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TED Talks, Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are

Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are

So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes.

But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.

So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. You know, we're interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)

Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What's mine communicating to you?

And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right? So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves.

We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. So what nonverbals am I talking about? I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted. What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?

So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?

There's some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they're going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.

So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful. " So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you're folding up, you're making yourself small. This one is very low-power. When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this." They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power, right? So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.

So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you're in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a pretty whopping significant difference. Here's what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.

But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? So this is in the lab. It's this little task, you know, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. And so we think it's really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? Like for teenagers it's at the lunchroom table. It could be, you know, for some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview.

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that's not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. Right? You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You are, you know, you're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that's what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It's five minutes long. They are being recorded. They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand." So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions. They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," -- all the high-power posers -- "we don't want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall." But what's driving it? It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "I don't -- It feels fake." Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. I don't -- It's not me. I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don't want to feel like an impostor. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, "You're not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you." So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I'm quitting." She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying. You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it. You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'" So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here. " So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here." And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. You know. I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you're gonna — " (Applause) (Applause) "And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever." You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know? It's not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)

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Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are |Amy Cuddy||||||| Amy Cuddy: Deine Körpersprache formt dich, wer du bist Amy Cuddy: Sua linguagem corporal molda quem você é Эми Кадди: Язык вашего тела формирует то, кем вы являетесь 艾米-卡迪:你的肢体语言塑造了你的形象

So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. |||||||||||||trucco|||||||||||||postura||| Quindi voglio iniziare offrendovi un trucco gratuito per la vita senza tecnologia, e tutto ciò che richiede da voi è questo: cambiare la vostra postura per due minuti. Então, quero começar oferecendo a você um truque de vida sem tecnologia e tudo o que você precisa é o seguinte: que você mude sua postura por dois minutos.

But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you’re doing with your body. |||||||||||||||||Überprüfung|||||||||| ||||lo||||||||||||||||||||||| Ma prima di rivelarlo, voglio chiedervi di fare subito una piccola verifica del vostro corpo e di ciò che state facendo con il vostro corpo. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? ||||||il tipo|||| Quindi, quanti di voi si stanno un po' rimpicciolendo? Maybe you’re hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. ||sich krümmen||||||| ||accovacciandoti|||||avvolgendo||caviglie Talvez você esteja curvando, cruzando as pernas, talvez envolvendo os tornozelos. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. |||||braccia|| Sometimes we spread out. A volte ci allunghiamo. Às vezes nos espalhamos. (Laughter) I see you. (Risate) Ti vedo. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you’re doing right now. (Risate) Quindi voglio che tu presti attenzione a ciò che stai facendo in questo momento. We’re going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I’m hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds. |||||||||||||||||||modificare||||||||||||| Torneremo su questo tra qualche minuto, e spero che se impari a modificarlo un po', potrebbe cambiare in modo significativo il modo in cui si svolge la tua vita. Voltaremos a isso em alguns minutos, e espero que, se você aprender a ajustar um pouco isso, isso possa mudar significativamente a maneira como sua vida se desenrola.

So, we’re really fascinated with body language, and we’re particularly interested in other people’s body language. Siamo davvero affascinati dal linguaggio del corpo, e siamo particolarmente interessati al linguaggio del corpo delle altre persone. You know, we’re interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake. |||||||||||||||||verächtlicher|||||||||||||| ||||||||||imbarazzante|||||||contemptuoso||||||imbarazzante|occhiata|||||||stretta di mano Sai, siamo interessati a, tipo, sai — (Risate) — un'interazione imbarazzante, o a un sorriso, o a uno sguardo di disprezzo, o forse a un occhiolino molto imbarazzante, o magari anche a qualcosa come una stretta di mano. Você sabe, estamos interessados em, tipo, você sabe - (Risos) - uma interação estranha, ou um sorriso, ou um olhar desdenhoso, ou talvez uma piscadela muito estranha, ou talvez até algo como um aperto de mão.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. |||||||||||||||stringere|||||||| Narratore: Ecco che stanno arrivando al Numero 10, e guarda questo fortunato poliziotto che ha la possibilità di stringere la mano al Presidente degli Stati Uniti. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? Oh, ecco che arriva il Primo Ministro del — ? Ah, e aqui vem o primeiro-ministro da -? No. No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)

Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. |||||||mancanza||||||||||||| Amy Cuddy: Quindi una stretta di mano, o la mancanza di una stretta di mano, può farci parlare per settimane e settimane e settimane. Amy Cuddy: Então, um aperto de mão, ou a falta de um aperto de mão, pode nos fazer conversar por semanas e semanas e semanas. Even the BBC and The New York Times. Anche la BBC e il New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it’s language, so we think about communication. Quindi ovviamente quando pensiamo al comportamento non verbale, o al linguaggio del corpo - ma lo chiamiamo non verbale come scienziati sociali - è linguaggio, quindi pensiamo alla comunicazione. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. ||||||||interazioni So what is your body language communicating to me? Quindi, cosa sta comunicando il tuo linguaggio del corpo a me? What’s mine communicating to you? Cosa sta comunicando il mio a te?

And there’s a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. E ci sono molte ragioni per credere che questo sia un modo valido per vedere la cosa. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people’s body language, on judgments. Quindi gli scienziati sociali hanno trascorso molto tempo a esaminare gli effetti del nostro linguaggio del corpo, o del linguaggio del corpo degli altri, sui giudizi. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. |||ampie|||||| E facciamo giudizi e inferenze generali dal linguaggio del corpo. E fazemos julgamentos e inferências abrangentes da linguagem corporal. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. ||||||||||||assumiamo||promuovere|||||||appuntamento E quei giudizi possono prevedere risultati significativi nella vita, come chi assumiamo o promuoviamo, chi invitiamo a un appuntamento. E esses julgamentos podem prever resultados de vida realmente significativos, como quem contratamos ou promovemos, quem convidamos para uma data. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician’s niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. ||Nalini Ambady|Ambady||||Tufts-Universität||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Ad esempio, Nalini Ambady, una ricercatrice presso la Tufts University, dimostra che quando le persone guardano clip silenziose di 30 secondi di interazioni reali tra medici e pazienti, i loro giudizi sulla simpatia del medico prevedono se quel medico sarà citato in giudizio o meno. So it doesn’t have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? Quindi non ha molto a che fare con se quel medico fosse incompetente, ma se ci piace quella persona e come ha interagito? Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Ancor più drammatico, Alex Todorov di Princeton ci ha mostrato che i giudizi sui volti dei candidati politici in appena un secondo prevedono il 70 percento del consenso negli Stati Uniti. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let’s go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. Senat||gouverneurs-||||||||||||||||||||||| I risultati delle elezioni al Senato e governatoriali, e persino, andiamo digitali, le emoticon usate bene nelle negoziazioni online possono portarti a rivendicare più valore da quella negoziazione. Os resultados das corridas no Senado e no governo, e mesmo digital, os emoticons usados bem nas negociações on-line podem levar você a reivindicar mais valor dessa negociação. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Se le usi male, è una cattiva idea. Right? Vero? So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. |||||non verbali|||||||||||||||| Quindi, quando pensiamo ai non verbali, pensiamo a come giudichiamo gli altri, come ci giudicano e quali sono i risultati. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that’s influenced by our nonverbals, and that’s ourselves. Tendiamo a dimenticare, però, l'altro pubblico che è influenzato dai nostri non verbali, e cioè noi stessi.

We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. Siamo anche influenzati dai nostri non verbali, dai nostri pensieri, dai nostri sentimenti e dalla nostra fisiologia. So what nonverbals am I talking about? Quindi di quali non verbali sto parlando? I’m a social psychologist. Sono uno psicologo sociale. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. Studio i pregiudizi e insegno in una scuola di business competitiva, quindi era inevitabile che mi interessassi delle dinamiche di potere. Eu estudo preconceito e ensino em uma escola de negócios competitiva, por isso era inevitável que me interessasse pela dinâmica do poder. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. Quindi nel regno animale, si tratta di espandersi. Então, no reino animal, eles estão em expansão. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. Quindi ti fai grande, ti allunghi, occupi spazio, stai fondamentalmente aprendoti. Então você se torna grande, se alonga, ocupa espaço, basicamente está se abrindo. It’s about opening up. Si tratta di aprirsi. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It’s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. Essa expressão, que é conhecida como orgulho, Jessica Tracy estudou. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. |||||||||||||angeboren blind|||||||||| ||||||||vista||||||ciechi||||||||| Lei dimostra che le persone che nascono con la vista e le persone che sono congenitamente cieche fanno questo quando vincono a una competizione fisica. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. Quindi, quando attraversano il traguardo e hanno vinto, non importa se non hanno mai visto nessuno farlo. They do this. Lo fanno. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted. Então, com os braços para cima no V, o queixo é levemente levantado. What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. Non vogliamo urtare la persona accanto a noi. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. Quindi, di nuovo, sia gli animali che gli esseri umani fanno la stessa cosa. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. E questo è ciò che succede quando metti insieme alta e bassa potenza. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. Quindi ciò che tendiamo a fare quando si tratta di potere è che completiamo i non verbali dell'altro. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. Quindi, se qualcuno è davvero potente con noi, tendiamo a farci più piccoli. We don’t mirror them. Non li rispecchiamo. We do the opposite of them.

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? Então, eu estou assistindo esse comportamento na sala de aula, e o que eu noto? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. |||MBA-Studenten||||||||| Nota che gli studenti MBA mostrano davvero tutta la gamma dei segnali non verbali di potere. Percebo que os estudantes de MBA realmente exibem toda a gama de não verbais em termos de energia. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. Quindi hai persone che sono come caricature di alfa, che entrano davvero nella stanza, arrivano proprio al centro della stanza prima ancora che la lezione inizi, come se volessero davvero occupare spazio. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. ||||||||sparsi Quando si siedono, si spandono un po'. Quando eles se sentam, eles meio que se espalham. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. Appena entrano, lo vedi. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. Lo vedi sui loro volti e nei loro corpi, si siedono sulla sedia e si rimpiccioliscono, e fanno così quando alzano la mano. Você vê isso em seus rostos e seus corpos, e eles se sentam na cadeira e se tornam minúsculos, e ficam assim quando levantam a mão. I notice a couple of things about this. Nota un paio di cose su questo. One, you’re not going to be surprised. Uno, non ti sorprenderai. It seems to be related to gender. Sembra essere correlato al genere. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Quindi le donne sono molto più propense a fare questo tipo di cose rispetto agli uomini. Portanto, as mulheres são muito mais propensas a fazer esse tipo de coisa que os homens. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. Ma l'altra cosa che ho notato è che sembrava anche essere correlata al grado di partecipazione degli studenti e a quanto bene stavano partecipando. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade. ||||||||||partecipazione||||| E questo è davvero importante nella classe MBA, perché la partecipazione conta per metà del voto.

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. Quindi le scuole di business hanno avuto difficoltà con questo divario di voto di genere. Portanto, as escolas de negócios têm lutado com essa lacuna de gênero. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. ||||||||||||||||||||||||zuzuschreiben an|| Hai queste donne e uomini ugualmente qualificati che entrano e poi hai queste differenze nei voti, e sembra essere in parte attribuibile alla partecipazione. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they’re participating. Quindi ho cominciato a chiedermi, sai, va bene, quindi hai queste persone che entrano così, e partecipano. Então eu comecei a pensar, você sabe, ok, então você tem essas pessoas entrando assim, e elas estão participando. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more? |||||||||fingere|||||porterebbe|||| È possibile che possiamo indurre le persone a fingere e questo le porterebbe a partecipare di più? É possível que façamos as pessoas falsificarem e isso as levaria a participar mais?

So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who’s at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? |||||Carney||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||fino a||| Quindi, la mia principale collaboratrice Dana Carney, che si trova a Berkeley, e io volevamo davvero sapere, puoi far finta finché non ci riesci? Então, minha principal colaboradora Dana Carney, que está em Berkeley, e eu realmente queria saber, você pode fingir até conseguir? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? |||||||||||veramente|||comportamentale|risultato|||||| Cioè, puoi farlo solo per un po' e realmente ottenere un risultato comportamentale che ti faccia sembrare più potente? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. ||||||beeinflussen|||||||| |||||non verbali|governano|||||||| Quindi sappiamo che i nostri non verbali governano come le altre persone pensano e si sentono riguardo a noi. There’s a lot of evidence. Ci sono molte prove. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves? Ma la nostra domanda era davvero: i nostri non verbali governano come pensiamo e ci sentiamo riguardo noi stessi?

There’s some evidence that they do. Ci sono alcune prove che lo fanno. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we’re forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. |||||||||||||||||tenere||penna|||||||||sentirci| Quindi, ad esempio, sorridiamo quando ci sentiamo felici, ma anche, quando siamo costretti a sorridere tenendo una penna tra i denti in questo modo, ci fa sentire felici. So it goes both ways. Quindi va in entrambi i sensi. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. Quando si tratta di potere, va anche in entrambi i sensi. So when you feel powerful, you’re more likely to do this, but it’s also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful. Quindi, quando ti senti potente, è più probabile che tu faccia questo, ma è anche possibile che quando fingi di essere potente, sia più probabile che tu ti senta realmente potente. Portanto, quando você se sente poderoso, é mais provável que faça isso, mas também é possível que, quando você finge ser poderoso, seja mais provável que se sinta poderoso.

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? |||||||||||||||||||||||||||menti Quindi la seconda domanda era davvero, sai, sappiamo che le nostre menti cambiano i nostri corpi, ma è anche vero che i nostri corpi cambiano le nostre menti? Então a segunda pergunta foi realmente, você sabe, então sabemos que nossas mentes mudam nossos corpos, mas também é verdade que nossos corpos mudam nossas mentes? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? ||||menti||||||||||| E quando parlo di menti, nel caso dei potenti, di cosa sto parlando? E quando digo mentes, no caso dos poderosos, do que estou falando? So I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. ||parlare|||||||||fisiologiche||||||||||||||ormoni Quindi parlo di pensieri e sentimenti e del tipo di cose fisiologiche che compongono i nostri pensieri e sentimenti, e nel mio caso, sono ormoni. Então, eu estou falando sobre pensamentos e sentimentos e o tipo de coisas fisiológicas que compõem nossos pensamentos e sentimentos, e no meu caso, são hormônios. I look at hormones. |||ormoni Guardo gli ormoni. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? ||||||||contro||impotenti|| Allora come sono le menti dei potenti rispetto a quelle dei senza potere? Então, como são as mentes dos poderosos contra os impotentes? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. |||||||non sorprendentemente|||||||ottimista Le persone potenti tendono a essere, non sorprendentemente, più assertive e più sicure di sé, più ottimiste. Pessoas tão poderosas tendem a ser, não surpreendentemente, mais assertivas e mais confiantes, mais otimistas. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. Sentono realmente che vinceranno anche nei giochi d'azzardo. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. |||||||||in modo astratto Tendono anche a essere in grado di pensare in modo più astratto. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. |||rischi There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. fisiologicamente||||||||||||||||cortisolo||||stress| Fisiologicamente, também existem diferenças nos dois hormônios principais: testosterona, que é o hormônio de dominância, e cortisol, que é o hormônio do estresse. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. |||||||||||primate||||testosterone|||cortisolo|||||leader||||testosterone|||cortisolo Quindi quello che troviamo è che i maschi alfa ad alta potenza nelle gerarchie primate hanno un alto livello di testosterone e un basso livello di cortisolo, e i leader potenti ed efficaci hanno anche un alto livello di testosterone e un basso livello di cortisolo. So what does that mean? Quindi cosa significa questo? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. ||||||tendevano|||||||||| Quando pensi al potere, la gente tendeva a pensare solo al testosterone, perché riguardava la dominanza. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. ||||||||reagisci|| So do you want the high-power leader that’s dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? ||||||||||||||||stressanfällig |||||||||dominante||||||stress|reattivo Quindi vuoi il leader ad alta potenza che è dominante, carico di testosterone, ma davvero reattivo allo stress? Probably not, right? Probabilmente no, giusto? You want the person who’s powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who’s laid back. Vuoi una persona che sia potente, assertiva e dominante, ma non molto reattiva allo stress, una persona che è rilassata.

So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual’s testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. ||||||||||||||||individuo||||||||||||||||individuo||||su||||||| Quindi sappiamo che nelle gerarchie primate, se un alfa deve prendere il controllo, se un individuo deve improvvisamente assumere un ruolo di alfa, nell'arco di pochi giorni, il testosterone di quell'individuo è aumentato significativamente e il suo cortisolo è diminuito significativamente. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. Quindi abbiamo questa evidenza, sia che il corpo possa plasmare la mente, almeno a livello facciale, sia che i cambiamenti di ruolo possano plasmare la mente. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? ||||||||||||||||||||||piccola|||| Quindi cosa succede, ok, prendi un cambiamento di ruolo, cosa succede se lo fai a un livello davvero minimo, come questa piccola manipolazione, questa piccola intervento? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it’s going to make you feel more powerful. " "Per due minuti," dici, "voglio che tu stia in questo modo, e ti farà sentire più potente." So this is what we did. Così abbiamo fatto. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I’m just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. ||||||||||||||||||||sia|||||||||||||||||||||||| Abbiamo deciso di portare le persone nel laboratorio e fare un piccolo esperimento, e queste persone hanno adottato, per due minuti, pose di alto potere o pose di basso potere, e ora ti mostrerò cinque delle pose, anche se ne hanno assunte solo due. Decidimos trazer as pessoas para o laboratório e realizar um pequeno experimento, e essas pessoas adotaram, por dois minutos, poses de alta ou baixa potência, e eu vou apenas mostrar cinco das poses, embora elas assumiu apenas dois. So here’s one. Então aqui está um. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Esta foi apelidada de "Mulher Maravilha" pela mídia. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you’re folding up, you’re making yourself small. Quindi ti stai sforzando, ti stai facendo piccolo. This one is very low-power. Questo è molto a basso consumo. When you’re touching your neck, you’re really protecting yourself. Quando tocchi il tuo collo, stai veramente proteggendo te stesso. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this." |||||||Fläschchen|||||||||||| Eles entram, cospem em um frasco, por dois minutos dizemos: "Você precisa fazer isso ou aquilo". They don’t look at pictures of the poses. We don’t want to prime them with a concept of power. Non vogliamo condizionarli con un concetto di potere. We want them to be feeling power, right? Vogliamo che sentano il potere, giusto? So two minutes they do this. Quindi per due minuti fanno questo. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. su una serie di oggetti, e poi diamo loro l'opportunità di scommettere, e poi prendiamo un altro campione di saliva. em uma série de itens e, em seguida, damos a eles a oportunidade de jogar e, em seguida, coletamos outra amostra de saliva. That’s it. Questo è tutto. That’s the whole experiment. Questo è l'intero esperimento.

So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you’re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. La tolleranza al rischio, che è il gioco d'azzardo, ciò che troviamo è che quando sei nella condizione di postura ad alta potenza, l'86 percento di voi giocherà d'azzardo. Tolerância ao risco, que é o jogo, o que descobrimos é que, quando você está na condição de pose de alta potência, 86% deles jogam. When you’re in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty whopping significant difference. Quando sei nella condizione di postura a bassa potenza, solo il 60 percento, e questa è una differenza significativa piuttosto sorprendente. Quando você está na condição de baixa potência, apenas 60%, e essa é uma diferença significativa. Here’s what we find on testosterone. Ecco cosa troviamo sul testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. Dal loro livello di partenza quando entrano, le persone ad alto potere sperimentano circa un aumento del 20%, mentre le persone a basso potere sperimentano circa una diminuzione del 10%. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Quindi di nuovo, due minuti, e ottieni questi cambiamenti. Here’s what you get on cortisol. Ecco cosa ottieni sul cortisolo. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. |||||||||konfigurieren|||||||||||||||||||||| |||portano|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Quindi due minuti portano a questi cambiamenti ormonali che configurano il tuo cervello per essere fondamentalmente assertivo, sicuro di sé e a proprio agio, oppure davvero reattivo allo stress e, sai, sentirsi in qualche modo bloccato. And we’ve all had the feeling, right? E tutti noi abbiamo provato questa sensazione, giusto? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it’s not just others, but it’s also ourselves. ||||||governano|governano|||||||||||||||| Quindi sembra che i nostri non verbali governino come pensiamo e ci sentiamo riguardo noi stessi, quindi non sono solo gli altri, ma anche noi stessi. Parece que nossos não-verbais governam como pensamos e sentimos sobre nós mesmos, de modo que não são apenas os outros, mas também somos nós mesmos. Also, our bodies change our minds. Inoltre, i nostri corpi cambiano le nostre menti.

But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? Ma la domanda successiva, ovviamente, è se posare in modo potente per pochi minuti possa davvero cambiare la tua vita in modi significativi. Mas a próxima pergunta, é claro, é que o poder posar por alguns minutos pode realmente mudar sua vida de maneiras significativas? So this is in the lab. Quindi questo è in laboratorio. It’s this little task, you know, it’s just a couple of minutes. È questo piccolo compito, sai, ci vogliono solo un paio di minuti. Where can you actually apply this? Dove puoi realmente applicare questo? Which we cared about, of course. Di cui ci importava, ovviamente. And so we think it’s really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. |||||||||||||||||bewertende||||| E quindi pensiamo che sia davvero, ciò che conta, voglio dire, dove vuoi utilizzare questo è in situazioni valutative come situazioni di minaccia sociale. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? ||||bewertet|||| Dove sei valutato, sia dai tuoi amici? Like for teenagers it’s at the lunchroom table. Come per gli adolescenti, è al tavolo della mensa. It could be, you know, for some people it’s speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. |||||presentazione||||||||||| Potrebbe essere fare una presentazione o tenere un discorso come questo o fare un colloquio di lavoro. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview. Abbiamo deciso che quello con cui la maggior parte delle persone poteva identificarsi, perché la maggior parte delle persone ci era passata, era il colloquio di lavoro.

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? Così abbiamo pubblicato questi risultati, e i media ne parlano ovunque, e dicono, Bene, questa è la cosa che devi fare quando vai per il colloquio di lavoro, giusto? Então publicamos essas descobertas, e a mídia está por toda parte, e elas dizem: Ok, então é isso que você faz quando vai à entrevista de emprego, certo? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that’s not what we meant at all. (Risos) Você sabe, então é claro que ficamos horrorizados e dissemos: Oh meu Deus, não, não, não, não é isso que queremos dizer. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don’t do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. Ancora una volta, non si tratta di te che parli con altre persone. It’s you talking to yourself. È te che parli con te stesso. What do you do before you go into a job interview? Cosa fai prima di andare a un colloquio di lavoro? You do this. Right? You’re sitting down. You’re looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. Você está olhando para o seu iPhone - ou Android, sem tentar deixar ninguém de fora. You are, you know, you’re looking at your notes, you’re hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Sei, sai, stai guardando i tuoi appunti, ti stai accasciando, facendoti piccolo, quando in realtà quello che forse dovresti fare è questo, tipo, in bagno, giusto? Você está, você sabe, está olhando suas anotações, está se curvando, se tornando pequeno, quando realmente o que deveria estar fazendo talvez seja isso, como no banheiro, certo? Do that. Fallo. Find two minutes. Trova due minuti. So that’s what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. Così portiamo le persone in un laboratorio, e fanno pose ad alta o bassa potenza, poi affrontano un colloquio di lavoro molto stressante. Então, levamos as pessoas para um laboratório, e elas fazem poses de alta ou baixa potência novamente, passam por uma entrevista de trabalho muito estressante. It’s five minutes long. Dura cinque minuti. They are being recorded. Sono registrati. Eles estão sendo gravados. They’re being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. ||giudicati|||||||||||||||| Stanno anche loro venendo giudicati, e i giudici sono addestrati a non dare alcun feedback non verbale, quindi si presentano in questo modo. Eles estão sendo julgados também, e os juízes são treinados para não dar feedback não-verbal, então ficam assim. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. Tipo, immagina che questa sia la persona che ti sta intervistando. Imagine que essa é a pessoa que está entrevistando você. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. |||||||||||ausgebuht Quindi per cinque minuti, niente, e questo è peggio che essere fischiati. Então, por cinco minutos, nada, e isso é pior do que ser criticado. People hate this. It’s what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand." ||Marianne LaFrance|LaFrance||||| ||||||||sabbia mobile So this really spikes your cortisol. |||aumenta|| So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. |||||||||a fare|||||||| We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. Facciamo quindi esaminare questi nastri a questi programmatori, quattro di loro. Depois, esses codificadores analisam essas fitas, quatro delas. They’re blind to the hypothesis. |ciechi||| Sono ignari dell'ipotesi. They’re blind to the conditions. Sono ignari delle condizioni. They have no idea who’s been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," -- all the high-power posers -- "we don’t want to hire these people. Non hanno idea di chi abbia posato in quale posa, e alla fine si ritrovano a guardare questi set di nastri, e dicono: "Oh, vogliamo assumere queste persone," -- tutti i poser di alto livello -- "non vogliamo assumere queste persone. Eles não têm idéia de quem está posando em que pose, e acabam olhando para esses conjuntos de fitas e dizem: "Oh, queremos contratar essas pessoas" - todos os posers de alta potência - "nós não não quero contratar essas pessoas. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall." Valutiamo anche queste persone in modo molto più positivo nel complesso." Também avaliamos essas pessoas de maneira muito mais positiva em geral ". But what’s driving it? Ma cosa lo sta alimentando? It’s not about the content of the speech. ||||contenuto||| Non si tratta del contenuto del discorso. It’s about the presence that they’re bringing to the speech. Si tratta della presenza che portano al discorso. É sobre a presença que eles estão trazendo para o discurso. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? Inoltre, perché li valutiamo su tutte queste variabili relative alla competenza, come, quanto è ben strutturato il discorso? How good is it? Quanto è buono? What are their qualifications? Quali sono le loro qualifiche? No effect on those things. Nessun effetto su quelle cose. Nenhum efeito sobre essas coisas. This is what’s affected. These kinds of things. Esse tipo de coisa. People are bringing their true selves, basically. As pessoas estão trazendo seus verdadeiros eus, basicamente. They’re bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. |||||||||||Überbleibsel|| Portano le loro idee, ma come loro stessi, senza, sai, residui su di loro. So this is what’s driving the effect, or mediating the effect. ||||||||vermitteln|| Quindi questo è ciò che guida l'effetto, o media l'effetto.

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "I don’t -- It feels fake." |||||||||||||||||||comportamento|||||||||||||||| Quindi quando dico alle persone di questo, che i nostri corpi cambiano le nostre menti e le nostre menti possono cambiare il nostro comportamento, e il nostro comportamento può cambiare i nostri risultati, mi dicono: "Non lo so -- sembra falso." Então, quando digo às pessoas sobre isso, que nossos corpos mudam nossas mentes e nossas mentes podem mudar nosso comportamento e nosso comportamento pode mudar nossos resultados, eles me dizem: "Eu não - isso parece falso". Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. Quindi ho detto, fingi finché non ce la fai. I don’t -- It’s not me. Non lo faccio - Non sono io. I don’t want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. Non voglio arrivarci e poi sentirmi ancora un imbroglione. I don’t want to feel like an impostor. I don’t want to get there only to feel like I’m not supposed to be here. Non voglio arrivare lì solo per sentire che non dovrei essere qui. Não quero chegar lá apenas para sentir que não deveria estar aqui. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I’m not supposed to be here. |||angesprochen|||||||||||||||||||||||| E questo mi ha colpito davvero, perché voglio raccontarti una piccola storia su come ci si sente un impostore e sentirsi come se non dovessi essere qui.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. Quando avevo 19 anni, ho avuto un brutto incidente d'auto. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. Fui jogado para fora de um carro, rolei várias vezes. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. ||||||||riabilitazione||||||||||||||| E acordei em uma enfermaria de reabilitação de ferimentos na cabeça e fui retirado da faculdade e soube que meu QI had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my I.Q. Eu conhecia meu QI because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I’m taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. Quindi mi hanno portato fuori dal college, continuo a cercare di tornarci. They say, "You’re not going to finish college. Dicono: "Non finirai il college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that’s not going to work out for you." Solo, sai, ci sono altre cose da fare per te, ma non funzionerà per te." So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there’s nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. |||ho faticato|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. |||||||||||||||||Susan Fiske|||||||||||||||||||||| Ci sono voluti quattro anni in più rispetto ai miei coetanei, e ho convinto qualcuno, il mio angelo consigliere, Susan Fiske, a prendermi, e così sono finito a Princeton, e mi sentivo come se non dovessi essere qui. Demorei quatro anos a mais do que meus colegas, e convenci alguém, minha consultora de anjos, Susan Fiske, a me aceitar, então acabei em Princeton e fiquei tipo, não deveria estar aqui. I am an impostor. Sono un impostore. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. E la notte prima del mio intervento del primo anno, e l'intervento del primo anno a Princeton è un discorso di 20 minuti a 20 persone. E a noite anterior à minha palestra do primeiro ano, e a do primeiro ano em Princeton, são 20 minutos para 20 pessoas. That’s it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I’m quitting." ||||||trovato||||||||||||mi dimetto Eu estava com tanto medo de ser descoberto no dia seguinte que liguei para ela e disse: "Estou desistindo". She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you’re staying. Lei ha detto: "Non stai mollando, perché ho scommesso su di te, e tu rimani." You’re going to stay, and this is what you’re going to do. Rimarrai, e questo è ciò che farai. Você vai ficar, e é isso que você vai fazer. You are going to fake it. Farai finta. You’re going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. Farai ogni incontro a cui ti verrà chiesto di partecipare. Você fará todas as palestras que lhe pedirem. You’re just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you’re terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I’m doing it. |||||||||||||||terrorizzato|||paralizzato||||||||||||||||||||| Lo farai e lo farai e lo farai, anche se sei terrorizzato e paralizzato e stai vivendo un'esperienza fuori dal corpo, finché non avrai questo momento in cui dirai: 'Oh mio Dio, lo sto facendo.' Você vai fazer e fazer e fazer, mesmo que esteja aterrorizado, paralisado e tendo uma experiência extracorpórea, até ter esse momento em que você diz: 'Oh meu Deus, eu' estou fazendo isso. Like, I have become this. Cioè, sono diventato questo. I am actually doing this.'" In realtà sto facendo questo. So that’s what I did. Quindi, è quello che ho fatto. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I’m at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I’m at Harvard, I’m not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here. |||Graduiertenschule|||||||||Northwestern|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||Northwestern||||Harvard|||Harvard|||||||||||||io|||||||| Cinque anni di scuola di specializzazione, alcuni anni, sai, sono alla Northwestern, mi sono trasferito ad Harvard, sono ad Harvard, non ci penso davvero più, ma per molto tempo avevo pensato: "Non dovrei essere qui." Not supposed to be here. " So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you’ve gotta participate or else you’re going to fail," came into my office. |||||||||||||||||||intero||||||||devi|||altrimenti|||||||| Quindi, alla fine del mio primo anno ad Harvard, uno studente che non aveva parlato in classe per tutto il semestre, al quale avevo detto: "Guarda, devi partecipare oppure fallirai", è venuto nel mio ufficio. I really didn’t know her at all. Non la conoscevo affatto. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, "I’m not supposed to be here." |||||||sconfitta||||||||| E lei ha detto, è entrata completamente sconfitta, e ha detto: "Non dovrei essere qui." And that was the moment for me. E quel fu il momento per me. Because two things happened. Perché sono successe due cose. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don’t feel like that anymore. ||||mi sono reso||||||||| Una è stata che ho realizzato, oh mio dio, non mi sento più così. You know. I don’t feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. Non lo sento più, ma lei sì, e io percepisco quella sensazione. Eu não sinto mais isso, mas ela sente, e tenho esse sentimento. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! E la seconda era, lei dovrebbe essere qui! E a segunda foi que ela deveria estar aqui! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. Tipo, può fingere, può diventarlo. So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! Dovresti essere qui! And tomorrow you’re going to fake it, you’re going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you’re gonna — " (Applause) (Applause) "And you’re going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever." E domani farai finta, ti renderai potente, e, sai, stai per — " (Applausi) (Applausi) "E entrerai in aula e darai il miglior commento di sempre." E amanhã você vai fingir, vai se tornar poderoso e, sabe, você vai - "(Aplausos) (Aplausos)" E você vai entrar na sala de aula e você vai dar o melhor comentário de todos os tempos. " You know? Lo sai? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn’t even notice her sitting there, you know? E ha dato il miglior commento di sempre, e la gente si è girata ed è stata tipo, oh mio Dio, non mi sono nemmeno accorto che fosse seduta lì, sai? E ela fez o melhor comentário de todos os tempos, e as pessoas se viraram e ficaram tipo, oh meu Deus, eu nem a notei sentada lá, sabe? (Laughter) (Risate)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. ||||||||||||||||||||||||fingere||||| Torna da me mesi dopo, e mi sono reso conto che non aveva solo finto fino a farcela, in realtà aveva finto fino a diventarlo. Ela volta para mim meses depois, e eu percebi que ela não apenas fingiu até conseguir, mas na verdade fingiu até se tornar. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don’t fake it till you make it. E così voglio dirti, non fingere fino a che non ce la fai. E então eu quero dizer para você, não finja até conseguir. Fake it till you become it. Fingi fino a diventarlo. Fingir até você se tornar. You know? Sai? It’s not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize. |||||||||||internalizzarlo Non è così — Fallo abbastanza finché non diventi davvero così e lo interiorizzi.

The last thing I’m going to leave you with is this. L'ultima cosa che ti lascerò è questa. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. |kleine Anpassungen||||| |modifiche||||| Piccole modifiche possono portare a grandi cambiamenti. Pequenos ajustes podem levar a grandes mudanças. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. |||||||||||||||||Aufzug|||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||cabina|||||chiuse| Prima di entrare nella prossima situazione di valutazione stressante, per due minuti, prova a farlo, nell'ascensore, in una cabina del bagno, alla tua scrivania dietro porte chiuse. Antes de entrar na próxima situação estressante de avaliação, por dois minutos, tente fazer isso no elevador, em um banheiro, em sua mesa, a portas fechadas. That’s what you want to do. Questo è ciò che vuoi fare. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Configura il tuo cervello per affrontare al meglio quella situazione. Configure seu cérebro para lidar com o melhor nessa situação. Get your testosterone up. Alza il tuo testosterone. Get your cortisol down. Abbassa il tuo cortisolo. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Non lasciare quella situazione sentendoti dire: oh, non ho mostrato loro chi sono. Não deixe a situação com a sensação de que eu não mostrei quem eu sou. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. Quindi voglio chiederti prima di provare il power posing e inoltre voglio chiederti di condividere la scienza, perché è semplice. I don’t have ego involved in this. |||ego||| Non ho l'ego coinvolto in questo. Eu não tenho ego envolvido nisso. (Laughter) Give it away. (Risate) Regalo tutto. (Risos) Distribua. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. ||||||||||||||||||||||||status||| Condividilo con le persone, perché quelle che possono usarlo di più sono quelle senza risorse, senza tecnologia, senza status e senza potere. Give it to them because they can do it in private. ||||||||||privato Dallo a loro perché possono farlo in privato. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. ||||la privacy||||||||||||| Hanno bisogno dei loro corpi, della privacy e di due minuti, e questo può cambiare significativamente i risultati della loro vita. Eles precisam de seus corpos, privacidade e dois minutos, e isso pode mudar significativamente os resultados de suas vidas. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)