||||||||牧场||狩猎场| ||||||force||||||||grazing lands||| ||||||||||||||пастбіща||| ||||||pressão||||||||pastagens|||terras de caça ومن خلفهم أيضًا، شعروا بضغوط الدول الأخرى، التي طردتهم من مراعيهم ومناطق صيدهم.

So the news of Rome's weakness and Alaric's victories filled other peoples with eagerness to try their fortunes in the Southern lands. |||||||||||||||试试|||||| |||||||Alaric's conquests||||||keen interest|||||||| |||||||||||||ansiedade de aventura||||sua sorte|||do sul| |||||||||||||прагнення|||||||| لذا فإن أخبار ضعف روما وانتصارات ألاريك ملأت الشعوب الأخرى بالرغبة في تجربة حظوظها في الأراضي الجنوبية. Before the Wast-Goths had settled down in Spain, other tribes had begun to stream across the borders of the Empire. ||荒原|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||boundaries of Empire||| ||vândalos||||||||tribos|||||||||| ||Віки|||||||||||||||||| قبل أن يستقر القوط الغربيون في إسبانيا، بدأت قبائل أخرى تتدفق عبر حدود الإمبراطورية. Antes de os Wast-Goths se terem estabelecido em Espanha, outras tribos começaram a atravessar as fronteiras do Império. Soon the stream became a flood, and the flood a deluge. |||||||这|||洪水 |||||rushing water|||||overwhelming flood ||||||||||потоп |||||inundação|||||um dilúvio وسرعان ما أصبح النهر طوفانًا، والطوفان طوفانًا. All Germany seemed stirred up and hurled against the Empire. ||||||投掷||| |||excited or agitated|||thrown forcefully against||| ||||||кинутий||| بدت ألمانيا كلها مضطربة وهاجمت الإمبراطورية. Казалось, вся Германия взбудоражена и брошена против империи. Wave after wave swept southward. |||冲刷| |||moved forcefully|toward the south ||||para o sul اجتاحت موجة بعد موجة جنوبا. Horde after horde appeared within the limits of the Empire, seeking lands and goods. 一群||||||||||||| Large group||||||||||||| horda||||||||||||| ظهرت حشود تلو الأخرى داخل حدود الإمبراطورية، بحثًا عن الأراضي والسلع. For two hundred years this went on. ||||这|| واستمر هذا لمدة مائتي عام. Armies and nations went wandering up and down, burning, robbing, slaying, and making captives. |||||||||抢劫|||| |||||||||roubando|||| وكانت الجيوش والأمم تتجول ذهابًا وإيابًا، تحرق، وتنهب، وتذبح، وتأسر. It was a time of confusion, suffering, and change; when the "uncouth Goth," the "horrid Hun," and wild-eyed peoples of many names, struggled for the lands of Rome. |||||||||||粗野的|哥特人||可怕的|匈奴||||||||||||| |||||||||||uncivilized|||terrifying|||||||||||||| |||||confusão||||||rude e incivilizado|||horrível||||de olhos selvagens|||||||||| لقد كان وقت الارتباك والمعاناة والتغيير. عندما ناضل "القوط الفظ"، و"الهون المروعون"، وشعوب ذات عيون جامحة بأسماء عديدة، من أجل أراضي روما. Foi uma época de confusão, sofrimento e mudança; quando o "gótico inculto", o "huno horrendo" e povos selvagens de muitos nomes lutavam pelas terras de Roma. They sought only their own gain and advantage, and it seemed that everything was being overturned and nothing built up to take the place of what was destroyed. |looked for|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||vantagem||||||||derrubado|||||||||||| لقد سعوا فقط لتحقيق مكاسبهم ومصالحهم الخاصة، وبدا أن كل شيء قد انقلب ولم يتم بناء أي شيء ليحل محل ما تم تدميره. But this was only in seeming. ||是|仅仅|| ولكن هذا كان في الظاهر فقط. Unknowingly, these nations were laying the foundations of a new civilization and a new world. Without realizing it||||||||||||||new global order inconscientemente|||||||||||||| وكانت هذه الأمم، دون أن تدري، تضع أسس حضارة جديدة وعالم جديد. For out of this mixing of peoples and institutions, this blending of civilizations, arose the nations, the states, the institutions, of the world of to-day. ||||||||||||||的|||||机构||这些|||| ||||||||Organizations or systems||merging||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||до|сучасний світ فمن هذا الاختلاط بين الشعوب والمؤسسات، هذا المزج بين الحضارات، نشأت الأمم والدول والمؤسسات في عالم اليوم.

In following the history of the West-Goths we have seen that some of these peoples had preceded the Goths into Spain. |||||||||||||||||come before|||| |||||||||||||||||precederam|||| |||||||||||||||||попередили|||| من خلال متابعة تاريخ القوط الغربيين، رأينا أن بعض هذه الشعوب قد سبقت القوط إلى إسبانيا. These were a race called the VANDALS. ||一个|||| |||uma raça||| وكان هؤلاء سباقا يسمى المخربين. They too were of German blood. |也|||| وهم أيضاً كانوا من دماء ألمانية. At one time they had dwelt on the shores of the Baltic Sea, near the mouth of the river Elbe. ||||||||||||||的||||| في وقت ما، كانوا يسكنون على شواطئ بحر البلطيق، بالقرب من مصب نهر إلبه. From there they had wandered southward and westward, struggling with other barbarian tribes and with the remaining troops of Rome's imperial army. ||||徘徊||||||||||||||||| |||||||toward the west|||||||||||||| ومن هناك تجولوا جنوبًا وغربًا، وقاتلوا القبائل البربرية الأخرى ومع القوات المتبقية من جيش روما الإمبراطوري. After many hard-fought contests they had crossed the river Rhine. ||||比赛|||||| ||||competitive events|||||| وبعد العديد من المسابقات الصعبة عبروا نهر الراين. They had then struggled through Gaul, and at last had reached Spain. |||||Галлія|||||| ثم ناضلوا عبر بلاد الغال، ووصلوا أخيرًا إلى إسبانيا. Now they were to be driven from that land, too, by the arrival of the West-Goths. |他们|被驱逐||被|驱逐||||||||||| والآن كان من المقرر طردهم من تلك الأرض أيضًا بوصول القوط الغربيين.

Just at this time the governor of the Roman province of Africa rebelled against the Emperor's government. ||||||||||||rose in revolt|||| |||||губернатор||||||||||| في هذا الوقت فقط، تمرد حاكم مقاطعة أفريقيا الرومانية ضد حكومة الإمبراطور. To get assistance against the Romans, he invited the Vandals to come to Africa, promising them lands and booty. 去|获得||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||plunder or loot للحصول على المساعدة ضد الرومان، دعا الوندال للقدوم إلى أفريقيا، ووعدهم بالأراضي والغنائم. The Vandals needed no second invitation. |||||prompt or opportunity لم يكن المخربون بحاجة إلى دعوة ثانية. ヴァンダル人は二度目の招待を必要としませんでした。 The Strait of Gibraltar, which separates the shores of Spain from Africa, is only fifteen miles wide; but when once the Vandals were across that strait, they were never to be driven back again. ||||||||||||||||||当|||||||||曾|永远||被|驱逐|| |Narrow passage|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ويبلغ عرض مضيق جبل طارق، الذي يفصل شواطئ إسبانيا عن أفريقيا، خمسة عشر ميلاً فقط؛ ولكن عندما عبر الوندال هذا المضيق، لم يكن من الممكن إعادتهم مرة أخرى.

Twenty-five thousand warriors, together with their women, children, and the old men, came at the call of the rebellious governor. |||||||||||||来了|在|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||governador rebelde جاء خمسة وعشرون ألف محارب مع نسائهم وأطفالهم وشيوخهم بناءً على دعوة الوالي المتمرد. There they set up a kingdom of their own on Roman soil. وهناك أقاموا مملكة خاصة بهم على الأراضي الرومانية. そこで彼らはローマの地に彼ら自身の王国を設立しました。 A cruel, greedy people they were, but able. 残忍贪婪的人||贪婪的|||||能干的 لقد كانوا شعبًا قاسيًا وجشعًا، لكنهم كانوا قادرين. 彼らは残酷で貪欲な人々でしたが、可能でした。 From their capital,—the old city of Carthage,—their pirate ships rowed up and down the Mediterranean, stopping now at this place and now at that, wherever they saw a chance for plunder. |||||||||||||||||||||||此时||||||||| ||||||||||||||||Mediterranean Sea|||||||||||||||| |||||||||navios piratas||||||||||||||||||||||| ومن عاصمتهم، مدينة قرطاج القديمة، كانت سفن القراصنة الخاصة بهم تبحر ذهابًا وإيابًا في البحر الأبيض المتوسط، وتتوقف تارة في هذا المكان وتارة في ذلك، أينما رأوا فرصة للنهب. 彼らの首都であるカルタゴの旧市街から、彼らの海賊船は地中海を上下に漕ぎ、略奪の機会があったところならどこでも、今この場所で、そして今ここで止まりました。 Their King was the most crafty, the most treacherous, the most merciless of the barbarian kings. |||||狡猾的|||||||||| |||||cunning|||deceitful and dangerous|||without pity|||| |||||astuto|||||||||| كان ملكهم أكثر الملوك البرابرة مكرًا وغدرًا وقسوة. Kralları, barbar kralların en kurnaz, en hain, en acımasızıydı.

"Whither shall we sail?" To where||| para onde||| "أين سنبحر؟" asked his pilot one day, as the King and his men set out. ||navigator|||||||||| سأل طياره ذات يوم بينما كان الملك ورجاله ينطلقون. preguntó un día su piloto, cuando el Rey y sus hombres se ponían en camino. "Guide us," said the King, "wherever there is a people with whom God is angry." ||||||||一个|||||| |||||||||||with whom = who||| قال الملك: «أهدنا حيثما كان قوم غضب الله عليهم». "Guide us," said the King, "wherever there is a people with whom God is angry." "引导我们,"国王说道,"无论在哪里,有一个神愤怒的人民。" The most famous of the Vandal raids was the one which they made on the city of Rome, forty-five years after it had been plundered by Alaric. |||||汪达尔人|袭击||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||attacks or invasions||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||incursões||||||||||||||||||||| وأشهر غارات الوندال هي تلك التي شنوها على مدينة روما، بعد خمسة وأربعين عامًا من نهبها على يد ألاريك. 汪达尔人最著名的袭击是他们在罗马城的袭击,距阿拉里克掠夺该城四十五年后。 The rulers of the Romans were as worthless now as they had been at the earlier day. لقد أصبح حكام الرومان عديمي القيمة الآن كما كانوا في السابق. 罗马的统治者现在就像早期一样毫无价值。 Again, too, it was at the invitation of a Roman that the Vandals invaded Roman territory. ||它|||||的|||||||| ||||||request or summons|||||||entered by force|| |||||||||||||invadiram||território romano ومرة أخرى أيضًا، قام الفاندال بغزو الأراضي الرومانية بدعوة من أحد الرومان. 再一次,汪达尔人在一个罗马人的邀请下入侵了罗马领土。 No defense of the city was attempted; but Leo, the holy bishop of Rome, went out with his priests, and tried to soften the fierceness of the barbarian King. |防御||这|||||||||||出去||||||||||野蛮的凶猛|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||calm down||intense aggression|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||жорстокість|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||amolecer|||||| لم تتم محاولة الدفاع عن المدينة. لكن لاون، أسقف روما المقدس، خرج مع كهنته، وحاول تخفيف حدة شراسة الملك البربري. 没有尝试对城市进行防御;但是,罗马的圣主教利奥带着他的神父们出去,试图缓和野蛮王的凶猛。 For fourteen days the city remained in the hands of the Vandals; and it was plundered to their hearts' content. ||||||||||||||是||||心满意足| |||||||||||||||||||to the fullest وظلت المدينة في أيدي المخربين لمدة أربعة عشر يومًا. وتم نهبها لمحتوى قلوبهم. For fourteen days the city remained in the hands of the Vandals; and it was plundered to their hearts' content. 城池在汪达尔人手中维持了十四天;他们尽情地进行了掠夺。 Besides much rich booty which they carried off, many works of art were broken and destroyed. |许多|||||||||||||| |||espólio valioso|||||||||||| وإلى جانب الغنائم الغنية التي حملوها، تم كسر وتدمير العديد من الأعمال الفنية. Because of such destruction as this, the name "Vandal" is still given to anyone who destroys beautiful or useful things recklessly, or solely for the sake of destroying them. ||||||||||||||||||||鲁莽地|||||||| |||wanton damage|||||||||||||||||without care||only|||purpose of||| ||||||||||||||||||||de forma imprudente||apenas|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||бездумно||лише|||||| وبسبب هذا التدمير، لا يزال اسم "وندال" يطلق على أي شخص يدمر أشياء جميلة أو مفيدة بتهور، أو فقط من أجل تدميرها. Another of the restless German peoples were the BURGUNDIANS. ||||||||Germanic tribe |||inquietos|||||os burgúndios وكان البورغنديون من بين الشعوب الألمانية المضطربة. They, too, had once dwelt in the North of German, and had crossed the river Rhine in company with the Vandals. |||||||||||||||il Reno|||||Vandals هم أيضًا سكنوا ذات يوم في شمال ألمانيا، وعبروا نهر الراين بصحبة المخربين. Gradually they had then spread southward into Gaul; and the result was the founding of a kingdom of the Burgundians in the valley of the Rhone River. ||||||进入|||||||||||||||||||罗纳河| |||||verso sud|||||il risultato|||founding|||||||||valle|||Rhone| تدريجيًا انتشروا جنوبًا إلى بلاد الغال؛ وكانت النتيجة تأسيس مملكة البرغنديين في وادي نهر الرون. From that day to this the name Burgundy,—as kingdom, dukedom, county, province,—has remained a famous one in the geography of Europe. |||||||勃艮第|||公爵领|||||||||||| |||||||||||territorial division||||||||||| ||||||||||dukedom|contea|||||||||geography|| ||||||||||князівство|||||||||||| منذ ذلك اليوم وحتى الآن، ظل اسم بورغوندي - كمملكة، أو دوقية، أو مقاطعة، أو مقاطعة - اسمًا مشهورًا في جغرافية أوروبا. But this people was never able to grow into a powerful and independent nation. لكن هذا الشعب لم يكن قادراً على النمو ليصبح أمة قوية ومستقلة.

The ANGLES and SAXONS who conquered Britain were others of these peoples. |盎格鲁||撒克逊人|||||||| |||SAXONS||conquistarono = they conquered||were|||| كان الأنجلز والساكسونيون الذين غزوا بريطانيا من بين هذه الشعوب. They first settled in the island (so the story runs) on the invitation of the people of Britain. ||||||因此|这|||在||||||| لقد استقروا أولاً في الجزيرة (هكذا تدور القصة) بناءً على دعوة من شعب بريطانيا. İlk olarak Britanya halkının daveti üzerine adaya yerleştiler (hikaye böyle devam ediyor). The Britons had lived so long under Roman rule that they had learned the ways of their masters, and had forgotten how to fight. لقد عاش البريطانيون فترة طويلة تحت الحكم الروماني لدرجة أنهم تعلموا طرق أسيادهم، ونسوا كيفية القتال. So, when wild tribes of Ireland and Scotland came down from the West and North to attack them, the Britons were in an evil situation. ||||||||来了|||||||||||||||| |||indigenous groups||||||||||||||||||||| لذلك، عندما جاءت القبائل البرية من أيرلندا واسكتلندا من الغرب والشمال لمهاجمتها، كان البريطانيون في وضع سيئ. To the Roman commander in Gaul they wrote: "The barbarians drive us to the sea; the sea drives us back to the barbarians. 向||||||||||驱赶|||||||||||| وكتبوا إلى القائد الروماني في بلاد الغال: "إن البرابرة يقودوننا إلى البحر، والبحر يعيدنا إلى البرابرة. Between them we are exposed to two sorts of death; we are either slain or drowned." ||||||两个||||||||| ||||vulnerable to||||||||||| |||||||||||||||annegati ||||вразливі||||||||||| وبينهما نتعرض لنوعين من الموت؛ إما أن نقتل أو نغرق." When they found that the Romans were no longer able to aid them, the Britons asked help from a roving company of Saxons who had come in their long ships to the British shores. |||||||||||||||||||游荡的|||||||||||||| |||||||||||assist||||||||wandering|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||блукаючий|||||||||||||| |||||i Romani||||||||||||||wandering|||||||||||||| وعندما اكتشفوا أن الرومان لم يعودوا قادرين على مساعدتهم، طلب البريطانيون المساعدة من مجموعة متنقلة من الساكسونيين الذين أتوا في سفنهم الطويلة إلى الشواطئ البريطانية. When the Angles and Saxons had once got a foothold, they proceeded to conquer the island for themselves. |||||||||立足点|||||||| |||||||||secure position||went on|||||| |||||||||||продовжили|||||| |||||||||una base||proceeded = they went on||conquistare|||| عندما حصل الأنجلز والساكسون على موطئ قدم، شرعوا في احتلال الجزيرة لأنفسهم. Thus the fairest portion of it came to be called Angleland or England. |the|最美的||||成为||||英格兰|| As a result||most beautiful part|part of land|belonging to|||||||| وهكذا أصبح الجزء الأكثر جمالًا منها يسمى أنجللاند أو إنجلترا. Таким образом, самая красивая его часть стала называться Англеландом или Англией. It was only after two centuries of hard fighting, however, that the conquest was completed. 它||||||||||||征服|| ||||||||||||la conquista|| لكن الغزو لم يكتمل إلا بعد قرنين من القتال العنيف. In the West the Britons long continued to keep their independence; and there, the "Welsh" or "foreigners" (as they were styled by the Saxons) continued to use their own language, to follow their own customs, and to obey their own Princes for hundred of years. ||||||||||||||威尔士人|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||called by|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||styled|||||||||||||||||to obey||||||| وفي الغرب، استمر البريطانيون لفترة طويلة في الحفاظ على استقلالهم؛ وهناك، استمر "الويلزيون" أو "الأجانب" (كما أطلق عليهم الساكسونيون) في استخدام لغتهم الخاصة، واتباع عاداتهم الخاصة، وطاعة أمرائهم لمئات السنين. While the Germans were finding new homes in Roman territory, the restless Huns were ever pressing in from the rear, driving them on and taking their lands as they left. ||||||||||这些|||正在|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||unsettled||||||||from behind|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||ззаду|||||||||| |||||||||territorio||inquieti|||||||||driving||||||||| بينما كان الألمان يجدون منازل جديدة في الأراضي الرومانية، كان الهون المضطربون يضغطون من الخلف، ويطاردونهم ويستولون على أراضيهم عند مغادرتهم. At the time when the Vandals were establishing their kingdom in Africa, and the Saxons were just beginning to come into Britain, a great King arose among the Huns. 在||时刻||||||||||||||刚刚|||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||la Gran Bretagna||||||| في الوقت الذي كان فيه الوندال يؤسسون مملكتهم في أفريقيا، وكان الساكسونيون قد بدأوا للتو في القدوم إلى بريطانيا، ظهر ملك عظيم بين الهون. His name was Attila. |||阿提拉 كان اسمه أتيلا. Though he was a great warrior and ruler, he was far from being a handsome man. على الرغم من أنه كان محاربًا وحاكمًا عظيمًا، إلا أنه لم يكن رجلاً وسيمًا. He had a large head, a flat nose, a few hairs in the place of a beard, broad shoulders, and a short square body. ||||||||||毛||||||胡须|||||短|| ||||||||||||||||barba||||||| كان له رأس كبير، وأنف مسطح، وبعض الشعرات مكان اللحية، وأكتاف عريضة، وجسم مربع قصير.

The chief god of the Huns was a god of war. وكان الإله الرئيسي للهون إله الحرب. As they did not know how to make statues or images of him, they represented him by a sword or dagger. ||||||||||||||||||||匕首 ||||||||||||||symbolized||||||short-bladed weapon ||||||||||||||||||||un pugnale ولأنهم لم يعرفوا كيف يصنعون له تماثيل أو صورًا، فقد مثلوه بالسيف أو الخنجر. One day a shepherd found an old sword sticking out of the ground, and brought it to Attila. |||牧羊人|||||||||||||| |||herder of sheep|||||protruding from||||||||| |||un pastore|||||||||||||| |||пастух|||||||||||||| في أحد الأيام، وجد أحد الرعاة سيفًا قديمًا يخرج من الأرض، وأحضره إلى أتيلا. This, the King said, was a sign that the whole earth should be ruled over by him. وقال الملك إن هذه علامة على أنه يجب أن يحكم الأرض كلها.

Whether he believed in this sign himself or not, Attila used his own sword so successfully that he formed the scattered tribes of the Huns into a great nation. ||相信|||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||shaped||spread out|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||розсіяні|||||||| |||||||||||||spada||con successo|||||dispersi|||||||| وسواء كان أتيلا يؤمن بهذه العلامة بنفسه أم لا، فقد استخدم سيفه بنجاح لدرجة أنه شكل قبائل الهون المتناثرة في أمة عظيمة. By wars and treaties he succeeded in establishing a vast empire, including all the peoples from the river Volga to the river Rhine. ||||||||||||||||||伏尔加河|||| |||formal agreements||||||extensive||||||||||||| |||||riuscì||establishing = to establish||||||||||||||| |||договори||||||||||||||||||| ونجح بالحروب والمعاهدات في إنشاء إمبراطورية واسعة شملت جميع الشعوب من نهر الفولغا إلى نهر الراين. The lands of the Eastern Empire, too, were wasted by him, even up to the walls of Constantinople. |||||||被||||甚至|||||| ||||||||devastated||||||||| ||||||||devastate||||||||| كما أهدر أراضي الإمبراطورية الشرقية أيضًا حتى أسوار القسطنطينية. Земли Восточной империи также были растащены им, вплоть до стен Константинополя. The Empire was forced to pay him tribute; and an Emperor's sister sent him her ring, and begged him to rescue her from the convent in which her brother had confined her. ||||||||||||||||||||||||修道院||||||| |||||||payment of respect|||||||||||||||||religious community||||||imprisoned| |||||||tributo|||||||||||||||||||||||had confined| |||||||данина|||||||||||||||||||||||| اضطرت الإمبراطورية إلى دفع الجزية له. وأرسلت إليه أخت الإمبراطور خاتمها وتوسلت إليه أن ينقذها من الدير الذي حبسها فيه شقيقها. In the year 451 A.D., Attila gathered up his wild horsemen, and set out from his wooden capital in the valley of the Danube. ||||||||||骑兵|||||他的|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||valle||| وفي عام 451م، جمع أتيلا فرسانه المتوحشين، وانطلق من عاصمته الخشبية في وادي الدانوب. Southward and westward they swept to conquer and destroy. ||||||to conquer|| اجتاحوا الجنوب والغرب للغزو والتدمير. На юг и на запад они устремились, чтобы завоевать и уничтожить. It is said that Attila called himself the "Scourge of God." 他||||||||天谴|| ||||||||Divine punishment tool|| ||||||||scourge|| ||||||||потоптання|| ويقال أن أتيلا أطلق على نفسه اسم "آفة الله". At any rate his victims knew that ruin and destruction followed in his track; and where he had passed, they said, not a blade of grass was left growing. ||||受害者||||||||||||||||||一个|||||| |||||||||devastation||||wake||||||||||single grass stalk||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||blade of grass||||| على أية حال، كان ضحاياه يعرفون أن الخراب والدمار يتبعان مساره؛ وحيثما مر، قالوا، لم يبق نبات ينمو. At any rate his victims knew that ruin and destruction followed in his track; and where he had passed, they said, not a blade of grass was left growing. Во всяком случае, его жертвы знали, что по его следу идут разрушения и разорение, а там, где он прошел, по их словам, не осталось ни травинки. On and on the Huns passed, through Germany, as far as Western Gaul; and men expected that all Europe would fall under the rule of this fierce people. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||ferocious| ومر الهون مرارًا وتكرارًا عبر ألمانيا حتى بلاد الغال الغربية؛ وتوقع الرجال أن تقع أوروبا كلها تحت حكم هذا الشعب الشرس.

This, however, did not come to pass. ||||发生|| لكن هذا لم يحدث. Near the city of Chalons, in Eastern France, a great battle was fought, in which Romans and Goths fought side by side against the common foe, and all the peoples of Europe seemed engaged in one battle. ||||沙隆|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||significant||||||||||||||||common enemy||||||||involved in fighting||| ||||Chalons|||||||||||||||||||||enemy|||||||||||battaglia ||||Шалоні|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| بالقرب من مدينة شالون، في شرق فرنسا، دارت معركة كبيرة، قاتل فيها الرومان والقوط جنبًا إلى جنب ضد العدو المشترك، وبدا أن جميع شعوب أوروبا منخرطة في معركة واحدة. Rivers of blood, it was said, flowed through the field, and whoever drank of their waters perished. ||||||||||||||||died وقيل إنها تجري في الحقول أنهار من الدم، وكل من شرب من مياهها هلك. Rivers of blood, it was said, flowed through the field, and whoever drank of their waters perished. At the close of the first day, the victory was still uncertain. 在||||||||||| ومع نهاية اليوم الأول، كان النصر لا يزال غير مؤكد. On the next day Attila refused to renew the battle; and when the Romans and Goths drew near his camp, they found it silent and empty. |||||||resume||||||||Germanic tribes|approached||||||||| |||||||to renew|||||||||drew = approached||||||||| وفي اليوم التالي رفض أتيلا تجديد المعركة؛ وعندما اقترب الرومان والقوط من معسكره، وجدوه صامتًا وخاليًا. The Huns had slipped away in the night, and returned to their homes on the Danube. |||sneaked away quietly|||||||||||| كان الهون قد هربوا في الليل، وعادوا إلى منازلهم على نهر الدانوب.

This was one of the decisive battles in the world's history, for it saved Europe from the Huns. ||||这||||||||||||| |||||crucial|||||||||||| |||||вирішальний|||||||||||| وكانت هذه واحدة من المعارك الحاسمة في تاريخ العالم، لأنها أنقذت أوروبا من الهون. Many legends came to cluster about it, and ages later men told how, each year on the night of the battle, the spirits of Goths and Huns rose from their graves, and fought the battle over again in the clouds of the upper air. 许多||来||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||gather together||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||higher atmosphere| ||||raggrupparsi||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وتجمعت العديد من الأساطير حول هذا الموضوع، وبعد عصور طويلة روى الرجال كيف كانت أرواح القوط والهون تنهض من قبورها كل عام في ليلة المعركة، وتخوض المعركة مرة أخرى في سحب الهواء العلوي. Об этом сложено множество легенд, и спустя века люди рассказывали, как каждый год в ночь битвы духи готов и гуннов восставали из могил и снова сражались в верхних облаках.

The next year Attila came again, with a mighty army, into the Roman lands. ||||||||powerful||||| ||||||||powerful||||| وفي العام التالي، عاد أتيلا مرة أخرى بجيش عظيم إلى الأراضي الرومانية. This time he turned his attention to Italy. هذه المرة حول انتباهه إلى إيطاليا. A city lying at the head of the Adriatic was destroyed; and its people then founded Venice on the isles of the sea, that they might thenceforth be free from such attacks. ||位于|在|||||||||||||||||||||||从此以后||||| |||||||||||||||||||islands|||||||from then on||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||from then on||||| |||||||||||||||||||острови|||||||відтоді||||| تم تدمير مدينة تقع على رأس البحر الأدرياتيكي. ثم أسس شعبها مدينة البندقية على جزر البحر، حتى يكونوا من الآن فصاعدًا خاليين من مثل هذه الهجمات. Perhaps Attila might have pressed on to Rome and taken it, too, as Alaric had done, and as the Vandals were to do three years later. |||||||||占领|||||||||||将||||| perhaps||||||||||||||||||||||||| ربما كان أتيلا قد زحف نحو روما واستولى عليها أيضًا، كما فعل ألاريك، وكما كان من المقرر أن يفعل الوندال بعد ثلاث سنوات. But strange misgivings fell upon him. 但是||不安||| ||doubts or fears||| ||misgivings||| ||сумніви||| لكن شكوكا غريبة وقعت عليه. Leo, the holy bishop of Rome, appeared in his court and warned him off. ||sacred or revered|||||||official assembly room|||| وظهر ليو أسقف روما المقدس في بلاطه وحذره. Attila, therefore, retreated, and left Rome untouched. ||撤退|||| ||withdrew|||| لذلك تراجع أتيلا وترك روما دون مساس. Within two years afterward he died; and then his great empire dropped to pieces, and his people fell to fighting once more among themselves. |||after that|||||||||||||||||||| وفي غضون عامين توفي. وبعد ذلك انهارت إمبراطوريته العظيمة، وسقط شعبه في قتال فيما بينهم مرة أخرى. In this way Christian Europe was delivered from one of the greatest dangers that ever threatened it. |||||被||||||||||| |||of Christianity||||||||||||| وبهذه الطريقة تم إنقاذ أوروبا المسيحية من أحد أعظم الأخطار التي كانت تهددها على الإطلاق. 通过这种方式,基督教欧洲摆脱了曾经威胁它的最大危险之一。

Gaul, Spain, Africa, and Britain, had now been lost by the Romans; but amid all these troubles, the imperial government, both in the East and in the West, still went on. |||||||已经||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||in the middle||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||amid|||||imperial|||||||||||| لقد فقد الرومان الآن غالة وأسبانيا وإفريقيا وبريطانيا. ولكن وسط كل هذه المشاكل، استمرت الحكومة الإمبراطورية في الشرق والغرب. ガリア、スペイン、アフリカ、イギリスは今やローマ人によって失われていました。しかし、これらすべての問題の中で、東と西の両方の帝国政府はまだ続いていました。 高卢、西班牙、非洲和不列颠,现在都已经被罗马人失去了;但在所有这些麻烦中,东西方的皇帝政府仍然在继续运作。 In the West the power had fallen more and more into the hands of chiefs of the Roman army. وفي الغرب، سقطت السلطة أكثر فأكثر في أيدي قادة الجيش الروماني. 在西方,权力越来越多地落入罗马军队首领的手中。 These men were often barbarians by blood, and did not care to be emperors themselves. كان هؤلاء الرجال في كثير من الأحيان برابرة بالدم، ولم يهتموا بأن يكونوا هم أنفسهم أباطرة. Instead, however, they set up and pulled down emperors at will, as Alaric had once done. ||他们||||||||||||| ولكن بدلاً من ذلك، قاموا بتعيين الأباطرة وإسقاطهم حسب الرغبة، كما فعل ألاريك ذات مرة.

In the year 476 A.D.—just thirteen hundred years before the signing of our Declaration of Independence,—the Emperor who was then ruling in the West was a boy of tender years, named Romulus Augustus. |||||||||之前|这||||||||||是|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||at that time|||||||||young|||| |||||||||||assinatura||||||||||||||||||||||| في عام 476 م – قبل ألف وثلاثمائة عام فقط من توقيع إعلان استقلالنا – كان الإمبراطور الذي كان يحكم الغرب آنذاك صبيًا صغيرًا، يُدعى رومولوس أوغسطس. 独立宣言に署名するちょうど1300年前の西暦476年、当時西側を支配していた皇帝は、ロムルス・アウグストゥスという名の優しい年の少年でした。 He bore the names of the first of the kings of Rome, and of the first of the emperors; but he was to be the last of either. 他|承载||||的||||||罗马||的||||||||是|||的||| |carried|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |levou consigo|||||||||||||||||||||||||de|um ou outro وحمل أسماء أول ملوك روما وأول الأباطرة. لكنه كان ليكون الأخير في أي منهما. 彼はローマの最初の王と最初の皇帝の名前を持っていました。しかし、彼はどちらかの最後になるはずでした。 他拥有罗马首位国王和首位皇帝的名字;但他将会是两者之中的最后一个。 A new leader had now arisen in the army,—a gigantic German, named Odoacer. |||||||||||||奥多亚克 |||||emerged|||||enormous|||Odoacer |||||surgido|||exército||gigante||| وقد ظهر الآن قائد جديد في الجيش، وهو ألماني عملاق يُدعى أودواكر. オドアケルという名の巨大なドイツ人である新しいリーダーが軍隊に登場しました。 军队中现在出现了一位新的领袖——一个名叫奥多亚塞的巨型德意志人。 When Odoacer was about to come into Italy to enter the Roman army, a holy hermit had said to him: "Follow out your plan, and go. |奥多亚克||||||||||||||隐士|||||||||| |||||||||||||||reclusive person|||||||||| |||||||||||||||eremita santo||||a ele|||||| عندما كان أودواكر على وشك القدوم إلى إيطاليا للانضمام إلى الجيش الروماني، قال له ناسك مقدس: "اتبع خطتك واذهب. オドアケルがローマ軍に入隊するためにイタリアにやって来ようとしたとき、聖なる隠者が彼にこう言いました。 当奥多亚塞准备来到意大利加入罗马军队时,一位圣洁的隐士对他说:"执行你的计划,去吧。" There you will soon be able to throw away the coarse garment of skins which you now wear, and will become wealthy and powerful." |||||||||||衣物|||哪一个||||||||| ||||||||||rough-textured|clothing or attire|||||||||||| ||||||||||grosseira|vestimenta grosseira|||||||||||| هناك ستتمكن قريبًا من التخلص من الرداء الخشن من الجلد الذي ترتديه الآن، وسوف تصبح ثريًا وقويًا." そこで、あなたはすぐにあなたが今着ている皮の粗い衣服を捨てることができるでしょう、そして裕福で強力になるでしょう。」 He had followed this advice, and had risen to be the commander of the Roman army. |||||||advanced|||||||| ||||||seguido|ascendido a||||comandante|||| وقد اتبع هذه النصيحة، وارتقى إلى أن أصبح قائد الجيش الروماني. 彼はこのアドバイスに従い、ローマ軍の指揮官になりました。 The old leader, who had put Romulus Augustulus on the throne, was now slain by him, and the boy was then quietly put aside. |||||放置||奥古斯都|上|||||||||||被|||| |||||||||||||||by Romulus Augustulus|||||||| ||||||||||o trono||||||||||||| قُتل الآن الزعيم القديم، الذي وضع رومولوس أوغستولوس على العرش، ثم تم وضع الصبي جانبًا بهدوء. ロムルス・アウグストゥラスを王位に就かせていた古い指導者は、今や彼に殺され、少年は静かに脇に置かれました。

Odoacer thus made himself ruler of Italy; but he neither took the name of Emperor himself, nor gave it to any one else. |in this way||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||da Itália|||||||||||||||| وهكذا جعل أودواكر نفسه حاكمًا لإيطاليا. لكنه لم يأخذ اسم الإمبراطور بنفسه، ولم يمنحه لأي شخص آخر. このようにして、オドアケルは自分自身をイタリアの支配者にしました。しかし、彼は皇帝自身の名前をとったり、他の誰にもそれを与えたりしませんでした。 He sent messengers instead to the Emperor of the East, at Constantinople, and laid at his feet the crown and purple robe. |||||||||||||||||||||紫袍 ||||||||||||||||||||royal attire|ceremonial garment |||||||||||||colocou aos pés|||||||| وأرسل بدلاً من ذلك رسلاً إلى إمبراطور المشرق في القسطنطينية، ووضع عند قدميه التاج والرداء الأرجواني. 彼は代わりにコンスタンティノープルの東の皇帝に使者を送り、彼の足元に王冠と紫色のローブを置いた。 Вместо этого он отправил гонцов к императору Востока в Константинополь и положил к его ногам корону и пурпурную мантию. 他向东帝国的皇帝派遣了使者,送上了皇冠和紫袍。 He said, in actions, if not in words: "One Emperor is enough for both East and West. |||||||||||sufficient||||| وقال بالفعل إن لم يكن بالقول: "إمبراطور واحد يكفي للشرق والغرب. He said, in actions, if not in words: "One Emperor is enough for both East and West. 彼は、言葉ではないにしても、行動の中で次のように述べた。 他说,虽然不一定用言语,但在行动上表明:"一个皇帝就足够统治东西方了。 I will rule Italy in your name and as your agent." ||||||||||representative سأحكم إيطاليا باسمك وباعتباري وكيلك". 私はあなたの名前とあなたの代理人としてイタリアを支配します。」 我将以你的名义,作为你的代理来统治意大利。" This is sometimes called the fall of the Western Empire; and so it was. يُطلق على هذا أحيانًا اسم سقوط الإمبراطورية الغربية؛ وكان كذلك. これは、西ローマ帝国の崩壊と呼ばれることもあります。そしてそうだった。 Yet there was not so very much change at first. ومع ذلك، لم يكن هناك الكثير من التغيير في البداية. しかし、最初はそれほど大きな変化はありませんでした。 Odoacer ruled in Italy in much the same way as the Emperors had done, except that his rule was better and stronger. Odoacer governed effectively.||||||||||||||||||||| |||Itália|||||||||||||||||| حكم أودواكر في إيطاليا بنفس الطريقة التي حكم بها الأباطرة، باستثناء أن حكمه كان أفضل وأقوى. オドアケルは、彼の支配がより良く、より強力であったことを除いて、皇帝が行ったのとほとんど同じ方法でイタリアを支配しました。

After sixteen years Odoacer was overthrown, and a new ruler arose in his place. |||||removed from power|||||||| |||||derrubado|||||surgiu||| وبعد ستة عشر عامًا، تمت الإطاحة بأودواكر، وقام مكانه حاكم جديد. 16年後、オドアケルは倒され、代わりに新しい支配者が生まれました。 This was Theodoric, the King of the EAST-GOTHS. ||西哥特王|||||| كان هذا ثيودوريك، ملك القوط الشرقيين. From the days of the battle of Adrianople to the death of Attila, this people had been subject to the Huns. ||||||||||||||||一直是|||| منذ أيام معركة أدرنة حتى وفاة أتيلا، كان هذا الشعب خاضعًا للهون. At the battle of Chalons they had fought on the side of the Huns, and against their kinsmen, the West-Goths. |||||||||||||||||亲属||西方| |||||||||||||||||родичі||| في معركة شالون، قاتلوا إلى جانب الهون وضد أقربائهم القوط الغربيين. Now, however, they were free; and a great leader had arisen among them in the person of Theodoric, the descendant of a long line of Gothic kings. |||||||||||||||||||||一个|长久的|||| ||||||||||emerged|||||||||offspring||||||| |||||||||||||||||||descendente||||||| ||||||||||||їх|||||||нащадок||||||| أما الآن فقد أصبحوا أحرارا؛ وقد نشأ بينهم زعيم عظيم وهو ثيودوريك، سليل سلسلة طويلة من ملوك القوط. 然而,现在他们是自由的;一位伟大的领袖在他们中间出现,他就是狄奥多里克,古老哥特王朝的后裔。

When Theodoric was a young boy, he had been sent as a hostage to Constantinople, where he had lived for ten years. ||||||||||||political prisoner||||||||| عندما كان ثيودوريك صبيا صغيرا، تم إرساله كرهينة إلى القسطنطينية، حيث عاش لمدة عشر سنوات. 当狄奥多里克还是个小男孩时,他被作为人质送往君士坦丁堡,在那里生活了十年。 There he had learned to like the cultured manners of the Romans, but he had not forgotten how to fight. وهناك تعلم أن يحب أخلاق الرومان المثقفة، لكنه لم ينس كيف يقاتل. 在那儿,他学会了喜欢罗马人的文明礼仪,但他并没有忘记如何战斗。 When he had returned home, a handsome lad of seventeen, he had gathered together an army, and without guidance from his father, had captured an important city. |||||||young man|||||||||||without direction|||||||| |||||||rapaz|||||reunido|||||||||||||| |||||||хлопець||||||||||||||||||| وعندما عاد إلى منزله، وهو فتى وسيم في السابعة عشرة من عمره، كان قد جمع جيشًا، ودون توجيه من والده، استولى على مدينة مهمة. This act showed his ability; and when his father died he was acknowledged as the King of his people. |||||||||||是||||||| ||||||||||||recognized as ruler|||||| ||||||||||||reconhecido|||||| أظهر هذا الفعل قدرته. وعندما مات والده تم الاعتراف به ملكا لشعبه. He was a man of great strength and courage; he was also wise and anxious for his people to improve. |||||||||他|||||||||| ||||||||||||||preocupado com||||| ||||||||||||||стурбований||||| لقد كان رجلاً يتمتع بقوة كبيرة وشجاعة. وكان أيضًا حكيمًا ومتشوقًا لتحسين شعبه. For some years his people had been wandering up and down in the Eastern Empire; but they were unable to master that land because of Constantinople's massive walls. ||||||||||||||||||||征服|||||君士坦丁堡的|| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||huge| لعدة سنوات كان شعبه يتجولون ذهابًا وإيابًا في الإمبراطورية الشرقية؛ لكنهم لم يتمكنوا من السيطرة على تلك الأرض بسبب أسوار القسطنطينية الضخمة. So, with the consent of the Emperor, Theodoric now decided to lead his East-Goths into Italy, drive Odoacer from the land, and settle his people there. ||这|||||||||||||||驱逐||||||||| |||permission||||||||||||||||||||||| |||consentimento||||||||||||||||||||||| لذلك، وبموافقة الإمبراطور، قرر ثيودوريك الآن قيادة القوط الشرقيين إلى إيطاليا، وطرد أودواكر من الأرض، وتوطين شعبه هناك.

The Goths set out over the Eastern Alps, two hundred thousand strong. ||||||||两|||人数众多 |||||||mountain range|||| انطلق القوط نحو جبال الألب الشرقية، بمائتي ألف جندي. Готы отправились за Восточные Альпы в количестве двухсот тысяч человек. With them went their wives and children, their slaves and cattle, and behind came twenty thousand lumbering ox carts laden with their goods. |||||||||||||来了|||笨重的|牛||||| ||||||||||livestock||||||moving heavily||wagons|heavily loaded||| ||||||||||||||||pesadas carroças|||carregados com||| ||||||||||||||||громадні|бики||вантажені||| وذهبت معهم زوجاتهم وأطفالهم وعبيدهم ومواشيهم، وخلفهم عشرون ألف عربة ثيران محملة ببضائعهم. But Odoacer proved a stubborn fighter. ||||unyielding| لكن أودواكر أثبت أنه مقاتل عنيد. Several hard battles had to be fought, and a siege three years long had to be laid to his capital before he was beaten. |||||||||||||||被击败|||||||| |||||||||blockade or encirclement|||||||||||||| |||||||e||cerco||||||||||capital da sua cidade|||| كان لا بد من خوض عدة معارك صعبة، كما كان لا بد من فرض حصار على عاصمته لمدة ثلاث سنوات قبل هزيمته. Then Theodoric, for almost the first and last time in his life, did a mean and treacherous act. |||几乎|||||||||做了||||| ||||||||||||||||deceitful| ||||||||||||||||traidor e vil| ثم قام ثيودوريك، للمرة الأولى والأخيرة تقريبًا في حياته، بعمل خسيس وغادر. His conquered enemy was invited to a friendly banquet; and there he was put to death with his own sword. 他的||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||feast or dinner||||||||||| |conquistado|||||||||||||||||| تمت دعوة عدوه المهزوم إلى مأدبة ودية. وهناك قُتل بسيفه. 彼の征服された敵は友好的な宴会に招待されました。そこで彼は自分の剣で死刑にされました。 他的被征服的敌人被邀请参加一个友好的宴会;在那里,他被用自己的剑处死。 In this way Theodoric completed the conquest that made him master of the whole of Italy, together with a large territory to the North and East of the Adriatic Sea. ||||||||||统治者|||||意大利|||||||||||||| ||||||conquista||||||||||junto com||||território||||||||| وبهذه الطريقة أكمل ثيودوريك الغزو الذي جعله سيدًا على إيطاليا بأكملها، بالإضافة إلى منطقة كبيرة شمال وشرق البحر الأدرياتيكي. 通过这种方式,西哥特王提奥多瑞克完成了征服,使他成为意大利全境的统治者,并获得了亚得里亚海北部和东部的大片领土。

For thirty-three years after that, Theodoric ruled over the kingdom of the East-Goths, as a wise and able king. |||||||||||||||||||能干的| ولمدة ثلاثة وثلاثين عامًا بعد ذلك، حكم ثيودوريك مملكة القوط الشرقيين، كملك حكيم وقدير. 在此后的三十三年里,提奥多瑞克统治着东哥特王国,成为一位明智而能干的国王。 Equal justice was granted to all, whether they were Goths or Italians; and Theodoric sought in every way to lead his people into a settled and civilized life. |||||||||||意大利人|||||||||||||||| |||given to|||||||||||||||||||||||| |||concedida|||||||||||||||||||||||| تم منح العدالة المتساوية للجميع، سواء كانوا من القوط أو الإيطاليين؛ وسعى ثيودوريك بكل الطرق لقيادة شعبه إلى حياة مستقرة ومتحضرة. The old roads, aqueducts, and public buildings were repaired; and new works in many places were erected. |||water supply channels|||||||||||||constructed ||||||||||||||||побудовані تم إصلاح الطرق القديمة والقنوات والمباني العامة. وتم إنشاء أعمال جديدة في العديد من الأماكن. Theodoric was not only a great warrior and statesman; he was also a man of deep and wide thought. ||||||||||||||||||思想 ||||||||political leader|||||||||| ||||||||estadista|||||||||| ||||||||державний діяч|||||||||| لم يكن ثيودوريك محاربًا ورجل دولة عظيمًا فحسب؛ لقد كان أيضًا رجلاً ذا تفكير عميق وواسع. If any man and any people were suited to build up a new kingdom out of the ruins of the Empire, and end the long period of disorder and confusion which we call the Dark Ages, it would seem that it was Theodoric, and his East-Goths. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||它|将||||||||| |||||||well-matched for||||||||||||||||||||chaos and confusion||||||||||||||||||| |||||||adequados||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| إذا كان أي رجل وأي شعب مناسبًا لبناء مملكة جديدة من أنقاض الإمبراطورية، وإنهاء الفترة الطويلة من الفوضى والارتباك التي نسميها العصور المظلمة، فسيبدو أنه كان ثيودوريك، وشرقه- القوط. But no sooner was Theodoric dead, than his kingdom began to fall to pieces. 但是|没有||就|||就||||||| ||as soon as||||||||||| ولكن ما إن مات ثيودوريك، حتى بدأت مملكته في الانهيار.

The Eastern Empire had now passed into the hands of an able Emperor, who is renowned as a conqueror, a builder, and a law-giver. |||||||||||||||well-known||||||||| |||||||||||||||renomado|||conquistador|||||| لقد انتقلت الإمبراطورية الشرقية الآن إلى أيدي إمبراطور مقتدر، اشتهر بكونه فاتحًا وبانيًا ومشرعًا. His name was JUSTINIAN; and he was served by men as great as himself. |||查士丁尼||他|||||||| كان اسمه جستنيان. وقد خدمه رجال عظيمون مثله. Under their skillful attacks, much of the lands which had been lost were now won back. ||||||||||||||夺回| ||expertly executed||||||||||||| sob||habilidosas||||||||||||| وفي ظل هجماتهم الماهرة، تم الآن استعادة الكثير من الأراضي التي فقدوها. The Vandal kingdom in Africa was overturned; the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia were recovered; and at last, after years of hard fighting, the East-Goths too were conquered. |||||是||||||科西嘉||撒丁岛|||||||||艰苦||||||| ||||||overthrown||||island in Italy|French island|||||||||||||||||| ||||||derrubado|||||||Sardenha||||||||||||||||conquistados انقلبت مملكة الفاندال في أفريقيا؛ وتم استرداد جزر صقلية، وكورسيكا، وسردينيا؛ وأخيرًا، بعد سنوات من القتال العنيف، تم غزو القوط الشرقيين أيضًا. The last remnant of that race then wandered north of the Alps, and disappeared from history. 那个||||||||||||||| ||remaining part||||||||||||| ||remanescente||essa|||percorreu vagando|||||||| ||залишок||||||||||||| ثم تجولت آخر بقايا ذلك العرق شمال جبال الألب، واختفت من التاريخ.

It was only for a little while, however, that the Eastern Emperor was able once more to rule all Italy. 它||只是||||||||||||||||| ولكن لفترة قصيرة فقط تمكن الإمبراطور الشرقي من حكم إيطاليا بأكملها مرة أخرى. しかし、東皇帝が再びイタリア全土を統治することができたのはほんの少しの間でした。 Within thirteen years a new Germanic people appeared on the scene,—the last to find a settlement within the Empire. ||||||||||||||||permanent residence||| وفي غضون ثلاثة عشر عامًا، ظهر على الساحة شعب جرماني جديد، وكان آخر من وجد مستوطنة داخل الإمبراطورية. 13年以内に、新しいゲルマン人が登場しました。これは、帝国内で最後に開拓地を見つけた人々です。 在十三年内,一个新的日耳曼民族出现在舞台上——这是最后一个在帝国内找到定居点的民族。 These were the LOMBARDS, or "Langobards," as they were called from their long beards. |||||伦巴第人|||是||||| |||||||||||||barbas وكان هؤلاء هم اللومبارديون، أو "اللانغوبارديون"، كما كانوا يُسمون بسبب لحاهم الطويلة. 他们就是伦巴第人,或称为“朗戈巴尔德”,因为他们有着长长的胡须。 Ten generations before, according to their legends, a wise queen had led their race across the Baltic Sea, from what is now Sweden, to Germany. ||||||traditional stories|||||guided||||||||||||| قبل عشرة أجيال، وفقًا لأساطيرهم، قادت ملكة حكيمة عرقهم عبر بحر البلطيق، من ما يعرف الآن بالسويد، إلى ألمانيا. 据他们的传说,十代前,一位聪明的女王曾带领他们的族群越过波罗的海,从现在的瑞典来到德国。 Since then they had gradually worked their way south, until now they were on the borders of Italy. ومنذ ذلك الحين، شقوا طريقهم تدريجيًا جنوبًا، حتى وصلوا إلى حدود إيطاليا. The northern parts of the peninsula at this time were almost uninhabited, as a result of years of war and pestilence. |||||||||||sparsely populated|||||||||deadly disease |||||||||||непридатний для життя||||||||| |norte||||||||||quase desabitadas||||||da|||pestilência كانت الأجزاء الشمالية من شبه الجزيرة في ذلك الوقت غير مأهولة تقريبًا، نتيجة لسنوات من الحرب والأوبئة. The resistance to the Lombards, therefore, was very weak; and the whole valley of the river Po—thenceforth to this day called "Lombard"—passed into their hands almost at a blow. 这个||||||||||||||||波河||||天||伦巴第|||||几乎||| |||||||||||||||||from that time|||||Lombardy||||||||all at once |||||||||||||||||a partir de então||||||||||||| لذلك كانت مقاومة اللومبارد ضعيفة للغاية. وسقط وادي نهر بو بأكمله - الذي يُطلق عليه منذ ذلك الحين فصاعدا "لومبارد" - في أيديهم بضربة واحدة تقريبًا. These Lombards were a rude people and but little civilized, when they first entered Italy. كان هؤلاء اللومبارديون أشخاصًا فظين ولكنهم قليلي التحضر عندما دخلوا إيطاليا لأول مرة. It was not until some time after they had settled there, that they even became Christians. ||didn't||||||||||||| ولم يكن الأمر كذلك إلا بعد مرور بعض الوقت على استقرارهم هناك، حتى أصبحوا مسيحيين. 直到他们在那里安顿下来一段时间后,他们才成为基督徒。 A wild story is told of the King who led them into Italy. تُروى قصة جامحة عن الملك الذي قادهم إلى إيطاليا. 有一个关于带他们进入意大利的国王的离奇故事。 He had slain with his own hand the King of another German folk, and from his enemy's skull he had made a drinking cup, mounted in gold. ||||||||||||||||敌人的|||||||||| |||||||||||Germanic tribe|||||||||||||decorated with|| |||||||||||||||||crânio|||||||revestido de|| لقد قتل بيده ملكًا لشعب ألماني آخر، وصنع من جمجمة عدوه كوبًا للشرب مثبتًا بالذهب. 他亲手杀死了另一个德意志民族的国王,并用他敌人的头骨制作了一个金制的饮杯。 His wife was the daughter of the King he had slain. وكانت زوجته ابنة الملك الذي قتله. Some time after, as he sat long at the table in his capital, he grew boisterous; and sending for the cup, he forced his Queen to drink from it bidding her "drink joyfully with her father." |||||||||||||||喧闹的||||||||||||||饮酒|||欢快地||| |||||||||||||||loud and energetic||||||||||||||commanding|||||| |||||||||||||||ruidoso e alegre||||||||||||||ordenando que|||||| |||||||||||||||гучний||||||||||||||підштовхуючи|||||| بعد مرور بعض الوقت، بينما كان يجلس لفترة طويلة على الطاولة في عاصمته، أصبح صاخبًا؛ وأرسل ليطلب الكأس، وأجبر ملكته على الشرب منه، وأمرها "أن تشرب بفرح مع والدها". At this the Queen's heart was filled with grief and anger, and she plotted how she might revenge her father upon her husband. |这个|||||||悲伤|||||策划||||||||| ||||||||deep sorrow|||||schemed||||||||| عندها امتلأ قلب الملكة بالحزن والغضب، وخطرت لكيفية الانتقام من والدها من زوجها. 此时,女王的心中充满了悲伤与愤怒,她策划着如何为父亲报仇于丈夫。 So, while the King slept one night, she caused an armed man to creep into the room and slay him. |||||||她|||||||||||杀死| ||||||||arranged for|||||sneak in|||||kill him violently| |enquanto|||||||||||||||||| لذا، بينما كان الملك نائمًا في إحدى الليالي، تسببت في تسلل رجل مسلح إلى الغرفة وقتله. 于是,在一个夜晚,国王睡觉时,她让一个武装男子悄悄进入房间杀了他。 In this way she secured her revenge; but she, and all who had helped her, came to evil ends,—for, as an old writer says, "the hand of Heaven was upon them for doing so foul a deed." |||||||||||||||||||||||||这|||||||||||| ||||achieved||||||||||||||||||||||||divine justice|||||||immoral||wicked act |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||tão vil||ato vil |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||огидний||вчинок وبهذه الطريقة ضمنت انتقامها. لكنها وكل من ساعدها، وصلوا إلى نهايات سيئة، لأنه، كما يقول كاتب قديم، "كانت يد السماء عليهم لارتكابهم هذا العمل السيء". このようにして、彼女は復讐を果たしました。しかし、彼女と彼女を助けたすべての人は、邪悪な終わりを迎えました。なぜなら、古い作家が言うように、「天の手は、そのように悪い行いをしたために彼らの上にあった」からです。 以这种方式,她报了仇;但她和所有帮助她的人都遭到了恶报——正如一位古老的作家所说,“天意降临在他们身上,因为他们做了如此卑鄙的事情。” The Lombards were not so strongly united as most of the Germans, nor was their form of government so highly developed. لم يكن اللومبارد متحدين بقوة مثل معظم الألمان، ولم يكن شكل حكومتهم متطورًا للغاية. ロンバード人はほとんどのドイツ人ほど強く団結しておらず、彼らの政府形態もそれほど高度に発達していませんでした。 Many independent bands of Lombards settled districts in Central and Southern Italy, under the rule of their own leaders, or "dukes." ||||||||||||||||||||公爵 ||groups of warriors|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||князі ||||||||||do Sul|||||||||| استقرت العديد من المجموعات المستقلة من اللومبارديين في مناطق وسط وجنوب إيطاليا، تحت حكم قادتهم، أو "الدوقات". ロンバードの多くの独立したバンドは、彼ら自身の指導者、または「公爵」の支配下で、イタリア中部と南部の地区に定住しました。 In this way the peninsula was cut up into many governments. ||||||divided||||political entities وبهذه الطريقة تم تقسيم شبه الجزيرة إلى العديد من الحكومات. このようにして、半島は多くの政府に分割されました。 The northern part was under the Lombard King; a number of petty dukes each ruled over his own district; and the remainder, including the city of Rome, was ruled by the officers of the Eastern Emperor. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||这个||||| ||||||||||belonging to|small-time||||||||||the rest|||||||||||||| |||||||||||pequenos|||||||||||||||||||||||| كان الجزء الشمالي تحت حكم الملك اللومباردي. عدد من الدوقات الصغار حكم كل منهم منطقته؛ والباقي، بما في ذلك مدينة روما، كان يحكمها ضباط الإمبراطور الشرقي. 北部はロンバードキングの下にありました。それぞれが自分の地区を支配していた多くのささいな公爵。ローマ市を含む残りの部分は、東皇帝の将校によって統治されていました。

The kingdom of the Lombards lasted for about two hundred years. استمرت مملكة اللومبارد حوالي مائتي عام. ランゴバルド王国は約200年間続いた。 Lombardların krallığı yaklaşık iki yüz yıl sürdü. Then it, too, was overturned, and the land was conquered by a new German people, the greatest of them all and the only one, with the exception of the English, that was to establish a lasting kingdom. ||||||||||||||民族|||||||的||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||apart from|||||||set up||Enduring| ثم انقلبت أيضًا، وتم فتح الأرض من قبل شعب ألماني جديد، أعظمهم جميعًا والوحيد، باستثناء الإنجليز، الذي كان له أن يؤسس مملكة دائمة. それからそれもまたひっくり返され、土地は新しいドイツ人によって征服されました。彼らの中で最も偉大な人々は、英語を除いて、永続的な王国を確立することでした。 然后它也被推翻,土地被一个新的德国民族征服,所有民族中最伟大的,除了英国人之外,唯一一个建立持久王国的民族。 These were the FRANKS, who settled in Gaul, and founded France. |||法兰克||||||| هؤلاء هم الفرنجة الذين استقروا في بلاد الغال وأسسوا فرنسا. これらは、ガリアに定住し、フランスを設立したフランク人でした。 他们就是法兰克人,他们定居在高卢,建立了法国。 But before we trace their history we must first turn aside and see how the Christian Church was gaining in strength and power in this dark period of warfare and confusion. ||我们|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||track down||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||плутанина ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||guerra|| ولكن قبل أن نتتبع تاريخهم، يجب علينا أولاً أن ننحي جانبًا ونرى كيف كانت الكنيسة المسيحية تكتسب قوة وقوة في هذه الفترة المظلمة من الحرب والارتباك. Ancak tarihlerinin izini sürmeden önce, önce bir yana dönüp Hıristiyan Kilisesi'nin bu karanlık savaş ve karışıklık döneminde nasıl güç ve güç kazandığını görmeliyiz. 但在我们追溯他们的历史之前,我们必须先转过身来看看,在这一段战争和混乱的黑暗时期,基督教会是如何获得力量和权力的。