“九章 ”量子 计算机 为啥 快 ？玻色 采样 是 什么 ？量子 霸权 时代 来 了 吗 ？(3) Nine Chapters|quantum|computer|why|fast|Bose|sampling|is|what|quantum|supremacy|era|come|past action marker|question particle Perché il computer quantistico “Jiuzhang” è così veloce? Cos'è il campionamento Bose? Sta arrivando l'era della supremazia quantistica? (3) "Why is the 'Nine Chapters' quantum computer fast? What is boson sampling? Has the era of quantum supremacy arrived? (3)

請問 它 從 某 幾個 口 輸出 的 概率 有 多 大 may I ask|it|from|certain|several|ports|output|possessive particle|probability|has|how|large May I ask what the probability is from several outputs?

我 再說 壹遍 I|say again|one more time Let me say it again.

就是 我 給 妳 壹些 光子 從 某些 口 輸入 that is|I|give|you|some|photons|from|certain|ports|input I will give you some photons input from certain ports.

然後 經過 這 麽 壹套 系統 再 出來 then|passing through|this|question particle|a set of|system|again|come out Then, after going through such a system, it comes out.

我問 妳 妳 從 每壹個 口 出來 的 概率 有 多 大 I ask|you|you|from|every|mouth|coming out|possessive particle|probability|has|how|big I ask you, what is the probability of coming out from each mouth?

這就 好像 是 我 把 壹 大堆 的 球 this|seems|is|I|(particle indicating disposal)|one|big pile|(possessive particle)|balls It's like I throw a large pile of balls.

從 高爾頓 釘板 的 上面 扔 進去 from|Dalton|pinboard|possessive particle|on top|throw|inside Into the top of a Galton board.

然後 我 問 妳 出來 的 時候 then|I|asked|you|come out|past action particle|time Then I asked you when you come out.

在 各個 不同 口 出來 的 概率 有 多 大 at|each|different|exit|coming out|possessive particle|probability|has|how|big What is the probability of coming out from each different exit?

所 不同 的 是 這個 球 掉 到 每壹個 槽 中 what|different|possessive particle|is|this|ball|fall|into|every|hole|in What is different is that this ball falls into each slot.

它 只有 壹個 確定 的 概率 it|only|one|certain|possessive particle|probability It only has one certain probability.

而 這些 個 光子 它 有 很 多個 同時 輸入 and|these|measure word|photons|it|has|very|many|simultaneously|inputs And these photons have many simultaneous inputs.

同時 也 有 很 多個 同時 輸出 simultaneously|also|have|very|many|simultaneous|outputs At the same time, there are also many simultaneous outputs.

所以 它 的 問題 比 剛才 那個 問題 要 復雜 壹些 so|it|possessive particle|question|than|just now|that|question|more|complex|a little So its problem is a bit more complex than the previous one.

最終 的 結論 是 什 麽 呢 What is the final conclusion?

就是 壹個 概率 P (S) it is|a|probability|P(S)| It is a probability P(S).

就是說 妳 有 壹個 出來 的 時候 的 壹個 排布 that is to say|you|have|one|coming out|possessive particle|time|possessive particle|one|arrangement That is to say, you have a configuration when one comes out.

那 麽 這個 有壹個 排布 的 概率 Then there is a probability of this configuration.

比如說 第壹個 口 壹個 第二個 口 兩個 之類 的 for example|first|measure word for people|one|second|measure word for people|two|and so on|possessive particle For example, the first mouth and the second mouth, and so on.

這種 排布 的 概率 this type|arrangement|possessive particle|probability The probability of this arrangement

這 概率 等於 什 麽 呢 What does this probability equal?

它 等於 perm (A) it|equals|perm(A)| It equals perm(A)

把 這個 矩陣 取積 和 式 take|this|matrix|product|sum|expression Take the product and sum of this matrix

然後 把 積和式 取個 絕對值 then|(particle indicating action)|sum of products|take a|absolute value Then take the absolute value of the product-sum.

因為 這個 積和式 它 是 壹個 負數 because|this|product-sum expression|it|is|a|negative number Because this product-sum is a negative number.

最後 算 出來 是 負數 finally|calculate|result|is|negative number In the end, the result is a negative number.

取 絕對值 叫 取模 take|absolute value|called|modulus Taking the absolute value is called taking the modulus.

再 把 它 模 給 平方 了 again|(particle indicating action)|it|mold|(particle indicating action)|square|past tense marker Then square it again.

然後 底下 還得 除 壹些 系數 then|below|still have to|subtract|some|coefficients Then you still have to divide by some coefficients.

叫 S₁ ! S₂ !階乘 是 吧 call|S1|S2|factorial|is|right It's called S₁! S₂! factorial, right?

Sₙ! 什 麽 之類 的 Sₙ! Something like that.

反正 總而言之 我們 會 得出 這樣 壹個 結論 anyway|in conclusion|we|will|reach|such|one|conclusion In any case, we will come to this conclusion.

就是說 光子 出來 了 之後 that is to say|photon|comes out|past tense marker|after That is to say, after the photon comes out,

它 有 壹個 概率 的 分布 it|has|one|probability|possessive particle|distribution it has a probability distribution.

這個 概率 的 分布 是 吧 this|probability|possessive particle|distribution|is|question particle This probability distribution is...

這個 概率 的 情況 它 是 正比 於 上面 這個 玩意 的 this|probability|possessive particle|situation|it|is|directly proportional|to|above|this|thing|possessive particle This probability situation is proportional to this thing above.

上面 這個 玩意 是 什 麽 What is this thing above?

是 積和式 的 模方 is|additive|possessive particle|modular square It is a summation formula.

所以 如果 我們 要 用 經典 計算機 去 計算 so|if|we|want|to use|classic|calculator|to|calculate So if we want to use a classic calculator to calculate.

某壹種 概率 的 情況 a certain type|probability|possessive particle|situation A certain probability situation

我們 怎 麽 算 How do we calculate it?

我們 得 先 算 積 和 式 we|must|first|calculate|product|sum|expression We need to first calculate the sum of products.

壹算積 和 式 就算 出 這 麽 情況 來 one calculation|and|formula|even if|produce|this|question particle|situation|come Once we calculate the sum of products, we can determine this situation.

算好 幾千萬年 對 吧 calculated|several tens of millions of years|right|question particle Calculate it well, tens of millions of years, right?

就算不了 can't even count as Then it can't be calculated.

然後 妳 想 反過來說 推出 概率 這個 很 困難 then|you|want|to say the opposite|to deduce|probability|this|very|difficult And then you want to say the opposite, proposing the probability is very difficult.

但是 反過來說 but|conversely But conversely speaking,

我們 如果 要是 用量子系統 直接 去 模擬 它 是 吧 we|if|were to|use quantum system|directly|to|simulate|it|is|suggestion particle If we want to directly simulate it using a quantum system,

我 直接 把 這個 光子 放進去 I|directly|(a particle indicating the disposal of an object)|this|photon|put in I will directly put this photon in,

然後 看壹 看 出來 的 情況 then|take a look|look|come out|possessive particle|situation and then see what comes out.

我 模擬 它 5000 次 10000 次 I|simulate|it|times|times I will simulate it 5000 times, 10000 times.

我 不 就 直接 把 這 概率 得到 了 嗎 I|not|then|directly|(indicates disposal)|this|probability|obtained|past tense marker|question particle Didn't I just directly obtain this probability?

我 直接 把 概率 得到 了 之後 I|directly|(a particle indicating the disposal of an object)|probability|obtained|past tense marker|after After I directly obtained the probability,

我們 可以 反過來 再 去 算積 和 式 we|can|in reverse|again|go|calculate the product|and|equation we can go back and calculate the sum and formula.

這 不 就 容易 的 多 了 嗎 this|not|then|easy|particle indicating past action|much|past tense marker|question particle Isn't this much easier?

這個 其實 就是 潘建偉 團隊 所 做 的 壹件 事 是 吧 this|actually|is|Pan Jianwei|team|(particle indicating action by the subject)|done|(particle indicating past action)|one|thing|is|(particle indicating suggestion or assumption) This is actually something done by Pan Jianwei's team.

他們 造了 壹個 更好 的 裝置 They|built|a|better|possessive particle|device They created a better device.

他們 有 更好 的 光源 They|have|better|possessive particle|light source They have a better light source.

有 更好 的 這種 幹涉 的 裝置 there is|better|possessive particle|this kind of|interference|possessive particle|device They have a better interference device.

還有 更好 的 這個 光子 探測器 there is also|better|possessive particle|this|photon|detector There is also a better photon detector.

所以 他們 就 模擬 了 幾十個 光子 的 這種 情況 so|they|then|simulated|past tense marker|dozens of|photons|possessive particle|this kind of|situation So they simulated the situation of dozens of photons.

而且 速度 非常 快 是 吧 moreover|speed|very|fast|is|question particle And the speed is very fast, right?

花 了 大概 有 幾百 秒 的 時間 spent|past tense marker|approximately|had|several hundred|seconds|possessive particle|time It took about a few hundred seconds.

就 做 了 好幾千 次 的 實驗 是 吧 then|do|past tense marker|several thousand|times|possessive particle|experiments|is|question particle So, it has been experimented several thousand times, right?

這個 好幾千 次 的 實驗 this|several thousand|times|possessive particle|experiment This experiment has been done several thousand times.

如果 我們 反過來 說 用 經典 計算機 去 算 if|we|conversely|say|using|classical|computer|to|calculate If we say the opposite, using a classical computer to calculate,

妳 可能 需要 算 幾十億年 是不是 you|might|need|calculate|several billion years|right you might need to calculate for billions of years, right?

就 這 麽 壹 個 意思 just|this|question particle|one|measure word|meaning This is just one meaning.

但是 盡管 如此 它 還是 壹個 原型機 but|despite|like this|it|still|a|prototype However, despite this, it is still a prototype.

而不是 壹個 量子 計算機 but not|one|quantum|computer And not a quantum computer.

為什 麽 這 麽 說 呢 Why do we say this?

因為 首先 來講 它 實際上 就是 用 量子 的 方法 because|first|speaking of|it|actually|just|using|quantum|possessive particle|method Because, first of all, it actually uses quantum methods.

去 模擬 的 壹個 量子 的 問題 go|simulate|possessive particle|a|quantum|possessive particle|question To simulate a quantum problem.

那 當然 比 經典 計算機 要 快 了 that|of course|than|classic|computer|more|fast|past tense marker Of course, it is faster than classical computers.

就 好像 我們 點 壹個 爆竹 壹 秒鐘 這 爆竹 就 炸 了 just|like|we|light|one|firecracker|one|second|this|firecracker|then|exploded|past tense marker It's like when we light a firecracker, it explodes in one second.

但是 我們 用 計算機 去 算 but|we|use|calculator|to|calculate But we use a computer to calculate.

妳 可能 要 算 半天 you|might|need to|calculate|half a day You might have to calculate for half a day.

那裏 邊每 壹個 原子 每壹個 分子 都 什 麽 狀態 Every single atom and every single molecule over there, what state they are in.

妳 就要 去 算 半天 you|just about to|go|calculate|half a day You would have to calculate for half a day.

所以 在 特定 的 問題 下 的確 這種 方法 是 快 的 So under specific issues, this method is indeed fast.

而且 反過來說 這種 問題 moreover|conversely|this kind of|question And conversely, this kind of problem.

它 實際上 現在 還是 專用機 的 專用機 it|actually|now|still|private jet|possessive particle|private jet It is actually still a dedicated machine for dedicated machines.

意思 是 什 麽 呢 What does that mean?

就是 我們 現在 只能 算 特定 的 問題 that is|we|now|can only|solve|specific|possessive particle|problems So we can only calculate specific problems now.

比如說 我們 算積 和 式 for example|we|calculate the product|and|equation For example, we can calculate sums and products.

但是 是不是 說 任何 壹個 積和式 but|is not|say|any|one|product-sum formula But does that mean any sum and product can be transformed into a light path?

妳 都 能 轉化成 壹個 光路 you|all|can|transform into|one|light path Can you convert any sum and product into a light path?

然後 通過 這種 方法 算 出來 then|through|this kind of|method|calculate|out Then, calculated through this method.

這個 還 不壹 定 this|still|not necessarily|certain This is still not certain.

所以 叫 專用機 的 專用機 so|called|private jet|possessive particle|private jet So it's called a dedicated machine's dedicated machine.

它 還 沒有 達到 真正 能夠 解決 積和式 的 這個 問題 it|still|has not|reached|truly|able to|solve|cumulative|possessive particle|this|problem It has not yet reached the point where it can truly solve the accumulation problem.

這是 我 個人 的 壹個 理解 是 吧 this is|I|personal|possessive particle|one|understanding|is|right This is my personal understanding.

那麽 就算 是 它 能夠 解決 積和式 的 問題 了 then|even if|is|it|able to|solve|addition and multiplication|possessive particle|problem|past action marker So even if it can solve the cumulative problem.

那 麽 對於 很多很多 其他 的 問題 Then for many, many other problems,

它 可能 也 解決不了 it|might|also|not be able to solve it may also not be able to solve them.

比如 最 基本 的 壹個 問題 for example|most|basic|possessive particle|one|question For example, the most basic question

就是 如何 破解 大數 的 質 因數分解 that is|how|to crack|large number|possessive particle|prime|factorization is how to factor large numbers into their prime factors.

因為 如果 妳 能夠 解決 大數 的 質 因數分解 的 問題 because|if|you|are able to|solve|large number|possessive particle|prime|factorization|possessive particle|problem Because if you can solve the problem of factoring large numbers into their prime factors,

那麽 妳 就 可以 破解 then|you|just|can|crack then you can break it.

世界 上 絕大多數 銀行 的 密碼 了 對 不 對 world|on|the vast majority of|banks|possessive particle|password|past tense marker|correct|not|correct The vast majority of banks in the world have passwords, right?

那 就 所謂 的 量子 算法 Shor 算法 That's the so-called quantum algorithm, Shor's algorithm.

妳 用 Shor 算法 就 可以 破解 這個 you|use|Shor|algorithm|then|can|break|this You can use Shor's algorithm to crack this.

現在 所謂 的 RSA 加密 是 吧 now|so-called|possessive particle|RSA|encryption|is|suggestion particle Now, the so-called RSA encryption, right?

妳 破解 了 RSA 加密 You|cracked|past tense marker|RSA|encryption You cracked the RSA encryption.

妳 就 可以 解開 銀行 密碼 you|then|can|unlock|bank|password Then you can unlock the bank password.

但 問題 是 這個 現在 的 這 壹套 玻色 取樣 的 裝置 but|problem|is|this|now|possessive particle|this|set|bosonic|sampling|possessive particle|device But the problem is that this current boson sampling device,

它 不是 用來 算 那個 東西 的 是 吧 it|is not|used to|calculate|that|thing|past action particle|is|question particle it is not used to calculate that thing, right?

完全 不壹 樣 completely|not the same|same Completely different

因此 我們 的 銀行 密碼 還是 安全 的 therefore|we|possessive particle|bank|password|still|safe|adjectival particle Therefore, our bank passwords are still safe

不用 太 擔心 no need to|too|worry No need to worry too much

即便 有壹天 我們 造出 了 量子 通用機 even if|one day|we|create|past tense marker|quantum|general-purpose computer Even if one day we create a quantum universal machine

它 也 可能 只能 在 某個 方面 超越 經典 計算機 it|also|possibly|can only|in|certain|aspect|surpass|classical|computer It may only be able to surpass classical computers in certain aspects.

比如說 妳 要 算 天氣 for example|you|want|calculate|weather For example, if you want to calculate the weather.

也許 它 能夠 超越 經典 計算機 maybe|it|can|surpass|classical|computer Perhaps it can surpass classical computers.

但是 我們 如果 要是 想 打個 遊戲 but|we|if|if|want|play a|game But if we want to play a game.

或者 我們 想 打個 電話 發個 信息 or|we|want|make a|phone call|send a|message Or we want to make a phone call or send a message.

可能 還是 經典 計算機 更 合適 壹些 maybe|still|classic|computer|more|suitable|a little Perhaps a classic computer is still more suitable.

所以 說 量子 霸權 時代 還 遠遠 沒有 到來 so|saying|quantum|hegemony|era|still|far|not|arrived So it is said that the era of quantum hegemony is still far from coming.

大家 如果 喜歡 我 的 視頻 everyone|if|likes|I|possessive particle|video If everyone likes my video.

可以 在 YouTube 個 賬號 李永樂 老師 裏 訂閱 我 can|on|YouTube|measure word|account|Li Yongle|teacher|inside|subscribe|me You can subscribe to my account on YouTube, Teacher Li Yongle.

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