The Dinosaur On Your Dinner Table Der Dinosaurier auf Ihrem Esstisch El dinosaurio en su mesa Il dinosauro sulla vostra tavola De dinosaurus op je eettafel O dinossauro na sua mesa de jantar Динозавр на вашем обеденном столе 餐桌上的恐龍

Hey smart people, Joe here.

This holiday season, I bet many of you are going to be sitting down with family and friends

to celebrate.

And I bet a lot of you are going to be eating some nice delicious… dinosaur!

Birds are dinosaurs!

But why is that?

That's what we're going to talk about today.

[OPEN]

Today I'm here with my friends Anna Rothschild who makes Science Magic Show Hooray! at The |||||||Ротшильд||||||Ура!||

Washington Post, and… fun fact, she's 25% mashed potatoes.

It's true!

I am.

And Dr. Shae Montanari, who is not only a pumpkin beer aficionado, but is a dinosaur |||||||||||enthusiast|||| ||Шей|Монтанарі||||||гарбузове пиво|пиво з гарбуза|шанувальник||||

expert extraordinaire. |експерт надзвичайний deskundige buitengewoon.

Really happy to be here, Joe

So we have all heard that birds are dinosaurs, but what exactly does that really mean?

The way that we can tell that anything is related to something else is by looking at

their anatomy and what kind of characteristics that they share.

These are called synapomorphies, traits shared by two or more groups of organisms, and derived |||синапоморфії|||||||||||

from a common ancestor.

Like how humans and chimps both have opposable thumbs. ||||шимпанзе|||протиставні|

So, there's different kinds of dinosaurs and we can look at the characteristics of

birds to find out exactly what kind of dinosaurs they are.

There's actually lots of clues preserved in their bones that show that they are very

closely related, and that birds are actually dinosaurs.

And we're gonna find those today, with this!

So, we couldn't get a turkey, it's not quite Thanksgiving yet. |ми|||||||||

But everything we show you we promise you can do at your holiday table with the people

you're celebrating with, and explain to them the science of why you're eating a

dinosaur.

VO: In the 1860s, scientists unearthed the most famous feathered dinosaur fossil: Archaeopteryx. <VO: У 1860-х роках>|||||||||пернатий|||Археоптерикс VO: In de jaren 1860 hebben wetenschappers het beroemdste gevederde dinosaurusfossiel opgegraven: Archaeopteryx.

Early defenders of evolution like Thomas Henry Huxley began to suggest that these extinct reptiles were |захисники еволюції||||||Гакслі||||||||

so similar to birds, they must be related.

But the idea didn't really catch on until the 1970s, when new fossils filled in more Maar het idee sloeg pas echt aan in de jaren zeventig, toen nieuwe fossielen meer vulden

empty branches on the dinosaur family tree…

VO: About 250 million years ago, a group called Archosaurs split into Crocodilian reptiles, ||||||||Архозаври|||Крокодилові рептилії| VO: Ongeveer 250 miljoen jaar geleden splitste een groep genaamd Archosauriërs zich in krokodilachtige reptielen,

and Dinosaurs.

And a lot of evolution has happened since that split.

Ok, so there's two groups of dinosaurs, and that's the Ornithischian and the Saurischian ||||||||||Ортнішіан|||Сауріскіан Ok, er zijn dus twee groepen dinosaurussen, en dat zijn de Ornithischian en de Saurischian

dinosaurs.

And that split happened about 240 million years ago.

And the way we know that birds belong to the Saurischian group is mainly because of their

hands.

Wait, hands?

A: Birds don't have hands!

S: Birds actually DO have hands, they just don't really look like hands anymore.

If you've ever eaten a chicken wing, or held on to a chicken wing, you've been shaking

hands with a chicken!

Can we dig into this chicken and check it out?

I think it's time to check it out.

Let's go find a chicken hand.

A: So these are like the original chicken fingers!

-- J: I usually dissect these with my teeth, |||cut apart|||| |||розбираю на частини||||

you're doing it completely differently So that little skinny part of the wing, at

the end, that you don't typically eat…

This little nubbin? ||small piece ||Ця маленька штучка? Deze kleine nubbin?

That little nubbin, is the finger of the chicken, that's gotten super reduced.

I accidentally broke off the very tip of the bird finger, but here is like, the second

digit.

The very, very tip of the finger.

It's a tiny bird finger.

Joe, I'm going to let you hold that as well!

The length of the three bird fingers inside a wing narrows down which group of dinosaurs ||||||||||звужує визначення|||||

birds descended from

The second finger is longest in birds and in Saurischian dinosaurs.

That's a big way we know that birds belong to the Saurischian group as opposed to the

Ornithischian group.

So birds are Saurischian dinosaurs, but are all Saurischian dinosaurs birds?

S: No, they are not.

That's a great question.

So even within Saurischian dinosaurs, as we're walking up this dinosaur family tree, there's

another group that branches off and we can tell which one birds are a part of, and it's een andere groep die vertakt en we kunnen zien van welke vogels deel uitmaken, en het is

the Theropod dinosaurs. |Тероподні динозаври| de Theropod-dinosaurussen.

S: And the one bone that is the biggest clue of Theropod dinosaurs is something that you've

probably played a little game with after your thanksgiving dinner: The wishbone! |||||||||||вилочка бажань

Right here.

Cooool! Круто!

-- I think it's time to dissect a wishbone.

What does the wishbone do?

Does it serve a purpose for flight or for something else?

It helps birds get their wishes!

Oh right, of course!

Besides helping all their dreams come true, the furcula is actually support for the flight ||||||||wishbone structure|||||| ||||||||вилочка|||||| Naast het helpen van al hun dromen die uitkomen, is de furcula eigenlijk een ondersteuning voor de vlucht

muscles.

A wishbone, or “furcula”, is actually a bird's collarbones, but instead of two |||||||пташині|||||

separate collarbones like we have, theirs is fused into one. |ключиці||||||||

Wishbones have only been found in birds and Theropod dinosaurs, like Allosaurus, and they Вилочки|||||||||||Алозавр|| Wishbones zijn alleen gevonden bij vogels en Theropod-dinosaurussen, zoals Allosaurus, en ze

draw a clear line from those extinct creatures to our modern feathered friends.

J: Ok let's get this wishbone out in one piece.

This is nerve wracking. |||stressful Це|||Це нервує. Це нервує.

I got it!

S: You did it!

A: Bravo! |Браво!

-- J: So all birds will have a form of this,

and all dinosaurs in this part of the tree also had something like this?

S: We've found a furcula in most Theropod dinosaurs' fossils that we've found around

the world.

-- J: We'll save this for later.

VO: Fossil wishbones are one of the most important pieces of evidence we have that birds descended

from Theropod dinosaurs.

S: So actually one of the similarities between birds and theropods, and how we know that ||||||||||тероподи|||||

birds are theropod dinosaurs, is inside their bones.

S: This is another one of those tibiotarsus bones… |||||||тибіотарзусова кістка| S: Dit is weer zo'n tibiotarsusbot...

J: Drumstick bones! |Курячі ніжки| J: Botten van drumsticks!

S: Drumstick bones, and I have channeled all of my rage and broken this one in half, and ||||||спрямував||||лють||||||навпіл| S: Кістки барабанних паличок, і я спрямував усю свою лють і розламав цю навпіл, і

look inside, and you can see that the walls of the bone is very thin and basically hollow. Зазирніть всередину, і ви побачите, що стінки кістки дуже тонкі і практично порожнисті.

So when people say that birds have hollow bones, that's what they mean.

There's very little spongy bone on the inside, and there's a very thin wall, which makes |||губчаста||||||||||||

it easier for them to fly.

J: Theropod dinosaurs had these hollow bones too.

So did that help them be more agile, you know, go in for more Jurassic Park type kills? ||||||||||||||Юрського періоду|||вбивства типу "Парк Юрського періоду"

S: Right, that's a great question.

Because theropods had a lot of the characteristics that modern birds do, but they didn't fly.

So these characteristics must have been helpful for them to do other things.

And hunting is definitely one of them.

J: That's the cool thing about evolution, is that something that could have helped theropods

that didn't fly in one way, birds could have taken advantage of that in a completely

different way as light weight for flight, right?

S: Exactly!

S: So even within Theropods, as we're going down the family tree, there's more branches,

and the way we can tell which one birds fall in is how many fingers they have. і спосіб, яким ми можемо визначити, до якого з них потрапили птахи, - це кількість пальців.

VO: Around 200 million years ago, Theropods split.

One branch kept four or even five fingers, but a branch called Tetanurae all descended ||||||||||||Тетанури|| Eén tak had vier of zelfs vijf vingers, maar een tak genaamd Tetanurae daalde allemaal neer

from an ancestor with just three fingers.

Our bird?

Three fingers!

Later, some Tetanurans, like T. rex, even lost an additional finger, going from three ||Тетанури||||||||||| Later verloren sommige Tetanurans, zoals T. rex, zelfs een extra vinger, gaande van drie

to two!

Poor T. rex.

J: So our chicken, we've got one, two, three fingers.

-- S: Ok, so to get to the next identifying characteristic ||||||||визначальна характеристика|

of this bird, we're really gonna have to dig in there.

J: I'm just ripping parts off here. Ж: Я тут просто відриваю частини.

It's so… it's kinda fun actually.

It's like The Brain Scoop crossed with a cooking show right now. Зараз це наче The Brain Scoop схрестили з кулінарним шоу.

A: For sure.

S: Oh man.

A: I mean honestly, this entire scene is so macabre. |||||||||gruesome and unsettling |||||||||моторошний

S: It's so bad.

J: It's awesome.

The darkest thanksgiving!

J: You can do any of this with a turkey, it's just going to be a lot messier. |||||||||||||||||брудніше

Which in my book, makes it more fun.

-- A: So we know that birds are Tetanurans, but

can we get even more specific?

S: We can get even more specific.

There's a few more branches to go, before we get to what we call “crown birds” or ||||||||||||||коронні птахи|| Er zijn nog een paar takken te gaan, voordat we bij wat we "kroonvogels" of . noemen

living birds. живих птахів.

And birds are a specific kind of theropod called Maniraptoran theropods. |||||||||Манірапторні тероподи| En vogels zijn een specifiek soort theropode genaamd Maniraptoran theropoden.

So Maniraptora, one of the characteristics of this group is that the hips point backwards. |Маніраптора|||||||||||стегна|| Dus Maniraptora, een van de kenmerken van deze groep is dat de heupen naar achteren wijzen.

Specifically, the rearward-tilted bone is a part of the pelvis called the pubis. ||назад нахилений|нахилений назад||||||||||лобкова кістка

J: So we've got our backward facing pelvis for the maniraptorans. ||||||||||манірапторів J: Dus we hebben ons naar achteren gerichte bekken voor de maniraptorans.

Is there another branch beyond this?

S: Yeah, there's still more branches to go,

-but the one we're going to end on is Avialae. - maar degene waar we op gaan eindigen is Avialae.

So Aves is part of Avialae. |Отже, Aves є частиною Avialae.||||Авіалає Aves is dus onderdeel van Avialae.

Aves is modern birds So a big difference between the kinds of theropod

dinosaurs that you're probably envisioning In your head, like Velociraptor, and birds, ||||уявляєте собі|||||Велоцираптор||

is a tail.

So birds actually do not have tails.

This little bit at the end represents what's left of the dinosaur tail, called a pygostyle. |||||||||||||||пігостиль Dit kleine stukje aan het einde vertegenwoordigt wat er over is van de dinosaurusstaart, een pygostyle genoemd.

So the pygostyle is the last remnants of a long fluffy feathered theropod tail, and narrows

down the bird/dinosaur family tree even further.

So.

Birds are Avian Птахи є птахами.||Птахи є пташиними.

Maniraptoran Tetanuran |Тетануровий маніраптор. Maniraptoran Tetanuran

So.

Birds are Avian

Maniraptoran Tetanuran

Theropod Dinosaurs.

And these anatomical features are just a few of the similarities that scientists have used

to place birds in the dinosaur family tree.

There's even more, from the shape of their necks, to their weird feet, to yes, even feathers. ||||||||шиї||||||||

J: Ok, my holiday dinner is never gonna be the same.

It's gonna be way awesomer, and a little grosser. ||||||||more disgusting ||||буде набагато крутіше||||огиднішим Це буде набагато крутіше і трохи грубіше.

But that's ok.

S: So if you want to do this at home, you definitely can, and if you want to learn more,

there's links in the description.

J: You know we've taken a deep dive inside of a dinosaur to see what makes them what

they are, but what were they like on the outside?

What did they act like?

A: That is an excellent question!

And if you want to learn more about what colors dinosaurs were, or even what sounds they made,

head on over to my channel where Joe and I explore those questions.

J: Ok, like every holiday dinner, this one has to end with the traditional breaking of

the wishbone.

Grab a side guys.

3-2-1…

A: What did you wish for?

S: I wished for everyone to stay curious!