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The Story of the Middle Ages, 17. The Hundred Years' War

17. The Hundred Years' War

One of the signs that the Middle Ages were coming to an end was the long war between France and England.

It lasted altogether from 1337 to 1453, and is called the Hundred Years' War. When William the Conqueror became King of England, he did not cease to be Duke of Normandy. Indeed, as time went on, the power of the English kings in France increased, until William's successors ruled all the western part of that land, from north of the river Seine to the Pyrenees Mountains, and from the Bay of Biscay almost to the river Rhone. They held all this territory as fiefs of the kings of France; but the fact that they were also independent kings of England made them stronger than their overlords. This led to frequent wars, until, at last, the English kings had lost all their land in France except Aquitaine, in the southwest.

These, however, were merely feudal wars between the rulers of the two countries. They did not much concern the people of either France or England; for in neither country had the people come to feel that they were a nation and that one of their first duties was to love their own country and support their own government. In Aquitaine, indeed, the people scarcely felt that they were French at all, and rather preferred the kings of England to the French kings who dwelt at Paris. During the Hundred Years' War, all this was to change. In fighting with one another, in this long struggle, the people of France and of England came gradually to feel that they were French and English. The people of Aquitaine began to feel that they were of nearer kin to those who dwelt about Paris than they were to the English, and began to feel love for France and hatred for England. It was the same, too, with the English. In fighting the French, the descendants of the old Saxons, and of the conquering Normans, came to feel that they were all alike Englishmen. So, although the long war brought terrible suffering and misery, it brought also some good to both countries. In each patriotism was born, and in each the people became a nation.

There were many things which led up to the war, but the chief was the fact that the French King, who died in 1328, left no son to succeed him. The principal claimants for the throne were his cousin, Philip, who was Duke of Valois, and his nephew, Edward III. of England. The French nobles decided in favor of Duke Philip, and he became King as Philip VI. Edward did not like this decision, but he accepted it for a time. After nine years, however, war broke out because of other reasons; and then Edward claimed the throne as his of right.

During the first eight years, neither country gained any great advantage, though the English won an important battle at sea. In the ninth year the English gained their first great victory on land.

This battle took place at Crecy, in the northernmost part of France, about one hundred miles from Paris. The French army was twice as large as the English, and was made up mainly of mounted knights, armed with lance and sword, and clad in the heavy armor of the Middle Ages. The English army was made up chiefly of archers on foot. Everywhere in England boys were trained from the time they were six or seven years old at shooting with the bow and arrow. As they grew older, stronger and stronger bows were given them, until at last they could use the great longbows of their fathers. The greatest care was taken in this teaching; and on holidays grown men as well as boys might be seen practicing shooting at marks on the village commons. In this way the English became the best archers in Europe, and so powerful were their bows that the arrows would often pierce armor or slay a knight's horse at a hundred yards. So the advantage was not so great on the side of the French as it seemed. Besides, King Edward placed his men very skillfully, while the French managed the battle very badly. Edward placed his archers at the top of a sloping hillside, with the knights behind. In command of the first line he placed his fifteen-year-old son, the Black Prince, while the King himself took a position on a little windmill-hill in the rear. The French had a large number of crossbowmen with them. Although the crossbowmen could not shoot so rapidly as the English archers, because the crossbow had to be rested on the ground, and wound up after each shot, they could shoot to a greater distance and with more force. Unluckily, a shower wet the strings of the crossbows, while the English were able to protect their bows and keep the strings dry. So when the French King ordered the crossbowmen to advance, they went unwillingly; and when the English archers, each stepping forward one pace, let fly their arrows, the crossbowmen turned and fled.

At this King Philip was very angry, for he thought they fled through cowardice; so he cried: "Slay me those rascals!" At this command, the French knights rode among the crossbowmen and killed many of their own men. All this while the English arrows were falling in showers about them, and many horses, and knights, as well as archers, were slain.

Then the French horsemen charged the English lines. Some of the knights about the young Prince now began to fear for him, and sent to the King, urging him to send assistance.

"Is my son dead," asked the King, "or so wounded that he cannot help himself? " "No, sire, please God," answered the messenger, "but he is in a hard passage of arms, and much needs your help. " "Then," said King Edward, "return to them that sent you, and tell them not to send to me again so long as my son lives. I command them to let the boy win his spurs. If God be pleased, I will that the honor of this day shall be his. " On the French side was the blind old King of Bohemia. When the fighting began he said to those about him:

"You are my vassals and friends. I pray you to lead me so far into the battle that I may strike at least one good stroke with my sword! " Two of his attendants then placed themselves on either side of him; and, tying the bridles of their horses together, they rode into the fight. There the old blind King fought valiantly; and when the battle was over, the bodies of all three were found, with their horses still tied together.

The victory of the English was complete. Thousands of the French were slain, and King Philip himself was obliged to flee to escape capture. But though the Black Prince won his spurs right nobly, the chief credit for the victory was due to the English archers.

It was many years after this before the next great battle was fought. This was due, in part, to a terrible sickness which came upon all Western Europe soon after the battle of Crecy. It was called the Black Death, and arose in Asia, where cholera and the plague often arise. Whole villages were attacked at the same time; and for two years the disease raged everywhere. When, at last, it died out, half of the population of England was gone; and France had suffered almost as terribly.

Ten years after the battle of Crecy (in 1356) the war broke out anew. The Black Prince, at the head of an army, set out from Aquitaine and marched northward into the heart of France. Soon, however, he found his retreat cut off near the city of Poitiers by the French King John (who had succeeded his father Philip), with an army six or seven times the size of the English force. The situation of the English was so bad that the Prince offered to give up all the prisoners, castles, and towns which they had taken during this expedition, and to promise not to fight against France again for seven years, if the French King would grant them a free retreat. But King John felt so sure of victory that he refused these terms. Then the battle began.

Just as at Crecy, the English were placed on a little hill; and again they depended chiefly on their archers. From behind a thick hedge they shot their arrows in clouds as the French advanced. Soon all was uproar and confusion. Many of the French lay wounded or slain; and many of their horses, feeling the sting of the arrow-heads, reared wildly, flung their riders, and dashed to the rear. When once dismounted, a knight could not mount to the saddle again without assistance, so heavy was the armor which was then worn.

In a short time this division of the French was overthrown. Then a second, and finally a third division met the same fate. To the war-cries, "Mountjoy! Saint Denis!" the English replied with shouts of "St. George! Guyenne!" The ringing of spear-heads upon shields, the noise of breaking lances, the clash of hostile swords and battle-axes, were soon added to the rattle of English arrows upon French breastplates and helmets. At last the French were all overthrown, or turned in flight, except in one quarter of the field. There King John, with a few of his bravest knights, fought valiantly on foot. As he swung his heavy battle-ax, now at this foe and now at that, his son Philip,—a brave boy of thirteen years,—cried unceasingly:

"Father, guard right! Father, guard left! " At last even the King was obliged to surrender; and he and his son Philip were taken prisoners to the tent of the English Prince. There they were courteously entertained, the Prince waiting upon them at table with his own hands. But for several years they remained captives, awaiting the ransom which the English demanded.

The battle of Poitiers was a sad blow indeed to France. Many hundreds of her noblest knights were there slain; and all sorts of disorders arose during the captivity of her King. The peasants rose in rebellion against their masters, and civil war broke out. And when, after four years of comfortable captivity, King John was set free, he was obliged to pay a heavy ransom and sign a peace in which he surrendered to the English, in full right, all of Aquitaine. Soon after this "Good King John," as he was called, died, leaving his kingdom in great disorder He was a good knight and brave man; but he was a poor general and a weak king. His eldest son, Charles, who was styled Charles V., or Charles the Wise, now became King. He was very different from his father; and though he was not nearly so knightly a warrior, he proved a much better king. He improved the government and the army; and when the war with the English began again, he at once began to be successful. The Black Prince was now broken in health, and died in the year 1376; the old English King, Edward III., died the next year; and then Richard II., the twelve-year-old son of the Black Prince, became King of England. Troubles, too, broke out in England, so the English were not able to carry on the war as vigorously as they had done before. At the same time the French King found a general named Du Guesclin, who proved to be the best general that the Middle Ages ever saw.

One trouble with the French had been that they scorned the "base-born" foot-soldiers, and thought that war should be the business of the heavy-armed knights alone; and another was that the knights thought it disgraceful to retreat, even when they knew they could not win. With Du Geusclin, all this was different. He was willing to use peasants and townsmen if their way of fighting was better than that of the nobles; and he did not think it beneath him to retreat if he saw he could not win. So, by caution and good sense, and the support of wise King Charles, he won victory after victory; and though no great battles were fought, almost all of the English possessions in France came into the hands of the French once more.

Then the French successes stopped for a time. Du Guesclin died, and after him King Charles V.; and now it was the French who had a boy king. When this King, Charles VI., grew to be a man, he became insane; and his uncles quarreled with one another and with the King's brother for the government. Soon the quarrel led to murder, and the murder to civil war; and again France was thrown into all the misery and disorder from which it had been rescued by Charles the Wise.

In England, about this time, King Henry V., came to the throne. He was a young and warlike prince; and he wished, through a renewal of the war, to win glory for himself. Besides, he remembered the old claim of Edward III., to the French crown; and he thought that now, when the French nobles were fighting among themselves, was a fine opportunity to make that claim good.

So, in the year 1415, King Henry landed with an army in France, and began again the old, old struggle. And again, after a few months, the English found their retreat cut off near a little village called Agincourt, by a much larger army of the French. But King Henry remembered the victories of Crecy and Poitiers, and did not despair. When one of his knights wished that the thousands of warriors then lying idle in England were only there, King Henry exclaimed:

"I would not have a single man more. If God gives us the victory, it will be plain that we owe it to His grace. If not, the fewer we are, the less loss to England. " At Agincourt there was no sheltering hedge to protect the English archers. To make up for this, King Henry ordered each man to provide himself with tall stakes, sharpened at each end; these they planted slantwise in the ground as a protection against French horsemen. Most of the English force was again made up of archers with the long-bow, while most of the French were knights in full armor. The French, indeed, seemed to have forgotten all that Du Guesclin and Charles V., had taught them. To make matters worse, their knights dismounted and sought to march upon the English position on foot. As the field through which they had to pass was newly plowed and wet with rain, the heavy-armed knights sank knee deep in mud at every step. For the third time the English victory was complete. Eleven thousand Frenchmen were left dead upon the field, and among the number were more than a hundred great lords and princes. In after years Englishmen sang of the wonderful victory in these words:

"Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? When English slew and hurt All their French foemen? With our pikes and bills brown How the French were beat down, Shot by our bowmen.

"Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? English of every sort, High men and low men, Fought that day wondrous well, as All our old stories tell us, Thanks to our bowmen.

"Agincourt, Agincourt! Know ye not Agincourt? When our fifth Harry taught Frenchmen to know men, And when the day was done Thousands then fell to one Good English bowman. " Even so great a defeat as this could not make the French princes cease their quarrels. Again the leader of one party was murdered by the follower of another; and the followers of the dead prince became so bitterly hostile that they were willing to join the English against the other party. In this way the Burgundians, as the one party was called, entered into a treaty with Henry of England against the Armagnacs, as the other party was called; and it was agreed that Henry should marry Katherine, the daughter of the insane King, and Henry should become King of France when the old King died. No one seemed to care for the rights of the Dauphin (the French King's son) except the Armagnacs; they, of course, were opposed to all that the Burgundians did. Both Henry V. of England and poor old Charles VI. of France died within two years after this treaty was signed. Henry had married Katharine as agreed; and though their son (Henry VI.) was a mere baby, only nine months old, he now became King of both England and France. In neither country, however, was his reign to be a happy or a peaceful one. In England the little King's relatives fell to quarreling about the government, just as had happened in France; and when he grew up, like his French grandfather he became insane. At the same time the English found their hold upon France relaxing and the land slipping from their grasp.

Only the Armagnacs at first recognized the Dauphin as King; and for seven years after the death of his father he had great difficulty in keeping any part of France from the hands of the English. In the year 1429, however, a great change took place. A young peasant girl, named Joan of Arc, appeared at the King's court in that year, and under her inspiration and guidance the French cause began to gain, and the English and Burgundian to lose ground. Joan's home was in the far northeastern part of France, and there she had been brought up in the cottage of her father with her brothers and sisters. There she helped to herd the sheep, assisted her mother in household tasks, and learned to spin and to sew. She never learned to read and write, for that was not thought necessary for peasant girls. Joan was a sweet, good girl, and was very religious. Even in her far-off village the people suffered from the evils which the wars brought upon the land, and Joan's heart was moved by the distress which she saw about her. When she was thirteen she began to hear voices of saints and angels,—of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, and of the angel Gabriel. When she was eighteen her "voices" told her that she must go into France, aid the Dauphin, and cause him to be crowned king at Rheims, where the kings of France had been crowned before him. The cause of the Dauphin at this time was at its lowest ebb. The English were besieging the city of Orleans, on the Loire River; and if that was taken all France would be lost. So the first work of Joan must be to raise the siege of Orleans. With much difficulty she succeeded in reaching the Dauphin. When she was brought into the room where he was, she picked him out from among all, though she had never seen him, and many of the courtiers were more richly dressed than he. After many weeks she succeeded in persuading his councillors that her voices were from God, and not the evil one. Then, at last, she was given a suit of armor, and mounted on a white horse, with a sword at her side and a standard in her hand, she rode at the head of the Dauphin's troops to Orleans. When once Joan had reached that place, she so encouraged the citizens that within eight days the English were forced to raise the siege and retire. It seemed to the French a miracle of God, while the English dreaded and feared her as a witch or sorceress. From this time Joan is called "the Maid of Orleans." Nor did her success stop with the relief of that city. Within a few months, the Dauphin was taken to Rheims, and crowned as true King of France. After this many flocked to his standard who before had taken no part in the war. From that time on the French began to get the advantage of the English; and it was mainly the enthusiasm and faith aroused by the Maid that caused the change.

Joan's work was now almost done. Twice she was wounded while fighting at the head of the King's troops. At last she was taken prisoner by a party of Burgundians, and turned over to the English. By them she was put on trial for heresy and sorcery. She showed much courage and skill before her judges, but she was condemned and sentenced to be burned to death at the stake. The next day the sentence was carried out. To the last she showed herself brave, kind, and womanly. As the flames mounted about her an Englishman cried out: "We are lost; we have burned a saint." Such indeed she was, if a saint was ever made by purity, faith, and noble suffering.

The English burned the Maid and threw her ashes in the river Seine; but they could not undo her work. The French continued to gain victory after victory. Soon the old breach between the Armagnacs and Burgundians was healed, and the Burgundians abandoned the English. Then Paris was gained by the French King. Some years later Normandy was conquered, and finally Aquitaine.

In the year 1453, the long, long war came to an end. Of all the wide territories which the English had once possessed in France, they now held only one little town in the north; and the shadows of a civil war—the War of the Roses—were rising in England to prevent them from ever regaining what they had lost. Down to the time of George III. the English kings continued to style themselves kings of France; but this was a mere form. The French now felt themselves to be a nation, and only a national king could rule over them. That this was so was mainly due to the Maid of Orleans. She was the real savior of France, and remains its greatest national hero.

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17. The Hundred Years' War 17. حرب المائة عام 17. Der Hundertjährige Krieg 17. La Guerra de los Cien Años 17. La guerre de Cent Ans 17. La Guerra dei Cento Anni 17.百年戦争 17. A Guerra dos Cem Anos 17. Столетняя война 17. Столітня війна 17. 百年战争

One of the signs that the Middle Ages were coming to an end was the long war between France and England. 一个|||||||||||||||||||| كانت إحدى العلامات التي تشير إلى اقتراب العصور الوسطى من نهايتها هي الحرب الطويلة بين فرنسا وإنجلترا.

It lasted altogether from 1337 to 1453, and is called the Hundred Years' War. ||altogether||||||||| استمرت الحرب بأكملها من عام 1337 إلى عام 1453، ويُطلق عليها اسم حرب المائة عام. When William the Conqueror became King of England, he did not cease to be Duke of Normandy. |||||||||仍然||||||| |||||||||||did not stop||||| |||||||||||припинив||||| عندما أصبح ويليام الفاتح ملكًا لإنجلترا، لم يتوقف عن كونه دوقًا لنورماندي. When William the Conqueror became King of England, he did not cease to be Duke of Normandy. Indeed, as time went on, the power of the English kings in France increased, until William's successors ruled all the western part of that land, from north of the river Seine to the Pyrenees Mountains, and from the Bay of Biscay almost to the river Rhone. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||比斯开湾|几乎|||| ||||||||||||||||heirs||||||||||||||||||||||||Bay of Biscay||||| ||||||||||||||||наступники Віль||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وبالفعل، ومع مرور الوقت، ازدادت قوة الملوك الإنجليز في فرنسا، حتى أن خلفاء ويليام حكموا الجزء الغربي بأكمله من تلك الأرض، من شمال نهر السين إلى جبال البرانس، ومن خليج بسكاي إلى نهر الرون تقريبًا. They held all this territory as fiefs of the kings of France; but the fact that they were also independent kings of England made them stronger than their overlords. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||统治者 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||superiors ||||||феоди|||||||||||||||||||||| لقد احتفظوا بكل هذه الأراضي باعتبارها إقطاعيات لملوك فرنسا؛ ولكن حقيقة أنهم كانوا أيضًا ملوكًا مستقلين لإنجلترا جعلتهم أقوى من أسيادهم. This led to frequent wars, until, at last, the English kings had lost all their land in France except Aquitaine, in the southwest. |||||||||||||||||||阿基坦||| |||||||||||||||||||Aquitaine|||southwestern وقد أدى هذا إلى نشوب حروب متكررة، حتى خسر الملوك الإنجليز في النهاية كل أراضيهم في فرنسا باستثناء آكيتاين في الجنوب الغربي.

These, however, were merely feudal wars between the rulers of the two countries. ||是|||||||||| |||only||||||||| ومع ذلك، كانت هذه مجرد حروب إقطاعية بين حكام البلدين. They did not much concern the people of either France or England; for in neither country had the people come to feel that they were a nation and that one of their first duties was to love their own country and support their own government. |||||||||||||||||||来||||||||||||||||||||||||| ولم تكن هذه القضايا محل اهتمام كبير من جانب الشعب الفرنسي أو الشعب الإنجليزي؛ ذلك أن الشعب في أي من البلدين لم يشعر بأنه أمة وأن من أولى واجباته حب وطنه ودعم حكومته. In Aquitaine, indeed, the people scarcely felt that they were French at all, and rather preferred the kings of England to the French kings who dwelt at Paris. |||||barely||||||located at|||||||||||||||| في الواقع، لم يشعر الناس في آكيتاين بأنهم فرنسيون على الإطلاق، بل كانوا يفضلون ملوك إنجلترا على الملوك الفرنسيين الذين سكنوا باريس. During the Hundred Years' War, all this was to change. |||||所有这一切||是|| خلال حرب المائة عام، تغير كل هذا. In fighting with one another, in this long struggle, the people of France and of England came gradually to feel that they were  French and English. ||||||||||||||||逐渐意识到||||||||| في صراعهم مع بعضهم البعض، في هذا الصراع الطويل، أصبح شعب فرنسا وشعب إنجلترا يشعران تدريجياً بأنهم فرنسيون وإنجليز. The people of Aquitaine began to feel that they were of nearer kin to those who dwelt about Paris than they were to the English, and began to feel love for France and hatred for England. ||||||||||||亲属关系||||||||||||||||||||||| بدأ شعب آكيتاين يشعر أنهم أقرب إلى سكان باريس من الإنجليز، وبدأوا يشعرون بالحب تجاه فرنسا والكراهية تجاه إنجلترا. It was the same, too, with the English. 也是如此||||||| In fighting the French, the descendants of the old Saxons, and of the conquering Normans, came to feel that they were all alike Englishmen. |||||||||||||||来了||||他们|是|所有人|| في محاربة الفرنسيين، أصبح أحفاد الساكسونيين القدامى، والنورمان الفاتحين، يشعرون أنهم جميعًا إنجليز على حد سواء. So, although the long war brought terrible suffering and misery, it brought also some good to both countries. وهكذا، على الرغم من أن الحرب الطويلة جلبت معاناة وبؤسًا رهيبين، فإنها جلبت أيضًا بعض الخير لكلا البلدين. In each patriotism was born, and in each the people became a nation. ||||||||||成为|| في كل منها ولدت الوطنية، وفي كل منها أصبح الشعب أمة.

There were many things which led up to the war, but the chief was the fact that the French King, who died in 1328, left no son to succeed him. |||||||||||这个||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||inherit the throne| لقد كانت هناك أسباب كثيرة أدت إلى الحرب، لكن السبب الرئيسي كان حقيقة أن الملك الفرنسي، الذي توفي عام 1328، لم يترك ابنًا ليخلفه. The principal claimants for the throne were his cousin, Philip, who was Duke of Valois, and his nephew, Edward III. ||||||||||||||瓦卢瓦||||| |main|those asserting rights||||||||||||Valois|||Edward III|| وكان المطالبون الرئيسيون بالعرش هم ابن عمه، فيليب، الذي كان دوق فالوا، وابن أخيه، إدوارد الثالث. of England. The French nobles decided in favor of Duke Philip, and he became King as Philip VI. |||||||||||||||VI قرر النبلاء الفرنسيون لصالح الدوق فيليب، وأصبح ملكًا باسم فيليب السادس. Edward did not like this decision, but he accepted it for a time. لم يعجب هذا القرار إدوارد، لكنه تقبله لفترة من الوقت. After nine years, however, war broke out because of other reasons; and then Edward claimed the throne as his of right. ||||||||||||||||||他的|| ولكن بعد تسع سنوات اندلعت الحرب لأسباب أخرى؛ فطالب إدوارد بالعرش باعتباره حقه الشرعي.

During the first eight years, neither country gained any great advantage, though the English won an important battle at sea. خلال السنوات الثماني الأولى، لم يحقق أي من البلدين أي ميزة كبيرة، على الرغم من فوز الإنجليز في معركة بحرية مهمة. In the ninth year the English gained their first great victory on land. ||ninth|||||||||| وفي السنة التاسعة حقق الإنجليز أول انتصار كبير لهم على الأرض.

This battle took place at Crecy, in the northernmost part of France, about one hundred miles from Paris. ||||||||最北部的|部分|||||||| |||||Crecy|||northernmost||||||||| The French army was twice as large as the English, and was made up mainly of mounted knights, armed with lance and sword, and clad in the heavy armor of the Middle Ages. |||||||||||是|组成|||||||||||||||||||| ||||two times||||||||||||horseback||||||||dressed in|||||||| ||||||||||||||||騎乗した|||||||||||||||| The English army was made up chiefly of archers on foot. |||||||||步兵| كان الجيش الإنجليزي يتكون في المقام الأول من الرماة المشاة. Everywhere in England boys were trained from the time they were six or seven years old at shooting with the bow and arrow. |||||||||||||||老|在|||||| All over|||||||||||||||||||||| في كل مكان في إنجلترا كان يتم تدريب الأولاد منذ أن كانوا في السادسة أو السابعة من العمر على الرماية بالقوس والسهم. As they grew older, stronger and stronger bows were given them, until at last they could use the great longbows of their fathers. |||年长||||||||直到|||||||伟大的|长弓||| |||||||||||||||||||longbows||| |||||||луки||||||||||||довгі луки||| ومع تقدمهم في السن، تم منحهم أقواسًا أقوى وأقوى، حتى أصبحوا في النهاية قادرين على استخدام الأقواس الطويلة العظيمة التي كان يمتلكها آباؤهم. The greatest care was taken in this teaching; and on holidays grown men as well as boys might be seen practicing shooting at marks on the village commons. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||commons وقد تم إيلاء هذا التعليم أقصى درجات العناية؛ وفي أيام العطلات، كان من الممكن رؤية الرجال البالغين وكذلك الأولاد وهم يمارسون الرماية على علامات في الأماكن العامة في القرية. In this way the English became the best archers in Europe, and so powerful were their bows that the arrows would often pierce armor or slay a knight's horse at a hundred yards. ||||||||||||因此||||||||||刺穿|||杀死||骑士的||在||| ||||||||||||||||||||||penetrate|||kill||knight's|||||distance measurement |||||||||||||||||||||||||||лицаря||||| وبهذه الطريقة أصبح الإنجليز أفضل الرماة في أوروبا، وكانت أقواسهم قوية للغاية لدرجة أن الأسهم كانت قادرة في كثير من الأحيان على اختراق الدروع أو قتل حصان الفارس على مسافة مائة ياردة. So the advantage was not so great on the side of the French as it seemed. 因此|||是|||||||||||| لذا فإن الميزة لم تكن كبيرة لصالح الفرنسيين كما بدت. Besides, King Edward placed his men very skillfully, while the French managed the battle very badly. |||||||巧妙地|||||||| |||||||with great skill|||||||| علاوة على ذلك، وضع الملك إدوارد رجاله بمهارة كبيرة، في حين أدار الفرنسيون المعركة بشكل سيء للغاية. Edward placed his archers at the top of a sloping hillside, with the knights behind. |||||||||倾斜的||||| |||||||||inclined|hills||||at the back |||||||||похилого||||| وضع إدوارد رماةه على قمة تل منحدر، مع الفرسان خلفهم. In command of the first line he placed his fifteen-year-old son, the Black Prince, while the King himself took a position on a little windmill-hill in the rear. |||这|||||||||||||||||||||||风车|||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||back وفي قيادة الخط الأول وضع ابنه البالغ من العمر خمسة عشر عامًا، الأمير الأسود، بينما اتخذ الملك نفسه موقعًا على تلة طاحونة هوائية صغيرة في الخلف. The French had a large number of crossbowmen with them. كان الفرنسيون يحملون معهم عددا كبيرا من الرماة القوسيين. Although the crossbowmen could not shoot so rapidly as the English archers, because the crossbow had to be rested on the ground, and wound up after each shot, they could shoot to a greater distance and with more force. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||射击|||射|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||fire, launch, discharge|||||||| على الرغم من أن رماة القوس والنشاب لم يتمكنوا من إطلاق النار بسرعة مثل الرماة الإنجليز، لأن القوس والنشاب كان يجب أن يرتكز على الأرض، ولفه بعد كل طلقة، إلا أنهم كانوا قادرين على إطلاق النار على مسافة أكبر وبمزيد من القوة. Unluckily, a shower wet the strings of the crossbows, while the English were able to protect their bows and keep the strings dry. 不幸的是||阵雨||||||弩||||||||他们的|||||| Unfortunately||rainstorm|||strings|||crossbow weapons|||||||||||||strings| لسوء الحظ، أدى المطر إلى تبليل أوتار القوس والنشاب، بينما تمكن الإنجليز من حماية أقواسهم والحفاظ على الأوتار جافة. So when the French King ordered the crossbowmen to advance, they went unwillingly; and when the English archers, each stepping forward one pace, let fly their arrows, the crossbowmen turned and fled. |||||||||||走|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||step|||||||||ran away ||||||||||||||||||||||крок||||||||| وعندما أمر الملك الفرنسي رماة القوس والنبال بالتقدم، ذهبوا على مضض؛ وعندما أطلق الرماة الإنجليز سهامهم، كل واحد منهم يتقدم خطوة واحدة إلى الأمام، استدار رماة القوس والنبال وفرّوا.

At this King Philip was very angry, for he thought they fled through cowardice; so he cried: "Slay me those rascals!" |||||||||||||懦弱||||杀了|||流氓 ||||||||||||||||||||scoundrels |||||||||||||||||殺せ||| |||||дуже||||||||боягузтво|||||||підліці عند هذا، غضب الملك فيليب بشدة، لأنه اعتقد أنهم فروا بسبب الجبن؛ لذلك صاح: "اقتلوني هؤلاء الأوغاد!" At this command, the French knights rode among the crossbowmen and killed many of their own men. 在|||||||||||杀死||||| وبناء على هذا الأمر، ركب الفرسان الفرنسيون بين رماة القوس والنبال وقتلوا العديد من رجالهم. At this command, the French knights rode among the crossbowmen and killed many of their own men. All this while the English arrows were falling in showers about them, and many horses, and knights, as well as archers, were slain. 所有|||||||||||||||||||||| في تلك الأثناء كانت السهام الإنجليزية تنهمر عليهم بغزارة، وقُتل العديد من الخيول والفرسان، فضلاً عن الرماة. All this while the English arrows were falling in showers about them, and many horses, and knights, as well as archers, were slain.

Then the French horsemen charged the English lines. |||骑士|||| ||||attacked||| ||||突撃した||| ثم هاجم الفرسان الفرنسيون الخطوط الإنجليزية. Some of the knights about the young Prince now began to fear for him, and sent to the King, urging him to send assistance. |||||||||开始|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||encouraging strongly||||help وبدأ بعض الفرسان المحيطين بالأمير الشاب يخافون عليه، فأرسلوا إلى الملك يحثونه على إرسال المساعدة.

"Is my son dead," asked the King, "or so wounded that he cannot help himself? " |||||||或||||||| "هل ابني مات"، سأل الملك، "أو أصيب بجروح بالغة لدرجة أنه لا يستطيع مساعدة نفسه؟" "No, sire, please God," answered the messenger, "but he is in a hard passage of arms, and much needs your help. " |陛下|||||||||||艰难|||||非常需要||| |sir||||||||||||||||||| "لا يا سيدي، أرجوك يا الله"، أجاب الرسول، "ولكنه في وضع صعب للغاية، ويحتاج إلى مساعدتك كثيرًا". "Then," said King Edward, "return to them that sent you, and tell them not to send to me again so long as my son lives. "ثم"، قال الملك إدوارد، "عد إلى الذين أرسلوك، وقل لهم ألا يرسلوا إلي مرة أخرى طالما أن ابني على قيد الحياة. I command them to let the boy win his spurs. أنا آمُرهم بأن يتركوا الصبي يفوز بحوافزه. If God be pleased, I will that the honor of this day shall be his. " ||||我||||||||||他的 "إن شاء الله أكون قد وفقت في أن يكون شرف هذا اليوم من نصيبه." On the French side was the blind old King of Bohemia. ||||||unable to see||||Bohemia وعلى الجانب الفرنسي كان هناك الملك العجوز الأعمى من بوهيميا. When the fighting began he said to those about him: |||||||||他

"You are my vassals and friends. "أنتم أتباعي وأصدقائي. I pray you to lead me so far into the battle that I may strike at least one good stroke with my sword! " 我|||||||||||||||||一||||| ||||||||||||||hit, attack|||||||| أدعوك أن تقودني إلى المعركة حتى أتمكن من توجيه ضربة جيدة واحدة على الأقل بسيفي! 我祈求你引领我深入战斗,以便我能用我的剑至少划出一击!" Two of his attendants then placed themselves on either side of him; and, tying the bridles of their horses together, they rode into the fight. |||||||||||||||缰绳||||||||| |||servants or followers||||||||||||bridles||||||||| |||||||||||||з'єднавши||поводи||||||||| ثم وقف اثنان من مرافقيه على جانبيه، وربطوا لجام خيولهم معًا، وركبوا إلى القتال. 他的两个随从随后站在他两侧;他们把马的缰绳绑在一起,骑着马投入战斗。 There the old blind King fought valiantly; and when the battle was over, the bodies of all three were found, with their horses still tied together. ||||||bravely||||||||||||||||||| ||||||відважно||||||||||||||||||| هناك قاتل الملك الأعمى العجوز بشجاعة؛ وعندما انتهت المعركة، تم العثور على جثث الثلاثة، وكانت خيولهم لا تزال مقيدة معًا. 在那里,老瞎王英勇作战;当战斗结束时,三具尸体被发现,马匹依然绑在一起。

The victory of the English was complete. وكان انتصار الانجليز كاملا. Thousands of the French were slain, and King Philip himself was obliged to flee to escape capture. |||||||||||||escape||| |||||вбиті||||||||||| قُتل الآلاف من الفرنسيين، واضطر الملك فيليب نفسه إلى الفرار لتجنب القبض عليه. But though the Black Prince won his spurs right nobly, the chief credit for the victory was due to the English archers. |||||||||高贵地|的||||||是||||| |||||||||with honor|||recognition or praise||||||||| |||||||騎士の証|||||||||||||| ولكن على الرغم من أن الأمير الأسود فاز بحوافزه بكل جدارة، إلا أن الفضل الرئيسي في هذا النصر يعود إلى الرماة الإنجليز. But though the Black Prince won his spurs right nobly, the chief credit for the victory was due to the English archers.

It was many years after this before the next great battle was fought. ||||||之前|the||||| ومرت سنوات عديدة بعد ذلك قبل أن تبدأ المعركة الكبرى التالية. It was many years after this before the next great battle was fought. This was due, in part, to a terrible sickness which came upon all Western Europe soon after the battle of Crecy. |||||||||which sickness|降临|||||||||| ||||||||||||||Europe||||||Crecy وكان هذا يرجع، جزئيا، إلى مرض رهيب انتشر في كل أوروبا الغربية بعد وقت قصير من معركة كريسي. This was due, in part, to a terrible sickness which came upon all Western Europe soon after the battle of Crecy. It was called the Black Death, and arose in Asia, where cholera and the plague often arise. |||||||||||a disease|||plague|| |||||||||||холера||||| وقد أطلق عليه اسم الموت الأسود، وظهر في آسيا، حيث غالبا ما يظهر وباء الكوليرا والطاعون. Whole villages were attacked at the same time; and for two years the disease raged everywhere. ||||||||||||||spread| وتعرضت قرى بأكملها للهجوم في نفس الوقت؛ وعلى مدى عامين انتشر المرض في كل مكان. When, at last, it died out, half of the population of England was gone; and France had suffered almost as terribly. ||||||||||||||||||几乎|| وعندما انقرض أخيرًا، اختفى نصف سكان إنجلترا؛ وعانت فرنسا أيضًا من نفس المعاناة تقريبًا.

Ten years after the battle of Crecy (in 1356) the war broke out anew. ||||||||||||again بعد عشر سنوات من معركة كريسي (في عام 1356) اندلعت الحرب من جديد. The Black Prince, at the head of an army, set out from Aquitaine and marched northward into the heart of France. |||||||||||||||toward the north||||| انطلق الأمير الأسود، على رأس جيش، من آكيتاين وسار شمالاً إلى قلب فرنسا. Soon, however, he found his retreat cut off near the city of Poitiers by the French King John (who had succeeded his father Philip), with an army six or seven times the size of the English force. ||他||||||||||普瓦捷|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||Poitiers|||||||||||||||||||||||| لكن سرعان ما وجد نفسه مقطوعًا عن طريق انسحابه بالقرب من مدينة بواتييه على يد الملك الفرنسي جون (الذي خلف والده فيليب)، بجيش يبلغ حجمه ستة أو سبعة أضعاف حجم القوة الإنجليزية. The situation of the English was so bad that the Prince offered to give up all the prisoners, castles, and towns which they had taken during this expedition, and to promise not to fight against France again for seven years, if the French King would grant them a free retreat. وكان وضع الإنجليز سيئا للغاية حتى أن الأمير عرض التخلي عن جميع الأسرى والقلاع والمدن التي استولوا عليها خلال هذه الحملة، والوعد بعدم القتال ضد فرنسا مرة أخرى لمدة سبع سنوات، إذا منحهم الملك الفرنسي انسحابا مجانيا. But King John felt so sure of victory that he refused these terms. Then the battle began. ثم بدأت المعركة.

Just as at Crecy, the English were placed on a little hill; and again they depended chiefly on their archers. ||||||被放置||||||||||||| وكما حدث في كريسي، تم وضع الإنجليز على تلة صغيرة؛ واعتمدوا مرة أخرى بشكل رئيسي على رماةهم. From behind a thick hedge they shot their arrows in clouds as the French advanced. ||一个|||||||||||| ||||生け垣|||||||||| ||||жива огорожа|||||||||| ومن خلف سياج كثيف أطلقوا سهامهم في السحب بينما كان الفرنسيون يتقدمون. Soon all was uproar and confusion. 很快|所有的||骚动|| |||chaos|| |||гомін|| وبعد قليل أصبح كل شيء مليئا بالضجة والارتباك. Many of the French lay wounded or slain; and many of their horses, feeling the sting of the arrow-heads, reared wildly, flung their riders, and dashed to the rear. ||||平民|||||||||||刺痛|||||||||||||| ||||were|injured|||||||||||||||reared up||threw off||||rushed|||back ||||||||||||||||||||||投げ飛ばした||||||| |||||||||||||||жало|||||||скинули||||||| كان العديد من الفرنسيين جرحى أو قتلى؛ وشعر العديد من خيولهم بلسعة رؤوس الأسهم، فانتفضوا بعنف، وألقوا بفرسانهم، وانطلقوا إلى الخلف. When once dismounted, a knight could not mount to the saddle again without assistance, so heavy was the armor which was then worn. ||下马|||||||||||||||||||| ||got off horse||||||||seat of a horse|||||||||||| ||злізши з|||||||||||||||||||| بعد النزول من على صهوة جواده، لا يستطيع الفارس أن يركب السرج مرة أخرى دون مساعدة، وذلك لأن الدرع الذي يرتديه كان ثقيلاً للغاية.

In a short time this division of the French was overthrown. |||||||||被| وفي وقت قصير تم القضاء على هذا الانقسام الفرنسي. Then a second, and finally a third division met the same fate. ثم واجهت الفرقة الثانية، وأخيرا الفرقة الثالثة، نفس المصير. To the war-cries, "Mountjoy! 到||战争||蒙乔 ||||Mountjoy! To the war-cries, "Mountjoy! Saint Denis!" the English replied with shouts of "St. ||||喊叫|| George! جورج! Guyenne!" 吉耶纳 Guyenne region "غوين!" The ringing of spear-heads upon shields, the noise of breaking lances, the clash of hostile swords and battle-axes, were soon added to the rattle of English arrows upon French breastplates and helmets. |||||||||||||冲突||||||||||||嘎嘎声||||||胸甲|| |||||||||||||clash||enemy||||||||||rattle||||||armor plates|| وسرعان ما أضيف رنين رؤوس الرماح على الدروع، وصوت الرماح المكسورة، وصراع السيوف والفؤوس القتالية المعادية، إلى قعقعة السهام الإنجليزية على الدروع والخوذ الفرنسية. At last the French were all overthrown, or turned in flight, except in one quarter of the field. ||||被||||||||||||| ||||||||||retreat||||||| وفي النهاية، هُزم الفرنسيون جميعًا، أو أجبروا على الفرار، باستثناء ربع واحد من الميدان. There King John, with a few of his bravest knights, fought valiantly on foot. ||||||||最勇敢的||||| ||||||||most courageous|||courageously|| |||||||||||勇敢に|| هناك، قاتل الملك جون، برفقة مجموعة من فرسانه الشجعان، بشجاعة سيرًا على الأقدام. As he swung his heavy battle-ax, now at this foe and now at that, his son Philip,—a brave boy of thirteen years,—cried unceasingly: ||||||||||||||||儿子||||||||| ||moved back and forth||||||||enemy or opponent|||||||||||||||continuously |||||||||||||||||||||||||безперервно وبينما كان يلوح بفأسه الثقيلة، تارة في اتجاه هذا العدو وتارة في اتجاه ذاك، كان ابنه فيليب - وهو صبي شجاع يبلغ من العمر ثلاثة عشر عامًا - يصرخ بلا انقطاع:

"Father, guard right! "أبي، احرس اليمين! Father, guard left! " "أبي، الحارس يسار!" At last even the King was obliged to surrender; and he and his son Philip were taken prisoners to the tent of the English Prince. |||||||||||||||被|被俘|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||tent|||| وفي النهاية، اضطر الملك أيضًا إلى الاستسلام؛ وتم أسره هو وابنه فيليب إلى خيمة الأمير الإنجليزي. There they were courteously entertained, the Prince waiting upon them at table with his own hands. |||||||等待|||||||| |||politely, graciously|entertained||||||||||| |||ввічливо|||||||||||| وهناك تم استقبالهم بكل أدب، وكان الأمير يخدمهم على المائدة بيديه. But for several years they remained captives, awaiting the ransom which the English demanded. |||||||||ransom||||requested But for several years they remained captives, awaiting the ransom which the English demanded.

The battle of Poitiers was a sad blow indeed to France. لقد كانت معركة بواتييه بمثابة ضربة حزينة لفرنسا بالفعل. Many hundreds of her noblest knights were there slain; and all sorts of disorders arose during the captivity of her King. ||||最崇高的|||||||||||||||| ||||noblest|||||||||chaos||||captivity||| وقد قُتل هناك مئات من فرسانها النبلاء، ونشأت كل أنواع الاضطرابات أثناء أسر ملكها. 彼女の最も高貴な騎士の何百人もが殺されました。そして、彼女の王の捕虜の間にあらゆる種類の障害が起こりました。 The peasants rose in rebellion against their masters, and civil war broke out. ثار الفلاحون ضد أسيادهم، واندلعت الحرب الأهلية. And when, after four years of comfortable captivity, King John was set free, he was obliged to pay a heavy ransom and sign a peace in which he surrendered to the English, in full right, all of Aquitaine. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||交出||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||gave up||||||||| وعندما تم إطلاق سراح الملك جون بعد أربع سنوات من الأسر المريح، اضطر إلى دفع فدية كبيرة والتوقيع على معاهدة سلام سلم فيها للإنجليز، بكل حق، كل آكيتاين. Soon after this "Good King John," as he was called, died, leaving his kingdom in great disorder He was a good knight and brave man; but he was a poor general and a weak king. وبعد فترة وجيزة من ذلك توفي "الملك الصالح جون"، كما كان يُدعى، تاركًا مملكته في حالة من الفوضى العظيمة. لقد كان فارسًا صالحًا ورجلًا شجاعًا؛ لكنه كان جنرالًا فقيرًا وملكًا ضعيفًا. His eldest son, Charles, who was styled Charles V., or Charles the Wise, now became King. |||||||||||的|||| ||||||||V||||||| He was very different from his father; and though he was not nearly so knightly a warrior, he proved a much better king. لقد كان مختلفًا تمامًا عن والده؛ ورغم أنه لم يكن محاربًا فارسيًا، فقد أثبت أنه ملك أفضل بكثير. He improved the government and the army; and when the war with the English began again, he at once began to be successful. قام بتحسين الحكومة والجيش، وعندما بدأت الحرب مع الإنجليز مرة أخرى، بدأ يحقق النجاح على الفور. The Black Prince was now broken in health, and died in the year 1376; the old English King, Edward III., died the next year; and then Richard II., the twelve-year-old son of the Black Prince, became King of England. |||||||健康状况|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| تدهورت صحة الأمير الأسود، وتوفي في عام 1376؛ وتوفي الملك الإنجليزي العجوز إدوارد الثالث في العام التالي؛ ثم أصبح ريتشارد الثاني، ابن الأمير الأسود البالغ من العمر اثني عشر عامًا، ملكًا لإنجلترا. Troubles, too, broke out in England, so the English were not able to carry on the war as vigorously as they had done before. ||||||||||||||||||energetically||||| ||||||||||||||||||енергійно||||| واندلعت الاضطرابات أيضًا في إنجلترا، فلم يعد الإنجليز قادرين على مواصلة الحرب بنفس القوة التي كانوا عليها من قبل. At the same time the French King found a general named Du Guesclin, who proved to be the best general that the Middle Ages ever saw. |||||||||||杜|杜盖克兰|谁||||||||||||出现过 |||||||||||Du Guesclin|Du Guesclin||||||||||||| وفي الوقت نفسه، وجد الملك الفرنسي جنرالاً يُدعى دو جوسكلين، والذي أثبت أنه أفضل جنرال شهدته العصور الوسطى على الإطلاق.

One trouble with the French had been that they scorned the "base-born" foot-soldiers, and thought that war should be the business of the heavy-armed knights alone; and another was that the knights thought it disgraceful to retreat, even when they knew they could not win. |||||||||蔑视||||||||||应该||the|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||disdained||||||||||||||||||||||||||||shameful|||||||||| |||||||||зневажали||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||могли|| كانت إحدى مشكلات الفرنسيين هي أنهم كانوا يزدرون جنود المشاة "المولودين في القواعد"، وكانوا يعتقدون أن الحرب يجب أن تكون من اختصاص الفرسان المدججين بالسلاح وحدهم؛ وكانت مشكلة أخرى هي أن الفرسان كانوا يعتقدون أنه من المخزي التراجع، حتى عندما كانوا يعرفون أنهم لا يستطيعون الفوز. With Du Geusclin, all this was different. ||杜·戈斯克林|所有这些||| ||the Geusclin|||| مع دو جوسكلين، كان كل هذا مختلفًا. He was willing to use peasants and townsmen if their way of fighting was better than that of the nobles; and he did not think it beneath him to retreat if he saw he could not win. |||||||||||||||||||||||||农民和城镇居民|不屑于|他||||||||| كان على استعداد لاستخدام الفلاحين وأهل المدن إذا كانت طريقتهم في القتال أفضل من طريقة النبلاء؛ ولم يكن يعتقد أنه من غير اللائق أن يتراجع إذا رأى أنه لا يستطيع الفوز. 如果农民和市民的战斗方式比贵族的更好,他愿意使用他们;如果他看到自己无法获胜,他也并不认为撤退是下作的行为。 So, by caution and good sense, and the support of wise King Charles, he won victory after victory; and though no great battles were fought, almost all of the English possessions in France came into the hands of the French once more. ||||良好||||||||||||||||||||||||||领土||||||||||| ||careful consideration||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||обережність||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| وهكذا، بفضل الحذر والحس السليم، ودعم الملك تشارلز الحكيم، حقق انتصارًا تلو الآخر؛ ورغم أنه لم يخض أي معارك كبيرة، فإن كل الممتلكات الإنجليزية في فرنسا تقريبًا سقطت في أيدي الفرنسيين مرة أخرى. 因此,通过谨慎和良好的判断,以及智慧的查理国王的支持,他获得了一次又一次的胜利;尽管没有激烈的战斗几乎所有的英格兰在法国的领土再次回到了法国手中。

Then the French successes stopped for a time. ||||停止了||| ثم توقفت النجاحات الفرنسية لفترة من الوقت. 然后法国的成功停止了一段时间。 Du Guesclin died, and after him King Charles V.; and now it was the French who had a boy king. لقد مات دوجوسكلين، وبعده الملك شارل الخامس؛ والآن أصبح الفرنسيون هم الذين لديهم ملك صبي. When this King, Charles VI., grew to be a man, he became insane; and his uncles quarreled with one another and with the King's brother for the government. |||||||||成年男子|他||疯狂||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||madness||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||божевільним||||||||||||||| وعندما أصبح هذا الملك، شارل السادس، رجلاً، أصيب بالجنون؛ وتشاجر أعمامه مع بعضهم البعض ومع شقيق الملك على الحكم. Soon the quarrel led to murder, and the murder to civil war; and again France was thrown into all the misery and disorder from which it had been rescued by Charles the Wise. ||||||||||||||||||||||chaos|||||||||| وسرعان ما أدى الشجار إلى القتل، والقتل إلى الحرب الأهلية؛ ومرة أخرى ألقيت فرنسا في كل البؤس والفوضى التي أنقذها منها شارل الحكيم.

In England, about this time, King Henry V., came to the throne. ||大约||||||登基||| He was a young and warlike prince; and he wished, through a renewal of the war, to win glory for himself. |||||||||||一个||||||||| ||||||||||||revival|||||||| كان أميرًا شابًا محاربًا، وكان يتمنى من خلال تجدد الحرب أن يحقق المجد لنفسه. Besides, he remembered the old claim of Edward III., to the French crown; and he thought that now, when the French nobles were fighting among themselves, was a fine opportunity to make that claim good. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||assertion of right| علاوة على ذلك، فقد تذكر المطالبة القديمة لإدوارد الثالث بالتاج الفرنسي؛ وفكر أن الآن، عندما كان النبلاء الفرنسيون يتقاتلون فيما بينهم، كانت فرصة جيدة لإثبات هذه المطالبة.

So, in the year 1415, King Henry landed with an army in France, and began again the old, old struggle. ففي عام 1415 نزل الملك هنري مع جيشه في فرنسا، وبدأ من جديد الصراع القديم. And again, after a few months, the English found their retreat cut off near a little village called Agincourt, by a much larger army of the French. |||一个||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||Agincourt|||||||| ومرة أخرى، بعد بضعة أشهر، وجد الإنجليز أن انسحابهم مقطوعًا بالقرب من قرية صغيرة تسمى أجينكور، على يد جيش فرنسي أكبر بكثير. But King Henry remembered the victories of Crecy and Poitiers, and did not despair. لكن الملك هنري تذكر انتصارات كريسي وبواتييه، ولم ييأس. When one of his knights wished that the thousands of warriors then lying idle in England were only there, King Henry exclaimed: ||||||||||||躺着的||||||||| وعندما تمنى أحد فرسانه أن يكون الآلاف من المحاربين العاطلين عن العمل في إنجلترا موجودين هناك، صاح الملك هنري:

"I would not have a single man more. "لا أريد رجلاً آخر. If God gives us the victory, it will be plain that we owe it to His grace. ||||||它||是|||||||| ||||||||||||attribute it to||||favor ||||||||||||||||благодаті إذا أعطانا الله النصر، فسيكون من الواضح أننا مدينون بذلك لنعمته. If not, the fewer we are, the less loss to England. " |||smaller number||||smaller amount|loss of life|| إذا لم يكن الأمر كذلك، فكلما قل عددنا، كلما قلت الخسائر التي قد تتكبدها إنجلترا". If not, the fewer we are, the less loss to England. " At Agincourt there was no sheltering hedge to protect the English archers. |||||遮蔽的灌木|||||| |||||protective barrier|||||| في أجينكور لم يكن هناك سياج يحمي الرماة الإنجليز. To make up for this, King Henry ordered each man to provide himself with tall stakes, sharpened at each end; these they planted slantwise in the ground as a protection against French horsemen. |制作|||||||||以|||||||为了弥补这一点||||||倾斜地||||||||| |||||||||||||||stakes|pointed|||||||at an angle||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||斜めに||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||під кутом||||||||| ولتعويض هذا، أمر الملك هنري كل رجل بتزويد نفسه بأوتاد عالية، حادة عند كل طرف؛ وزرعوها بشكل مائل في الأرض كحماية ضد الفرسان الفرنسيين. Most of the English force was again made up of archers with the long-bow, while most of the French were knights in full armor. وكانت معظم القوة الإنجليزية تتكون مرة أخرى من الرماة ذوي القوس الطويل، في حين كان معظم الفرنسيين من الفرسان الذين يرتدون دروعًا كاملة. The French, indeed, seemed to have forgotten all that Du Guesclin and Charles V., had taught them. ويبدو أن الفرنسيين نسوا بالفعل كل ما علمهم إياه دوجوسكلين وشارل الخامس. To make matters worse, their knights dismounted and sought to march upon the English position on foot. ||||||злізли з|||||||||| As the field through which they had to pass was newly plowed and wet with rain, the heavy-armed knights sank knee deep in mud at every step. |||||||||||||||||||||膝盖|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||knee|||||| |||||||||||орана|||||||||||||||| وبينما كان الحقل الذي كان عليهم المرور عبره قد تم حرثه حديثًا وبللته الأمطار، كان الفرسان ذوو الأذرع الثقيلة يغرقون حتى ركبهم في الوحل عند كل خطوة. For the third time the English victory was complete. للمرة الثالثة كان النصر الإنجليزي كاملا. Eleven thousand Frenchmen were left dead upon the field, and among the number were more than a hundred great lords and princes. 一千零十一|||被|||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||were present|||||||| لقد قُتل في ساحة المعركة أحد عشر ألف فرنسي، وكان من بين هؤلاء أكثر من مائة من الأمراء والأميرات العظماء. In after years Englishmen sang of the wonderful victory in these words: وفي السنوات التالية، تغنى الإنجليز بهذا النصر الرائع بهذه الكلمات:

"Agincourt, Agincourt! "أجينكور، أجينكور! Know ye not Agincourt? ألا تعرفون أجينكور؟ When English slew and hurt All their French foemen? |||||||法语|敌人 ||||||||enemies ||||||||敵 ||||||||вороги عندما قتل الإنجليز وأصابوا كل أعدائهم الفرنسيين؟ With our pikes and bills brown How the French were beat down, Shot by our bowmen. ||长矛|||||||||||||弓箭手 |||||||||||||||archers ||пики||||||||||||| مع رماحنا ومناقيرنا البنية كيف هُزم الفرنسيون، عندما أطلق عليهم رماة السهام لدينا النار. With our pikes and bills brown How the French were beat down, Shot by our bowmen.

"Agincourt, Agincourt! "أجينكور، أجينكور! Know ye not Agincourt? |あなたたち|| ألا تعرفون أجينكور؟ Know ye not Agincourt? English of every sort, High men and low men, Fought that day wondrous well, as All our old stories tell us, Thanks to our bowmen. |的||||||||||||||||||||||| لقد قاتل الإنجليز من كل نوع، الرجال الراقون والرجال البسطاء، في ذلك اليوم بشكل رائع، كما تحكي لنا كل قصصنا القديمة، وذلك بفضل رماة السهام لدينا.

"Agincourt, Agincourt! "أجينكور، أجينكور! Know ye not Agincourt? ألا تعرفون أجينكور؟ When our fifth Harry taught Frenchmen to know men, And when the day was done Thousands then fell to one Good English bowman. " ||||||||||||||||||||||archer ||||||||||||||||||||||стрілець з عندما علم هاري الخامس الفرنسيين كيفية معرفة الرجال، وعندما انتهى اليوم سقط الآلاف بعد ذلك في قبضة رجل قوس إنجليزي جيد. Even so great a defeat as this could not make the French princes cease their quarrels. ولكن حتى هذه الهزيمة الكبيرة لم تتمكن من إجبار الأمراء الفرنسيين على وقف نزاعاتهم. Again the leader of one party was murdered by the follower of another; and the followers of the dead prince became so bitterly hostile that they were willing to join the English against the other party. مرة أخرى تم اغتيال زعيم أحد الحزبين على يد أتباع الحزب الآخر؛ وأصبح أتباع الأمير القتيل عدائيين بشدة لدرجة أنهم كانوا على استعداد للانضمام إلى الإنجليز ضد الحزب الآخر. In this way the Burgundians, as the one party was called, entered into a treaty with Henry of England against the Armagnacs, as the other party was called; and it was agreed that Henry should marry Katherine, the daughter of the insane King, and Henry should become King of France when the old King died. ||||||||||||进入|||||||||阿尔马尼亚克|||||||||||||||凯瑟琳|||||疯狂||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Armagnacs||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| بهذه الطريقة، دخل البرغنديون، كما كان يسمى أحد الطرفين، في معاهدة مع هنري الإنجليزي ضد الأرماجناك، كما كان يسمى الطرف الآخر؛ وتم الاتفاق على أن يتزوج هنري من كاثرين، ابنة الملك المجنون، وأن يصبح هنري ملك فرنسا عندما يموت الملك العجوز. No one seemed to care for the rights of the Dauphin (the French King's son) except the Armagnacs; they, of course, were opposed to all that the Burgundians did. ||||||||||王储|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||against|||||| لم يكن أحد يبدو مهتمًا بحقوق دوفين (ابن الملك الفرنسي) باستثناء الأرماجناك؛ فقد كانوا بالطبع يعارضون كل ما فعله البورغنديون. Both Henry V. of England and poor old Charles VI. كل من هنري الخامس ملك إنجلترا وتشارلز السادس المسكين. of France died within two years after this treaty was signed. ||||||||agreement|| توفي ملك فرنسا بعد عامين من توقيع هذه المعاهدة. Henry had married Katharine as agreed; and though their son (Henry VI.) |||凯瑟琳|||||||| |||Katharine|||||||| تزوج هنري من كاثرين كما هو متفق عليه؛ وعلى الرغم من أن ابنهما (هنري السادس) Henry had married Katharine as agreed; and though their son (Henry VI.) was a mere baby, only nine months old, he now became King of both England and France. كان مجرد طفل رضيع، عمره تسعة أشهر فقط، وأصبح الآن ملكًا لإنجلترا وفرنسا. In neither country, however, was his reign to be a happy or a peaceful one. |||||他的||||||||| ||||||rule|||||||| ولكن في أي من البلدين لم يكن حكمه سعيدًا أو سلميًا. In England the little King's relatives fell to quarreling about the government, just as had happened in France; and when he grew up, like his French grandfather he became insane. ||||||||||||正如|||发生过|||||||||||||| وفي إنجلترا، بدأ أقارب الملك الصغير يتشاجرون حول الحكومة، تمامًا كما حدث في فرنسا؛ وعندما كبر، أصبح مجنونًا مثل جده الفرنسي. At the same time the English found their hold upon France relaxing and the land slipping from their grasp. ||||||||grasp|||loosening grip|||||||control |||||||||||послаблення||||||| وفي الوقت نفسه، وجد الإنجليز أن قبضتهم على فرنسا قد أصبحت أكثر ارتخاءً وأن الأرض أصبحت تنزلق من بين أيديهم.

Only the Armagnacs at first recognized the Dauphin as King; and for seven years after the death of his father he had great difficulty in keeping any part of France from the hands of the English. |||||acknowledged|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||арманьяки||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| في البداية، كان الأرماجناك وحدهم هم من اعترفوا بالدوفين ملكًا؛ وبعد وفاة والده بسبع سنوات، واجه صعوبة كبيرة في حماية أي جزء من فرنسا من أيدي الإنجليز. In the year 1429, however, a great change took place. ولكن في عام 1429م حدث تغيير كبير. In the year 1429, however, a great change took place. A young peasant girl, named Joan of Arc, appeared at the King's court in that year, and under her inspiration and guidance the French cause began to gain, and the English and Burgundian to lose ground. ||||||||||||||||||||||的|||开始|||||||勃艮第的||| |||||Joan of Arc||of Arc||||||||||||||direction|||||||||||Burgundian||| |||||||Арк|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ظهرت فتاة فلاحية شابة تدعى جان دارك في بلاط الملك في ذلك العام، وبفضل إلهامها وإرشادها بدأت القضية الفرنسية تكتسب زخماً، بينما بدأ الإنجليز والبرغنديون يخسرون الأرض. Joan's home was in the far northeastern part of France, and there she had been brought up in the cottage of her father with her brothers and sisters. 琼的||||||东北||||||||一直||||||||||||| Joan's||||||northeastern|||||||||||||small house|||||||| |||||||||||||||||||хатині|||||||| كان موطن جوان في أقصى شمال شرق فرنسا، حيث نشأت هناك في كوخ والدها مع إخوتها وأخواتها. There she helped to herd the sheep, assisted her mother in household tasks, and learned to spin and to sew. ||||放牧|||||||||||||||缝纫 ||||guide|||helped|||||||||spin yarn||to herd|sew |||||||||||||||||||縫う ||||гнати|||||||||||||||шити هناك ساعدت في رعي الأغنام، وساعدت والدتها في الأعمال المنزلية، وتعلمت الغزل والخياطة. She never learned to read and write, for that was not thought necessary for peasant girls. Joan was a sweet, good girl, and was very religious. Even in her far-off village the people suffered from the evils which the wars brought upon the land, and Joan's heart was moved by the distress which she saw about her. ||||||||||||||||||||||曾经是|感动|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||苦しみ||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||страждання||||| Even in her far-off village the people suffered from the evils which the wars brought upon the land, and Joan's heart was moved by the distress which she saw about her. When she was thirteen she began to hear voices of saints and angels,—of Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret, and of the angel Gabriel. |||||||||||||||凯瑟琳|||||||| |||||||||||||||Catherine|||||||| وعندما كانت في الثالثة عشرة من عمرها بدأت تسمع أصوات القديسين والملائكة، - أصوات القديسة كاترين والقديسة مارغريت، والملاك جبرائيل. When she was eighteen her "voices" told her that she must go into France, aid the Dauphin, and cause him to be crowned king at Rheims, where the kings of France had been crowned before him. |||||||||||||||||||||||||兰斯|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||Reims|||||||||| عندما كانت في الثامنة عشرة من عمرها، أخبرتها "أصواتها" أنها يجب أن تذهب إلى فرنسا، وتساعد الدوفين، وتتسبب في تتويجه ملكًا في ريمس، حيث توج ملوك فرنسا من قبله. The cause of the Dauphin at this time was at its lowest ebb. |原因||||||||在||| |||||||||||lowest point|low point ||||||||||||最も低い كانت قضية الدوفين في هذا الوقت في أدنى مستوياتها. The English were besieging the city of Orleans, on the Loire River; and if that was taken all France would be lost. ||英军||的||||||卢瓦尔河||||||||||| |||||||Orléans|||Loire River||||||||||| كان الإنجليز يحاصرون مدينة أورليانز على نهر اللوار، وإذا استولى الإنجليز على تلك المدينة فإن فرنسا بأكملها سوف تضيع. So the first work of Joan must be to raise the siege of Orleans. |这个|||||||||||| |||||||||зняти|||| لذا فإن أول عمل قامت به جان كان رفع الحصار عن أورليانز. With much difficulty she succeeded in reaching the Dauphin. نجحت بصعوبة بالغة في الوصول إلى الدوفين. When she was brought into the room where he was, she picked him out from among all, though she had never seen him, and many of the courtiers were more richly dressed than he. |||||||||||挑选|||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||дворяни|||||| عندما تم إدخالها إلى الغرفة التي كان فيها، اختارته من بين الجميع، على الرغم من أنها لم تره من قبل، وكان العديد من رجال البلاط يرتدون ملابس أكثر ثراءً من ذلك. After many weeks she succeeded in persuading his councillors that her voices were from God, and not the evil one. ||||||说服||||||||||||| ||||||||council members||||||||||| وبعد مرور عدة أسابيع نجحت في إقناع مستشاريه بأن أصواتها كانت من الله، وليس من الشرير. Then, at last, she was given a suit of armor, and mounted on a white horse, with a sword at her side and a standard in her hand, she rode at the head of the Dauphin's troops to Orleans. |在时||||||||||||||||||在||||她|旗帜|||||||||||王储的||| |||||||armor|||||||||||||||||banner|||||||||||dauphin||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||旗|||||||||||||| ثم أعطيت أخيرًا درعًا، وركبت على حصان أبيض، وبجانبها سيف وراية في يدها، وركبت على رأس قوات دوفين إلى أورليانز. When once Joan had reached that place, she so encouraged the citizens that within eight days the English were forced to raise the siege and retire. |||||||||||||||||||||||||withdraw |||||||||підтримала|||||||||||||||| وعندما وصلت جان إلى هذا المكان، شجعت المواطنين كثيرًا لدرجة أن الإنجليز اضطروا إلى رفع الحصار والانسحاب خلال ثمانية أيام. It seemed to the French a miracle of God, while the English dreaded and feared her as a witch or sorceress. ||||||||||||||||||||女巫 ||||||miraculous event||||||||||||sorceress||sorceress ||||||||||||||||||||чаклунка بدا الأمر للفرنسيين بمثابة معجزة من الله، في حين كان الإنجليز يخشونها ويخشونها باعتبارها ساحرة أو مشعوذة. From this time Joan is called "the Maid of Orleans." ||||||这位|女佣|| |||||||young woman|| |||||||Дівчина|| منذ ذلك الوقت، أصبحت جان تُدعى "عذراء أورليانز". Nor did her success stop with the relief of that city. ||||||这|||| |||||||aid||| ولم يتوقف نجاحها عند ارتياح تلك المدينة. Within a few months, the Dauphin was taken to Rheims, and crowned as true King of France. ||||||被认为是|||||||||| وفي غضون بضعة أشهر، تم نقل الدوفين إلى ريمس، وتم تتويجه ملكًا حقيقيًا لفرنسا. After this many flocked to his standard who before had taken no part in the war. ||||||||之前||参与过||||| |||gathered|||||||||||| |||збиралися|||||||||||| وبعد ذلك توافد حول لوائه كثيرون ممن لم يشاركوا في الحرب من قبل. After this many flocked to his standard who before had taken no part in the war. From that time on the French began to get the advantage of the English; and it was mainly the enthusiasm and faith aroused by the Maid that caused the change. |||||法国人|||获得|||||||它|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||belief|awakened||||||| منذ ذلك الوقت بدأ الفرنسيون يتفوقون على الإنجليز؛ وكان الحماس والإيمان الذي أثارته العذراء هو السبب الرئيسي في التغيير.

Joan's work was now almost done. لقد انتهى عمل جوان الآن تقريبًا. Twice she was wounded while fighting at the head of the King's troops. لقد أصيبت مرتين أثناء القتال على رأس قوات الملك. At last she was taken prisoner by a party of Burgundians, and turned over to the English. |||被捕|被俘|||||||||||| وأخيرًا تم القبض عليها من قبل مجموعة من البورغنديين، وتم تسليمها إلى الإنجليز. By them she was put on trial for heresy and sorcery. ||||被审判||||||巫术 ||||||||religious dissent||witchcraft ||||||||єрессю|| وقد حوكمت بتهمة البدعة والسحر. She showed much courage and skill before her judges, but she was condemned and sentenced to be burned to death at the stake. ||||||||||||condemned||sentenced||||||||stake ||||||||||||засуджена|||||||||| وأظهرت الكثير من الشجاعة والمهارة أمام قضاتها، ولكن تم إدانتها وحكم عليها بالحرق حتى الموت على المحك. The next day the sentence was carried out. وفي اليوم التالي تم تنفيذ الحكم. To the last she showed herself brave, kind, and womanly. 到最后|||||||||女性化 |||||||||feminine |||||||||жіночно حتى النهاية أظهرت نفسها شجاعة ولطيفة وأنثوية. As the flames mounted about her an Englishman cried out: "We are lost; we have burned a saint." |||||||||||||||||saint وبينما كانت النيران تتصاعد حولها، صاح رجل إنجليزي: "لقد ضللنا الطريق، لقد أحرقنا قديسة". Such indeed she was, if a saint was ever made by purity, faith, and noble suffering. |||||||是|||||||| Like that|||||||||||cleanliness|||| لقد كانت كذلك بالفعل، إذا كان هناك قديسًا يتم صنعه من خلال النقاء والإيمان والمعاناة النبيلة.

The English burned the Maid and threw her ashes in the river Seine; but they could not undo her work. ||||||||ashes|||||||||reverse|| أحرق الإنجليز العذراء وألقوا رمادها في نهر السين؛ لكنهم لم يتمكنوا من التراجع عن عملها. The French continued to gain victory after victory. واصل الفرنسيون تحقيق الانتصار تلو الانتصار. Soon the old breach between the Armagnacs and Burgundians was healed, and the Burgundians abandoned the English. |这个|旧的||||||||愈合|||||| |||division|||||||repaired|||||| |||亀裂||||||||||||| وبعد فترة وجيزة تم حل الخلاف القديم بين الأرماجناك والبرغنديين، وتخلى البرغنديون عن الإنجليز. Then Paris was gained by the French King. وبعد ذلك استولى الملك الفرنسي على باريس. Some years later Normandy was conquered, and finally Aquitaine. وبعد عدة سنوات تم الاستيلاء على نورماندي، وأخيرًا آكيتاين.

In the year 1453, the long, long war came to an end. في عام 1453، انتهت الحرب الطويلة جدًا. Of all the wide territories which the English had once possessed in France, they now held only one little town in the north; and the shadows of a civil war—the War of the Roses—were rising in England to prevent them from ever regaining what they had lost. ||||||||||||||||||||||||这 那个||||||这 那个|||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||regain|||| |||||||||||||||утримували|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||відновлення того|||| ومن بين كل الأراضي الواسعة التي كان الإنجليز يمتلكونها ذات يوم في فرنسا، لم يعد لديهم الآن سوى بلدة صغيرة في الشمال؛ وكانت ظلال حرب أهلية - حرب الوردتين - تلوح في الأفق في إنجلترا لتمنعهم من استعادة ما فقدوه. Down to the time of George III. حتى زمن جورج الثالث. the English kings continued to style themselves kings of France; but this was a mere form. |||||称号|||||||||| |||||called themselves|||||||||| وظل الملوك الإنجليز يطلقون على أنفسهم لقب ملوك فرنسا؛ ولكن هذا كان مجرد شكل. The French now felt themselves to be a nation, and only a national king could rule over them. والآن شعر الفرنسيون بأنهم أمة، ولا يستطيع أن يحكمهم إلا ملك وطني. That this was so was mainly due to the Maid of Orleans. وكان هذا الأمر على هذا النحو يرجع في المقام الأول إلى خادمة أورليانز. She was the real savior of France, and remains its greatest national hero. ||||拯救者|||||||| ||||savior|||||||| ||||рятівниця|||||||| لقد كانت المنقذ الحقيقي لفرنسا، ولا تزال أعظم بطلة وطنية لها.